UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF LEGAL STUDIES,

PANJAB UNIVERSITY.

TOPIC:-THE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION.

S UBJECT:- THE LABOUR LAWS & INTERNATIONAL LABOUR.
SUBMITTED TO- DR. VIRENDER NEGI SUBMITTED BY- YASHDEEP
SINGH
ROLL NO. 11/12
10 SEMESTER
TH

B.A. LL.B. (HONS.)

UILS
PANJAB UNIVERSITY
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher DR. VIRENDER NEGI who
gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic The International Labour
Organization, which also helped me in doing a lot of Research and I came to know about so many
new things. I am really thankful to her. I would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped
me a lot in finishing this project within the limited time.

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Table of Contents

I. THE INTRODUCTION.. 4
II. THE AIMS & OBJECTIVES OF THE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION.. 7
III. THE MEMBERSHIP OF ILO 9
IV. THE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR CONFERENCE.. 11
V. THE GOVERNING BODY COMPOSITION & FUNCTIONS. 13
VI. THE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFFICE 15
VII. THE REGIONAL MEETINGS 17
VIII. THE BIBLIOGRAPHY... 20

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INTRODUCTION

The international Labour Organization was established on April 11, 1919 as an autonomous
partner of the League of Nations. Its head office is situated in Geneva. It was brought into
relationship with the United Nations in 1946 through a special agreement which was
approved by the General Assembly on 14 th December, 1946. It became the first specialized
agency of UN. The Original Constitution of ILO was drafted as Part III of the Treaty of
Versallies.1
The International Labour Organization (ILO) is an international organization dedicated to:
promoting social justice,
labour rights and human rights.

Central to the ILO's mission is the belief, expressed in the Preamble to the ILO Constitution,
that:
FROM THE DECLARATION OF PHILADELPHIA (1944), ANNEXED TO THE ILO
CONSTITUTION:

Believing that experience has fully demonstrated the truth of the

statement in the Constitution of the International Labour Organisation
that lasting peace can be established only if it is based on social
justice, the Conference affirms that:
(a) all human beings, irrespective of race, creed or sex, have the right
to pursue both their material well-being and their spiritual
development in conditions of freedom and dignity, of economic
security and equal opportunity ...."

For nearly 100 years, the International Labour Organization (ILO) has been the advocate for
social justice in the working world. Its tripartite character ensures that all important
stakeholders in the world of work are represented: the governments who create the legal
frameworks and flank these with systems of social security, among others; the employer
associations who represent the interests of capital; and not least, the unions who fight for the

1 Kapoor, S.K., International Law & Human Rights, 18th ed., Allahabad: Central Law Agnecy,
(2011), p. 605.

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continuous improvement of working conditions in the globalised world with the help of
international standards.

Many historic achievements are due to the ILO including for example, the 8-hours
workday, the right to unionisation, and as a consequence thereof, the right to strike. The ILO
became known worldwide in 1999 with their Decent Work Agenda, the contemporary credo
of the organisation.

Since then, unfortunately, working conditions in many countries have not always developed
for the better. To date, 215 million children are still working, a scandalous situation.
Worldwide, we count at least 12,3 million forced labourers. The wage difference between
women and men for the same work still averages around 18 per cent. Trade union rights are
being violated on every continent by employers as well as governments.

The ILO has two main decision making bodies: The International Labour Conference held in
June each year also known as World Parliament of Labour and the Governing Body. In
each of the two bodies, the national governments hold half of the seats, and employers and
workers organisations one quarter each of the voting power. This feature of tripartite
representation is to ensure that the views of the social partners are closely reflected in labour
standards and in shaping policies and programmes. It makes the ILO unique within the
family of the United Nations and more democratic than other organisations in the multilateral
system.2

International peace can be established only if it is based on social justice, and that the failure
of any nation to adopt humane conditions of labour is an obstacle in the way of other nations
which desire to improve conditions in their own countries.

THE CREATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION

The International Labour Organization (ILO) was created by the 1919 Peace Conference that
followed World War I. Its original constitution, which formed part of the Treaty of Versailles,
established it on 11 April 1919 as an autonomous organization associated with the League of
Nations.

2 http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/10279.pdf.

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A statement made in the constitution's preamble"Conditions of labor exist involving such

injustice, hardship, and privation to large numbers of people as to produce unrest so great that
the peace and harmony of the world are imperilled"was not mere rhetoric. World War I had
shaken many countries to their foundations. The revolution in Russia had succeeded. All over
the world there was labor unrest, and the conviction of the need to improve the lot of working
people was by no means limited to labor itself. Organized labor, however, had been
especially active during the war in demanding that the peace treaty include recognition of the
rights of labor and that labor be given a voice in international matters. The American
Federation of Labor (AFL) and other powerful trade-union bodies demanded in particular an
international organization of labor that would wield "tremendous authority.3

At the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, the president of the AFL, Samuel Gompers, was
chairman of the conference's Commission on Labor Legislation. The Peace Conference,
instead of establishing an international organization of labor, created an organization in
which labor, employers, and governments were to be represented on an equal footing. As so
constituted, the ILO was, and still is, unique among international governmental organizations
the only one in which private citizens, namely representatives of labor and of employers,
have the same voting and other rights as are possessed by governments.

