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6 cid-base
PRESENTACI
t "RVFTUUFNB
RVFKBFTWBJOUSPEVJSBQSJNFSEF#BUYJMMFSBU
BMTBMVNOFTFMTSFTVMUBGBNJMJBSJNPMUNPUJWBEPS
QFSOPIFN
EPCMJEBSRVF
DPNUPUT
UVOBEJGJDVMUBUBGFHJEBFMTDMDVMT
FTUFRVJPNUSJDTBMFTSFBDDJPOTEFOFVUSBMJU[BDJ5PUJRVF
USBEJDJPOBMNFOUTIBOGFUTFSWJSFMTFRVJWBMFOUT
TNTDPOWFOJFOU
VUJMJU[BSDMDVMTCBTBUTFONPMT
QFSUBMEFQPUFODJBSMBJOUFSQSFUBDJ
EFMQSPDTDPNVOBSFBDDJRVNJDBNTTNPMUJNQPSUBOU
SFDBMDBSRVFFMTBMVNOFTTPMFOUFOJSMBJEFBQSFDPODFCVEB
RVFUPUBOFVUSBMJU[BDJUMMPDBQ)=
DPTBRVFIBVSFN
EFSFDPOEVJS
t 5BNCTJNQPSUBOURVFOPSFUJOHVJOMBJEFBRVFMFTSFBDDJPOT
DJECBTFUSBOTDPSSFOOPNTFONFEJBRVT
FODBSBRVFBJY
TJHVJFMNTDPN%BMUSBCBOEB
MBQMJDBDJEFMFTSFBDDJPOT
EFOFVUSBMJU[BDJDJECBTFJEFMFTTPMVDJPOTSFHVMBEPSFTTDMBSB
UBOUFOQSPDFTTPTCJPMHJDT SFHVMBDJEFMQ)EFMBTBOH
USBDUBNFOU
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DPNFOQSPDFTTPTJOEVTUSJBMT PCUFODJ
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237
6 Reaccions cid-base
OBJECTIUS
t &OVODJBSMFTDBSBDUFSTUJRVFTHFOFSBMTEDJETJCBTFT
t %FGJOJSFMTDPODFQUFTEDJEJCBTFTFHPOTMFTUFPSJFTE"SSIFOJVT
#SOTUFE-PXSZ
J-FXJT
JDPOJYFSMFTMJNJUBDJPOTEFDBEBTDVOB
t &OUFOESFFMDPODFQUFEFQBSFMMDJECBTFDPOKVHBUJFMEFTVCTUODJFTBNGUFSFT
t %FUFSNJOBSMFYQSFTTJEFMFTDPOTUBOUTEJPOJU[BDJEDJETJCBTFT
UBOUGPSUT
DPNGFCMFT
JFOBRVFTUMUJNDBTVUJMJU[BOUFMDPODFQUFEFHSBVEFEJTTPDJBDJ
t 4BCFSSFMBDJPOBSMBGPSBSFMBUJWBEDJETJCBTFTBNCFMWBMPSEFMBTFWBDPOTUBOU
t $POJYFSFMQSPEVDUFJOJDEFMBJHVBJSFMBDJPOBSMPBNCKBJKC
t &YQMJDBSFMTDPODFQUFTEFQ)JQ0)JDPOJYFSFMTWBMPSTRVFUFOFOFOVOBTPMVDJ
DJEB
CTJDBJOFVUSB
t &OUFOESFFMGPOBNFOUEFMTJOEJDBEPSTQFSBMBEFUFSNJOBDJEFMQ)EVOBTPMVDJ
t $PNQSFOESFMBVUJMJUBUEFMFTWPMVNFUSJFTDJECBTFJGFSDMDVMTTPCSFBJY
t *OUFSQSFUBSMBDPSCBEFWBMPSBDJEVODJEGPSUBNCVOBCBTFGPSUB
t 3BPOBSFMTEJGFSFOUTUJQVTEIJESMJTJTFHPOTMFTDBSBDUFSTUJRVFTEFMFTTBMTRVF
FTEJTTPMFOJSFDPOJYFSFMTFMFDUSMJUT
t 3FDPOJYFSTPMVDJPOTBNPSUJEPSFTJFOUFOESFOMBJNQPSUODJBCJPMHJDBJJOEVTUSJBM
t $POJYFSFMTFGFDUFTDPOUBNJOBOUTEFMBQMVKBDJEB
CONTINGUTS
t 3FWJTJEFMFTQSPQJFUBUTJFTUSVDUVSBEFMTDJETJMFTCBTFT
t .PEFMJU[BDJEFMFTSFBDDJPOTDJECBTFTFHPOTMBUFPSJBEF#SOTUFE-PXSZ
t &TUBCMJNFOUEFMFRVJMJCSJJOJDEBVUPJPOJU[BDJEFMBJHVB
t $PNQBSBDJEFMBGPSBSFMBUJWBEDJETJCBTFTNJUKBOBOUMFTDPOTUBOUTEBDJEFTB
JEFCBTJDJUBU
t *OWFTUJHBDJEFMBWBSJBDJEFMQ)FOEJMVJSVODJEGPSUJVODJEGFCMF
t 1SFEJDDJRVBMJUBUJWBJDMDVMEFMQ)FOTPMVDJPOTEDJET
CBTFTJTBMT
t 7BMPSBDJEFMBJNQPSUODJBEFMQ)EFMTMFOBHSJDVMUVSB
t 0CTFSWBDJEFMTDBOWJTEFDPMPSEFEJGFSFOUTJOEJDBEPSTDJECBTFJJOUFSQSFUBDJUFSJDB
t *OUFSQSFUBDJEFMBDPSCBEFWBMPSBDJEVODJEJEVOBCBTFGPSUBJPCUFODJNJUKBOBOU
VOFRVJQEFDBQUBDJEFEBEFTPEVOQSPHSBNBSJEFTJNVMBDJ%JGFSFODJBDJFOUSFQVOU
GJOBMJQVOUEFRVJWBMODJBEVOBWBMPSBDJ
t 0CTFSWBDJEFMBDBQBDJUBUSFHVMBEPSBEFMQ)EFDFSUFTTPMVDJPOT$PODFQUFRVBMJUBUJV
EFTPMVDJSFHVMBEPSBEFMQ)*OWFTUJHBDJFYQFSJNFOUBMEFMBDBQBDJUBUSFHVMBEPSB
EFMQ)EFMBJHVBNJOFSBMDBSCOJDB7BMPSBDJEFMBJNQPSUODJBEFMBTPMVDJSFHVMBEPSB
$0/)$03 /$0
2FOTJTUFNFTDPNMBTBOHJFMTPDFBOT
238
PROGRAMACI D'AULA
NPEJGJDBUTJFTUSPCFOFWJEODJFTRVFOPFODBJYFOFOMFTUFPSJFTQSPQPTBEFT
-BDPNQFUODJBFOMBDPNQSFOTJJDBQBDJUBUEBDUVBSRVFJNQMJDBBQSPQJBSTF
EFMTDPODFQUFT
NPEFMTJQSJODJQJTGPOBNFOUBMTEFMBRVNJDBQFSUBMEJOUFSQSFUBS
FMNOGJTJDPRVNJD
t -TEFMMMFOHVBUHFQFSDPNVOJDBSQFSFTDSJUJPSBMNFOUMBDPOTUSVDDJJDPNQBSUJDJ
EFMDPOFJYFNFOURVNJD-BMFDUVSBDPNQSFOTJWBEFUFYUPTJMBSFDFSDBEJOGPSNBDJ
JNQMJRVFOVOBDPOOFYJOFDFTTSJBBNCMFTMMFOHFT
t &OBRVFTUBVOJUBUTFTUBCMFJYFODPOOFYJPOTBNCMB#JPMPHJBTPMVDJPOTSFHVMBEPSFT
EFMQ)
t $POOFYJPOTBNC$JODJFTEFMB5FSSBJEFMNFEJBNCJFOUQ)JBHSJDVMUVSB'FSUJMJU[BOUT
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t $POOFYJPOTBNC'TJDBVOJUBUT
GBDUPSTEFDPOWFSTJ
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t $POOFYJPOTBNC5FDOPMPHJBGBCSJDBDJJOEVTUSJBMEFMBNPOBD
CRITERIS DAVALUACI
*OUFSQSFUBSMBJOGPSNBDJTPCSFTJTUFNFTJQSPDFTTPTRVNJDTQSFTFOUBEBFOGPSNB
EFHSGJDT
EJBHSBNFT
GSNVMFTRVNJRVFTJFRVBDJPOT
JVUJMJU[BSBRVFTUFTGPSNFT
EFSFQSFTFOUBDJQFSFYQMJDBSGFUTRVNJDTJQFSBCPSEBSMBSFTPMVDJEFQSPCMFNFT
"OBMJU[BSMBEFTDSJQDJEVOBJOWFTUJHBDJFYQFSJNFOUBMJEFMNUPEFFNQSBU
USFVSF
DPODMVTJPOTEFMFTEBEFTQSFTFOUBEFTJBSHVNFOUBSTPCSFMFTDPODMVTJPOT
$MBTTJGJDBSEJGFSFOUTFTQDJFTRVNJRVFTDPNBDJEFT
CTJRVFTPOFVUSFTBQMJDBOU
MBUFPSJBEF#SOTUFE-PXSZ
$BMDVMBSFMWBMPSEFQ)FOTPMVDJPOTEDJETGPSUTJGFCMFT
JFOTPMVDJPOTEFCBTFT
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JBQMJDBSMFTUDOJRVFTWPMVNUSJRVFTQFSEFUFSNJOBSMBRVBOUJUBU
EVOBTVCTUODJBCTJDBPDJEBFOVOBNPTUSB
"OBMJU[BSDPNFMTEJGFSFOUTDBNQTEFMBRVNJDBDPMrMBCPSFOFOQSPDFTTPTJOEVTUSJBMT
SFMMFWBOUTJFOMBTPMVDJEBMHVOTQSPCMFNFTNFEJBNCJFOUBMT
239
6 Reaccions cid-base
#BTFBDDFQUBVOQSPUEFMBJHVB
)40
4+)20)2404 +0) 1BSFMMTDPOKVHBUT)40/)2404
240
SOLUCIONARI
C
-JIJESPHFOTVMGVSTVOBTVCTUODJBBNGUFSBQFSRVQPU
DPNQPSUBSTFDPNBDJEPDPNBCBTF
)4+)20 42+)30+
)4+)20
)24+0)
OFMQSJNFSFRVJMJCSJFTDPNQPSUBDPNVODJEDFEJOUVOQSPU
&
JFOFMTFHPODPNBCBTFBDDFQUBOUVOQSPU
1BSFMMDJECBTFDPOKVHBU )442
1BSFMMCBTFDJEDPOKVHBU )4)24
D
-JTVMGBUFTDPNQPSUBDPNBCBTFQFSRVOPNTUMPQDJ
EBDDFQUBSVOQSPU
2
404 +)20 )404 +0)
2
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E
-JBNPOJTVODJEQFSRVQPUDFEJSVOQSPU
+
/)4 +)20/)3+)30+
+
1BSFMMDJECBTFDPOKVHBU/)4 /)3
241
6 Reaccions cid-base
C
"RVFTUBBGJSNBDJTDFSUB
KBRVFFOUPUFTMFTTPMVDJPOT
BRVPTFTFTDPNQMFJYTFNQSFRVFFMQSPEVDUFEFMBDPODFOUSBDJ
EFQSPUPOTQFSMBEJPOTIJESPYJM
FMQSPEVDUFJOJDEFMBJHVB
B$
T14
D
"RVFTUBBGJSNBDJTDFSUB
KBRVFMFTEJTTPMVDJPOTBRVPTFT
EVODJEUFOFOQ)<J
QFSUBOU
<)30+>>.
E
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KBRVFTFNQSFFTDPNQMFJY
RVFQ)+Q0)=
JTJFOVOBTPMVDJDJEBFMQ)TJOGFSJPS
B
FMQ0)IBEFUFOJSVOWBMPSNTHSBORVF1FSUBOU
FMQ0)TNTHSBORVFFMQ)
&MTJOEJDBEPSTTOTVCTUODJFTRVFNPEJGJRVFOFMDPMPSEFMFTTFWFT
TPMVDJPOTRVBOWBSJBFMQ)
DPNBDPOTFRODJBEFMTDBOWJTRVF
FTQSPEVFJYFOFOMBTFWBFTUSVDUVSBRVNJDB-BGPSNBQSPUPOBEBU
VODPMPSJMBEFTQSPUPOBEBFOUVOBMUSFEFEJGFSFOU
242
SOLUCIONARI
HCl Cl + H 3 O+
Concentraci inicial 5 103 M
Concentraci final 5 103 M 5 103 M
$BMDVMFNFMQ)VUJMJU[BOUEJSFDUBNFOUMBDPODFOUSBDJ
EFQSPUPOT
Q)= MPH<)+>= MPH3Q)=
$PNQSPWFNRVFFMQ)EFMBJHVBEFTUJMrMBEBIBEJTNJOVUEFTQST
EBGFHJSIJMFTHPUFTEDJE
B
1SJNFSDBMDVMFNMBDPODFOUSBDJEFMDJEDMPSIESJDFOTPMVDJ
1,21 g sol.1 36 g HCl 1 mol HCl
20 mL sol.1 = 0,239 mol HCl
1mL sol.1 100 g sol.1 36,5 g HCl
0,239 mol HCl
[HCl] = = 2,39 M
0,1 L sol.2
C
1FSDBMDVMBSFMQ)IFNEFUFOJSFODPNQUFRVFMDJEDMPSIESJDT
VODJEGPSURVFFTUSPCBUPUBMNFOUEJTTPDJBUFOBJHVB
)$M+)20$M+)30+
243
6 Reaccions cid-base
-BDPODFOUSBDJEJPOTIJESPOJDPJODJEJSBNCMBDPODFOUSBDJJOJDJBM
EFMDJE
<)30+>=<)$M>=
.
Q)=MPH<)30+>=MPH
=
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IFNEFUFOJSFODPNQUFRVFTVODJEGPSUJRVFFTUSPCB
UPUBMNFOUEJTTPDJBUFOBJHVB
)/03+)20/0
3 +)30
+
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JOJDJBMEFMDJE
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.
<)30+>=<)/03>=
.
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BQBSUJSEFMBJOJDJBM
DBMDVMFNFMWPMVNOFDFTTBSJEFMBTPMVDJ
NTDPODFOUSBEB
.
244
SOLUCIONARI
B
-DJENTGFCMFTFMRVFUMBDPOTUBOUEFEJTTPDJBDJ
NTQFUJUB
KBRVFFTUBSNFOZTEJTTPDJBUJIJIBVS
VOBRVBOUJUBUNTQFUJUBEFQSPUPOTFOTPMVDJ1FSUBOU
TMDJEBDUJD
C
&MHSBVEFEJTTPDJBDJTNTHSBODPNNTEJTTPDJBUFTUJHVJMDJE
J
QFSUBOU
DPNNTHSBOTMBDPOTUBOUEBDJEFTBFOBRVFTUDBT
MDJETBMJDMJD
D
$PNRVFFMQ)= MPH<)30+>
DPNNTHSBOTJHVJMBDPODFOUSBDJ
EFQSPUPOT
J
QFSUBOU
MBDPOTUBOUEFEJTTPDJBDJEFMDJE
NT
QFUJUTFSFMQ)&OBRVFTUDBT
MDJETBMJDMJDUJOESVOWBMPS
NTCBJYEFQ)
B
-BDPODFOUSBDJEDJEBDFUJMTBMJDMJD )$)04
FOMBTPMVDJT
mHC9 H7O4 650 103 g
nHC9 H7O4 Mm 180 g mol1
[HC9H7O4 ] = = = = 0,0144 M
V V 0,250 L
C
"QBSUJSEFMFRVJMJCSJEFEJTTPDJBDJFODBMDVMFNFMQ)
245
6 Reaccions cid-base
x2
3,27 104 = x = 2, 013 103
0, 0144 x
$PNRVF<)30+>=x=
3
DBMDVMFNFMQ)
Q)= MPH<)30+>= MPH
3Q)=
13. Lcid hipoclors s un cid feble amb una constant dionitzaci en aigua
Ka = 3,0 108. Si safegeixen 25,25 g dcid hipoclors en la quantitat
daigua necessria per obtenir 500 mL de soluci, calcula:
a) El grau de dissociaci.
b) El pH de la soluci resultant.
Nota: hem de menysprear els protons procedents de la ionitzaci
de laigua.
(Prova de selectivitat real)
B
$BMDVMFNMBconcentraci inicialEFMDJEIJQPDMPST
mHClO 25,25 g
nHClO 52,5 g mol1
[HClO] = = Mm = = 0,96 M
V V 0,5 L
"QBSUJSEFMFRVJMJCSJEFEJTTPDJBDJEFMDJEIJQPDMPSTDBMDVMFNFM
HSBVEFEJTTPDJBDJ
HClO + H2O
ClO + H 3 O+
Concentraci
0,96
inicial
Concentraci
0,96 (1 ) 0,96 0,96
equilibri
$PNRVFDPOFJYFNKB=
JMBDPODFOUSBDJJOJDJBM
EFMDJEFOTQFSNFUSDBMDVMBS
[ClO ] [H3O+ ] 0,962 2
Ka = 3,0 10 8 =
[HClO] 0,96 (1 )
&MWBMPSEFMBDPOTUBOUEBDJEFTBFOTQFSNFUBQSPYJNBS
JTJBMMFNEOB=
4
C
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EFMBJPOJU[BDJEFMBJHVB
Q)=MPH<)30+>=MPH
r
r4
=
246
SOLUCIONARI
14. Lcid sulfhdric pot perdre un o dos protons. Escriu les reaccions
de dissociaci corresponents a la prdua del primer i el segon prot.
(Prova de selectivitat real)
3FBDDJPOTEFEJTTPDJBDJEFMDJETVMGIESJDBNCBJHVB
BSFBDDJ)24+)20 o
)4 +)30
+
BSFBDDJ)4+)20
4 +)30
2 +
KOH K+ + OH
Concentraci inicial 0,05 M
Concentraci final 0,05 M 0,05M
$BMDVMFNFMQ0)VUJMJU[BOUMBDPODFOUSBDJEJPOTIJESPYJM
Q0)= MPH<0)>= MPH
=
Q0)=
=Q)+Q0)Q)=
Q)=
247
6 Reaccions cid-base
C
4JBGFHJNN-EBJHVBBN-EFMBTPMVDJBOUFSJPS
FMRVFGFNTEJMVJSMB1FSDBMDVMBSFMOPVQ)FOTDBMDPOJYFS
MBOPWBDPODFOUSBDJ M G
M i V i = M f Vf
0, 05 M 0,150 L = M f 0,500 L M f = 0, 015 M
$PNRVFMBOPWB<,0)>T
.
