SO P2 L4 Ieee802 Final

Cognitive radio
The IEEE 802.22 standard
15.12.2011
Dr.-Ing. Mohamed Kalil
Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Andreas Mitschele-Thiel IEEE 802.22 Standard

Integrated Communication Systems Group Dr.-Ing. Mohamed Kalil
www.tu-ilmenau.de/ics Page 1
Outline
Introduction
Overview of IEEE 802.22 Standard
IEEE 802.22 Physical Layer
IEEE 802.22 Medium-Access Control Layer
Superframe and Frame Structures
Incumbent Detection
Multichannel Operation
Self-Coexistence
Quality-of-Service Support
Summary
References

Introduction
Spectrum measurements indicate that there are:
Heavy spectrum utilization in unlicensed bands (e.g., ISM band) and
Low (e.g., TV bands) or medium (e.g., some cellular bands) spectrum
utilization in licensed band
Cognitive radio (CR) technology is a promising technology for
efficient utilization of the available spectrum
The TV band Notice of Proposed Rule Making (NPRM), released in
May 2004
Proposes to allow unlicensed radios to operate in the TV broadcast
bands provided no harmful interference is caused to incumbent services
This can be accomplished by employing CR- based technologies
IEEE started the formation of the IEEE 802.22 WG (or simply,
802.22) for wireless regional area networks (WRANs) in November
2004
Task: developing an air interface (i.e., PHY and MAC) based on CRs for
unlicensed operation in the TV broadcast bands


IEEE 802.22 Standard:
Operates in lower population density areas
Provides broadband access to data networks using vacant TV channels
in the VHF and UHF bands
Operates in the range of frequencies between 54 MHz and 862 MHz
Avoids interference to the broadcast incumbents on these bands
Point-to-multipoint network topology
Operate as license-exempt equipment although the base station (BS)
and possibly the customer premise equipment (CPE) have to be
professionally installed
Example:
Coverage of the rural area around a village

Wireless Regional Area
Networks (WRANs)
Wireless broadband access
(e.g. Rural areas)
Topology:
Point-to-Multipoint
Master/Slave relationship
Entities:
Base Station (BS)
Consumer Premise
Equipment (CPE)
Exemplary 802.22 deployment configuration

DeploymentScenario
WRAN
Base Station
Wireless
MIC
TV Transmitter
WRAN
Base Station
WRAN
Repeater
Typical ~33km
Wireless Max. 100km
MIC
: WRAN Base Station
: CPE
Deployment Scenario
Characteristics of the WRAN standard relative to other wireless network standards

Reference Architecture
At the PHY layer there are three primary functions: Higherlayers:IP,
ATM,etcv SME
Main data communications Convergence
The spectrum sensing function (SSF) sublayerbridge
MACSAP
The geolocation function MLME
SMEMLMESAP
Spectrum
SSF and geolocation provide necessary functionality to manager(BS),
support the cognitive abilities of the system Spectrum
automaton(CPE)
The MAC layer coordinates access to the media PHYSAP MLMEPLMESAP
SMEPLMESAP
PHY
Higher layers such as IP, asynchronous transfer PLME
mode (ATM), and IEEE 1394 through an IEEE

802.1d compliant convergence sublayer SSF
Interfaces: Geolocation
The interfaces to a station management entity (SME)

through PHY and MAC layer management entities
(MLMEs)
PHY interfaces with the MAC through the PHY service Protocol reference architecture for
access point (SAP), as well as to the MLME and the an 802.22 BS or CPE
SME through the PHY layer management entity (PLME)
and its SAPs
The spectrum manager (SM) exists in the MLME at SME: Station management entity
the BS and a lightweight version of the SM, known MLME: MAC layer management entity
PLME: PHY layer management entity
as a spectrum automaton (SA), exists in the MLME SAP: Service access point
SSF: Spectrum sensing function
at the CPE
IEEE 802.22: Physical layer

IEEE 802.22: Physical layer
PHY layer is designed :
to support a system that uses vacant TV channels
to provide wireless communication access over distances of up to 100
km
PHY specification is based on orthogonal frequency division multiple

access (OFDMA) for both
Upstream (US) access: from CPE to BS with rate 384 kb/s
Downstream (DS) access: from BS to CPE with rate 1.5 Mb/s
CPE BS

