Design of steel structures

Early use of iron and steel

The first time a human uses metal is a type of copper mixture called bronzone
which then evolves with the use of iron material which is given additional
material so that it becomes steel material. At the beginning of steel making , iron
is heated wit5h direct contact of charcoal. The surface of the iron will absorb the
carbon from the carcoal which is then forged when the iroin is hot.repetitionof
this process will make the steel surface becomes harder.
PROFILE OF THE STEEL
The historical profile of steel structures is inseparable from the development of
structural design in the US which then followed by other countries. The first
profile form created in the US was an elbow iron in 1819. STEEL was first made in
the US in 1884 and the first frame structure (Home Insurance Company Builing
of Chicago)was built in the same year.eiffel tower built in 1889 with a height
of 985 ft made of wrought iron and equipped with wechanical elevator. In
general the steel profile named based shape of the cross section.
Relatiuon stress-strain steel structure
Understanding of the behavior of steel structures is very necessary knowledge of
the properties of steel structures., a constant voltageacomnpanied by an
extension or strain is called a yield stress. Thisd points is an important value
for steel materials because the planning with elastic method is based on this
voltage value. Strain that accurs before the melthing points is called the elastic
strain, while the strain after the melting point is called a plastic strain that is
about 10-15 the elastic strain
If the voltage at a point from a dactile structure reaches the melting stress,
elements of the structure will melt locally without adding voltage so as to
prevent premature collapse. In the presence of this ductality , the streaa in the
atructure can be redistributed or distributed to all structural components.
Modern steel structure
The properties of steel bcan change drastically by altering carbon content and
adding other elements such silicon, nickel, manganese, and copper. The carbon
content is usually very low at 0,2-o,3 % on a weight basis and not more than
0,5%. The chemical properties of the steel are very handy because it sffects the
ease of welding, resistance to corrosion, resistance to brittle collapse and others.
Although the physical and mechanical properties of steel are largely determined
by chemical composition, the nature of steel is also binfluenced by the making
process and the history of loading and heating process.
Steel with cooling and forging
This steel has additional material more than carbon steel then heated and
cooled, then it is forged to again strength and clay with a force of between 70
110 ksi (483 758 MPa). Cooling is done quicklky by using water or oil from a
temperature of 1650oF to 300oF. in forging, the steel is heated to 1150o, then
allowed to cool.
Use of high strength steel
The decisive factor in determining the use of high strength steel is:
1. corrosion resistant
2. savings in shipping, installation,foundation costs effects existence weight
savings of steel
3. the use of a shorter beam can reduce the height of each floor
4. because it uses a smaller element, the cost of fire protection is smaller