SFDBMDVMFNFMQ)
Q0)=MPH<0)>=MPH
=
Q0)=
=Q)+Q0)Q)=
Q)=
$PNTMHJD
FOEJMVJSMBDPODFOUSBDJEFMBCBTF
EJTNJOVFJY
<0)>JEJTNJOVFJYFMQ)
B
$BMDVMFNMBDPODFOUSBDJJOJDJBMEFMBTPMVDJBRVPTBEBNPOBD
ETEPNTUJD
6,5 g NH3 0,962 g sol. 1 mol NH3
= 3,68 M
100 g sol. 0,001 L sol. 17 g NH3
[NH3 ] = 3,68 M
C
"QBSUJSEFMFRVJMJCSJEFEJTTPDJBDJEFMBNPOBDFOBJHVB
DBMDVMFN
FMQ)EFMBTPMVDJ
+
NH3 + H2O
NH4 + HO
Concentraci
3,68
inicial
Concentraci
3,68 x x x
equilibri
$POFJYFNKC=
5JMBDPODFOUSBDJJOJDJBMEFMBNPOBD
JDBMDVMFNx=<0)>
[NH+4 ] [OH ] x2
Kb = 1,8 10 5 =
[NH3 ] 3,68 x
&MWBMPSEFMBDPOTUBOUEBDJEFTBFOTQFSNFUBQSPYJNBS
ox
J
TJBMMFNx
EOB
x=<0)>=
3.
248
SOLUCIONARI
$BMDVMFNFMQ0)
Q0)=MPH<0)>=MPH
3=
=Q)+Q0)Q)=
=
D
1FSDBMDVMBSFMOPVQ)QSJNFSUSPCFNMBOPWBDPODFOUSBDJJOJDJBM
EFMBTPMVDJEJMVEB4JFTEJMVFJYWFHBEFT
MBOPWBNPMBSJUBUTFS
EFVWFHBEFTNTQFUJUB
.
MJ VJ=MG VG
V=MG 7MG=
.
"NCMBOPWBDPODFOUSBDJ</)3>=
.DBMDVMFNFMOPVQ)
x 2
1,8 10 5 =
0,368 x
"QSPYJNFN
x
JBMMFNx
x =<0)>=
3.
$BMDVMFNFMQ0)Q0)=MPH<0)>oMPH
3=
=Q)+Q0)Q)=
=
18. La fenilamina o anilina s una base molt feble que es dissocia en aigua
segons lequilibri: C6H5NH2 + H2O C6H5NH+
3 + OH . Si la constant
dionitzaci de lanilina en aigua s K b = 4,3 1010, i safegeixen
9,3 g daquesta substncia en la quantitat daigua necessria per obtenir
250 mL de soluci, calcula:
a) El grau de dissociaci.
b) El pH de la soluci resultant.
(Prova de selectivitat real)
B
-BDPODFOUSBDJEFGFOJMBNJOB $)5/)2
BMBTPMVDJT
m C6H5NH2 9,3 g
nC6H5NH2 Mm 93 g mol1
[ C6H5NH2 ] = = = = 0,4 M
V V 0,250 L
"SBDBMDVMFNFMHSBVEFEJTTPDJBDJ
VUJMJU[BOUMBDPOTUBOU
EFCBTJDJUBUJMFRVJMJCSJEFEJTTPDJBDJ
+
C6H5NH2 + H2O
C6H5NH3 + OH
Concentraci
0,4
inicial
Concentraci
0,4 (1 ) 0,4 0,4
equilibri
249
6 Reaccions cid-base
19. 5 litres damonac (gas), mesurats en c. n., es fan passar per aigua
destillada fins a obtenir 500 mL de soluci. Sabem que la
K b = 1,8 105, calcula:
a) La concentraci inicial damonac.
b) La concentraci dions OH en lequilibri i el pH de la soluci.
(Prova de selectivitat real)
B
$BMDVMFNMBDPODFOUSBDJJOJDJBMEFMBTPMVDJEBNPOBD
UFOJOU
FODPNQUFRVF
-TFMWPMVNRVFPDVQBVONPMEFHBT
JEFBMFODOJRVFFMWPMVNEFTPMVDJTEFN-
1 mol NH3
5 L NH3 c. n. = 0,22 mol NH3 gas
22,4 L NH3 c. n.
[NH+
4 ][OH ] 0,45 2
K b = 1,8 105 =
[NH3 ] 1
1FSMFTDPOEJDJPOTEFMQSPCMFNB
QPEFNBQSPYJNBSRVF
JEBRV
=
3
$PNRVF<0)>=
=
3=
3
DBMDVMFNFMQ0)
250
SOLUCIONARI
20. Tenim tres cids monoprtics, HA, HB i HC. Els valors de les seves K a sn
3,0 105, 6,2 107 i 2,8 103. Ordenan les bases conjugades en
ordre decreixent de fortalesa. Justifica aquest ordre.
(Prova de selectivitat real)
$PNNTHSBOTJHVJMBGPSBEFMDJE K BNTHSBO
NTQFUJUBTFS
MBGPSBEFMBCBTFDPOKVHBEBDPSSFTQPOFOU5FOJOUFODPNQUF
FMTFRVJMJCSJTDJECBTFDPOKVHBEB
)"+)20 A +)30 K B=
+ 5
-DJENTGFCMFT)# K BNTQFUJUB
J
QFSUBOU
MBTFWBCBTF
DPOKVHBEBTFSMBNTGPSUB$PNRVFMFTBMUSFTIBOEBOBSPSEFOBEFT
EFNBOFSBEFDSFJYFOU#>">$
21. Es preparen 500 mL duna soluci que cont 0,2 mols dun cid orgnic
monoprtic amb un pH de 5,7. Calcula:
a) La constant de dissociaci de lcid.
b) El grau de dissociaci de lcid en la soluci.
c) La constant K b de la base conjugada.
(Prova de selectivitat real)
B
$BMDVMFNMBDPOTUBOUBQBSUJSEFMQ)JEFMBDPODFOUSBDJJOJDJBM
EDJE
UFOJOUFODPNQUFMFRVJMJCSJEFEJTTPDJBDJ
n HA 0,2 mol
[HA] = = = 0,4 M
V 0,500 L
HA + H2O
A + H 3 O
Concentraci
0,4
inicial
Concentraci
0,4 (1 ) 0,4 0,4
equilibri
"JY
Q)=MPH<)30+>=MPH
=
=
=
"SBQPEFNDBMDVMBSMBDPOTUBOUEFEJTTPDJBDJ
K B
[H3O+ ][ A ] 0,4 2 0, 4 (5 106 )2
Ka = = = 6
= 1 1011
[HA] 1 1 5 10
K a = 1 1011
251
6 Reaccions cid-base
C
4IBDBMDVMBUFOMBQBSUBUBOUFSJPS=
D
$PNRVFTBCFNRVFMFTDPOTUBOUTEVODJEJMBTFWBCBTF
DPOKVHBEBFTSFMBDJPOFOBUSBWTEFMQSPEVDUFJOJDEFMBJHVB
K X=K BK C=14K C=3
$POFJYFNKC=
5JMBDPODFOUSBDJJOJDJBMEFMBNPOBD
JDBMDVMFNx=<0)>
[NH+
4 ] [OH ] x2
Kb = 1,8 10 5 =
[NH3 ] 0,2 x
&MWBMPSEFMBDPOTUBOUEFCBTJDJUBUFOTQFSNFUBQSPYJNBS
x
J
TJBMMFNx
EOB
x=<0)>=
3.
C
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Q0)=MPH<0)>=MPH
3=
=Q)+Q0)Q)=
=
D
$BMDVMFNFMHSBVEFEJTTPDJBDJNJUKBOBOUMBSFMBDJFOUSFx
DPODFOUSBDJEJTTPDJBEBEFCBTF
JMBDPODFOUSBDJJOJDJBMCJ
x 1,9 10 3
= = = 9,5 10 3
Ci 0,2
E
1FSDPNQBSBSMBCBTJDJUBUEFEJGFSFOUTCBTFTNJSFNFMWBMPSEF
MFTTFWFTDPOTUBOUTEFCBTJDJUBU-BCBTFRVFUJOHVJVOBDPOTUBOU
EFWBMPSNTHSBOTFSVOBCBTFNTGPSUBJFTUBSNTEJTTPDJBEB
$PNRVFMFTEBEFTRVFFOTEPOFOTOFMTQKCUFOJOUFODPNQUF
252
SOLUCIONARI
RVFQFSEFGJOJDJQKC=MPHKC
FMWBMPSNTHSBODPSSFTQPOES
BVOBCBTFNTGFCMFBNCVOBDPOTUBOUEFCBTJDJUBUNTQFUJUB
QKC /)3
=MPH
5=
-PSESFEFNTCTJDBBNFOZTCTJDBTFSFMTFHFOU
EJNFUJMBNJOB NFUJMBNJOB BNPOBD
KC
QKC
B
5BOUFM)/03 DJEOUSJD
DPNFM,0) IJESYJEEFQPUBTTJ
TOGPSUTJFTUBOUPUBMNFOUEJTTPDJBUT1FSDBMDVMBSMBRVBOUJUBU
EDJERVFRVFEBTFOTFOFVUSBMJU[BSOFDFTTJUFNTBCFSOF
MBDPODFOUSBDJ-BDBMDVMFNBQBSUJSEFMQ)
Q)=MPH<)+>=
<)+>=Q)=
=
.
$PNRVFMDJEFTUUPUBMNFOUEJTTPDJBU
<)+>=<)/03>=
.
2VBOFTCBSSFHFOMFTEVFTTPMVDJPOTUMMPDMBOFVUSBMJU[BDJ
253
6 Reaccions cid-base
$PNRVFQ)=MPH<)30+>
<)30+>=Q)=
=
3.=x
$PNRVFDPOFJYFNK B=
4
FOMFYQSFTTJEFMBDPOTUBOU
QPEFNBMMBSMBC J
[NO +
2 ][H3O ]
Ka =
[HNO2 ]
254
SOLUCIONARI
x2
4,5 104 =
Ci x
(3,16 103 )2
4,5 104 = Ci = 0, 0254 M
C i 3,16 103
C
-BDPODFOUSBDJEDJEFOMFRVJMJCSJT
C J x=
.
.=
.
D
&MHSBVEFEJTTPDJBDJTMBSFMBDJFOUSFMBQBSUEFMDJEEJTTPDJBU
JMBDPODFOUSBDJJOJDJBMEDJE
x 3,16 10 3 M
= = = 0,1244 12, 44 %
Ci 0, 0254 M
E
2VBOFTCBSSFHFOMFTEVFTTPMVDJPOTUMMPDMBOFVUSBMJU[BDJ
HNO2 + NaOH NaNO2 + H2O
10 mL 0, 0254 M 5 mL 0,1 M
1FSSBPOBSFMQ)EFMBNFTDMBIFNEFTBCFSTJOIJIBBMHVO
FOFYDT
t n NaOH = M V = 0,1 M 5 103 L = 5,0 104 mol base
t n HNO2 = M V = 0,0254 M 10 103 L = 2,54 104 mol cid
$PNRVFMBSFBDDJTNPMBNPM
SFBDDJPOBSBO
4NPM
EFCBTFJMBSFTUBRVFEBSFOFYDTFOMBTPMVDJQFSUBOU
FMQ)GJOBMEFMBNFTDMBTFSCTJD Q)>
/FDFTTJUFNGFSVONVOUBUHFFYQFSJNFOUBMBMMBCPSBUPSJDPNFMEFUBMMBU
FOMFTQHJOFTJEFMMMJCSFEFUFYUEFOEF#BUYJMMFSBU
0NQMJNMBCVSFUBBNCMBTPMVDJEFDPODFOUSBDJDPOFHVEB /B0)
JFOVONBUSTE&SMFONFZFSBCPRVFNVOWPMVNDPOFHVU
NFTVSBU
BNCVOBQJQFUB
EFMBTPMVDJEFMBRVBMWPMFNFTCSJOBS
MBDPODFOUSBDJ )$M
$PNBJOEJDBEPSVUJMJU[BSFNMBGFOPMGUBMFOBQFSRVFTUSBDUB
EFMBWBMPSBDJEVODJEGPSUNJUKBOBOUVOBCBTFGPSUBJ
QFSUBOU
FMTFVQVOUEFRVJWBMODJBFTQSPEVFJYBQ)=-JOUFSWBM
EFWJSBUHFEFMBGFOPMGUBMFOB
o
FOTQFSNFUSPCTFSWBS
RVFTBTTPMFJYFMQVOUEFRVJWBMODJBRVBOGBDJFMDBOWJEFDPMPS
JODPMPSBoSPTB
6ODPQNFTVSBUFMWPMVNEFMBTPMVDJEF/B0)RVFIFNHBTUBU
QFSBMBOFVUSBMJU[BDJEFMBTPMVDJEFMDJEDMPSIESJD
QPESFN
DBMDVMBSOFMBDPODFOUSBDJ
255
6 Reaccions cid-base
3FBDDJEFOFVUSBMJU[BDJ
)$M+/B0)/B$M+ )20
nDJE=nCBTFMDJEVDJE=MCBTFVCBTF
Mbase Vbase
M cid =
Vcid
.BUFSJBMVUJMJU[BUQJQFUB
CVSFUB
QJODFTEFCVSFUB
OPVEPCMF
JTVQPSU
WBTEFQSFDJQJUBUT
NBUSTE&SMFONFZFS
GFOPMGUBMFOB
-BDPODFOUSBDJEFMBTPMVDJEF,0)FYQSFTTBEBFOH-TFS
10 mol KOH 56 g KOH
= 560 g/L
1 L sol. 1 mol KOH
256
SOLUCIONARI
CH3OOOH + H2O
CH3COO + H3O+
Concentraci
inicial
Concentraci
x x x
equilibri
"QBSUJSEFKB=
JMBDPODFOUSBDJJOJDJBMEFMDJE
DBMDVMFNMBDPODFOUSBDJEJPOTIJESPOJ
[CH3COO ] [H3O+ ] x2
Ka = 1,85 10 5 =
[CH3COOH] 0,112 x
&
MWBMPSEFMBDPOTUBOUEBDJEFTBFOTQFSNFUBQSPYJNBS
x
J
TJBMMFNx
EOB
x=<)30+>=
3.
Q)=MPH<)30+>=MPH
3
=
C
1MBOUFHFNMBSFBDDJEFOFVUSBMJU[BDJFOUSFVODJEGFCMF
DJEBDUJD
JVOBCBTFGPSUB IJESYJEEFTPEJ
CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O
50 mL 0,112 M 32,6 mL M?