System Parameters
Parameters Specification
Frequency rang 54-862 MHz
Bandwidth 6 MHz, 7 MHz, 8 MHz
Payload modulation QPASK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM
Transmit effective isotropic radiated Default 4 W for CPEs

power
Multiple access OFDMA
Cyclic prefix modes 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, 1/32
Duplexing TDD

IEEE 802.22: MAC layer

IEEE 802.22: MAC layer
IEEE 802.22 MAC layer
Incumbent Detection
Self-Coexistence

MAC uses a synchronous timing
structure, where frames are grouped
into a superframe structure
Superframe allow for better incumbent
protection and self-coexistence
Superframe structure
Consists of 16 frames with a fixed
duration of 10 ms each
Each frame consists of:
Superframe preamble: is used for
time synchronization
Frame preamble: is used for
channel estimation
Superframe Control Header MAC Superframe structure
(SCH): carries BS MAC address
along with the schedule of quiet
periods for sensing, as well as
other information about the cell

A transmit-receive turnaround (TTG) gap A receive-transmit turnaround (RTG) gap
is inserted between the DS and US to is inserted at the end of each frame to
allow the CPE to switch between the allow the BS to switch between its
receive mode and transmit mode receiving mode and transmit mode
The DS/US MAPs are The SCW is used for

broadcast messages execution of the
that specify the coexistence beacon
resource allocation in protocol (CBP), which
the DS and US involves transmission of
subframes, respectively coexistence beacons (or
CBP packets) carrying
information about the cell
and specific coexistence
mechanisms
The DCD and UCD are
usually transmitted by
the BS at periodic
intervals to define the The BS can allocate
characteristics of the resources for contention
DS and US physical based access before the
channels, respectively data bursts, which can be
MAC frame structure used for ranging,
bandwidth (BW) request,
and urgent coexistence
The UCS window can be
situation (UCS)
used by CPEs to transmit
notification
an indication that an
incumbent has been
detected on the channel

160 ms
802.22 supports Time Division ... Superframe n-1 Superframe n Superframe n+1 ... Time
Duplex (TDD) frame structure

Super-frame: 160 ms, Frame: 10 10 ms 10 ms
. . .
10 ms
frame 0 frame 1 frame 15
ms
Each frame consists of downlink Superframe Frame SCH
Preamble Preamble
Frame
Preamble
Frame
Preamble
(DL) sub-frame, uplink (UL) sub-

26 to 42 symbols corresponding to bandwidths from 6 MHz to 8 MHz and cyclic prefixes from 1/4 to 1/32
frame, and the Co-existence
US-MAP
Beacon Protocol (CBP) burst Ranging/BW request/UCS notification
FCH
Lengths of DL and UL sub-frames Burst 1
DCD
scheduled)
can be adjusted
Burst 1
Burst 2
scheduled)
Self Co-existence Window
UCD
when
(SCW): BS commands more than 7 OFDMA symbols
5 symbols when
DS-MAP
Burst 3
(4 or(4 5orsymbols
subscribers to send out CBPs for
Frame Preamble
Bursts
60 subchannels
802.22
buffer
buffer
buffer
buffer
window
Time time
Time time
self co-existence CBP bursts
Burst m
Burst 2
Bursts
window
contain information about the Burst
Self-coexistence
Burst
backup channel sets and sensing
Self-coexistence
times Burst
US-MAP
geo-location
whitespace device identification Burst n
as required by the regulatory Burst
domain rules.
TTG
RTG
DS sub-frame US sub-frame
(smallest US burst portion on a given subchannel= 7 symbols)

SCH and CBP Features
The Super-frame Control Header (SCH)
Provides the control information for a WRAN cell
Support the intra-frame and inter-frame quiet periods management
mechanisms for sensing
Support coexistence with incumbents and other WRAN cells (self
coexistence)
An SCH can include various CBP (Coexistence Beacon Protocol)
Backup channel information
Frame Contention information
Geo-location information
Signature IE, Certificate IEs (CBP frame security)
Using SCH, WRAN BS can intelligently manage the operation of its
associated CPEs
Also, using CBP (Extended version of SCH), WRAN BS can
intelligently manage the operation of neighboring WRAN cell under
co-existence situation

