SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Tunnel Mechanics and Engineering

Sixth Project

Professors Name : Yanyong Xiang

Students Name : Heng Piseth
Students ID : 14129188

2014-2015
 Civil Engineering School

(1) For a circular cross section tunnel of radius 5m excavated without support in a ground
(ignore self-weight, and assume to be elastic) with Youngs modulus 30GPa and
Poissons ratio 0.3, under initial vertical stress 2MPa and horizontal stress 3.5MPa,
calculate the distributions of the total stresses and the tunneling induced displacements
of the ground by using a numerical modeling software such as PLAXIS or AQAQUS,
and draw diagrams to compare the results with Kirsch solution along the horizontal, the
45 degree, and the vertical radial directions, respectively.
The Kirsch solution is given below:
a2 1 0 0 a2 1 0 0 a2 a4

rr p 2
( xx )
yy 1 2
( xx )
yy 1 4 2
3 4
cos 2
r 2 r 2 r r
a2 1 0 0 a2 1 0 0 a4
p 2 ( xx yy ) 1 2 ( xx yy ) 1 3 4 cos 2
r 2 r 2 r
1 a2 a4
r ( xx0 yy0 ) 1 2 2 3 4 sin 2
2 r r

1 a2 1 0 a2 1 0 a2 a4
u r p ( xx yy 0
) ( xx0 yy ) 4(1 ) 3 cos 2
E r 2 r 2 r r

1 1 0 0 a2 a4
u ( )
yy 2(1 2 ) sin 2
r r 3
xx
E 2

Answer:

We know that: E 30000 MPa , v 0.3, oxx 3.5MPa , oyy 2 MPa , a 5m

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And without support p 0 MPa

1. Results From the Kirsch Solution
The Kirsch solution are:
a2 1 0 0 a2 1 0 0 a2 a4

rr p ( xx )
yy 1 ( xx )
yy 1 4 3 cos 2
r2 2 r2 2 r2 r4
a2 1 0 0 a2 1 0 0 a4
p 2
( xx )
yy 1 2
( xx )
yy 1 3 4
cos 2
r 2 r 2 r
1 a2 a4
r ( xx0 yy0 ) 1 2 2 3 4 sin 2
2 r r

1 a2 1 0 a2 1 0 a2 a4
u r p ( xx yy 0
) ( xx0 yy ) 4(1 ) 3 cos 2
E r 2 r 2 r r

1 1 0 0 a2 a4
u ( )
yy 2(1 2 ) sin 2
r r 3
xx
E 2

Thus, from these solution, we can get results as below:

a. Results along the horizontal radial direction, 0o :

Polar Radial Circumferential Circumferential Radial Circumferential

Radius Stress Stress Radial Stress Deformation Deformation
r rr r ur u
[m] [MPa] [MPa] [MPa] [m] [m]
5 0 2.5 0 0.000888 0
6 0.5920 2.8247 0 0.000782 0
7 1.1520 2.8174 0 0.000691 0
8 1.5972 2.7309 0 0.000617 0
9 1.9396 2.6344 0 0.000556 0
10 2.2031 2.5469 0 0.000505 0
11 2.4080 2.4721 0 0.000462 0
12 2.5696 2.4096 0 0.000426 0
13 2.6986 2.3576 0 0.000395 0
14 2.8032 2.3142 0 0.000368 0
15 2.8889 2.2778 0 0.000344 0
16 2.9599 2.2471 0 0.000323 0
17 3.0194 2.2211 0 0.000305 0
18 3.0697 2.1988 0 0.000288 0
19 3.1126 2.1797 0 0.000274 0
20 3.1494 2.1631 0 0.000260 0
22 3.2090 2.1360 0 0.000237 0
24 3.2547 2.1151 0 0.000217 0
26 3.2904 2.0986 0 0.000201 0
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28 3.3189 2.0854 0 0.000187 0

30 3.3420 2.0747 0 0.000174 0
35 3.3836 2.0552 0 0.000150 0
40 3.4107 2.0424 0 0.000131 0
45 3.4294 2.0336 0 0.000117 0
50 3.4427 2.0273 0 0.000105 0

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b. Results along the 45o radial direction, 45o :