"QMJRVFNGBDUPSTEFDPOWFSTJQFSDBMDVMBSMBDPODFOUSBDJ
EFMBTPMVDJEIJESYJEEFTPEJ
0,112 mol CH3COOH 1 mol NaOH
0,05 L sol. CH3COOH =
1L sol. CH3COOH 1 mol CH3COOH
B
&MDJBOVSEFTPEJTMBTBMEVODJEGFCMFJVOBCBTFGPSUB
/B$//B++$/
t /B+DJEDPOKVHBUNPMUGFCMFEVOBCBTFGPSUB /B0)
RVFOPUUFOEODJBBSFBDDJPOBSBNCMBJHVB
257
6 Reaccions cid-base
t $/CBTFDPOKVHBEBGFCMFEVODJEGFCMF )$/
TRVF
TIJESPMJU[BTFHPOTMBSFBDDJ
Kb
CN + H2O HCN + OH
$PNRVFFOBRVFTUBIJESMJTJFTQSPEVFJYFOJPOTIJESPYJM
<0)>><)30+>JQ)>MBTPMVDJTCTJDB
C
&M)$MTVODJEGPSURVFFTEJTTPDJBDPNQMFUBNFOUFOTPMVDJ
BRVPTB
)$M+)20)30++$M
1FSUBOU
UJOESQ)DJE Q)<
D
&MDMPSVSEBNPOJTMBTBMEVOBCBTFGFCMFJVODJEGPSU
+
/)4$M/)4+$M
+
t /)4DJEDPOKVHBUGFCMFEVOBCBTFGFCMF /)3
TIJESPMJU[B
TFHPOTMBSFBDDJ
Ka
NH+
4 + H2O
NH3 + H3O+
t $MCBTFDPOKVHBEBNPMUGFCMFEVODJEGPSU )$M
OPSFBDDJPOBBNCMBJHVB
$
PNRVFFOBRVFTUBIJESMJTJFTQSPEVFJYFOJPOTIJESPOJ
<)30+>><0)>JQ)<MBTPMVDJTDJEB
30. Per a cadascun dels parells segents, justifica quina soluci aquosa
0,1 M t un pH ms alt:
a) NH4Cl i NH3
b) NaCH3COO i NaCl
c) K2CO3 i Na2CO3
(Prova de selectivitat real)
B
&M/)4$MTVOBTBMRVFFTEJTTPDJBFOBJHVB
+
/)4$M aq
/) aq
+$M aq
+
/)TVODJEGFCMFRVFQSPWEVOBCBTFGFCMF /)3
4IJESPMJU[BJEOB
+
/)+)20/)3+)30+
$MTVOBCBTFNPMUGFCMFRVFQSPWEVODJENPMUGPSU )$M
JRVF
QFSUBOU
OPSFBDDJPOBBNCMBJHVB
&MQ)EVOBTPMVDJEF/)4$MTDJEQFSMBGPSNBDJEJPOTIJESPOJ
+
FOMIJESMJTJEFM/)5JOESVOWBMPSNTQFUJUEF
&M/)3TVOBCBTFGFCMFRVFSFBDDJPOBBNCMBJHVBGPSNBOUJPOT
0)&MQ)EBRVFTUBTPMVDJTFSCTJDJEFWBMPSNTFMFWBUEF
0SESFEFQ)Q) /)3
>Q) /)4$M
C
&M$)3$00/BTVOBTBMRVFFTEJTTPDJBSFOBJHVB
258
SOLUCIONARI
$)3$00/B aq
$)3$00 aq
+/B+ aq
$)3$00TVOBCBTFGFCMFRVFQSPWEVODJEGFCMF $)3$00)
4IJESPMJU[BJEOB
$)3$00+)20 $)3$00)+)0
/B+TVODJENPMUGFCMFRVFQSPWEVOBCBTFNPMUGPSUB /B0)
JRVF
QFSUBOU
OPSFBDDJPOBBNCMBJHVB
&MQ)EVOBTPMVDJEF$)3$00/BTCTJDQFSMBGPSNBDJEJPOT
IJESPYJMFOMIJESMJTJEFM$)3$005JOESVOWBMPSNTHSBOEF
&M/B$MTVOBTBMRVFFTEJTTPDJBSDPNQMFUBNFOUFOBJHVBQFS
RVFOPTIJESPMJU[BSDBQEFMTTFVTJPOT&MTFVQ)TFSOFVUSF
JEFWBMPS
0SESFEFQ)Q) $)3$00/B
>Q) /B$M
D
&M,2$03JFM/B2$03FTEJTTPDJBSBOFOBJHVB
,2$03 aq
,+ aq
+$032 aq
/B2$03 aq
/B+ aq
+$032 aq
5BOUFMDBUJ,+DPNFM/B+TONPMUGFCMFTJOPSFBDDJPOBSBOBNC
MBJHVB
-BOJSFTVMUBOU
MJDBSCPOBU
TDPNJ
QFSUBOU
MFTEVFT
TPMVDJPOTUJOESBOFMNBUFJYWBMPSEFQ)
&MQ)TFSCTJDQFSRVMJDBSCPOBUTIJESPMJU[BGPSNBOUJPOT
IJESPYJM
$02+)20 )$03 +0)
0SESFEFQ)Q) ,2$03
=Q) /B2$03
>
&MDMPSVSBNOJD /)4$M
TMBTBMEVOBCBTFGFCMFJVODJEGPSU
+
/)4$M/)4+$M
+
t /)4DJEDPOKVHBUGFCMFEVOBCBTFGFCMF /)3
TIJESPMJU[B
TFHPOTMBSFBDDJ
Ka
NH+
4 + H2O
NH3 + H3O+
t $MCBTFDPOKVHBEBNPMUGFCMFEVODJEGPSU )$M
OPSFBDDJPOB
BNCMBJHVB
1FSUBOU
QFSTBCFSFMQ)EFMBTPMVDJIBVSFNEFDBMDVMBSMP
BNCMBIJESMJTJEFMDBUJBNPOJ
RVFTMBSFBDDJRVFUMMPD
$PNRVFTVODJEGFCMF
FTGBDPNFOVOQSPCMFNBEBRVFTUB
NFOB
$BMDVMFNMBK BBQBSUJSEFMBEBEBEFMBK CEFMBNPOBD CBTF
DPOKVHBEB
JEFMQSPEVDUFJOJDEFMBJHVBK X
259
6 Reaccions cid-base
Kw 1014
K w = K a Kb K a = = 5
= 5,5 1010
Kb 1,8 10
1FSDPOJYFSMBDPODFOUSBDJJOJDJBMEDJEIBVSFNEFUFOJSFODPNQUF
MBEJTTPDJBDJEFMBTBM
NH4Cl NH+ 4 + Cl
260
SOLUCIONARI
-BDPODFOUSBDJJOJDJBMEFMBCBTFT
KF F + K+
1M 1M 1M
1MBOUFHFNMFRVJMJCSJEIJESMJTJ
F + H2O
HF + OH
Concentraci
1
inicial
Concentraci
1x x x
equilibri
[HF][ OH] 11 x2
K b =
1, 4 10 = x = 3,74 106
[F ] 1 x
&OQSJODJQJ
MFTTPMVDJPOTRVFUFOFONJMMPSGVODJDPNBSFHVMBEPSFT
EFMQ)TOMFTGPSNBEFTQFSVODJEPCBTFGFCMFJMBCBTFPDJE
DPOKVHBUDPSSFTQPOFOU
%FUPUFTMFTTVCTUODJFTRVFFOTEPOFO
MBNFTDMBEFEVFT
DJEBDUJDPFUBOPJD $)3$00)
JBDFUBUEFTPEJ PFUBOPBUEFTPEJ
DPNQMFJYBRVFTUSFRVJTJU
KBRVFMDJEBDUJDTVODJEPSHOJD
NPOPQSUJDGFCMFJMBDFUBUEFTPEJTVOBTBMRVFDPOUMBCBTF
DPOKVHBEBEBRVFTUDJ $)3$00
&ODVSTPTNTBWBOBUT VOJWFSTJUBSJT
UBNCTFTUVEJBMBQPTTJCJMJUBU
EFDPNCJOBSVODJEGPSUBNCMBTBMEVODJEGFCMFPVOBCBTFGPSUB
BNCVOBTBMEFCBTFGFCMF$PNRVFBNCMFTTVCTUODJFTEPOBEFT
IJQPESJBIBWFSVOBDPNCJOBDJDPNMFTNFOUBEBFOQSJNFSMMPD
TIBJODMTMBMUSBSFTQPTUB4IBOUSJBUFMTDJETGPSUT)$MJ)/03
JOPFM)2404
QFSRVUEVFTEJTTPDJBDJPOT&WJEFOUNFOU
MBTBMEDJEGFCMFOPQPUTFSVOBBMUSBRVFFM$)3$00/B
KBRVFMFTBMUSFTEVFTTBMTJODMPTFT /B$MJ,/03
TOTBMTOFVUSFT
RVFQSPDFEFJYFOEDJEGPSUJCBTFGPSUBJOPDPNQMFJYFOFMSFRVJTJU
QSJODJQBM
261
6 Reaccions cid-base
1FSDBMDVMBSFMQ)EVOBTPMVDJSFHVMBEPSBFTQPUVUJMJU[BS
MFRVBDJEF)FOEFSTPO)BTTFMCBDI
[base conjugada]
pH = pK a + log
[cid]
$BMDVMFNMBDPODFOUSBDJEFMBTBMFOMBTPMVDJSFHVMBEPSB
mHCOONa 23,1 g
nHCOONa Mm 68 g mol1
[HCOONa] = = = = 0,679 M
V V 0,500 L
Ka
HCOOH + H2O HCOO + H3O+
0,432 M 0,679 M
"QMJRVFNMFRVBDJ
[ 0,679 M]
pH = 3,75 + log pH = 3, 95
[ 0,432 M]
35. Ateses les espcies NH3, OH i HCl, escriu reaccions que en justifiquin
el carcter cid o bsic segons la teoria de Brnsted-Lowry. En cada
reacci identifica el parell cid-base conjugat.
(Prova de selectivitat real)
-BNPOBDFTDPNQPSUBDPNVOBCBTFQFSRVBDDFQUBQSPUPOT
EFMBJHVB
+ +
/)3+)20 /)4+0) 1BSFMMCBTFDJEDPOKVHBU/)3 /)4
-JIJESPYJMUBNCFTDPNQPSUBDPNVOBCBTFKBRVFBDDFQUB
FMQSPUEFMBMUSBFTQDJF
0)+)/03 )20+/031BSFMMCBTFDJEDPOKVHBU0) )20
-DJEDMPSIESJDFTDPNQPSUBDPNVODJEKBRVFDFEFJY
QSPUPOTBMBJHVB
)$M+)20 )30 +$M 1BSFMMDJECBTFDPOKVHBEB)$M$M
+
262
SOLUCIONARI
$/+)20
)$/+0) DJEDPOKVHBU)$/
-BOJTVMGBUUBNCFTDPNQPSUBDPNVOBCBTF
KBRVFQPUBDDFQUBS
VOQSPUEFMBJHVB
4042+)20)404+0) DJEDPOKVHBU)404
&MDBUJBNPOJFTDPNQPSUBDPNVODJEKBRVFDFEFJYVOQSPU
BMBJHVB
+
/)4+)20/)3+)30 #BTFDPOKVHBEB/)3
+
-IJESYJEEFTPEJFTDPNQPSUBDPNVOBCBTFE"SSIFOJVT
KBRVFBMMJCFSBJPOTIJESPYJMFOTPMVDJBRVPTB
/B0)/B++0)
-BOJDBSCPOBUOPNTFTQPUDPNQPSUBSDPNBCBTF
KBRVFOPNT
BDDFQUBQSPUPOT
$032+)20)$03+0)
-BOJCJDBSCPOBUTVOBTVCTUODJBBNGUFSB
KBRVFQPUBDDFQUBS
QSPUPOT
DPNQPSUBOUTFDPNBCBTF
PDFEJSOF
DPNQPSUBOUTF
DPNBDJE
#BTF)$03+)20)2$03+0)
DJE)$0 2
3+)20$03 +)30
+
&MTVMGVSEIJESPHFOFTDPNQPSUBDPNBDJE
DFEJOUQSPUPOT
)24+)20)4 +)30
+
B
"RVFTUBBGJSNBDJTGBMTB4JFTUSBDUBEFMBTPMVDJEVODJE
FODBSB
RVFTJHVJGFCMF
FMQ)IBEFTFSJOGFSJPSB
KBRVFTBCFNRVF
<)30+><0)>=14JFOVOBTPMVDJDJEB<)30+>><0)]
<)30+>>JQ)=MPH<)30+>Q)<
263
6 Reaccions cid-base
C
6OHSBVEFEJTTPDJBDJEFWBMPS
DPSSFTQPOESJBBVODJE
EJTTPDJBUBM
DPTBRVFTJNQPTTJCMFQFSBVOBTPMVDJEVO
DJEGFCMFBNCVOBDPOTUBOUEPSESF5JVOBDPODFOUSBDJ.
&ODBTEFEVCUF
DPNRVFUFOJNUPUFTMFTEBEFT
FTQPESJB
DBMDVMBSFMHSBVEFEJTTPDJBDJQFSBQSPYJNBDJ
JPCUJOESFN
VOWBMPSEF=
3
D
"RVFTUBBGJSNBDJTDFSUB$PNRVFMBDPOTUBOUEFRVJMJCSJT
DPOTUBOU
TJMBUFNQFSBUVSBOPWBSJB
MBSFMBDJFOUSFMBDPODFOUSBDJ
JOJDJBMJFMHSBVEFEJTTPDJBDJTIBEFNBOUFOJSDPOTUBOU1FSUBOU
TJEJTNJOVFJYNPMUMBDPODFOUSBDJEFMBTPMVDJ
MDJEFTUBSNT
EJTTPDJBU
[ A ][H3O+ ] C 2
Ka = 105 = i
[HA] 1
&MTBMVNOFTIBOEFUFOJSFODPNQUFRVFFOFMDBTEFTPMVDJPOT
NPMUEJMVEFTMFTBQSPYJNBDJPOTEFJYFOEFTFSWMJEFTQSFDJTBNFOU
QFSRVFMHSBVEFEJTTPDJBDJBVHNFOUBNPMUJEFJYBEFTFS
OFHMJHJCMF
E
"RVFTUBBGJSNBDJTDFSUB
KBRVFRVBOEJTNJOVFJYMBDPODFOUSBDJ
EDJEJOJDJBMUBNCEJTNJOVFJYMBEFQSPUPOTJ
QFSUBOU
MBTPMVDJ
TFSNFOZTDJEB
JFMQ)BVHNFOUBS
Q)=MPH<)30+>
FOVOBEJMVDJ<)30+]GJOBM<<)30+]JOJDJBM
Q)GJOBM>Q)JOJDJBM
$BMRVFFMTBMVNOFTTBEPOJORVF
UPUJRVFRVBOFTEJMVFJY
VOBTPMVDJBVHNFOUBFMHSBVEFEJTTPDJBDJ
FMQSPEVDUFEF
MBDPODFOUSBDJQFMHSBVEFEJTTPDJBDJ
TBEJS
MBDPODFOUSBDJ
EFQSPUPOT
EJTNJOVFJY
JQFSUBOUMBTPMVDJTNFOZTDJEB
JBVHNFOUBFMQ)4JDPOUJOVFOUFOJOUEVCUFT DPTBGPSBGSFRFOU
FMNJMMPSTGFSVOQSPCMFNBOVNSJDEBRVFTUBNFOB BDUJWJUBU
EFMBQHJOBEFMMMJCSF
QFSFYFNQMF
QFSRVBMIPSBEF
DBMDVMBSIPOPTFMTPCMJEJ
B
2VBOBGFHJNDJEDMPSIESJDBMBTPMVDJOFTUFNBVHNFOUBOU
MBDPODFOUSBDJEFQSPUPOT FGFDUFJDPN
1FSPQPTBSTF
BBRVFTUBNPEJGJDBDJMFRVJMJCSJEFEJTTPDJBDJEFMDJE
264
SOLUCIONARI
BDUJDFTEFTQMBBDBQBMFTRVFSSB
EFNBOFSBRVF
MBDPODFOUSBDJEFQSPUPOT QSPWJOFOUTEFMDJEBDUJD
JJBDFUBUEJTNJOVFJY
NFOUSFRVFMBEDJEBDUJDBVHNFOUB
1FSDPNRVFIJIFNBGFHJUVODJEGPSU
MBDPODFOUSBDJEF
QSPUPOTUPUBMEFMBTPMVDJBVHNFOUBS
JQFSUBOUFMQ)
EFMBNFTDMBEJTNJOVJS
$)3$00)+)20
$)3$00 + )30+
)$M )+ +$M
<)30+]UPUBM=<)30+]BDUJD+<)30+])$M
Q)JOJDJBM>Q)GJOBM
C
2VBOIJBGFHJNBDFUBUEFTPEJ
MBDPODFOUSBDJEJBDFUBU
BVHNFOUB FGFDUFJDPN
JEFTQMBBMFRVJMJCSJEFMDJEBDUJD
DBQBMFTRVFSSB
EFNBOFSBRVFMBDPODFOUSBDJEFQSPUPOT
EJTNJOVFJYJMBEDJEBDUJDBVHNFOUB$PNRVFOPIJIBVOB
BMUSBBQPSUBDJEFQSPUPOT
FMQ)EFMBNFTDMBBVHNFOUBS
JBNT
TIBVSGPSNBUVOBTPMVDJUBNQ
$)3$00)+)20
$)3$00 +)30
+
/B$M$M+/B+
<)30+>=<)30+]JOJDJBMBDUJD
Q)JOJDJBM=Q)GJOBM
265
6 Reaccions cid-base
)"+)20
" +)30 )#+)20
+
# +)30
+
B
"RVFTUBBGJSNBDJTDFSUB4JMBDPODFOUSBDJEFMJ"TNT
HSBORVFMBEFM#
WPMEJSRVFMDJE)"FTUNTEJTTPDJBU
MFRVJMJCSJFTUNTEFTQMBBUDBQBMBESFUBJ
QFSUBOU
TNTGPSURVFMDJE)#
C
"RVFTUBBGJSNBDJTGBMTB
KBRVFTJFMQSJNFSFRVJMJCSJFTU
NTEFTQMBBUDBQBMBGPSNBDJEJPOT
TQFSRVMBDPOTUBOU
EFEJTTPDJBDJTNTHSBOQFSBMDJE)"RVFQFSBM)#
D
"RVFTUBBGJSNBDJTGBMTB$PNNTHSBOTMBDPODFOUSBDJ
EFQSPUPOTEVOBTPMVDJ
NTHSBOTMBTFWBBDJEFTB
JNTCBJYFMTFVQ)4JMDJE)"TNTGPSURVFFM)#
BJYWPMEJSRVFMBTFWBDPODFOUSBDJEFQSPUPOTTNTHSBO
JFMQ)TNTQFUJU
41. Justifica la variaci, si nhi ha, del grau de dissociaci quan es dilueix
amb aigua una soluci 0,5 M dcid actic.
(Prova de selectivitat real)
2VBOFTEJMVFJYVOBTPMVDJEVODJEPVOBCBTF
TJOPWBSJB
MBUFNQFSBUVSBOPIJIBWBSJBDJFOFMWBMPSEFMBDPOTUBOU
EFEJTTPDJBDJ$PNRVFMBSFMBDJFOUSFMFTDPODFOUSBDJPOTJOJDJBMT
JFMHSBVEFEJTTPDJBDJTIBEFNBOUFOJS
TJEJTNJOVFJYMBDPODFOUSBDJ
JOJDJBMEDJEPCBTF
FMHSBVEFEJTTPDJBDJIBEBVHNFOUBS
7FHFVMBDUJWJUBU
BQBSUBUD
B
"RVFTUBBGJSNBDJTGBMTB$PNNTGFCMFTVODJE
NTQFUJUB
TMBDPODFOUSBDJEFQSPUPOTFOMBTPMVDJJNTHSBOTFMTFVQ)
C
"RVFTUBBGJSNBDJTDFSUB$PNNTGPSUTVODJE
NTGFCMF
TMBTFWBCBTFDPOKVHBEB&TQPESJBEJSGJOTJUPURVFTJVODJE
TNPMUGPSU
MBTFWBCBTFDPOKVHBEBTNPMUGFCMF
D
"RVFTUBBGJSNBDJTGBMTB-BDPODFOUSBDJEFMBTPMVDJEVODJE
TJOEFQFOEFOUEFMBTFWBGPSB-BDPODFOUSBDJQPUTFSNTHSBO
DPODFOUSBEB
PNTQFUJUB EJMVEB
QFSBMNBUFJYDJE
266
SOLUCIONARI
E
"RVFTUBBGJSNBDJTGBMTB-DJETVMGSJDFTDPOTJEFSBVODJE
GPSUQFSRVMFTDPOTUBOUTEBDJEFTBEFMTFRVJMJCSJTFORVQFSE
FMQSJNFSJFMTFHPOQSPUTONPMUBMUFTJ
QFSUBOU
FTEJTTPDJB
BNCNPMUBGBDJMJUBU-BGPSBEVODJETJOEFQFOEFOUEFMOPNCSF
EUPNTEIJESPHFORVFDPOUJOHVJ
43. Justifica amb quina de les dues espcies qumiques de cada apartat
reaccionar en major mesura el HF (aqus). Escriu les reaccions
corresponents:
a) NO3 o NH3
b) Cl o NaOH
c) Mg(OH)2 o H2O
d) CH3COOH o CH3COO
Dades: (K a /K b): HF = 6,6 104; HAc = 1,85 105; NH3 = 1,8 105
(Prova de selectivitat real)
-DJEGMVPSIESJD )'
TVODJESFMBUJWBNFOUGFCMF K B=
4
RVFFTDPNQPSUBSDFEJOUVOQSPUBVOBFTQDJFDBQBEBDDFQUBSMP
B
-BOJOJUSBU /03
FTDPNQPSUBSDPNVOBCBTFNPMUGFCMF
KBRVFQSPWEFMBEJTTPDJBDJEVODJENPMUGPSU )/03
JUJOES
QPDBUFOEODJBBBDDFQUBSQSPUPOT-BNPOBD /)3
FTDPNQPSUB
DPNVOBCBTFSFMBUJWBNFOUGFCMFRVFTRVFUJOESUFOEODJB
+
BBDDFQUBSQSPUPOT
JHFOFSBSMFTQDJF/)4
1FSUBOU
MDJE)'UJOESNTUFOEODJBBSFBDDJPOBS
BNCMBNPOBDTFHPOTMBSFBDDJ
+
)'+/)3' +/)4
C
-BOJDMPSVS $M
TVOBCBTFNPMUGFCMFRVFQSPW
EFMBEJTTPDJBDJEVODJENPMUGPSU )$M
JOPUJOESUFOEODJB
BBDDFQUBSQSPUPOT-IJESYJEEFTPEJ /B0)
TVOBCBTFGPSUB
JSFBDDJPOBSBNCMDJEGMVPSIESJDOFVUSBMJU[BOUMPTFHPOT
MBSFBDDJ
)'+/B0)/B'+)20
D
-IJESYJEEFNBHOFTJ .H 0)
2
TVOBCBTFGPSUBRVF
SFBDDJPOBSBNCFM)'OFVUSBMJU[BOUMPJUJOES
QFSUBOU
NTUFOEODJBBSFBDDJPOBSIJRVFMBJHVB
RVFFTDPNQPSUB
DPNVOBCBTFGFCMF
)'+.H 0)
2.H'2+)20
E
-DJEBDUJD $)3$00)
OPUUFOEODJBBBDDFQUBSFMQSPU
EFM)'
KBRVFUBNCTVODJE1FSUBOU
FOBRVFTUDBTRVFEB
DMBSRVFMFTQDJFRVFSFBDDJPOBSTFSMJBDFUBU $)3$00
RVFTRVFQPUBDDFQUBSVOQSPUEFMDJEGMVPSIESJD
$)3$00+)' ' +$)3$00)
267
6 Reaccions cid-base
44. A 25 C una soluci damonac cont 0,17 g daquest compost per litre
i est ionitzat en un 4,24 %. Calcula:
a) La constant dionitzaci de lamonac a la temperatura indicada.
b) El pH de la soluci.