Incumbent Detection
Both the BS and CPE have the capability to detect the presence of an
incumbent user on a channel, but the channel management decisions are
made only by the BS
Different techniques are used:
Geo-allocation:
The geographic location of the BS and CPE has to be known to determine the
permissible channels at a given location.
Global Positioning System (GPS)
The geo-location module in the protocol reference model does this function and reports
the current location to the SM
Incumbent database:
are maintained by regulatory bodies to keep the information of licensed TV operation in
any given geographical location
Spectrum sensing:
The IEEE 802.22 WRAN standard also supports a spectrum sensing mechanism to
detect the possible presence of incumbent users such as analog TV, digital TV, and low-
power licensed users such as wireless microphones

Channel classification
The main function of the SM is to make channel management decisions
The SM uses a two-step channel decision process:
The SM receives the availability of channels from an external incumbent
database
The SM classifies the TV channels as available and unavailable
The available channels are classified as
Protected: Channels in which incumbent users or 802.22 WRAN operations
have been detected through sensing
Unclassified: Channels that have not yet been sensed
Disallowed: Channels precluded by the operator due to operational or local
regulatory constraints
Operating: The channel currently in operation for communication between the
BS and CPE within an 802.22 WRAN cell
Backup: Channels that have been cleared to become the operating channel in
case an 802.22 WRAN needs to switch to another channel
Candidate: Channels that are candidates to become a backup channel

Channel classification
Channel
classification
starts
Incumbent Yes
DB exist?
Incumbent Incumbent protection
DB requirements
No
Yes No
Channel
availability?
Available Unavailable
Channels Channels
Yes
No
Is the channel Unclassified
sensed?
Yes Disallowed
Decision consideration
-Empty or not Operating
-Own WRAN cell used End
SM
-TV used Backup
-History
-Etc.
Candidate
Protected

Quiet periods (QPs)
160 ms
Time
Superframe N-1 Superframe N Superframe N+1
Intera-Frame QP
scheduling (some
parts of
superframe)
SCH Frame 0 Frame 1 Quiet period Frame 15 Quiet period QP<1Frame
10 ms 10 ms 10 ms
160 ms
Time
Superframe N-1 Superframe N Superframe N+1
Inter-Frame QP
scheduling (whole
superframe except
SCH)
SCH Frame 0 Frame 1 Quiet period Frame 15
10 ms 10 ms 10 ms

Spectrum sensing
IEEE 802.22 supports spectrum sensing capability by using SSA
and SSF
Spectrum Sensing Automation (SSA, sensing manager)
All the IEEE 802.22 devices (BS and CPEs) shall also have an entity
called the Spectrum Sensing Automaton (SSA).
The SSA interfaces to the Spectrum Sensing Function (SSF) and
executes the commands from the SM to enable spectrum sensing
Spectrum Sensing Function (SSF, sensor)
Spectrum sensing is the process of observing the RF spectrum of a
television channel to determine its occupancy (by either incumbents or
other WRANs).
The base station and all CPEs shall implement the Spectrum Sensing
Function (SSF)
The SSF shall be driven by the SSA. The SSF shall observe the RF
spectrum of a television channel and shall report the results of that
observation to the SM (at the BS) via its associated SSA
Multichannel operation:
Once a PU is detected
SUs should vacate the channel within the channel move time (CMT) (2
sec for 802.22 )
The concept of backup channels (BCs) is used as follows:
During normal operation, the BS proactively maintains a list of backup
channels.
The BS is responsible for triggering a switch to a BC within the CMT, which
should occur seamlessly to maintain QoS guarantees for the 802.22 users.
Obviously, the BC must also be clear of PUs in order to be used right away
Sensing BCs may be done during the CPEs idle time and not require QPs in
the operating channel.
But, if the BC to be sensed is occupied by another WRAN, the CPEs should
use the QPs scheduled in the corresponding channel to avoid interference
from the other WRAN.