Polar Radial Circumferential Circumferential Radial Circumferential

Radius Stress Stress Radial Stress Deformation Deformation
r rr r ur u
[m] [MPa] [MPa] [MPa] [m] [m]
5 0 5.5 0 0.000596 0.000293
6 0.8403 4.6597 -0.7066 0.000497 0.000202
7 1.3469 4.1531 -0.9296 0.000426 0.000152
8 1.6758 3.8242 -0.9926 0.000372 0.000121
9 1.9012 3.5988 -0.9986 0.000331 0.000100
10 2.0625 3.4375 -0.9844 0.000298 0.000085
11 2.1818 3.3182 -0.9636 0.000271 0.000074
12 2.2726 3.2274 -0.9426 0.000248 0.000066
13 2.3432 3.1568 -0.9227 0.000229 0.000059
14 2.3992 3.1008 -0.9047 0.000213 0.000054
15 2.4444 3.0556 -0.8889 0.000199 0.000049
16 2.4814 3.0186 -0.8750 0.000186 0.000046
17 2.5121 2.9879 -0.8629 0.000175 0.000042
18 2.5378 2.9622 -0.8523 0.000166 0.000040
19 2.5596 2.9404 -0.8431 0.000157 0.000037
20 2.5781 2.9219 -0.8350 0.000149 0.000035
22 2.6080 2.8920 -0.8215 0.000135 0.000031
24 2.6306 2.8694 -0.8109 0.000124 0.000029
26 2.6483 2.8517 -0.8024 0.000115 0.000026
28 2.6623 2.8377 -0.7955 0.000106 0.000024
30 2.6736 2.8264 -0.7899 0.000099 0.000022
35 2.6939 2.8061 -0.7797 0.000085 0.000019
40 2.7070 2.7930 -0.7729 0.000074 0.000017
45 2.7160 2.7840 -0.7682 0.000066 0.000015
50 2.7225 2.7775 -0.7648 0.000060 0.000013

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c. Result along the vertical radial direction, 90o :

Polar Radial Circumferential Circumferential Radial Circumferential

Radius Stress Stress Radial Stress Deformation Deformation
r rr r ur u
[m] [MPa] [MPa] [MPa] [m] [m]
5 0 8.5 0 0.000303 0
6 1.0885 6.4948 0 0.000211 0
7 1.5419 5.4888 0 0.000160 0
8 1.7543 4.9175 0 0.000128 0
9 1.8628 4.5631 0 0.000106 0
10 1.9219 4.3281 0 0.000091 0
11 1.9556 4.1642 0 0.000079 0
12 1.9756 4.0452 0 0.000070 0
13 1.9877 3.9560 0 0.000063 0
14 1.9953 3.8874 0 0.000058 0
15 2 3.8333 0 0.000053 0
16 2.0030 3.7900 0 0.000049 0
17 2.0048 3.7547 0 0.000046 0
18 2.0059 3.7256 0 0.000043 0
19 2.0065 3.7012 0 0.000040 0
20 2.0068 3.6807 0 0.000038 0
22 2.0069 3.6480 0 0.000034 0
24 2.0066 3.6236 0 0.000031 0
26 2.0062 3.6048 0 0.000028 0
28 2.0057 3.5900 0 0.000026 0
30 2.0052 3.5781 0 0.000024 0
35 2.0042 3.5571 0 0.000021 0
40 2.0034 3.5435 0 0.000018 0
45 2.0027 3.5343 0 0.000016 0
50 2.0023 3.5277 0 0.000014 0
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2. Results From Abaqus

Modeling and result in Abaqus

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a. Results along the horizontal radial direction, 0o :

Polar Radial Circumferential Circumferential Radial Circumferential

Radius Stress Stress Radial Stress Deformation Deformation
r rr r ur u
[m] [MPa] [MPa] [MPa] [m] [m]
5 -0.02296 2.50916 -0.00832 0.000901 4.10E-07
6 0.559767 2.84636 -0.00094 0.000795 3.26E-07
7 1.13223 2.83068 0.003177 0.000705 2.69E-07
8 1.58369 2.74219 0.002338 0.00063 2.31E-07
9 1.93136 2.64501 0.002593 0.00057 2.03E-07
10 2.1993 2.55672 0.002274 0.000519 1.83E-07
11 2.40811 2.48121 0.002057 0.000477 1.68E-07
12 2.57298 2.41793 0.001812 0.000441 1.56E-07
13 2.70495 2.36518 0.001603 0.00041 1.47E-07
14 2.81197 2.32116 0.001415 0.000384 1.40E-07
15 2.8998 2.28425 0.001262 0.000361 1.34E-07
16 2.97268 2.25313 0.00109 0.000341 1.29E-07
17 3.03379 2.22672 0.001105 0.000323 1.25E-07
18 3.08543 2.20425 0.000478 0.000307 1.21E-07
19 3.12991 2.18456 0.002816 0.000293 1.19E-07
20 3.16944 2.16736 0.00035 0.00028 1.16E-07
22 3.22965 2.14072 -4.9E-06 0.000258 1.12E-07
24 3.27673 2.11988 0.000696 0.00024 1.09E-07
26 3.31353 2.1038 0.00022 0.000225 1.07E-07
28 3.34315 2.09093 0.001096 0.000213 1.05E-07
30 3.36833 2.08031 0.000179 0.000202 1.03E-07
35 3.41141 2.06304 6.39E-05 0.000181 1.00E-07
40 3.43976 2.05337 0.000176 0.000166 9.87E-08
45 3.45967 2.04854 0.000329 0.000156 9.74E-08
50 3.47434 2.04757 7.75E-05 0.000148 9.65E-08