(Prova de selectivitat real)
B
1FSDBMDVMBSMBDPOTUBOUUSPCFNMBDPODFOUSBDJJOJDJBMEBNPOBD
JQMBOUFHFNMFRVJMJCSJEJPOJU[BDJ
TBCFOURVF=
0,17 g
n 17 g mol1 0,01 mol
[NH3 ] = NH3 = = = 0,01 M
V 1,0 L 1,0 L
+
NH3 + H2O
NH4 + OH
Concentraci
0,01
inicial
Concentraci
0,01 (1 ) 0,01 0,01
equilibri
[NH+
4 ][ OH ] 0,01 2 0, 01 0, 04242
Kb = = = = 1, 877 105
[NH3 ] 1 0, 9576
C
1FSDBMDVMBSFMQ)QBSUJNEFMBDPODFOUSBDJEJPOTIJESPYJM
<0)>=
=
=
4.
$BMDVMFNFMQ0)
Q0)=MPH<0)>=MPH
=
Q0)=
=Q0)+Q)Q)=Q0)Q)=
CH3(CH2)2COOH + H2O
CH3(CH2)2COO + H3O
+
Concentraci
0,02
inicial
Concentraci
0,02 (1 ) 0,02 0,02
equilibri
268
SOLUCIONARI
Ka
CH3 (CH2 )2COOH + H2O CH3 (CH2 )2COO + H3O+
250 mL 0,02 M
HBu + H 2O
BuO
+ H3O+
n equilibri 0,005 x x 0,05 + x
269
6 Reaccions cid-base
5SPCFNFMQ)BQBSUJSEFMBDPODFOUSBDJUPUBMEFQSPUPOT
QSPWJOFOUTEFMTEPTDJET
[H3O+ ]TOTAL = [H3O+ ]HCl + [H3O+ ]HBu =
nHCl + nHBu 0,05 + x mol
= = = 0,2 M
VTOTAL 0,25 L
Q)=MPH<)30+>=MPH
Q)=
&TQPUWFVSFRVFMBDPODFOUSBDJEFQSPUPOTQSPDFEFOUTEFMDJE
CVUBOPJDTOFHMJHJCMFEBWBOUEFMBEFQSPUPOTQSPDFEFOUT
EFMDJEDMPSIESJD1FSBJYTFTBQEFTQSTEIBWFSGFUUPUT
FMTDMDVMTJOPBCBOT
KBRVFFOBMUSFTTJUVBDJPOTTRVFQPESJB
TFSJNQPSUBOUMBQPSUBDJEFMFTQDJFGFCMF WFHFVMFTBDUJWJUBUT
EFMBQHJOBJEFMBQHJOBEFMMMJCSF
270
SOLUCIONARI
[NH4+ ][ OH ] 0,4 2
Kb = 1, 8 105 =
[NH3 ] 1
"QSPYJNFNJBMMFN
=
3
1FSUBOU
<0)>=
3
Q0)=MPH<0)>=
JDPNRVFQ)+Q0)=
Q)=
D
$PNRVFEFNBOFOMBDPODFOUSBDJEFUPUFTMFTFTQDJFTFO
MFRVJMJCSJ
BNTEFMFTRVFBQBSFJYFOBMBUBVMB
OPIFNEPCMJEBS
MB<)30+>QSPWJOFOUEFMFRVJMJCSJJOJDEFMBJHVB%FMBUBVMB
+
t </)4 >=<0)>=
=
3.
t </)3>=
=
.
%FMFRVJMJCSJJOJDEFMBJHVB
K X=<)30+><0)>=14
+ 1014 1014
[H3O ] = = = 3,73 1012 M
[OH ] 2,68 103
HClO + H2O
ClO
+ H3O+
Concentraci
0,01
inicial
Concentraci
0,01 x x x
equilibri
48. Per preparar 0,50 L de soluci dcid actic 1,2 M disposem dun cid
actic comercial del 96 % de riquesa en pes i densitat 1,06g/mL.
Sabem que la K a (actic) = 1,8 105.
a) Calcula el volum de soluci dcid actic comercial necessari
per preparar la soluci desitjada.
271
6 Reaccions cid-base
B
$BMDVMFNMBNPMBSJUBUEFMBTPMVDJDPNFSDJBMJMBRVBOUJUBU
RVFFOGBGBMUBQFSQSFQBSBSMBEJMVEB
1,06 g sol. 1000 mL sol.
[CH3COOH]comercial =
1 mL sol. 1 L sol.
CH3COOH + H2O
CH3COO + H3O+
Concentraci
1,2
inicial
Concentraci
1,2 (1 ) 1,2 1,2
equilibri
[H3O+ ][ Ac ] 1,2 2
Ka = = = 1, 8 105 = 3, 87 103
[HAc] 1
Q)=MPH<)30+>=MPH
=MPH
3=
D
7FHFVMBQBSUBUBOUFSJPS=
3
272
SOLUCIONARI
50. Lcid lctic s el responsable del cruiximent que tenim desprs de fer
exercici fsic de manera intensa sense estar-hi avesats. Des del punt
de vista qumic, s un cid feble que podem indicar com HL. Quan
mesurem el pH duna soluci 0,05 M daquest cid, obtenim un valor
de 2,59. Calcula:
a) La concentraci de H+ en la soluci.
b) El valor de la seva constant dacidesa.
c) La concentraci de OH de la soluci.
(Prova de selectivitat real)
B
"QBSUJSEFMWBMPSEFMQ)JEFMFRVJMJCSJDBMDVMFNMBDPODFOUSBDJ
EFQSPUPOT
L + H3O
+ H2O
HL +
273
6 Reaccions cid-base
HCOOH + H2O
HCOO + H3O
+
[H3O+ ][HCOO ] x2
Ka = = = 1, 0 104 x = 4, 47 103
[HCOOH] 0,2 x
Q)=MPH<)30+>=MPHx=MPH
3=
-BTFHPOBQBSUDPSSFTQPOBVOBNFTDMBEDJEGPSUJGFCMF
FORVDBMUFOJSFODPNQUFMFGFDUFJDPNFOFRVJMJCSJ
DJECBTF&TQMBOUFKBMBEJTTPDJBDJEFMDJENFUBOPJDJMBEFM
DMPSIESJD$PNRVFFM)30+TVOJDPN
MFRVJMJCSJEFMDJE
NFUBOPJDFTUEFTQMBBUDBQBMFTRVFSSBJIJIBVSNFOZTQSPUPOT
RVFQSPWFOFOEFMDJENFUBOPJDRVFFMTRVFIJIBWJBBCBOT
EBGFHJSMDJEOUSJD
Ka
HCOOH + H2O HCOO + H3O+
40 mL 0,2 M
HNO3 + H2O NO
3 + H3O
+
10 mL 0,05 M
-BRVBOUJUBUEFTVCTUODJBEFDBEBTDVOT
t n HCOOH = M V = 0,2 M 40 103 L = 8 103 mol
t n HNO3 = M V = 0, 05 M 10 103 L = 5 10-4 mol
&M)/03TVODJEGPSUJFTEJTTPDJBUPUBMNFOUn )/03=n )30+
&MOPVFRVJMJCSJTFS
HCOOH + H 2 O
HCOO +
H3O+
n equilibri 0,008 x x 0,0005 + x
n HCOO nH3O+
2
[HCOO ][H3O+ ] V TOTAL
Ka = =
[HCOOH] nHCOOH
VTOTAL
274
SOLUCIONARI
(0, 0005 + x ) x
2
4 0, 050 (0, 0005 + x ) x
1, 0 10 = =
0, 008 x 0, 05 (0, 008 x )
0, 050
$PNRVFxOPTOFHMJHJCMFFOGSPOUEFMFTDPODFOUSBDJPOTEF)$00)
J)30+
OPFTQPUTJNQMJGJDBSMFYQSFTTJ3FTPMFOUMFRVBDJEFTFHPO
HSBVUSPCFNFMWBMPSEFx
x2+
4xr=
x=
5NPM
5SPCFNFMQ)BQBSUJSEFMBDPODFOUSBDJUPUBMEFQSPUPOTQSPWJOFOUT
EFMTEPTDJET
n HNO3 + nHCOOH
[H3O+ ]TOTAL = [H3O+ ]HNO3 + [H3O+ ]HCOOH = =
V TOTAL
0,0005 + x mol 0,0005 + 6, 95 105 mol
= = = 0,0114 M
0,05 L 0,05 L
Q)=MPH<)30+>=MPH Q)=
&OBRVFTUDBTMBDPODFOUSBDJEFQSPUPOTOPTUBOOFHMJHJCMF
DPNFOFYFSDJDJTBOUFSJPST&MQ)TFOTFUFOJSFODPNQUFMFRVJMJCSJ
EFMDJENFUBOPJDTFSJB
JFODBSBRVFTFNCMJVOBWBSJBDJNPMU
QFUJUB
FOBOMJTJRVNJDBTRVFTFSJBTJHOJGJDBUJV
&MHSBVEFEJTTPDJBDJEFMDJENFUBOPJDEFTQSTEFMBEEJDJ
EDJEOUSJDTFS
x 6, 95 105
= = = 8,7 10 3
ni 0,008
B
$BMDVMFNMBDPODFOUSBDJEDJENFUBOPJDJ
VUJMJU[BOUMFRVJMJCSJ
EFEJTTPDJBDJ
MFTEBEFTRVFFTEFNBOFO
m 23 g
n Mm 46 g mol1
[HCOOH] = = = = 0, 05 M
V V 10 L
275
6 Reaccions cid-base
HCOOH + H2O
HCOO +
H3O+
Concentraci
0,05
inicial
Concentraci
0,05 x x x = 0,003 M
equilibri
$PNRVFUFOJNEJSFDUBNFOUMBEBEBEFMBDPODFOUSBDJ
EFQSPUPOTQPEFNDBMDVMBSFMHSBVEFEJTTPDJBDJ
x 0, 003
= = = 0, 06 (6 %)
Ci 0, 05
C
$BMDVMFNFMWBMPSEFK BBQBSUJSEFMFYQSFTTJ
[H3O+ ][HCOO]
Ka = =
[HCOOH]
x2 0, 0032
= = = 1, 91 104 K a = 1, 91 104
0,05 x 0, 05 0, 003
53. Es prepara una soluci dun cid feble com lactic (etanoic) dissolent
0,3 mols daquest cid en aigua. El volum total de la soluci s de 0,05 L.
Si la soluci resultant t un = 2, quina ser la concentraci molar
dels ions hidroni? Calcula la constant dacidesa de lcid actic.
(Prova de selectivitat real)
B
$BMDVMFNMBDPODFOUSBDJEDJEBDUJDJQMBOUFHFNMFRVJMJCSJ
EFEJTTPDJBDJ
n 0,3 mol
[CH3COOH] = = =6M
V 0,05 L
CH3COOH + H2O
CH3COO
+ H3O+
Concentraci
6
inicial
Concentraci
6x x x
equilibri
$PNRVFUFOJNFMQ)
QPEFNDBMDVMBSMBDPODFOUSBDJNPMBS
EFMTJPOTIJESPOJ
Q)=MPH<)30+>=MPHx=x=
<)30+>=
.
C
$BMDVMFNFMWBMPSEFK BBQBSUJSEFMFYQSFTTJ
276
SOLUCIONARI
54. Quin s el percentatge dionitzaci de lcid actic en aigua per a les dues
concentracions segents: 0,6 M i 6,0 104 M.
Explican la diferncia del resultat.
Dada: K a = 1,85 105.
(Prova de selectivitat real)
1MBOUFHFNMFRVJMJCSJJOJDJDBMDVMFNFMHSBVEFEJTTPDJBDJ
QFSBDBEBTDVOBEFMFTEVFTDPODFOUSBDJPOTJOJDJBMT
CH3COOH + H2O
CH3COO + H3O+
Concentraci
Ci
inicial
Concentraci
Ci (1 ) Ci Ci
equilibri
[H3O+ ][ Ac ] 0,6 2
Ka = = = 1, 85 105 = 5,5
55 103
[HAc ] 1
277
6 Reaccions cid-base
HF + H2O
F + H3O
+
-MBWPST
[H3O+ ][F ] x2
Ka = = = 3,55 104
[HF] 28,67 x
0 = x 2 + 3,55 104 x 0, 0102 x = 0,1008
&MQ)TFS
Q)= MPH<)30+>= MPHx= MPH
=
Q)=
D
"SBDBMDVMFNMBNPMBSJUBUEFMBNFTDMB
TFOUFMTEPTDJETJHVBMT
t n HF cc = M V = 28,67 M 450 103 L = 12,90 mol
t n HF dil = M V = 2,5 M 750 103 L = 1,875 mol
*RVFEB
n HF cc + n HF dil 12, 90 + 1, 875 mol
[HF]mescla = = = 12,31 M
VTOTAL 1,2 L
CH3COOH + H2O
CH3COO + H3O
+
[H3O+ ][ Ac ] x2
Ka = = = 1, 8 105 x = 2,12 103 M
[HAc ] 0,25 x
Q)=MPH<)30+>=MPHx=
-BSFBDDJEIJESMJTJEFMBCBTFDPOKVHBEB
MFYQSFTTJEFMBDPOTUBOU
JFMWBMPSOVNSJDEBRVFTUBTO
$)3$00+)20 $)3$00)+0)
278
SOLUCIONARI
[OH ][HAc ]
Kb =
[ Ac ]
Kw 1014
K w = K a Kb Kb = = = 5,55 1010 M
Ka 1,8 105
HCOOH + H2O
HCOO + H3O
+
[H3O+ ][HCOO ] x2
Ka = = = 2 104 x = 4,3
37 103
[HCOOH] 0,1 x
Q)= MPH<)30+>= MPHx=
C
&TUSBDUBEVOBSFBDDJEFOFVUSBMJU[BDJDJECBTF
$PNRVFMBSFBDDJTNPMBNPM
DBMDVMFNMBRVBOUJUBU
EFTVCTUODJBEFDBEBFTQDJFQFSTBCFSFMQ)EFMBNFTDMB
HCOOH + NaOH HCOONa + H2O
9 mL 0,1 M 6 mL 0,15 M
t n NaOH = M V = 0,15 M 6 103 L = 9,0 104 mol base
t n HCOOH = M V = 0,1 M 9 103 L = 9,0 104 mol cid
$PNRVFMBRVBOUJUBUEFTVCTUODJBEFMFTEVFTFTQDJFTTMB
NBUFJYB
QFSDPOJYFSFMQ)GJOBMSFDPSSFNBMBIJESMJTJEFMBTBM
)$00/B/B++)$00
t /B+DJEDPOKVHBUNPMUGFCMFEVOBCBTFGPSUB /B0)
RVFOPU
UFOEODJBBSFBDDJPOBSBNCMBJHVB
279
6 Reaccions cid-base
t )$00CBTFDPOKVHBEBGFCMFEVODJEGFCMF )$00)
TIJESPMJU[BTFHPOTMBSFBDDJ
Kb
HCOO + H2O HCOOH + OH
$PNRVFFOBRVFTUBIJESMJTJFTQSPEVFJYFOJPOTIJESPYJM
<0)>><)30+>JQ)>MBTPMVDJTFSCTJDB
1MBOUFHFNMFRVJMJCSJJOJDJDBMDVMFNFMQ)BQBSUJSEFMFYQSFTTJ
EFK C
+
NH3 + H2O
NH4 + OH+
Concentraci
0,1
inicial
Concentraci
0,1 (1 ) 0,1 0,1
equilibri
[NH+
4 ][OH ] 0,1 2
Kb = 1, 8 105 =
[NH3 ] 1
$BMDVMFNFMWPMVNVUJMJU[BOUGBDUPSTEFDPOWFSTJ
0,2 mol H2SO4 2 mol NH3
VNH3 = 0,1 L H2SO4
1 L H2SO4 1 mol H2SO4
1 L NH3
= 0,4 L (400 mL)
0,1 mol NH3
280
SOLUCIONARI
B
$PNRVFMDJEOUSJDTGPSU
FTEJTTPDJBDPNQMFUBNFOU
HNO3 NO3 + H+
Concentraci inicial Ci
Concentraci final Ci Ci
%FMBEJTTPDJBDJJEFMFTUFRVJPNFUSJBEFMBSFBDDJ
FTEFEVFJYRVF
</0
3>=<) >=
+ Q)=
=
3.
$PNRVFFOTEFNBOFOMBRVBOUJUBUEFTVCTUODJBFON-
C
&TUSBDUBEVOBSFBDDJEFOFVUSBMJU[BDJDJEGPSUCBTFGPSUB
HNO3 +NaOH NaNO3 +H2O
25 mL 5, 012 103 Mm??
D
5BNCTVOBOFVUSBMJU[BDJ
QFSFOBRVFTUDBTQFSTBCFSFMQ)
GJOBMIFNEFDBMDVMBSMBRVBOUJUBUEFTVCTUODJBEFDBEBSFBDUJV
QFSDPNQSPWBSTJOIJIBBMHVOFOFYDT
t n NaOH = M V = 0,001 M 0, 025 L = 2,5 105 mol inicials
t n HNO3 = M V = 5,012 103 M 0, 025 L = 1,25 104 mol inicials
&M)/03IJTFOFYDTJ
QFSUBOU
FMQ)EFMBTPMVDJTFSDJE
n HNO3 excs = n inicials n neutralitzats =
= 1,25 104 2,5 105 = 1 104 mol
1FSDBMDVMBSFMQ)USPCFNMBDPODFOUSBDJ<)+>RVFIJIBFOFYDT
281
6 Reaccions cid-base
$PNRVFFM)/03TVODJEGPSU
FTEJTTPDJBUPUBMNFOU
J<)/03>=<)+>&MWPMVNGJOBMFTDPOTJEFSBBEEJUJV
N-
-
n excs 1 104 mol
[H+] = = = 2 103 M
V total 0,05 L
Q)= MPH<)+>= MPH3=
60. Determina:
a) La concentraci duna soluci dcid benzoic, cid monoprtic de frmula
C6H5COOH, sabent que per neutralitzar 20 mL daquesta soluci
shan fet servir 15,2 mL de soluci dhidrxid de bari 0,5 M.
b) Sabent que lhidrxid de bari s una base forta, determina el valor
del pH en el punt dequivalncia.
Dada: K a (C6H5COOH) = 6,5 105.