To achieve seamless transition to the BC without service
interruption, two channel management modes are specified in the
802.22 standard:
Implicit mode:
The BS may use the action fields in the DS channel descriptor (DCD)
broadcast message to signal the transition to all its CPEs.
Otherwise, the BS may use a specific management message (explicit mode)
to schedule a channel switch event for a specific frame in the future.
Explicit mode:
It provides the flexibility to allow channel management for a single or a group
of CPEs, since the channel management message (channel switch request,
CHS-REQ) can be sent as a broadcast, unicast, or multicast frame.
In this way, a BS operating as multiple colocated 802.22 radios in different
channels could direct a CPE to another channel and continue operation in its
current channel.
This feature is especially useful in case individual CPEs detect low-power
incumbents (e.g., wireless microphones) in areas with limited channel
availability.

Self-Coexistence
Self-coexistence:
Refers to coexistence among 802.22 systems
Ensures efficient and fair spectrum utilization
Plays a key role in protecting the incumbents
The self-coexistence problem is approached in 802.22 with the
following key elements:
1. Neighboring network discovery and coordination
2. Coexistence beacon protocol
3. Resource sharing mechanisms

Self-Coexistence
Neighboring network discovery and coordination:
The 802.22 operating spectrum environment is dynamic
This requires sensing not only for incumbent detection, but also for
other neighboring 802.22 systems
Network discovery is part of the initialization procedures for both
BSs and CPEs
WRANs can be discovered through the SCH transmitted by the BSs or
by CBP packets, which are transmitted during the SCW window by
CPEs or BSs
CPEs that discover other neighboring WRANs send this information
back to their BS in the format of measurement report messages
Upon discovery of new neighboring WRANs, the BS must consider
whether QP synchronization is required

Resource sharing mechanisms
How to share the available
spectrum
Ex: suppose BS A and CPE
A1 operate on a given
channel N
When a new BS B and
CPE B1 start operation, CPE A1
they first scan the available
channels and CPE B1
eventually detects BS As CPE B1 BS B
SCH or CBP packet BS A
transmitted by A1
At this point, BS B must
execute the first
coexistence mechanism,
called spectrum etiquette

The IEEE 802.22 QoS service model includes the following basic
concepts:
1. Service flow QoS scheduling:
A service flow is a unidirectional flow of packets provided a particular QoS
support level, which is specified by a set of QoS parameters such as
latency, jitter, and throughput guarantees
It define the transmission ordering and scheduling on the air interface
Four basic scheduling services are supported:
Unsolicited grant service (UGS): is designed to support real-time
data streams consisting of fixed-size data packets sent at periodic
intervals
Real-time polling service (rtPS): is designed to support real-time
data streams consisting of variable sized data packets issued at
periodic intervals, such as MPEG video
Non-real-time polling service (nrtPS): is designed to support delay
tolerant data streams consisting of variable-sized data packets for
which a minimum data rate is required, such as FTP
Best effort (BE): is designed to support data streams for which no
minimum service level is required

Quality-of-Service Support (2)
The IEEE 802.22 QoS service model includes the following basic
concepts:
2. Activation model:
Service flows can be classified as:
Provisioned service: require a negotiation between CPE and BS to be
activated
Admitted service: where the resources are not yet completely
activated
Active service: the service can be activated later after the final end-to-
end negotiations are finalized

Cognitive capability summary
Transmit antenna
Collection of Spectrum characteristics Incumbent
database
Information
Geo-location information
Spectrum manger
Incumbent Database
Channel management
CPE Spectrum Sensor Coexistence management
Sensing management
BS Spectrum Sensor Transmit power control limits
Location Occupied Sensing
Cognitive Engine (Decision information channels control
Maker) GEO SSF
Spectrum Manager (BS) BS
Spectrum Automation Sensing Location Channel

reports information
(CPE) information
Spectrum automation
Configurable
Sensing automation
Communication System
Location Occupied Sensing
802.22 PHY information channels control
802.22 MAC GEO SSF

CPE

Summary
IEEE 802.22 wireless regional area network
Is the First Wireless Standard based on Cognitive Radios
Covers large rural areas using unused TV channels
Coexists with incumbent TV operator using various incumbent user
detection and notification methods
Requires periodic sensing
Multiple IEEE 802.22 networks can co-exist in the same area on the
same channel
IEEE 802.22 will increase the efficiency of utilization of that
spectrum, and provide large economic and societal benefits