Stress Distribution Along the Radial Coordinator

According to Circumferential Angle =0 o by Abaqus
Radial Stress Circumferential Stress Radial-circumferential Stress

4
3.5
3
2.5
Stress [MPa]

2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Radial Coordinator [m]

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Defromation Distribution Along the Radial

Coordinator According to Circumferential Angle
=0 o by Abaqus
Radial Deformation Circumferential Deformation

0.001

0.0008
Deformation [m]

0.0006

0.0004

0.0002

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Radial Coordinator [m]

b. Results along the 45o radial direction, 45o :

Polar Radial Circumferential Circumferential Radial Circumferential

Radius Stress Stress Radial Stress Deformation Deformation
r rr r ur u
[m] [MPa] [MPa] [MPa] [m] [m]
5 0.018027 5.50749 -0.05158 0.0006 0.000301
6 0.848492 4.67696 -0.75873 0.0005 0.00021
7 1.35117 4.17425 -0.96705 0.000429 0.000159
8 1.6791 3.84628 -1.02483 0.000376 0.000128
9 1.905 3.62036 -1.02823 0.000335 0.000108
10 2.06704 3.45831 -1.01205 0.000301 9.32E-05
11 2.18718 3.33817 -0.98994 0.000274 8.26E-05
12 2.27869 3.24666 -0.96727 0.000252 7.46E-05
13 2.34997 3.17536 -0.94608 0.000233 6.83E-05
14 2.40657 3.11875 -0.92704 0.000217 6.34E-05
15 2.45226 3.07306 -0.91023 0.000203 5.94E-05
16 2.48965 3.03565 -0.89548 0.00019 5.6E-05
17 2.52066 3.00464 -0.88257 0.00018 5.33E-05
18 2.5466 2.97867 -0.8713 0.00017 5.1E-05
19 2.56872 2.95655 -0.86113 0.000162 4.9E-05
20 2.58833 2.93691 -0.8522 0.000154 4.73E-05
22 2.61785 2.90735 -0.83788 0.000141 4.45E-05
24 2.64065 2.8845 -0.82623 0.00013 4.23E-05
26 2.65828 2.86677 -0.81689 0.00012 4.06E-05
28 2.67233 2.85263 -0.80907 0.000112 3.91E-05
30 2.68418 2.84066 -0.80235 0.000106 3.79E-05
35 2.70408 2.82033 -0.79009 9.21E-05 3.52E-05
40 2.71677 2.80698 -0.78119 8.21E-05 3.27E-05
45 2.72543 2.7974 -0.77422 7.45E-05 2.98E-05
50 2.73183 2.78973 -0.76845 6.85E-05 2.63E-05

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Stress Distribution Along the Radial Coordinator

According to Circumferential Angle =45 o by
Abaqus
Radial Stress Circumferential Stress Radial-circumferential Stress

6
5
4
Streess [MPa]

3
2
1
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
-1
-2
Radial Coordinator [m]

Defromation Distribution Along the Radial

Coordinator According to Circumferential Angle
=45 o by Abaqus
Radial Deformation Circumferential Deformation

0.0007

0.0006

0.0005
Deformation [m]

0.0004

0.0003

0.0002

0.0001

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Radial Coordinator [m]

c. Result along the vertical radial direction, 90o :

Polar Radial Circumferential Circumferential Radial Circumferential

Radius Stress Stress Radial Stress Deformation Deformation
r rr r ur u
[m] [MPa] [MPa] [MPa] [m] [m]
5 0.058946 8.50504 -0.00076 0.000298 5.49E-10
6 1.13681 6.50758 -0.00282 0.000206 3.59E-10
7 1.56985 5.51788 -0.00135 0.000154 2.67E-10