(Prova de selectivitat real)
B
&TDSJWJNMBSFBDDJEFOFVUSBMJU[BDJJDBMDVMFNMBDPODFOUSBDJ
BNCFTUFRVJPNFUSJB
2 C6H5COOH + Ba(OH)2 (C6H5COO)2Ba + 2 H2O
20 mL M ? 15,2 mL 0,5 M
0,5 mol base
[C6H5COOH] = 15,2 103 L base
1 L base
2 mol cid 1
3
= 0,76 M
1 mol base 20 10 L cid
C
$PNRVFMIJESYJEEFCBSJTVOBCBTFGPSUB
MOJDJ
RVFFYQFSJNFOUBIJESMJTJTFMCFO[PBU
$)5$00
2#B#B2++$)5$00
&OTDBMDBMDVMBSMBDPODFOUSBDJEFTBMQFSQPEFSDBMDVMBS
MBQBSURVFTIJESPMJU[B
[(C6H5COO)2Ba] = 15,2 103 L base
0,5 mol base 1 mol sal 1
3
= 0,216 M
1 L base 1 mol base 35,2 10 L soluci
$)5$00CBTFDPOKVHBEBGFCMFEVODJEGFCMF
$)5$00)
TRVFTIJESPMJU[B
TFHPOTMBSFBDDJ
Kb
C6H5COO + H2O C6H5COOH + OH
"RVFTUTMFRVJMJCSJRVFVUJMJU[FNQFSDBMDVMBSFMQ)EFMBTPMVDJ
FOFMQVOUEFRVJWBMODJB$PNFTQPUWFVSFFOMBEJTTPDJBDJ
OP
QBSUJSFNEVOBDPODFOUSBDJ
.
TJOEFMEPCMF
.
KB
RVFIJIBFMEPCMFEJPOTCFO[PBUFOTPMVDJ
282
SOLUCIONARI
C6H5COO + H2O
C6H5COOH + OH
Concentraci
0,432
inicial
Concentraci
0,432 x x x
equilibri
Kw 1014
K w = K a Kb Kb = = 5
= 1,54 1010
Ka 6,5 10
[C6H5COOH][OH ]
Kb =
[C6H5COO ]
x2
1,54 1010 = x = 8,16 106
0, 432 x
61. Es preparen dues solucions, una amb 1,61 g dcid metanoic en aigua
fins a un volum de 100 mL i una altra de HCl amb el mateix volum
i la mateixa concentraci. Calcula:
a) El grau de dissociaci de lcid metanoic.
b) El pH de les dues solucions.
c) El volum dhidrxid potssic 0,15 M necessari per assolir el punt
dequivalncia, en una neutralitzaci cid-base, de la soluci
de lcid metanoic.
d) Els grams de NaOH que afegits a la soluci de HCl proporcionaran
un pH = 1. Considerem que el volum no varia.
Dades: K a (metanoic) = 2 104.
(Prova de selectivitat real)
B
$BMDVMFNMBDPODFOUSBDJEDJENFUBOPJDJ
BNCMFRVJMJCSJ
JMFYQSFTTJEFMBDPOTUBOU
FMHSBVEFEJTTPDJBDJJFMQ)
m 1,61 g
n Mm 46 g mol1
[HCOOH] = = = = 0, 35 M
V V 0,100 L
HCOOH + H2O
HCOO + H3O+
Concentraci
0,1
inicial
Concentraci
0,35 (1 ) 0,35 0,35
equilibri
283
6 Reaccions cid-base
E
$PNRVFMBSFBDDJEFOFVUSBMJU[BDJOPTDPNQMFUBQFSRV
DPOUJOVBUFOJOUQ)DJE
MBRVBOUJUBUEF/B0)BGFHJEBTFSJHVBM
BMBEJGFSODJBEFDPODFOUSBDJEFM)$MBMQSJODJQJJBMGJOBM
EFMBEEJDJ"NCFMQ)USPCFNMBDPODFOUSBDJEF)$M
OFVUSBMJU[BEB
JBNCBJY
MBNBTTBEF/B0)RVFTIBHBTUBU
QFSGFSIP
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
100 mL 0,35 M m?
pHfinal = 1
Q)GJOBM=MPH<)30+>=<)30+]GJOBM=
5FOJOUFODPNQUFRVFFMWPMVNEFTPMVDJTON-
JRVFn=MV
n H3O+ neutralitzats = n H3O+ inicials n H3O+ finals =
= 0,35 M 0,1 L 0,1 M 0,1 L = 0,025 mol
284
SOLUCIONARI
C6H5COOH + H2O
C6H5COO + H3O
+
Concentraci
0,05
inicial
Concentraci
0,05 (1 ) 0,05 0,05
equilibri
$PNRVFUFOJNEJSFDUBNFOUMBEBEBEFMBDPODFOUSBDJEFQSPUPOT
QPEFNDBMDVMBSMBDPOTUBOUEJPOJU[BDJ
[H3O+ ][C6H5COO ]
Ka = =
[C6H5COOH]
0, 05 2 0, 05 0, 03492
= = = 6, 3 105 K a = 6, 31 105
1 1 0, 0349
C
$BMDVMFNMBDPODFOUSBDJEFMBTPMVDJEJMVEBJFMOPVQ)
M cc Vcc = M dil Vdil
0, 05 M 3 mL = M dil 10 mL M dil = 0, 015 M
C6H5COOH + H2O
C6H5COO + H3O
+
Concentraci
0,015
inicial
Concentraci
0,015 x x x
equilibri
[H3O+ ][C6H5COO ] x2
Ka = = = 6, 31 105
[C6H5COOH] 0,015 x
x = 9,73 104
Q)=MPH<)30+>=MPHx=MPH
4Q)=
7BMPSBQSPYJNBUEFxx=
4
7BMPSEFxTFOTFBQSPYJNBDJx=
4
Q)BQSPYJNBUQ)=
Q)TFOTFBQSPYJNBDJQ)=
D
$BMDVMFNFMWPMVNEF,0)OFDFTTBSJQFSOFVUSBMJU[BSFMWPMVN
EDJE
285
6 Reaccions cid-base
63. Volem preparar 200 mL dcid clorhdric 0,4 M a partir dun cid
comercial d1,18 g/mL de densitat i una riquesa del 36,2 % en pes.
Calcula:
a) La molaritat de lcid comercial.
b) Quants mL dcid comercial fan falta?
c) El pH obtingut en afegir 15 mL dhidrxid sdic 0,15 M a 5 mL
dcid clorhdric 0,4 M.
d) Quants mL dhidrxid sdic 0,15 M neutralitzaran 5 mL dcid
clorhdric 0,4 M?
(Prova de selectivitat real)
B
$BMDVMFNMBDPODFOUSBDJNPMBSEFMDJEDPNFSDJBM
1,18 g sol. 1000 mL sol. 36,2 g cid
[HCl]comercial =
1 mL sol. 1 L sol. 100 g sol.
1 mol cid
= 11,7 M
36,5 g cid
C
$BMDVMFNFMOPNCSFEFN-EFTPMVDJDPODFOUSBEBRVFGBOGBMUB
QFSQSFQBSBSMBEJMVEB
M cc Vcc = M dil Vdil
11,7 M Vcc = 0,4 M 200 mL Vcc = 6, 84 mL
D
$PNRVFTVOBOFVUSBMJU[BDJ
DPNQSPWFNMBRVBOUJUBUEF
TVCTUODJBEDJEJCBTFQFSQPEFSDBMDVMBSFMQ)
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
5 mL 0, 4 M 15 mL 0,15 M
t n NaOH = M V = 0,15 M 15 103 L = 2,25 103 mol base
t n HCl = M V = 0,4 M 5 103 L = 2,0 103 mol cid
)JIBFYDTEFCBTF
KBRVFMBSFBDDJTNPMBNPM
QFSUBOU
FMQ)GJOBMEFMBNFTDMBTFSCTJD$BMDVMFNMBRVBOUJUBUEF
TVCTUODJBFOFYDTJMBDPODFOUSBDJEF/B0)QFSUSPCBSFMQ)
n NaOH excs = n inicials n neutralitzats =
= 2,25 103 2, 0 103 = 2,5 104 mol
286
SOLUCIONARI
$PNRVFFM/B0)TVOBCBTFGPSUB
FTEJTTPDJBUPUBMNFOU
J</B0)>=<0)>&MWPMVNGJOBMFTDPOTJEFSBBEEJUJV
N-
-
n excs 2,5 104 mol
[OH ] = = = 0,0125 M
V total 0,02 L
Q0)=MPH<0)>=MPH
=
Q0)=
JQ)=
E
-BOFVUSBMJU[BDJDPNQMFUBUMMPDRVBOMBSFBDDJFTEVVBUFSNF
NPMBNPMTFHPOTMFTUFRVJPNFUSJBEFMBSFBDDJ
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
5 mL 0, 4 M V ? 0,15 M
B
3FBDDJEFOFVUSBMJU[BDJ
2 HNO2 + Ba(OH)2 Ba(NO2 )2 + 2 H2O
C
)FNEFUFOJSQSFTFOURVFMDJEDMPSIESJDTVODJEGPSU
NFOUSFRVFMDJEOJUSTTGFCMF
-DJEDMPSIESJDFTEJTTPDJBDPNQMFUBNFOUFOBJHVB
)$M+)20$M+)30+
-BDPODFOUSBDJEJPOTIJESPOJTJHVBMBMBDPODFOUSBDJ
JOJDJBMEDJEDMPSIESJD
<)$M>=<)30+>=
.
Q)=MPH<)30+>=MPH
=
287
6 Reaccions cid-base
-DJEOJUSTFTUBSQBSDJBMNFOUEJTTPDJBUFOBJHVB
HNO2 + H2O
NO
2 + H3O+
Concentraci
Ci
inicial
Concentraci
Ci x x x
equilibri
"QBSUJSEFKB=
4JMBDPODFOUSBDJEJPOTIJESPOJ
x=<)30+>=
.
DBMDVMFNMBDPODFOUSBDJJOJDJBMEFMDJE
[NO2 ] [H3O+ ] x2
Ka = 4,3 10 4 =
[HNO2 ] Ci x
288
SOLUCIONARI
2 mol HCl 54 kJ
0,025 L sol. HCl =2,7 kJ
1L sol. HCl 1 mol HCl
&TEFTQSFOFO
L+FOGPSNBEFDBMPS
C
$PNRVFFTUSBDUBEVOQSPDTFYPUSNJD H <
FTEFTQSO
DBMPSJDPOTFHFOUNFOUMBTPMVDJTFTDBMGBS
D
1FSDBMDVMBSMBUFNQFSBUVSBGJOBMEFMBTPMVDJBQMJRVFNMFRVBDJ
TFHFOU
Q=mcet
3+=H
+,1H1 t G
,
"MMFNt Gt G=
$
HCOOH + H2O
HCOO + H3O+
Concentraci
0,02
inicial
Concentraci
0,02 x x x
equilibri
"QBSUJSEFKB=
4JMBDPODFOUSBDJJOJDJBMEFMDJE
DBMDVMFNMBDPODFOUSBDJEJPOTIJESPOJ
[HCOO ] [H3O+ ] x2
K a = 1,77 10 4 =
[HCOOH] 0,02 x
&MWBMPSEFMBDPOTUBOUEBDJEFTBFOTQFSNFUBQSPYJNBS
x
TJBMMFNx
EOB
x=<)30+>=
3NPMEN3
4JDBMDVMFNTFOTFGFSMBQSPYJNBDJ
FMSFTVMUBUT
x=<)30+>=
3NPMEN3
&MQ)BQSPYJNBUT
Q)=MPH<)30+>=MPH
3
=
289
6 Reaccions cid-base
&MQ)TFOTFMBQSPYJNBDJT
Q)=MPH<)30+>=MPH
3
=
C
1MBOUFHFNMBSFBDDJEFOFVUSBMJU[BDJFOUSFVODJEGFCMF
DJEGSNJD
JVOBCBTFGPSUB IJESYJEEFTPEJ
HCOOH + NaOH HCOONa + H2O
3
30 cm 0,02 M V?0,015 M
"QMJRVFNGBDUPSTEFDPOWFSTJQFSDBMDVMBSFMWPMVNEFMBTPMVDJ
EIJESYJEEFTPEJRVFFTOFDFTTJUBSQFSBMBOFVUSBMJU[BDJ
D
-BTBMGPSNBEBFOMBSFBDDJEFOFVUSBMJU[BDJFTUSPCBS
EJTTPDJBEBFOBJHVBJMBOJ)$00TIJESPMJU[BS
)$00/B aq
/B+ aq
+)$00 aq
)$00TVOBCBTFGFCMFRVFQSPWVODJEGFCMF )$00)
4IJESPMJU[BSJEPOBS
)$00+)20
)$00)+0)
/B+TVODJENPMUGFCMFRVFQSPWEVOBCBTFNPMUGPSUB
/B0)
JRVF
QFSUBOU
OPSFBDDJPOBSBNCMBJHVB
&MQ)EFMQVOUEFRVJWBMODJBTCTJDQFSBMBGPSNBDJEJPOT
IJESPYJMGPSNBUTFOMBIJESMJTJEFM)$005JOESVOWBMPS
NTHSBOEF
290
SOLUCIONARI
B
3FBDDJEFMPCUFODJEFMDJEDMPSIESJD
/B$M+)2404)$M+/B2404
0C
/B$M+)2404)$M+/B)404
2VBMTFWPMEFMFTEVFTPQDJPOTTWMJEB&OUPUFTEVFTFTNBOU
MBNBUFJYBSFMBDJNPMBS/B$M)$M
C
"QMJRVFNGBDUPSTEFDPOWFSTJQFSDBMDVMBSMBDPODFOUSBDJ
EFMBTPMVDJEF)$MSFTVMUBOU
1 mol NaCl 2 mol HCl
1g NaCl = 0,017 mol HCl
58,5 g NaCl 2 mol NaCl
0,017 mol HCl
[HCl] = = 0,034 mol dm3
0,5 L sol.
1FSUSPCBSFMQ)TBCFNRVFMDJEDMPSIESJDTVODJEGPSU
RVFFTUSPCBDPNQMFUBNFOUEJTTPDJBUFOBJHVBJDPNQMJS
<)$M>=<)30+>=
NPMEN3
Q)=MPH<)30+>=MPH
D
1MBOUFHFNMBSFBDDJEFOFVUSBMJU[BDJFOUSFVODJEGPSU DJE
DMPSIESJD
JVOBCBTFGPSUB IJESYJEEFTPEJ
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
0,5 L 0,034 M 1 L M?
QMJRVFNGBDUPSTEFDPOWFSTJQFSBDBMDVMBSMBDPODFOUSBDJ
"
EFMBTPMVDJEIJESYJEEFTPEJRVFFTOFDFTTJUBSQFS
BMBOFVUSBMJU[BDJ
0,034 mol HCl 1 mol NaOH
0,5 L sol. HCl =0,017 mol NaOH
1L sol. HCl 1 mol HCl
0,017 mol NaOH
[NaOH] = = 0,017 mol dm3
1 L sol.
1FSUSPCBSFMQ)TBCFNRVFMIJESYJEEFTPEJTVOBCBTFGPSUB
RVFFTUSPCBDPNQMFUBNFOUEJTTPDJBEBJDPNQMJS
</B0)>=<0)>=
NPMrEN3
Q0)=MPH<0)>=MPH
=
Q)=Q0)=
=
291
6 Reaccions cid-base
B
&MNVOUBUHFFYQFSJNFOUBMEVOBWPMVNFUSJBDJECBTFFTQPUWFVSF
BMBQHJOBEFMMMJCSF1FSBBRVFTUFYFSDJDJDBMESJBQPTBS
FM/)3EJOTM&SMFONFZFSJFM)2404BMBCVSFUB
KBRVF
TFMWBMPSBOUJTMBTVCTUODJBEFEFMBRVBMIFNNFTVSBU
FMWPMVNHBTUBU
C
&TUSBDUBEVOBWBMPSBDJEVOBCBTFGFCMF /)3
BNCVODJEGPSU
)2404
JMBSFBDDJT
/)3+)240 /)4
2404
-BTBMRVFFTQSPEVFJY
DPNRVFQSPWEVOBCBTFGFCMF
TRVF
TIJESPMJU[BSJBQFSMBQBSUEFMDBUJBNPOJ
+
/)4
240 /)4+4042
Ka
NH+
4 + H2O
NH3 + H3O+
$PNRVFFOBRVFTUBIJESMJTJFTQSPEVFJYFOJPOTIJESPOJ
<)30+>><0)>JQ)<MBTPMVDJSFTVMUBOUTFSJBDJEB
FOFMQVOUEFRVJWBMODJB
1FSBRVFTUNPUJVOPFTQPESJBVUJMJU[BSGFOPMGUBMFOBQFSEFUFDUBS
FMQVOUEFRVJWBMODJB
KBRVFFMTFVJOUFSWBMEFWJSBUHFTFTJUVB
BQ)CTJD4FSJBNJMMPSVUJMJU[BSMBUBSPOKBUEFNFUJM
KBRVFT
RVFUVOJOUFSWBMEFWJSBUHFTJUVBUBMB[POBEFQ)DJE
D
5FOJOUFODPNQUFMBSFBDDJEFOFVUSBMJU[BDJJMFTEBEFT
EFMFYFSDJDJ
2 NH3 + H2SO4 (NH4 )2SO4
50 mL M ? 20 mL 0,1 M
0,1 mol cid 2 mol base
[NH3 ] = 20 103 L cid
1 L cid 1 mol cid
1
= 0,08 M
50 103 L cid
292
SOLUCIONARI
14 Q)
12
1VOU
EFRVJWBMODJB
2 4PMVDJ
EF/B0) N-
4 12
C
%FMBDPSCBFTEFEVFJYRVFFMQ)EFMBTPMVDJEDJEBDUJD
T
"NCMFRVJMJCSJEJPOJU[BDJDBMDVMFNFMHSBVEJPOJU[BDJ
EFMDJE
CH3COOH + H2O
CH3COO + H3O
+
Concentraci
0,015
inicial
Concentraci
0,573 (1 ) 0,573 0,573
equilibri
$PNRVFUFOJNEJSFDUBNFOUMBEBEBEFMBDPODFOUSBDJEFQSPUPOT
QPEFNDBMDVMBSFMHSBVEFEJTTPDJBDJ
Q)=MPH<)30+>=MPH
=
=
3
D
-BDPOTUBOUEBDJEFTBT
293
6 Reaccions cid-base
70. Fem reaccionar una certa quantitat de NaCl amb H2SO4 segons lequaci:
2 NaCl + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2 HCl. El resultat es valora amb una soluci
de NaOH 0,5 M. Es consumeixen 20 mL de la soluci. Quants grams de
NaCl han reaccionat?