References
Carl R. Stevenson, Gerald Chouinard, Zhongding Lei, Wendong Hu, Stephen J. Shellhammer
and Winston Caldwell IEEE 802.22: The First Cognitive Radio Wireless Regional Area Network
Standard IEEE Communications Magazine, January 2009
A. M. Wyglinsk, M. Nekovee and Y. T. Hou Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks
Principles and Practice Academic Press, 2010
Gwangzeen Ko, A. Antony Franklin, Sung-Jin You, Jin-Suk Pak, Myung-Sun Song, and Chang-
Joo Kim Channel Management in IEEE 802.22 WRAN Systems IEEE Communications
Magazine, September 2010
Carlos Cordeiro, Kiran Challapali, Dagnachew Birru, and Sai Shankar N IEEE 802.22: The First
Worldwide Wireless Standard based on Cognitive Radios First IEEE International Symposium on
New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access etworks, 2005.

Contact
IntegratedCommunicationSystemsGroup
IlmenauUniversityofTechnology
Dr.Ing.MohamedKalil
Tel: +49(0)3677694123
email: mohamed.abdrabou@tuilmenau.de
Visitorsaddress:
Technische Universitt Ilmenau
Helmholtzplatz
Zuse Building
RoomF1071
D98693Ilmenau
www.tuilmenau.de/ics


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Cognitive radio

The IEEE 802.22 standard

Dr.-Ing. Mohamed Kalil

Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Andreas Mitschele-Thiel IEEE 802.22 Standard

Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Andreas Mitschele-Thiel IEEE 802.22 Standard

Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Andreas Mitschele-Thiel IEEE 802.22 Standard

Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Andreas Mitschele-Thiel IEEE 802.22 Standard

Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Andreas Mitschele-Thiel IEEE 802.22 Standard

Exemplary 802.22 deployment configuration

Characteristics of the WRAN standard relative to other wireless network standards

Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Andreas Mitschele-Thiel IEEE 802.22 Standard

mode (ATM), and IEEE 1394 through an IEEE

The interfaces to a station management entity (SME)

Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Andreas Mitschele-Thiel IEEE 802.22 Standard

PHY specification is based on orthogonal frequency division multiple

Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Andreas Mitschele-Thiel IEEE 802.22 Standard

Frequency rang 54-862 MHz

Bandwidth 6 MHz, 7 MHz, 8 MHz

Payload modulation QPASK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM

Transmit effective isotropic radiated Default 4 W for CPEs

Cyclic prefix modes 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, 1/32

Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Andreas Mitschele-Thiel IEEE 802.22 Standard

Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Andreas Mitschele-Thiel IEEE 802.22 Standard

Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Andreas Mitschele-Thiel IEEE 802.22 Standard

Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Andreas Mitschele-Thiel IEEE 802.22 Standard

The DS/US MAPs are The SCW is used for

Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Andreas Mitschele-Thiel IEEE 802.22 Standard

Duplex (TDD) frame structure

(DL) sub-frame, uplink (UL) sub-

backup channel sets and sensing

as required by the regulatory Burst

Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Andreas Mitschele-Thiel IEEE 802.22 Standard

Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Andreas Mitschele-Thiel IEEE 802.22 Standard

Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Andreas Mitschele-Thiel IEEE 802.22 Standard

Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Andreas Mitschele-Thiel IEEE 802.22 Standard

Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Andreas Mitschele-Thiel IEEE 802.22 Standard

Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Andreas Mitschele-Thiel IEEE 802.22 Standard

Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Andreas Mitschele-Thiel IEEE 802.22 Standard

Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Andreas Mitschele-Thiel IEEE 802.22 Standard

Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Andreas Mitschele-Thiel IEEE 802.22 Standard

Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Andreas Mitschele-Thiel IEEE 802.22 Standard

Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Andreas Mitschele-Thiel IEEE 802.22 Standard

Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Andreas Mitschele-Thiel IEEE 802.22 Standard

Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Andreas Mitschele-Thiel IEEE 802.22 Standard

Maker) GEO SSF

Spectrum Manager (BS) BS

Spectrum Automation Sensing Location Channel

802.22 MAC GEO SSF

Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Andreas Mitschele-Thiel IEEE 802.22 Standard

Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Andreas Mitschele-Thiel IEEE 802.22 Standard

Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Andreas Mitschele-Thiel IEEE 802.22 Standard

Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Andreas Mitschele-Thiel IEEE 802.22 Standard

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