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8 1.77446 4.95029 0.000377 0.000121 2.16E-10

9 1.87884 4.59545 0.000728 9.95E-05 1.85E-10
10 1.93521 4.35945 0.000905 8.39E-05 1.65E-10
11 1.96692 4.19446 0.00094 7.23E-05 1.51E-10
12 1.9863 4.0745 0.000912 6.32E-05 1.42E-10
13 1.99614 3.98445 0.000859 5.59E-05 1.35E-10
14 2.00258 3.91504 0.000797 5E-05 1.29E-10
15 2.00638 3.86034 0.000734 4.5E-05 1.25E-10
16 2.00856 3.81641 0.000671 4.07E-05 1.21E-10
17 2.00973 3.78056 0.000639 3.7E-05 1.19E-10
18 2.01027 3.75087 0.00047 3.38E-05 1.16E-10
19 2.01032 3.7261 0.000819 3.09E-05 1.14E-10
20 2.01034 3.70377 0.000136 2.84E-05 1.13E-10
22 2.00979 3.67083 0.000495 2.4E-05 1.10E-10
24 2.00898 3.64554 0.000347 2.04E-05 1.09E-10
26 2.00816 3.62579 0.000276 1.73E-05 1.07E-10
28 2.00736 3.61005 0.000361 1.46E-05 1.06E-10
30 2.00667 3.59643 0.000155 1.23E-05 1.05E-10
35 2.0053 3.57286 0.000196 7.49E-06 1.04E-10
40 2.00424 3.55663 0.000126 3.96E-06 1.03E-10
45 2.00337 3.54448 0.000152 1.17E-06 1.02E-10
50 2.00257 3.53462 9.91E-05 -1E-06 1.02E-10

Stress Distribution Along the Radial Coordinator

According to Circumferential Angle =90 o by
Abaqus
Radial Stress Circumferential Stress Radial-circumferential Stress

6
Stress [MPa]

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
-1
Radial Coordinator [m]

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Defromation Distribution Along the Radial

Coordinator According to Circumferential Angle
=90 o by Abaqus
Radial Deformation Circumferential Deformation

0.00035

0.0003

0.00025
Deformation [m]

0.0002

0.00015

0.0001

0.00005

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
-0.00005
Radial Coordinator [m]

3. Conclusion Result between the Kirsch Solution and Abaqus

As show in the graphs and tables above, we can see that the result of the stresses and
deformations have a little different between Kirsch Solution results and Abaqus results. To sum
up, for this problem the analytical method of the Kirsch Solution is applicable.

(2) For a circular cross section tunnel of radius 5m excavated with support pressure 1.2MPa
in a ground (ignore self-weight, assume to be elasto-perfectly plastic and follows the
Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion) with Youngs modulus 13 GPa, Poissons ratio 0.3,
cohesion 0.23MPa and friction angle 38 degrees, under initial isotropic stress 12MPa,
calculate the distributions of the total stresses and the tunneling induced displacements
of the ground by using a numerical modeling software such as PLAXIS or AQAQUS,
and draw diagrams to compare the results with Fenner solution along the radial direction.
The Fenner solution is given below:
2sin
c r 1sin c
p
p
, a r ap
tan a tan
rr

2sin
c 1 sin r 1sin c

p
p , a r ap
tan 1 sin a tan

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1sin
c 2sin
0
1

tan 2 0 ( 1) quc 1
ap a (1 sin ) a
p
c 1 p ( 1) quc
tan
2
a 0 2 0 quc
p
e 0
, r ap
rr
r 1
2
a 0 2 0 quc

e
p
0
, r ap
r 1

ap2 0 2 0 quc ap2

ur ure urp ( 0 sin c cos )
2Gr 1 2Gr
Answer:

1. The result from the Fenners Solution

We know that: a 10m , p 2 MPa , G 13000 MPa , v 0.3, c 0.23MPa , 38o

Initial isotropic stress: o 12 MPa

1 sin 1 sin 38o
4.2037
1 sin 1 sin 38o

cos cos38o
quc 2c. 2 0.23 0.9431MPa
1 sin 1 sin 38o
1
2 0 ( 1) quc 1
Plastic radius: a p a 12.5295
1 p ( 1) quc

E
Shear Modulus: G 9285.714 MPa
2 1 v

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Fenner solutions are:

2sin
c r 1sin c
rrp p , a r ap
tan a tan
2sin
c 1 sin r 1sin c
p p , a r ap
tan 1 sin a tan
2
ap 0 2 0 quc

e 0
, r ap
rr
r 1
2
a 0 2 0 quc

e
p
0
, r ap
r 1

ap2 0 2 0 quc ap2

ur u u ( 0 sin c cos )
e p
r
2Gr
r
1 2Gr
Thus, we get the result along the radial direction:

Polar Radial Circumferential Radial Circumferential

Radius Stress Stress Deformation Deformation
rr ur u Elasticity
r
[m] [MPa] [MPa] [m] [m]
5 1.2 5.9876 0.008318 0 Plastic
6 2.3856 10.9718 0.006932 0 Plastic
7 4.0972 18.1667 0.005942 0 Plastic
8 5.9338 18.0662 0.005199 0 Elastic
9 7.2069 16.7931 0.004621 0 Elastic
10 8.1176 15.8824 0.004159 0 Elastic
11 8.7914 15.2086 0.003781 0 Elastic
12 9.3039 14.6961 0.003466 0 Elastic
13 9.7027 14.2973 0.003199 0 Elastic
14 10.0192 13.9808 0.002971 0 Elastic
15 10.2745 13.7255 0.002773 0 Elastic
16 10.4834 13.5166 0.002599 0 Elastic
17 10.6566 13.3434 0.002447 0 Elastic
18 10.8017 13.1983 0.002311 0 Elastic
19 10.9246 13.0754 0.002189 0 Elastic
20 11.0294 12.9706 0.00208 0 Elastic
22 11.1979 12.8021 0.001891 0 Elastic
24 11.3260 12.6740 0.001733 0 Elastic
26 11.4257 12.5743 0.0016 0 Elastic
28 11.5048 12.4952 0.001485 0 Elastic
30 11.5686 12.4314 0.001386 0 Elastic
35 11.6831 12.3169 0.001188 0 Elastic
40 11.7574 12.2426 0.00104 0 Elastic
45 11.8083 12.1917 0.000924 0 Elastic
50 11.8447 12.1553 0.000832 0 Elastic
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Deformation Distribution
Radial Deformation Circumferential Deformation
0.009

0.008

0.007

0.006
Deformation [m]

0.005

0.004

0.003

0.002

0.001

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Radius [m]

2. The Result from Abaqus Modeling

Modeling and result in Abaqus

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Polar Radial Circumferential Radial Circumferential

Radius Stress Stress Deformation Deformation
r rr ur u
[m] [MPa] [MPa] [m] [m]
5 1.13777 5.82824 0.008849 0
6 2.29459 10.776 0.006841 0
7 3.9864 18.8692 0.0056 0
8 5.94353 18.1988 0.004907 0
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9 7.22026 16.9222 0.004367 0

10 8.13798 16.0049 0.003936 0
11 8.81816 15.3249 0.003584 0
12 9.3365 14.8067 0.003291 0
13 9.74044 14.4028 0.003043 0
14 10.0613 14.082 0.003312 0
15 10.3205 13.8229 0.002649 0
16 10.5328 13.6107 0.002489 0
17 10.709 13.4347 0.002349 0
18 10.8566 13.2871 0.002224 0
19 10.9825 13.1614 0.002114 0
20 11.0943 13.0496 0.002014 0
22 11.2631 12.8811 0.001843 0
24 11.3939 12.7506 0.001702 0
26 11.4957 12.6493 0.001583 0
28 11.5772 12.5684 0.001484 0
30 11.6465 12.4998 0.001398 0
35 11.7644 12.3843 0.001231 0
40 11.8416 12.3111 0.001111 0
45 11.8955 12.2631 0.001023 0
50 11.9347 12.2324 0.000957 0

Stress Distribution Along the Radius by Abaqus

Radial Stress Circumferential Stress

20

18

16

14
Stress [MPa]

12

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Radial Coordinator [m]

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Deformation Distribution by Abaqus

Radial Deformation Circumferential

0.01

0.009

0.008

0.007
Deformation [m]

0.006

0.005

0.004

0.003

0.002

0.001

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Radial Coordinator [m]

3. Conclusion Result between the Fenner Solution and Abaqus

As show in the graphs and tables above, we can see that the result of the stresses and
deformations have a little different between Fenner Solution results and Abaqus results. To sum
up, for this problem the analytical method of the Fenner Solution is applicable.

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