(Prova de selectivitat real)
&MQSPEVDUFEFMBSFBDDJEFTDSJUBDPOU)$M
RVFFTWBMPSBBNC/B0)
)$M+/B0)/B$M+)20
"QBSUJSEBRVFTUBWBMPSBDJFTQPUDPOJYFSMBRVBOUJUBUEFTVCTUODJB
EF)$MRVFFTEFTQSO
JBNCBJY
FMOPNCSFEFNPMTEFDMPSVSEFTPEJ
RVFTIBOVUJMJU[BUQFSGPSNBSMP TFHPOTMBSFBDDJEFMFOVODJBU
Valoraci
644444 7444448
0,5 mol NaOH 1 mol HCl
m NaCl = 0, 020 L NaOH
1 L NaOH 1 mol NaOH
2 mol NaCl 58,5 g NaCl
= 0,585 g
2 mol HCl 1 mol NaCl
1444442444443
Reacci
de lenunciat
294
SOLUCIONARI
BMQSJODJQJ4JEBRVFTUBRVBOUJUBUFOSFTUFNMBRVBOUJUBUJOJDJBM
EF)$MQPEFNDBMDVMBSMBRVBOUJUBUEF/B0)RVFTIBBGFHJU
BMQSJODJQJ
0,5 mol NaOH 1 mol HCl
n HCl excs = 0, 015 L NaOH =
1 L NaOH 1 mol NaOH
= 7, 5 103 mol
n HCl neutralitzats al principi = n inicials n excs =
= 0, 02 7, 5 103 = 0, 0125 mol
$PNRVFMBSFBDDJEFM)$MBNCFM/B0)TNPMBNPM
BRVFTUB
NBUFJYBRVBOUJUBUEFTVCTUODJBTMBRVFJOJDJBMNFOU
TIBWJBBGFHJUBMTN-EF/B0)1FSDBMDVMBSMBDPODFOUSBDJ
FOH-1VUJMJU[FNGBDUPSTEFDPOWFSTJ
0,0125 mol NaOH 40 g NaOH
C NaOH = 3
= 50 g L1
10 10 L NaOH 1 mol NaOH
C
1FSDBMDVMBSFMQ) DJE
EFMBNFTDMBJOJDJBMVUJMJU[FNFMOPNCSF
EFNPMTEF)$MOPOFVUSBMJU[BUTBMQSJODJQJ
UFOJOUFODPNQUF
FMWPMVNUPUBM WPMVNTBEEJUJVT
JRVF
DPNRVFTVODJEGPSU
<)$M>=<)30+>
n excs 7,5 103 mol
[H3O+ ] = = = 0,25 M
V total 0,03 L
Q)=MPH<)30+>=MPH
=
Q)=
72. Es valora una soluci aquosa dcid actic amb hidrxid sdic.
Calcula la concentraci de lcid si sabem que 25 mL han necessitat
20 mL de NaOH 0,1 M per assolir el punt dequivalncia.
(Prova de selectivitat real)
-BWBMPSBDJTVOBOFVUSBMJU[BDJDJECBTF1FSDBMDVMBS
MBDPODFOUSBDJEDJERVFGBGBMUBQFSHBTUBSOFN-FOFMQVOU
EFRVJWBMODJBBNCMBCBTFTVUJMJU[FOGBDUPSTEFDPOWFSTJ
TBCFOU
RVFFMTDMDVMTTOFTUFRVJPNUSJDT
295
6 Reaccions cid-base
B
1MBOUFHFNMBSFBDDJEFOFVUSBMJU[BDJFOUSFVODJEGFCMF DJE
BDUJD
JVOBCBTFGPSUB IJESYJEEFTPEJ
CH3COOH + KOH CH3COOK +H2O
20 mL 0,5 M V ?1,0 M
QMJRVFNGBDUPSTEFDPOWFSTJQFSBDBMDVMBSFMWPMVNEFMBTPMVDJ
"
EIJESYJEEFQPUBTTJOFDFTTBSJQFSBMBOFVUSBMJU[BDJ
0,5 mol CH3COOH 1 mol KOH
0,02 L sol. CH3COOH
1L sol. CH3COOH 1 mol CH3COOH
1 L sol. KOH
= 0,010 L = 10 mL sol. KOH 1,0 M
1 mol KOH
C
&OMBOFVUSBMJU[BDJFTGPSNB$)3$00,
&M$)3$00,TVOBTBMRVFFTEJTTPDJBFOBJHVB
$)3$00, aq
$)3$00 aq
+,+ aq
$)3$00TVOBCBTFGFCMFRVFQSPWEVODJEGFCMF $)3$00)
4IJESPMJU[BJEOB
$)3$00+)20
$)3$00)+)0
,+TVODJENPMUGFCMFRVFQSPWEVOBCBTFNPMUGPSUB ,0)
JRVF
QFSUBOU
OPSFBDDJPOBBNCMBJHVB
&MQ)FOFMQVOUEFRVJWBMODJBTCTJDQFSBMBGPSNBDJEJPOT
IJESPYJMFOMBIJESMJTJEFM$)3$005JOESVOWBMPSNT
HSBOEF
D
$BMDVMFNFMWPMVNEFTPMVDJ
.OFDFTTBSJ
0,25 mol CH3COOH 1 L sol. 0,5 M
0,05 L sol. diluda =
1L sol. diluda 0,5 mol CH3COOH
= 0,025 L soluci 0,5 M
SFQBSBDJEFN-EVOBTPMVDJEDJEBDUJD
.BQBSUJS
1
EFMBTPMVDJ
.
296
SOLUCIONARI
0CSJNFMGMBTDEFMBTPMVDJ
.EDJEBDUJDJQJQFUFHFN
N-NJUKBOBOUVOBQJQFUBBGPSBEB N-
PHSBEVBEB
VTBOU
VOBQFSBEFHPNBPVOBMUSFFTUSJQFSBMBTQJSBDJ
1FSOPDPOUBNJOBSFMDPOUJOHVUEFMGMBTDEFMBTPMVDJ
FOQPEFN
QPTBSVOBQFUJUBRVBOUJUBU VOTN-
FOVOWBTEFQSFDJQJUBUT
J
EFTEBRV
QJQFUFKBSFMT
N-EFMBTPMVDJ&MTPCSBOU
EFMBTPMVDJ
BUTRVFUVOHSBVEBDJEFTBTFNCMBOUBMWJOBHSF
FTQPUMMFOBSQFSMBQJDB
1PTFNFMWPMVNQJQFUFKBUFOVONBUSTBGPSBUEFN-JIJBGFHJN
BJHVBGJOTBMTFOZBMEBGPSBNFOU5BQFNFMNBUSTJBHJUFN
FMDPOUJOHVUQFSUBMEIPNPHFOFU[BSMBTPMVDJ
'JOBMNFOU
FUJRVFUFNPSFUPMFNFMNBUST
-BDPODFOUSBDJEJPOTIJESPYJMTJHVBMBMBDPODFOUSBDJ
JOJDJBMEF,0)
5SPCFNMBDPODFOUSBDJFONPMTEN3
2,380 g KOH 1,020 g sol. 1 mol KOH
=
100 g sol. 1cm3 sol. 56,1 g KOH
297
6 Reaccions cid-base
"QMJRVFNGBDUPSTEFDPOWFSTJQFSDBMDVMBSMBDPODFOUSBDJ
EFMBTPMVDJEDJETVMGSJD
0,433 mol KOH 1 mol H2SO4
0,0182 L sol. KOH = 3,94 10 3 mol
1L sol. KOH 2 mol KOH
3,94 10 3 mol H2SO4
[H2SO4 ] = = 0,197 mol dm3
0,02 L sol.
D
.BUFSJBMEFMBCPSBUPSJCVSFUBEFN-
QJQFUBBGPSBEB PEFEPCMF
BGPSBNFOU
EFN-4JOPFOUFOJV
QPEFVGFSTFSWJSVOBQJQFUB
HSBEVBEBEFN-
UPUJRVFBJYDPNQPSUBVOYJDNTEFSSPS
&SMFONFZFSEFPN-.BUFSJBMBVYJMJBSDPNQUBHPUFTP
QJQFUB1BTUFVS
FNCVUQFUJU
WBTEFQSFDJQJUBUTEFN-
GMBTD
SFOUBEPSBNCBJHVBEFTUJMrMBEB
3FBDUJVT%POBURVFFTUFNWBMPSBOUVODJEGPSUBNCVOBCBTFGPSUB
QVOUEFRVJWBMODJBBQ)=
QPESFNVUJMJU[BSRVBMTFWPMEFMT
JOEJDBEPSTTFHFOUTSPJHEFGFOPM
HSPD
SPJH
CMBVEFCSPNPUJNPM
HSPD
CMBV
GFOPMGUBMFOB
JODPMPS
QPSQSB
PSPJHEFNFUJM
SPJH
HSPDUBSPOKB
1SPDFEJNFOU&TDBSSFHBVOBCVSFUBEFN- QFSFYFNQMF
VTBOUVOWBTEFQSFDJQJUBUTEFN-
BNCMBTPMVDJEIJESYJE
EFQPUBTTJ IPQPEFNGFSBNCVOQFUJUFNCVU
$BMFWJUBSEFJYBS
CPNCPMMFTEBJSFBEJOTEFMBCVSFUBJBOBSBNCDPNQUFBNC
FMTWFTTBNFOUT
"NCVOBQJQFUBBGPSBEB PEFEPCMFBGPSBNFOU
QJQFUFHFN
BNC
MBKVUEVOBQFSBPVOBMUSFFTUSJEBTQJSBDJ
N-EFMBTPMVDJ
EF)2404JFMTEJTQPTFN DBJHVEBQFSHSBWFUBU
EJOTEVONBUST
E&SMFONFZFSEFPN- QPEFNSFOUBSMFTQBSFUTEFMNBUST
BNCVOBNJDBEBJHVBQSPDFEFOUEVOGMBTDSFOUBEPS
1PTFNEJOTEFMNBUSTE&SMFONFZFSEVFTPUSFTHPUFTEFMBTPMVDJ
EJOEJDBEPS0CSJNMBDMBVEFMBCVSFUBJEFJYFNDBVSFMBTPMVDJ
EIJESYJEEFQPUBTTJTPCSFMBEF)2404BHJUBOUDPOUOVBNFOUFM
DPOUJOHVUEFM&SMFONFZFS2VBOWFJFNRVFMJOEJDBEPSGBJOUFODJ
EFDBOWJBSEFDPMPS
BEEJDJPOFNMBTPMVDJEF,0)HPUB
BHPUBGJOTRVFPCTFSWFNFMDBOWJEFDPMPSBDJEFMJOEJDBEPS
5BORVFNMBDMBVEFMBCVSFUBJBOPUFNFMWPMVNDPOTVNJU
EFTPMVDJEF,0)
NJSBOUEFWJUBSFSSPSTEFQBSBMBUHF
3FTJEVT-BTPMVDJWBMPSBEB
DPNRVFTOFVUSB )2404J)20
FOFMQVOUEFRVJWBMODJB
FTQPUMMFOBSQFSMBQJDBTFOTF
RVFBJYDPNQPSUJDBQSJTDPQSPCMFNBBNCJFOUBM
298
SOLUCIONARI
CH3COOH + H2O
CH3COO +
H3O+
Concentraci
Ci
inicial
Concentraci
Ci (1 ) Ci Ci
equilibri
1FSDBMDVMBSFMQ)IFNEFUSPCBSMBDPODFOUSBDJEJPOTIJESPOJ
<)30+>=CJ=
=
.
Q)=MPH<)30+>=MPH CJ
=MPH
3
=
C
"QBSUJSEFMFTDPODFOUSBDJPOTFOMFRVJMJCSJEFMTJPOTIJESPOJ
JBDFUBUJEFMBDPODFOUSBDJEFMDJE
DBMDVMFNMBKB
[CH3COO ] [H3O+ ] 1,3 10 3 1,3 10 3
K a = K a = = 1,71 10 5
[CH3COOH] 0,1 (1 0,013)
D
1MBOUFHFNMBSFBDDJEFOFVUSBMJU[BDJFOUSFVODJEGFCMF
DJEBDUJD
JVOBCBTFGPSUB IJESYJEEFQPUBTTJ
E
1SPDFEJNFOUEFWBMPSBDJ
.BUFSJBMCVSFUBEFN-
QJQFUBBGPSBEB PEFEPCMFBGPSBNFOU
EFN-
NBUSTE&SMFONFZFSEFN-
.BUFSJBMBVYJMJBSQFSBEBTQJSBDJ PFTUSJTFNCMBOU
WBT
299
6 Reaccions cid-base
EFQSFDJQJUBUTEFN- QFSQSFOESFVOBQFUJUBRVBOUJUBUEF
MBTPMVDJEDJEBCBOTEFQJQFUFKBSFMTN-
FNCVU
QFUJU
QJQFUB1BTUFVSPDPNQUBHPUFT
GMBTDSFOUBEPSBNC
BJHVBEFTUJMrMBEB
3FBDUJVTTPMVDJEFGFOPMGUBMFOB
TPMVDJEF,0)
.
JBJHVBEFTUJMrMBEB
1SPDFEJNFOU&TDBSSFHBVOBCVSFUBEFN-BNCMBTPMVDJ
EF,0) BNCMBKVUEVOQFUJUFNCVU
TFOTFEFJYBSCPNCPMMFT
EBJSFEJOTEFMBCVSFUB
BOBOUBNCDPNQUFBNC
FMTWFTTBNFOUT
"NCVOBQJQFUBBGPSBEB PEFEPCMFBGPSBNFOU
EFN-
QJQFUFHFNMBTPMVDJEDJEBDUJD
.BNCMBKVUEVOBQFSB
PVOBMUSFFTUSJEBTQJSBDJ
JFMTEJTQPTFN DBJHVEBQFSHSBWFUBU
EJOTEVONBUSTE&SMFONFZFSEFN- QPEFNSFOUBS
MFTQBSFUTBNCVOYJDEBJHVBQSPDFEFOUEVOGMBTDSFOUBEPS
%JOTEFMNBUSTE&SMFONFZFSQPTFNUBNCEVFTHPUFTEVO
JOEJDBEPSRVF
DPNBSBMBGFOPMGUBMFOB
BNCVODBOWJEFDPMPS
EJODPMPSBSPTBJOUFOT
QFSNFUMBWJTVBMJU[BDJEFMDBOWJEFDPMPS
FOMBSFHJBMDBMJOB Q)
0CSJNMBDMBVEFMBCVSFUB
JEFJYFNDBVSFMBTPMVDJEF,0)TPCSFMBEDJEBHJUBOU
DPOUOVBNFOUFMDPOUJOHVUEFMNBUSTE&SMFONFZFS2VBO
WFJFNRVFMJOEJDBEPSWBBDBOWJBSEFDPMPS
BEEJDJPOFN
MBTPMVDJBMDBMJOBHPUBBHPUBGJOTRVFPCTFSWFNFMDBOWJ
EFDPMPSEFMJOEJDBEPS5BORVFNMBDMBVEFMBCVSFUBJBOPUFN
FMWPMVNDPOTVNJUEFTPMVDJEF,0)
NJSBOUEFWJUBSFSSPST
EFQBSBMBUHF
76. Barregem 50 cm3 duna soluci de NaOH 0,1 M amb 100 cm3
duna soluci de NaOH 0,4 M.
a) Esbrina la concentraci de la soluci resultant.
b) Fem servir la soluci que hem preparat per valorar 20 cm3 dun cid
clorhdric de concentraci desconeguda, i nemprem 11,4 cm3
per arribar al punt dequivalncia.
Determina la concentraci de la soluci dcid clorhdric.
c) Explica detalladament el procediment de laboratori que cal seguir
per fer la valoraci, i esmenta el material emprat.
(Prova de selectivitat real)
B
1FSUSPCBSMBDPODFOUSBDJEFMBTPMVDJSFTVMUBOUDBMDVMFNFMTNPMT
UPUBMTEFTPMVU /B0)
JFMTEJWJEJNQFMWPMVNEFMBTPMVDJGJOBM
n1=
-
NPM-1=
NPMT
n2=
-
NPM-1=
NPMT
n5=n1+n2=
NPMT
300
SOLUCIONARI
T+
e) Raona quin dels dos pictogrames anteriors sha de posar en els envasos
dcid clorhdric concentrat.
Dada: Ka (cid fluorhdric) = 5,6 104
(Prova de selectivitat real)
301
6 Reaccions cid-base
B
-FTEVFTTPMVDJPOTUFOFOMBNBUFJYBDPODFOUSBDJ
.
QFS
NFOUSFRVFMDJEDMPSIESJDTVODJEGPSU
MDJEGMVPSIESJD
TGFCMF&OMBTPMVDJEDJEDMPSIESJDMDJEFTUBSDPNQMFUBNFOU
EJTTPDJBUNFOUSFRVFFOMBEFMGMVPSIESJD
OP-BDPODFOUSBDJ
EJPOTIJESPOJTNTHSBOFOMBEFDMPSIESJDJFMWBMPSEFQ)TFS
NTQFUJU1FSUBOU
UJOESVOQ)NTFMFWBUMBTPMVDJ
EDJEGMVPSIESJD
C
&MOPNCSFUPUBMEFNPMTEIJESPOJRVFUFOFOTFMNBUFJYJ
QFSUBOU
OFDFTTJUBSBOFMNBUFJYWPMVNEFTPMVDJEIJESYJEEFTPEJQFS
BMBTFWBOFVUSBMJU[BDJ
D
&TDSJWJNMFTSFBDDJPOTEFOFVUSBMJU[BDJ
)$M+/B0)/B$M+)20
)'+/B0)/B'+)20
&OMBQSJNFSBSFBDDJEFOFVUSBMJU[BDJFTGPSNBVOBTBM
FM/B$M
FMTJPOTEFMBRVBMTONPMUGFCMFTQFSRVTVOBSFBDDJFOUSF
VODJEGPSUJVOBCBTFGPSUB/PIJIBIJESMJTJJFMQ)EFMQVOU
EFRVJWBMODJBT-BTPMVDJSFTVMUBOUTOFVUSB
&OMBTFHPOBSFBDDJFTGPSNB/B'
TBMFORVVOEFMTJPOT
FM'o
TVOBCBTFGFCMFRVFQSPWEVODJEGFCMF)'
JRVFTRVFSFBDDJPOBBNCMBJHVB
'+)20)'+0)
-BTPMVDJSFTVMUBOUTFSCTJDBDPNBDPOTFRODJBEFMBGPSNBDJ
EJPOTIJESPYJMFOMBSFBDDJEIJESMJTJ
&MQ)FOFMQVOUEFRVJWBMODJBTFSTVQFSJPSB
E
STNCPMEFQFSJMMPTJUBUTVCTUODJBDPSSPTJWB%FTUSVFJYUFJYJUT
WJVTJBMUSFTNBUFSJBMT
OTNCPMEFQFSJMMPTJUBUTVCTUODJBNPMUUYJDB
QFSJOIBMBDJ
JOHFTUJPQFSDPOUBDUFBNCMBQFMM
F
-DJEDMPSIESJDDPODFOUSBUIBEFUFOJSMBJOEJDBDJ
EFDPSSPTJV
0,08 0,08
0,06 0,06
0,04 0,04
0,02
0,02
0,00
0,02 0,00
0 4 8 12 0 4 8 12
Volum soluci NaOH/cm3 Volum soluci NaOH/cm3
302
SOLUCIONARI
303
6 Reaccions cid-base
B
3FBDDJEFOFVUSBMJU[BDJ
)$00)+,0))$00,+)20
C
-BDPODFOUSBDJSFBMMBUSPCBSFNDBMDVMBOUFMWPMVNRVFFTHBTUBSJB
TJMBDPODFOUSBDJGPTMBDPSSFDUB
SFTUBSFNFMTDN3QFSUSPCBS
FMWPMVNSFBMHBTUBUFOMBOFVUSBMJU[BDJJ
GJOBMNFOU
BNCBRVFTU
WPMVNDBMDVMBSFNMBDPODFOUSBDJWFSJUBCMFEFMDJEGSNJD
0,015 mol HCOOH 1 mol KOH
0,02 L sol. HCOOH
1L sol. HCOOH 1 mol HCOOH
1L sol. KOH
= 0,03 L = 30 mL sol. KOH
0,01 mol KOH
0 4 mol HCOOH
= 2,8 10
D
-BNPTUSBEDJE DN3
FTNFTVSBBNCVOBQJQFUBBGPSBEB
JFTQPTBFOVONBUSTE&SMFONFZFS4IJBGFHFJYFOVOFTHPUFT
EFTPMVDJJOEJDBEPSB GFOPMGUBMFOB
4PNQMFMBCVSFUB
BNCMBTPMVDJEF,0)JFTWBBGFHJOUBMNBUSTE&SMFONFZFS
SFNFOBOUDPOUOVBNFOU
GJOTBPCTFSWBSFMWJSBUHFEFMJOEJDBEPS
'JOBMNFOU
TBOPUBFMWPMVNUPUBMBGFHJU
B
1FSDBMDVMBSFMQ)EFMBTPMVDJEDJECFO[PJDQMBOUFHFNMBTFWB
SFBDDJEFEJTTPDJBDJFOBJHVBJDBMDVMFNMBDPODFOUSBDJ
EJPOTIJESPOJFOTPMVDJ
304
SOLUCIONARI
C6H5COOH + H2O
C6H5COO + H3O+
Concentraci
Ci
inicial
Concentraci
Ci 1 x x x
equilibri
"QBSUJSEFKB=
5JMBDPODFOUSBDJJOJDJBMEFMDJE
DBMDVMFNMBDPODFOUSBDJEJPOTIJESPOJ
[C6H5COO ] [H3O+ ] x2
K a = 6,3 10 5 =
[C6H5COOH] 0,05 x
&MWBMPSEFMBDPOTUBOUEBDJEFTBFOTQFSNFUBQSPYJNBS
x
JTJBMMFNxEOB
x=<)30+>=
3NPMEN3
"RVFTUWBMPSTBDDFQUBCMFNFOUNFOPSRVFMBDPODFOUSBDJ
JOJDJBMEFMDJECFO[PJD
.
