First Law of Thermodynamics

By: S K Mondal Chapter 4

Q4.6 1.5 kg of liquid having a constant specific heat of 2.5 kJ/kg K is stirred in
a well-insulated chamber causing the temperature to rise by 15C. Find
E and W for the process.
(Ans. E = 56.25 kJ, W = 56.25 kJ)
Solution: Heat added to the system = 1.5 2.5 15kJ
= 56.25 kJ
E rise = 56.25kJ
As it is insulated then dQ 0
Q= E+W
or 0 = 56.25 + W
or W = 56.25 kJ

Q4.7 The same liquid as in Problem 4.6 is stirred in a conducting chamber.

During the process 1.7 kJ of heat are transferred from the liquid to the
surroundings, while the temperature of the liquid is rising to 15C. Find
E and W for the process.
(Ans. E = 54.55 kJ, W = 56.25 kJ)
Solution: As temperature rise is same so internal energy is same
E = 56.25 kJ
As heat is transferred form the system so we have to give more work = 1.7 kJ to
the system
So W = 56.25 1.7 kJ
= 57.95 kJ

Q4.8 The properties of a certain fluid are related as follows:

u 196 0.718 t
pv 0.287 (t 273)
Where u is the specific internal energy (kJ/kg), t is in C, p is pressure
(kN/m2), and v is specific volume (m3/kg). For this fluid, find cv and cp.
(Ans. 0.718, 1.005 kJ/kg K)
h
Solution: Cp
T p
u pV
T p

196 0.718t 0.287 t 273

T
p

0 0.718 t 0.287 t 0
T p

t T t 273
1.005
T p T t
1.005 kJ / kg K

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 First Law of Thermodynamics
By: S K Mondal Chapter 4
u
cv
T v

196 0.718t
T v

t
0 0.718
T v

0.718 kJ / kg K

Q4.9 A system composed of 2 kg of the above fluid expands in a frictionless

piston and cylinder machine from an initial state of 1 MPa, 100C to a
final temperature of 30C. If there is no heat transfer, find the net work
for the process.
(Ans. 100.52 kJ)
Solution: Heat transfer is not there so
Q E W
W E
U
2

Cv dT
1

0.718 T2 T1
0.718 100 30
50.26 kJ / kg
Total work (W) = 2 (-50.26) = -100.52 kJ

Q 4.10 If all the work in the expansion of Problem 4.9 is done on the moving
piston, show that the equation representing the path of the expansion in
the pv-plane is given by pvl.4 = constant.

Solution: Let the process is pV n = constant.

Then
p1 V1 p2 V2
Work done pV mRT
n 1
R cp cv
mRT 1 mRT2
1.005 0.718
n 1
0.287 kJ / kg K
mR
T1 T2
n 1
2 0.287 100 30
or 100.52
n 1
or n 1 0.39972
or n 1.39972 1.4

Q4.11 A stationary system consisting of 2 kg of the fluid of Problem 4.8

expands in an adiabatic process according to pvl.2 = constant. The initial

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 First Law of Thermodynamics
By: S K Mondal Chapter 4
conditions are 1 MPa and 200C, and the final pressure is 0.1 MPa. Find
W and E for the process. Why is the work transfer not equal to pdV ?
(Ans. W= 217.35, E = 217.35 kJ, pdV = 434.4 kJ)
n 1 1.2 1
T2 p2 n
0.1 1.2
Solution:
T1 p1 1
0.2
T2 T1 0.10 1.2

322.251
49.25 C

From first law of thermodynamics

dQ E dW
0 Cv dT dW
dW Cv dT
2
0.718 dT 0.718 200 49.25 kJ / kg
1

W 2 W
2 108.2356kJ
216.5kJ
E 216.5kJ
p1 V1 p2 V2
pdV
n 1
mRT1 mRT2
n 1
mR T1 T2
n 1
2 0.287 200 49.25
1.2 1
432.65kJ
As this is not quasi-static process so work is not pdV .

Q4.12 A mixture of gases expands at constant pressure from 1 MPa, 0.03 m3 to

0.06 m3 with 84 kJ positive heat transfer. There is no work other than
that done on a piston. Find DE for the gaseous mixture.
(Ans. 54 kJ)
The same mixture expands through the same state path while a stirring
device does 21 kJ of work on the system. Find E, W, and Q for the
process.
(Ans. 54 kJ, 21 kJ, 33 kJ)

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 First Law of Thermodynamics
By: S K Mondal Chapter 4
Solution: Work done by the gas W pdV
p V2 V1
3
1 10 0.06 0.03 kJ
30kJ
Heat added 89kJ
Q E W
or E Q W 89 30 54kJ

Q4.13 A mass of 8 kg gas expands within a flexible container so that the pv

relationship is of the from pvl.2 = constant. The initial pressure is 1000
kPa and the initial volume is 1 m3. The final pressure is 5 kPa. If specific
internal energy of the gas decreases by 40 kJ/kg, find the heat transfer in
magnitude and direction.
(Ans. + 2615 kJ)
n 1
n 1
T2 p2 n V1
Solution:
T1 p1 V2
n
p2 V1
p1 V2
1
V2 p1 n
or
V1 p2
1
p1 n
or V2 V1
p2
1
1000 1.2
1 82.7m3
5
p1 V1 p2 V2
W
n 1
1000 1 5 82.7
2932.5kJ
1.2 1
E 8 40 320 kJ
Q E W 320 2932.5 2612.5kJ

Q4.14 A gas of mass 1.5 kg undergoes a quasi-static expansion which follows a

relationship p = a + bV, where a and b are constants. The initial and final
pressures are 1000 kPa and 200 kPa respectively and the corresponding
volumes are 0.20 m3 and 1.20 m3. The specific internal energy of the gas
is given by the relation
u = l.5 pv 85 kJ/kg
Where p is the kPa and v is in m3/kg. Calculate the net heat transfer and
the maximum internal energy of the gas attained during expansion.
(Ans. 660 kJ, 503.3 kJ)

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 First Law of Thermodynamics
By: S K Mondal Chapter 4
Solution:
1000 a b 0.2 .... i
200 a b 1.2 ... ii
ii i gives
800 b
a 1000 2 800 1160
p 1160 800V
v2

W pdV
v1
1.2
1160 800V dV
0.2
1.2
1160V 400V 2
0.2

1160 1.2 0.2 400 1.22 .22 kJ

1160 560kJ 600kJ
0.2
u1 1.5 1000 85 215kJ / kg
1.5
1.2
u2 1.5 200 85 155kJ / kg
1.5
u u2 u1 275 215 40kJ / kg
U m u 40 1.5 60kJ
Q U W 60 600 660kJ
u 1.5pv 85kJ / kg
1160 800v
1.5 v 85kJ / kg
1.5
1160v 800v 2 85kJ / kg
u
1160 1600v
v
u 1160
for max imum u, 0 v 0.725
v 1600
2
umax . 1160 0.725 800 0.725 85kJ / kg
335.5kJ / kg
Umax 1.5umax 503.25kJ

Q4.15 The heat capacity at constant pressure of a certain system is a function

of temperature only and may be expressed as
41.87
Cp 2.093 J/C
t 100
Where t is the temperature of the system in C. The system is heated
while it is maintained at a pressure of 1 atmosphere until its volume
increases from 2000 cm3 to 2400 cm3 and its temperature increases from
0C to 100C.
(a) Find the magnitude of the heat interaction.
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