&MSFTVMUBUFYBDUFTFOTFGFSMBQSPYJNBDJT
x=<)30+>=
3NPMrEN3
&MQ)T
Q)=MPH<)30+>=MPH
3
=
-FTDPODFOUSBDJPOTEFMFTFTQDJFTQSFTFOUTBMBTPMVDJTO
<$)5$00)>=CJox=
o
3=
NPMEN3
<$)5$00>=<)30+>=
3NPMEN3
Kw 10 14
[OH ] = +
= 3
=5,65 10 12 mol dm3
[H3O ] 1,77 10
C
1MBOUFHFNMBSFBDDJEFOFVUSBMJU[BDJFOUSFVODJEGFCMF DJE
CFO[PJD
JVOBCBTFGPSUB IJESYJEEFTPEJ
C6H5COOH + NaOH C6H5COONa+H2O
3
25 cm 0,05 M V?0,1 M
"QMJRVFNGBDUPSTEFDPOWFSTJQFSBDBMDVMBSFMWPMVNEFTPMVDJ
EIJESYJEEFTPEJOFDFTTBSJQFSBMBWBMPSBDJ
0,05 mol C6H5COOH 1 mol NaOH
0,025 L sol. C6H5COOH
1L sol. C6H5COOH 1 mol C6H5COOH
1 L sol. NaOH
= 0,0125 L = 12,5 cm3 de NaOH 0,1 M
0,1 mol NaOH
D
1FSTBCFSTJMBTPMVDJSFTVMUBOUFOFMQVOUEFRVJWBMODJBTDJEB
CTJDBPOFVUSB
IFNEFTUVEJBSTJFMTJPOTEFMBTBMGPSNBEB
FOMBOFVUSBMJU[BDJUFOFOIJESMJTJ
305
6 Reaccions cid-base
&OMBOFVUSBMJU[BDJFTGPSNB$)5$00/B
&M$)5$00/BTVOBTBMRVFFTEJTTPDJBSFOBJHVB
$)5$00/B aq
$)5$00 aq
+/B+ aq
$)5$00TVOBCBTFGFCMFRVFQSPWEVODJEGFCMF
$)5$00)
4IJESPMJU[BSJEPOBS
$)5$00+)20 $)5$00)+)0
/B+TVODJENPMUGFCMFRVFQSPWEVOBCBTFNPMUGPSUB /B0)
JRVF
QFSUBOU
OPSFBDDJPOBSBNCMBJHVB
-BTPMVDJFOFMQVOUEFRVJWBMODJBTCTJDBQFSMBGPSNBDJ
EJPOTIJESPYJMFOMBIJESMJTJEFM$)5$00
81. Es valora una mostra de 3,0 g de sosa custica (formada per hidrxid
de sodi i impureses inerts) emprant com a agent valorant una soluci
dcid sulfric 2,0 M. El punt final de la valoraci sassoleix quan
shan consumit 13,2 cm3 dcid.
a) Escriu la reacci de neutralitzaci que t lloc en la valoraci.
b) Calcula el percentatge dhidrxid de sodi present en la sosa custica.
c) Descriu el procediment de laboratori corresponent a aquesta valoraci
i indica i anomena els estris necessaris.
Dades: masses atmiques: H = 1; O = 16; Na = 23; S = 32
(Prova de selectivitat real)
B
-BSFBDDJEFOFVUSBMJU[BDJRVFFTQSPEVFJYFOUSFMIJESYJE
EFTPEJJMDJETVMGSJDT
/B0)+ )2404/B2404+ )20
C
2 NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4 +H2O
3,0 g mostra 13,2 cm3 2 M
$BMDVMFNFMTHEF/B0)QVSTBNCDMDVMTFTUFRVJPNUSJDT
2 mol H2SO4 2 mol NaOH
0,0132 L sol. H2SO4
1L sol. H2SO4 1 mol H2SO4
40 g NaOH
= 2,112 g NaOH
1 mol NaOH
2,112 g NaOH
%= 100 = 70,4 % de NaOH
3 g sosa custica
&MQFSDFOUBUHFEIJESYJEEFTPEJQSFTFOUFOMBTPTBDVTUJDB
TEFM
D
-BNPTUSBEFHEFTPTBDVTUJDBFTQPTBFOVOWJESFEFSFMMPUHF
JFTNFTVSBBNCVOBCBMBOB&TQPTBFOVONBUSTE&SMFONFZFS
306
SOLUCIONARI
JTIJBGFHFJYBJHVBEFTUJMrMBEBGJOTRVFFTEJTTPMHVJBNCBKVU
EVOBWBSFUBEFWJESF4IJBGFHFJYFOVOFTHPUFTEFTPMVDJ
JOEJDBEPSB GFOPMGUBMFOB
4PNQMFVOBCVSFUBBNCMBTPMVDJ
EDJETVMGSJDJFTWBBGFHJOUBQPDBQPDBMNBUSTE&SMFONFZFS
SFNFOBOUDPOUOVBNFOU
GJOTRVFTPCTFSWJFMWJSBUHFEFMJOEJDBEPS
'JOBMNFOU
TBOPUBFMWPMVNUPUBMBGFHJU
82. El pH dun producte de neteja s 11,5. Volem preparar una soluci aquosa
damonac que tingui el mateix pH que el producte esmentat.
a) Esbrina quina concentraci damonac haur de tenir la soluci.
b) Per comprovar si la preparaci s correcta, valorem 20 cm3 de la soluci
damonac amb cid clorhdric 0,50 M. Quin volum dcid haurem
de gastar en la valoraci?
c) Justifica si el pH de la soluci en el punt dequivalncia de la valoraci
ser ms petit, igual o ms gran que 7.
Dada: Kb(NH3) = 1,8 105
(Prova de selectivitat real)
B
1FSDBMDVMBSMBCJQMBOUFHFNMBSFBDDJEFRVJMJCSJEFEJTTPDJBDJ
EFM/)3FOBJHVB
+
NH3 + H2O
NH4 + HO
Concentraci
Ci
inicial
Concentraci
Ci x x x
equilibri
$POFJYFNKC+
5JMBDPODFOUSBDJEFMJ0) x
MBQPEFNDBMDVMBSBQBSUJSEFMQ)
4JTVCTUJUVNxJBMMFNCJFOTEOBCJ= NPMEN
C
1MBOUFHFNMBSFBDDJEFOFVUSBMJU[BDJFOUSFVODJEGPSU
DJEDMPSIESJD
JVOBCBTFGFCMF BNPOBD
307
6 Reaccions cid-base
"QMJRVFNGBDUPSTEFDPOWFSTJQFSDBMDVMBSFMWPMVNEFMBTPMVDJ
EDJEDMPSIESJDRVFFTOFDFTTJUBSQFSBMBOFVUSBMJU[BDJ
D
-BTBMGPSNBEBFOMBSFBDDJEFOFVUSBMJU[BDJFTEJTTPDJBFOBJHVB
+
JFMDBUJ/)4 TIJESPMJU[BS
+
/)4$M aq
/)4 aq
+$M aq
+
/)4 TVODJEGFCMFRVFQSPWEVOBCBTFGFCMF /)3
4IJESPMJU[BJEOB
+
/)4 +)20 /)3+)30+
$MTVOBCBTFNPMUGFCMFRVFQSPWEVODJENPMUGPSU )$M
JRVF
QFSUBOU
OPSFBDDJPOBBNCMBJHVB
&MQ)EFMQVOUEFRVJWBMODJBTDJEQFSMBGPSNBDJEJPOT
+
IJESPOJFOMBIJESMJTJEFM/)4 5JOESVOWBMPSNTQFUJUEF
B
&TUVEJFNVOQFSVOFMTQ)EFMFTTPMVDJPOTJEFTQSTIPPSEFOFN
,$MTBMEDJEJCBTFGPSUBJOPTIJESPMJU[B
,$M,++$M
t ,+DJEDPOKVHBUGFCMFEVOBCBTFGPSUB ,0)
OPTIJESPMJU[B
t $MCBTFDPOKVHBEBNPMUGFCMFEVODJEGPSU )$M
OPSFBDDJPOBBNCMBJHVB
$PNRVFFOBRVFTUBIJESMJTJOPFTQSPEVFJYFOJPOTIJESPOJOJ
IJESPYJM
<)30+>=<0)>JQ)=MBTPMVDJTOFVUSB
)'DJEGFCMFRVFFTEJTTPDJBQBSDJBMNFOUFOTPMVDJBRVPTB
)'+)20
)30 +'
+
5JOESFMQ)DJE Q)<
UPUJRVFTFNQSFNFOZTDJE
RVFFMEVODJEGPSU
308
SOLUCIONARI
)/03TVODJEGPSU
RVFFTEJTTPDJBDPNQMFUBNFOUFOTPMVDJ
BRVPTB
)/03+)20)30++/03
&MQ)TFSDJE Q)<
1FSUBOU
MPSESFEFQ)EFNFOZTBNTTFS
)/03<)'<,$M
Ms cidDJEOUSJD> DJEGMVPSIESJD> DMPSVSQPUTTJD Menys cid
C
&TUVEJFNMBIJESMJTJEFMFTTBMTRVFFTQSPQPTFOJFMTFVQ)
FOTPMVDJ
/B$M02TBMEDJEGFCMFJCBTFGPSUB
/B$M02/B++$M02
t /B+DJEDPOKVHBUNPMUGFCMFEVOBCBTFGPSUB /B0)
RVFOPU
UFOEODJBBSFBDDJPOBSBNCMBJHVB
t $M02CBTFDPOKVHBEBGFCMFEVODJEGFCMF )$M02
TRVF
TIJESPMJU[BTFHPOTMBSFBDDJ
Kb
ClO
2 + H2O HClO2 + OH
$PNRVFFOBRVFTUBIJESMJTJFTQSPEVFJYFOJPOTIJESPYJM
<0)>><)30+>JQ)>MBTPMVDJTCTJDB
)$00/BTBMEDJEGFCMFJCBTFGPSUB
)$00/B/B++)$00
t /B+DJEDPOKVHBUNPMUGFCMFEVOBCBTFGPSUB /B0)
RVFOPUUFOEODJBBSFBDDJPOBSBNCMBJHVB
t )$00CBTFDPOKVHBEBGFCMFEVODJEGFCMF )$00)
TRVFTIJESPMJU[BTFHPOTMBSFBDDJ
Kb
HCOO + H2O HCOOH + OH
$PNRVFFOBRVFTUBIJESMJTJFTQSPEVFJYFOJPOTIJESPYJM
<0)>><)30+>JQ)>MBTPMVDJTCTJDB
/B*04TBMEDJEGFCMFJCBTFGPSUB
/B*04/B++*04
t /B+DJEDPOKVHBUNPMUGFCMFEVOBCBTFGPSUB /B0)
RVFOPU
UFOEODJBBSFBDDJPOBSBNCMBJHVB
t *04CBTFDPOKVHBEBGFCMFEVODJEGFCMF )*04
TRVF
TIJESPMJU[BTFHPOTMBSFBDDJ
Kb
IO4 + H2O HIO4 + OH
$PNRVFFOBRVFTUBIJESMJTJFTQSPEVFJYFOJPOTIJESPYJM
<0)>><)30+>JQ)>MBTPMVDJTCTJDB
-FTUSFTTPMVDJPOTEFMFTTBMTTOCTJRVFTBJYEPODT
QFSTBCFS
RVJOBTMBRVFUFMQ)NTQFUJUJQPEFSPSEFOBSMFTIFNEF
309
6 Reaccions cid-base
SFDSSFSBMFTDPOTUBOUTEFCBTJDJUBU$PNNTHSBOTMBDPOTUBOU
EFMDJE
NTQFUJUBTMBEFMBCBTFDPOKVHBEB1FSUBOU
MBTPMVDJ
NFOZTCTJDBJBNCFMQ)NTQFUJUTFSMBRVFUJOHVJMDJE
DPOKVHBUNTDJE
FMRVFUJOHVJNTWBMPSEFK B
K B )$M02
=2>K B )$00)
=4>K B )*04
=
K C $M0
2
<K C )$00
<K C *04
1FSUBOU
Q) $M0
2
<Q) )$00
<Q) *04
"RVFTUUBNCTVOQSPCMFNBEFGFDUFJDPNFOFRVJMJCSJDJECBTF
FODBSBRVF
FOBRVFTUDBT
MJDPNOPTFMQSPU
TJOMJDMPSJU
$M0
&TSFTPMEFMBNBUFJYBNBOFSB
Ka
HClO2 + H2O ClO
2 + H3O
+
1,08 g
NaClO2 ClO
2 + Na
+
427 mL 0,015 M
-BRVBOUJUBUEFTVCTUODJBEFDBEBTDVOT
m 1, 08 g
t n HClO2 = = = 0, 0158 mol
Mm 68,45 g mol1
HClO2 + H2O
ClO2 + H3O+
n equilibri 0,0158 x 6,405 103 + x x
nClO2 nH3O+
2
[ClO +
2 ][H3O ] V TOTAL
Ka = =
[HClO2 ] nHCl O2
VTOTAL
310
SOLUCIONARI
(0, 0064 + x ) x
2 0, 427 2 (0, 0064 + x ) x
1,1 10 = =
0, 0158 x 0, 427 (0, 0158 x )
0, 427
$PNRVFFMWBMPSEFMBDPOTUBOUEBDJEFTBEFM)$M02TSFMBUJWBNFOU
BMU
FOBRVFTUDBTTNJMMPSSFTPMESFMFRVBDJ
0 = x 2 + 0, 011 097x 7, 42 105 x = 4,698 103
-FTDPODFOUSBDJPOTEFMFTFTQDJFTJNQMJDBEFTTO
n
[ClO
2] = =
VTOTAL
0, 0064 + x mol 0, 0064 + 4,698 103 mol
= = = 0,026 M
0,427 L 0,427 L
n
[HClO2 ] = =
V TOTAL
0, 016 x mol 0, 016 4,698 103 mol
= = = 0,026 M
0,427 L 0,427 L
311
6 Reaccions cid-base
$PNRVFFOBRVFTUBIJESMJTJFTQSPEVFJYFOJPOTIJESPYJM
<0)>><)30+>JQ)>MBTPMVDJTCTJDB
-DJEOUSJD )/03
TVODJEGPSU
RVFFTEJTTPDJBDPNQMFUBNFOU
FOTPMVDJBRVPTB
)/03+)20)30++/0 3
1FSUBOU
UJOESFMQ)DJE Q)<
&MDMPSVSEFQPUBTTJ ,$M
TVOBTBMQSPWJOFOUEDJEJCBTFGPSUT
JOPTIJESPMJU[B
,$M,++$M
t ,+DJEDPOKVHBUGFCMFEVOBCBTFGPSUB ,0)
OPTIJESPMJU[B
t $MCBTFDPOKVHBEBNPMUGFCMFEVODJEGPSU )$M
OPSFBDDJPOB
BNCMBJHVB
$PNRVFFOBRVFTUBIJESMJTJOPFTQSPEVFJYFOJPOTIJESPOJOJIJESPYJM
<)30+>=<0)>JQ)=MBTPMVDJTOFVUSB
"JY
QFSPSESFEBDJEFTB
Ms cid)/03>,$M>$)3$00/BMenys cid
&MOJUSBUEFTPEJ /B/03
TVOBTBMQSPWJOFOUEDJEJCBTFGPSUT
JOPTIJESPMJU[B
/B/03/B++/0 3
t /B+DJEDPOKVHBUGFCMFEVOBCBTFGPSUB /B0)
OPTIJESPMJU[B
t /03 CBTFDPOKVHBEBNPMUGFCMFEVODJEGPSU )/03
OPSFBDDJPOB
BNCMBJHVB
$PNRVFFOBRVFTUBIJESMJTJOPFTQSPEVFJYFOJPOTIJESPOJOJIJESPYJM
<)30+>=<0)>JQ)=MBTPMVDJTOFVUSB
&MDJBOVSEFQPUBTTJ ,$/
TVOBTBMEVODJEGFCMFJVOBCBTFGPSUB
,$/,++$/
t ,+DJEDPOKVHBUNPMUGFCMFEVOBCBTFGPSUB ,0)
RVFOPU
UFOEODJBBSFBDDJPOBSBNCMBJHVB
t $/CBTFDPOKVHBEBGFCMFEVODJEGFCMF )$/
TRVFTIJESPMJU[B
TFHPOTMBSFBDDJ
Kb
CN + H2O HCN + OH
312
SOLUCIONARI
$PNRVFFOBRVFTUBIJESMJTJFTQSPEVFJYFOJPOTIJESPYJM
<0)>><)30+>JQ)>MBTPMVDJTCTJDB
&MCSPNVSEFMJUJ -J#S
TVOBTBMQSPWJOFOUEDJEJCBTFGPSUT
JOPTIJESPMJU[B
-J#S-J++#S
t -J+DJEDPOKVHBUGFCMFEVOBCBTFGPSUB -J0)
OPTIJESPMJU[B
t #SCBTFDPOKVHBEBNPMUGFCMFEVODJEGPSU )#S
OPSFBDDJPOB
BNCMBJHVB
$PNRVFFOBRVFTUBIJESMJTJOPFTQSPEVFJYFOJPOTIJESPOJOJIJESPYJM
<)30+>=<0)>JQ)=MBTPMVDJTOFVUSB
&MDMPSVSEBNPOJ /)4$M
TVOBTBMEVOBCBTFGFCMFJVODJEGPSU
+
/)4$M/)4+$M
+
t /)4DJEDPOKVHBUGFCMFEVOBCBTFGFCMF /)3
TIJESPMJU[B
TFHPOTMBSFBDDJ
Ka
NH+4 + H2O
NH3 + H3O+
t $MCBTFDPOKVHBEBNPMUGFCMFEVODJEGPSU )$M
OPSFBDDJPOB
BNCMBJHVB
$PNRVFFOBRVFTUBIJESMJTJFTQSPEVFJYFOJPOTIJESPOJ
<)30+>><0)>JQ)<MBTPMVDJTDJEB
-BDFUBUEFTPEJ $)3$00/B
TVOBTBMEDJEGFCMFJCBTFGPSUB
$)3$00/B/B++$)3$00
t /B+DJEDPOKVHBUNPMUGFCMFEVOBCBTFGPSUB /B0)
RVFOPU
UFOEODJBBSFBDDJPOBSBNCMBJHVB
t $)3$00CBTFDPOKVHBEBGFCMFEVODJEGFCMF $)3$00)
TRVFTIJESPMJU[BTFHPOTMBSFBDDJ
Kb
CH3COO + H2O CH3COOH + OH
$PNRVFFOBRVFTUBIJESMJTJFTQSPEVFJYFOJPOTIJESPYJM
<0)>><)30+>JQ)>MBTPMVDJTCTJDB
313
6 Reaccions cid-base
/)4$MTBMEVOBCBTFGFCMFJVODJEGPSU
+
/)4$M/)4+$M
+
t /)4DJEDPOKVHBUGFCMFEVOBCBTFGFCMF /)3
TIJESPMJU[B
TFHPOTMBSFBDDJ
Ka
NH+
4 + H2O
NH3 + H3O+
t $MCBTFDPOKVHBEBNPMUGFCMFEVODJEGPSU )$M
OPSFBDDJPOB
BNCMBJHVB
$PNRVFFOBRVFTUBIJESMJTJFTQSPEVFJYFOJPOTIJESPOJ
<)30+>><0)>JQ)<MBTPMVDJUJOESDBSDUFSDJE
/B$MTBMEDJEJCBTFGPSUOPTIJESPMJU[B
/B$M/B++$M
t /B+DJEDPOKVHBUGFCMFEVOBCBTFGPSUB /B0)
OPTIJESPMJU[B
t $MCBTFDPOKVHBEBNPMUGFCMFEVODJEGPSU )$M
OPSFBDDJPOB
BNCMBJHVB
$PNRVFFOBRVFTUBIJESMJTJOPFTQSPEVFJYFOJPOTIJESPOJOJ
IJESPYJM
<)30+>=<0)>JQ)=MBTPMVDJTFSOFVUSB
,'TBMEDJEGFCMFJCBTFGPSUB
,',++'
t ,+DJEDPOKVHBUNPMUGFCMFEVOBCBTFGPSUB ,0)
RVFOPU
UFOEODJBBSFBDDJPOBSBNCMBJHVB
t 'CBTFDPOKVHBEBGFCMFEVODJEGFCMF )'
TRVFTIJESPMJU[B
TFHPOTMBSFBDDJ
Kb
F + H2O HF + OH
$PNRVFFOBRVFTUBIJESMJTJOPFTQSPEVFJYFOJPOTIJESPOJ
OJIJESPYJM
<0)>><)30+>JQ)>MBTPMVDJUJOESDBSDUFS
CTJD
C
$PNNTDJEBTJHVJMBTPMVDJ
NTQFUJUTFSFMWBMPSEFMQ)
4JUFOJNFODPNQUFBJYBOUFSJPSJRVFFMQ)EVODJEGPSU
DPNFMOUSJDTFNQSFTNTCBJYRVFFMEVOBTBMDJEB
RVFTPMTFSQSYJNBP
MPSESFTFS
Q))/03<Q)/)4$M<Q)/B$M<Q),'
314
SOLUCIONARI
Kb
CH3COO + H2O CH3COOH + OH
1FSDBMDVMBSFMQ)JFMHSBVEFEJTTPDJBDJDBMESUFOJSFODPNQUF
BRVFTUFRVJMJCSJ5SPCFNQSJNFSK C
Kw 1014
K w = K a Kb Kb = = = 5,55 1010
Ka 1,8 105
-BDPODFOUSBDJJOJDJBMEFMBCBTFTFS
CH3COO + H2O
CH3COOH + OH
Concentraci
0,2
inicial
Concentraci
0,2 x x x
equilibri
[CH3COOH][OH ]
Kb =
[CH3COO ]
x2
5,55 1010 = x = 1, 05 105
2x
0,2
315
6 Reaccions cid-base
B
&M,$/TVOBTBMEDJEGFCMFJCBTFGPSUBEFOPVOPNT
FYQFSJNFOUBIJESMJTJMJDJBOVS
Kb
CN + H2O HCN + OH
1FSDBMDVMBSFMQ)JFMHSBVEFEJTTPDJBDJIBVSFNEFUFOJS
FODPNQUFBRVFTUFRVJMJCSJ5SPCFNQSJNFSK C
Kw 1014
K w = K a Kb Kb = = = 1,38 105
Ka 7,25 1010
-BDPODFOUSBDJJOJDJBMEFMBCBTFTFS
KCN CN + K+
0,5 M 0,5 M 0,5 M
1MBOUFHFNMFRVJMJCSJEIJESMJTJ
CN + H2O
HCN + OH
Concentraci
0,5
inicial
Concentraci
0,5 (1 ) 0,5 0,5
equilibri
$PNRVFDPOFJYFNK C=
5
BMMFN
HSBVEIJESMJTJ
JDBMDVMFNFMQ)
[HCN][OH ] 5 0,5 2
Kb =
1, 38 10 = = 5,25 103
[CN ] 1
90. Lcid lctic s un cid monoprtic feble que es troba a la llet i als
productes lactis. En soluci aquosa, la ionitzaci daquest cid es pot
representar mitjanant la reacci segent:
316
SOLUCIONARI
OH OH
CH3CHCOOH + H2O CH3CHCOO + H3O+
cid lctic i lactat prot hidratat
o i oxoni
a) Una soluci aquosa 0,100 M dcid lctic t un pH = 2,44.
Calcula el valor de la constant dacidesa (Ka).
b) Tres vasos de precipitats sense etiquetar contenen, respectivament,
una soluci aquosa de clorur de sodi, una soluci aquosa de clorur
damoni i una soluci aquosa de lactat de sodi. Raona, escrivint les
reaccions que sescaiguin, com identificaries, amb lajut del paper
indicador universal de pH, el contingut de cada vas de precipitats.
En funci del color que pren el paper indicador un cop mullat amb una
soluci, en podem saber el pH aproximat: vermell o taronja (soluci
cida), groc o verd clar (soluci neutra), verd fosc o blau (soluci
bsica).
(Prova de selectivitat real)
B
1FSDBMDVMBSMBDPOTUBOUEBDJEFTB KB
EFMDJEMDUJDQMBOUFHFN
MBTFWBSFBDDJEFEJTTPDJBDJFOBJHVB
CH3CHOHCOOH + H2O
CH3CHOHCOO + H3O
+
Concentraci
Ci
inicial
Concentraci
Ci x x x
equilibri
$POFJYFNCJ=
.JMBDPODFOUSBDJEF)30+ x
MBQPEFN
DBMDVMBSBQBSUJSEFMQ)
317
6 Reaccions cid-base
+ +
/)4 +)20/)40)+)30 PC/)4 +)20
+
/)40)+)
+
$PMPSWFSNFMMPUBSPOKB TPMVDJDJEBQ)<
t 4PMVDJEF/B<$)3$)0)$00>
TBMEFCBTFGPSUBJDJEGFCMF IJESMJTJCTJDB
$)3$)0)$00+)20 $)3$)0)$00)+0)
$PMPSWFSEGPTDPCMBV TPMVDJCTJDBQ)>
B
1FSBDBMDVMBSMBDPOTUBOUEBDJEFTB KD
EFMBSFBDDJ
EFTUFSJGJDBDJQMBOUFHFNMBEJTTPDJBDJFONPMT
CH3COOH + CH3CH2OH
CH3COOCH2CH3 + H 2O
Concentraci
n n
inicial
Concentraci
1/3n 1/3n 2/3n 2/3n
equilibri
C
&MQ)FOFMUSBOTDVSTEFMBSFBDDJBVHNFOUBSQFSRVEJTNJOVFJY
MBDPODFOUSBDJEDJEBDUJD
D
&MDBUBMJU[BEPSBVHNFOUBSMBWFMPDJUBUFOBTTPMJSMFRVJMJCSJQFS
OPBMUFSBMFTDBSBDUFSTUJRVFTEFMFRVJMJCSJ MBKD
MBDPNQPTJDJ
QFSRVDBUBMJU[BUBOUMBSFBDDJFOTFOUJUEJSFDUFDPNBMJOWFST
&MDBUBMJU[BEPSBDUVBEJTNJOVJOUFMWBMPSEFMFOFSHJBEBDUJWBDJJ
BJYFYQMJDBRVFTBTTPMFJYJMFRVJMJCSJBNCNTSBQJEFTB
318
SOLUCIONARI
<)/03]J=<)30+]G=D=
.
Q)=MPH<)30+>=MPH
=
C
&M$)3$00/BTVOBTBMRVFFTEJTTPDJBFOBJHVB
$)3$00/B aq
$)3$00 aq
+/B+ aq
$)3$00TVOBCBTFGFCMFRVFQSPWEVODJEGFCMF $)3$00)
4IJESPMJU[BSJEPOBS
$)3$00+)20$)3$00)+)0
/B+TVODJENPMUGFCMFRVFQSPWEVOBCBTFNPMUGPSUB /B0)
JRVF
QFSUBOU
OPSFBDDJPOBSBNCMBJHVB
&MTJPOTIJESPYJMRVFBMMJCFSBMJBDFUBUOFVUSBMJU[BSBOJPOTIJESPOJ
RVFQSPWFOFOEFMDJEOUSJD
QFSUBOU
FMQ)TFSNTHSBO
RVFFOFMDBTBOUFSJPS
m 0,82 g
82 g mol1
[CH3COONa] = Mr = = 0,01 M
V 1L
<$)3$00>=<$)3$00/B>=
.=C
D
1MBOUFHFNMBSFBDDJEFOFVUSBMJU[BDJFOUSFMDJEOUSJD
JMJBDFUBU
Concentraci
C C
inicial
Concentraci
0 0 C C
equilibri
<$)3$00)>=C=
.
-DJEBDUJDGPSNBUFOMBSFBDDJEFOFVUSBMJU[BDJFTEJTTPDJBSFO
SFBDDJPOBSBNCMBJHVB
319
6 Reaccions cid-base
CH3COOH + H2O
CH3COO + H3O+
Concentraci
0,01
inicial
Concentraci
0,01 x x x
equilibri
[CH3COO ] [H3O+ ] x2
Ka = 1,8 10 5 =
[CH3COOH] 0,01 x
x = [CH3COO ] = 4,2 10 4 M
t DJEGFCMF
HA + H 2O
A + H3O+
Concentraci
C
inicial
Concentraci
Cx x x
equilibri
C
-BIJESMJTJFTFMjUSFODBNFOUFOJPOTQSPEVUQFSMBJHVBx
4FNQSBQFSEFTJHOBSMFTSFBDDJPOTFOMFTRVBMTFMTJPOTEVOBTBM
320
SOLUCIONARI
SFBDDJPOFOBNCMFTNPMDVMFTEFMBJHVBQFSSFHFOFSBSMDJE
PMBCBTFDPOKVHBUT
4FHPOTMBOBUVSBMFTBEFMTJPOTRVFGPSNFOMFTTBMT
UJOESFN
EJWFSTPTUJQVTEIJESMJTJ
D
0CTFSWFNRVFIJIBTVCTUODJFTDJEFTJCTJRVFT
t DJET)$M
)2404J$)3$00)
-DJEDMPSIESJDJFMTVMGSJDTOGPSUTJMBDUJDTGFCMF
-DJETVMGSJDTEJQSUJDJGPSNBS
QFSUBOU
FMEPCMFEJPOT
IJESPOJRVFFMDMPSIESJD
0SESFEFMBDPODFOUSBDJEJPOTIJESPOJ
)2404>)$M>$)3$00)
"NTDPODFOUSBDJEJPOTIJESPOJ
NTQFUJUTFMQ)
0SESFEFWBMPSTEFQ))2404<)$M<$)3$00)
t #BTFT/B0)
/)3
-IJESYJEEFTPEJTVOBCBTFGPSUBJMBNPOBDGFCMF
&M/B0)EPOBSVOBDPODFOUSBDJNTHSBOEJPOT0)
J
QFSUBOU
MBDPODFOUSBDJEJPOTIJESPOJTFSNTQFUJUB
0SESFEFMBDPODFOUSBDJEJPOTIJESPOJ /B0)</)3
0SESFEFWBMPSTEFQ)/)3</B0)
0SESFDSFJYFOUEFQ)
)2404<)$M<$)3$00)</)3</B0)
E
/B$MJ,/03TOTBMTRVFQSPWFOFOEDJEGPSUJCBTFGPSUB
J
QFSUBOU
OPIJIBVSIJESMJTJ&MQ)EFMFTTFWFTTPMVDJPOT
TFS
&M/)4$MTVOBTBMRVFFTEJTTPDJBSBNCBJHVB
+
/)4$M aq
/)4 aq
+$M aq
+
/)4 TVODJEGFCMFRVFQSPWVOBCBTFGFCMF /)3
4IJESPMJU[BJEOB
+
/)4 +)20 /)3+)30
+
$MTVOBCBTFNPMUGFCMFRVFQSPWEVODJENPMUGPSU )$M
JRVF
QFSUBOU
OPSFBDDJPOBBNCMBJHVB
&MQ)EVOBTPMVDJEF/)4$MTDJEQFSMBGPSNBDJEJPOT
+
IJESPOJFOMBIJESMJTJEFM/)4 5JOESVOWBMPSNTQFUJUEF
&M$)3$00/BTVOBTBMRVFFTEJTTPDJBSFOBJHVB
$)3$00/B aq
$)3$00 aq
+/B+ aq
$)3$00TVOBCBTFGFCMFRVFQSPWEVODJEGFCMF $)3$00)
4IJESPMJU[BJEOB
$)3$00+)20$)3$00)+)0
/B+TVODJENPMUGFCMFRVFQSPWEVOBCBTFNPMUGPSUB /B0)
JRVF
QFSUBOU
OPSFBDDJPOBBNCMBJHVB
321
6 Reaccions cid-base
&MQ)EVOBTPMVDJEF$)3$00/BTCTJDQFSMBGPSNBDJEJPOT
IJESPYJMFOMBIJESMJTJEFM$)3$005JOESVOWBMPSNTHSBOEF
0SESFDSFJYFOUEFQ)/)4$M</B$M=,/03<$)3$00/B
B
)2404+/B)$03/B2404+ $0+ )20
C
"QMJRVFNGBDUPSTEFDPOWFSTJQFSDBMDVMBSMBNBTTB
EIJESPHFODBSCPOBUEFTPEJRVFIFNEBGFHJSQFSOFVUSBMJU[BS
MDJETVMGSJDWFTTBU
18 mol H2SO4 2 mol NaHCO3
1 L sol. H2SO4
1L sol. H2SO4 1 mol H2SO4
84 g
= 3.024 g = 3,024 kg de NaHCO3
1 mol NaHCO3
D
"QMJRVFNGBDUPSTEFDPOWFSTJQFSDBMDVMBSFMTNPMTEF$02
RVFTFOPCUJOESBO
18 mol H2SO4 2 mol CO2
1 L sol. H2SO4 = 36 mols de CO2
1L sol. H2SO4 1 mol H2SO4
BNCMFRVBDJEFMTHBTPTJEFBMTDBMDVMFNFMWPMVN
n R T 36 0,082 293
V = = = 864,9 L deCO2
P 1
4PCUJOESBO
EN3EF$02
322
SOLUCIONARI
E
4VCTUODJBDPSSPTJWB1FSDPOUBDUFBNCBRVFTUFTTVCTUODJFT
FTEFTUSVFJYUFJYJUWJVJBMUSFTNBUFSJBMT$BMFWJUBSFMDPOUBDUF
BNCMBQFMM
FMTVMMTJFMTUFJYJUT
JOPJOIBMBSOFFMTWBQPST
B
1MBOUFHFNMBSFBDDJEFEJTTPDJBDJFOBJHVBEFMDJEGMVPSIESJD
HF + H2O
F + H3O+
Concentraci
5,00 102
inicial
Concentraci
5,00 102 x x x
equilibri
"QBSUJSEFKB=
4JMBDPODFOUSBDJJOJDJBMEFMDJE
DBMDVMFNMBDPODFOUSBDJEJPOTIJESPOJJFMQ)
[F ] [H3O+ ] 4 x2
Ka = 7,20 10 =
[HF] 5,00 10 2 x
&TSFTPMMFRVBDJEFMBRVBMTPCUx=<)30+>=
3.
Q)=MPH<)30+>=MPH
3
=
4JFTGBMBQSPYJNBDJ
r2ox
2J
TJBMMFNx
EOBx=<)30+>=
3.JQ)=
-BQMJDBDJEFMBQSPYJNBDJTVQPTBVOFSSPSEFM
(6,00 10 3 5,65 10 3 )
%= 100 = 6,19 %
5,65 10 3
&ODBSBRVFBRVFTUFSSPSJOGMVFJYBQSFDJBCMFNFOUFOFMSFTVMUBU
EFMBDPODFOUSBDJEJPOTIJESPOJUQPDBJOGMVODJBFOFMDMDVM
EFMQ)
C
3 HF + Al(OH)3 AlF3 + 3H2O
2
200 mL5 10 M g?
323
6 Reaccions cid-base
$BMDVMFNFMTHEF"M 0)
3BNCGBDUPSTEFDPOWFSTJ
-BTPMVDJEF/B'SFTVMUBOUUJOESVODBSDUFSMMFVHFSBNFOU
CTJD KC=
11
BDBVTBEFMBGPSNBDJEJPOT0)
324