The ILO's principal function was to establish international labor and social standards through
the draft ing and adoption of international labor conventions. Prior to the existence of the
ILO, only two international labor conventions had been adopted: one, designed to protect the
health of workers in match factories, prohibited the use of white phosphorus, a poison, in the
manufacture of matches; the other prescribed modest restrictions on night work by women.
Neither of these was widely ratified. By contrast, more than 182 international labor
conventions and 190 recommendations have been adopted by the ILO since 1919.
International labor standards are used as a benchmark by which the rights and conditions of
human beings have been measured.4

3 Goswami, V.G., Labour Laws, Central Law Agency, Allahabad, 2012, p. 193.

4 http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/International_Labor_Organization.aspx.

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AIMS & OBJECTIVES

Article 1 of the ILO constitution provides that a permanent Organization is established for
the promotion of the objects set forth in the Preamble of the Organization to the Constitution
and in the declaration adopted at Philadelphia on 10 th May, 1944.5 The aims and objectives of
the ILO were set forth in the preamble to its constitution, drawn up in 1919. The preamble
declares that
"universal and lasting peace can be established only if it is based upon
social justice."
Hence, the basic objective of the organization is to help improve social conditions throughout
the world. The following examples of concrete measures "urgently required" are specifically
mentioned in the preamble: regulation of the hours of work, including the establishment of a
maximum working day and week; regulation of the labor supply; prevention of
unemployment; provision of an adequate living wage; protection of the worker against
sickness, disease, and injury arising out of his or her employment; protection of children,
young persons, and women; provision for old age and injury; protection of the interests of
workers when employed in countries other than their own; recognition of the principle of
equal remuneration for work of equal value; and recognition of the principle of freedom of
association.

International action in these matters is required; the preamble makes clear, because the failure
of any nation to adopt humane conditions of labor is an obstacle in the way of other nations
which desire to improve the conditions in their own countries. Finally, in agreeing to the ILO
constitution, the member governments declare in the preamble that they are "moved by
sentiments of justice and humanity as well as by the desire to secure the permanent peace of
the world.

Meeting in Philadelphia in 1944, the International Labour Conference adopted a declaration

that rephrased and broadened the "aims and purposes" of the ILO and "the principles which
should inspire the policy of its members." President Roosevelt stated that the Declaration of
Philadelphia, as it was called, summed up the aspirations of an epoch that had known two
world wars and that it might well acquire a historical significance comparable to that of the
US Declaration of Independence. The declaration, which was incorporated into the amended
5 Kapoor, S.K., International Law & Human Rights, 18th ed., Allahabad: Central Law Agnecy,
(2011), p. 605.

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constitution of the ILO, affirms that labor is not a commodity; that freedom of expression and
association are essential to sustained progress; that poverty anywhere constitutes a danger to
prosperity everywhere; and that the war against want must be carried on not only with
unrelenting vigor within each nation but also by "continuous and concerted international
effort in which the representatives of workers and employers, enjoying equal status with
those of Governments, join with them in free discussion and democratic decision with a view
to the promotion of the common welfare.

The Declaration of Philadelphia recognizes the "solemn obligation" of the ILO to further
among nations of the world programs that will achieve the following:
full employment and the raising of standards of living;
employment of workers in the occupations for which they are best suited and where
they can make their greatest contribution to the common well-being;
facilities for training and the transfer of labor, including migration for employment
and settlement;
policies in regard to wages and earnings, hours, and other conditions of work
calculated to ensure a just share of the fruits of progress to all and a minimum living
wage to all employed and in need of such protection;
effective recognition of the right of collective bargaining, the cooperation of
management and labor in the continuous improvement of productive efficiency, and
the collaboration of workers and employers in the preparation and application of
social and economic measures;
extension of social security measures to provide a basic income to all in need of such
protection and comprehensive medical care;
adequate protection for the life and health of workers in all occupations;
child welfare and maternity protection;
adequate nutrition, housing, and facilities for recreation and culture; and
assurance of equality of educational and vocational opportunity.

Since 1994 the ILO has been involved in a process of modernizing and strengthening its
labour standards system.6

6 Supra note 2.

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MEMBERSHIP OF ILO
Originally, ILO membership was identical with League of Nations membership, since
adherence to the League carried with it participation in the ILO. However, several countries
that were not members of the League were admitted to the ILO, notably the United States,
which joined in 1934. In 1946, the ILO became the first specialized agency associated with
the UN. The constitution of the ILO now provides that any nation that is a member of the UN
can become a member of the ILO by unilaterally notifying the Director General that it
accepts the obligations of the ILO constitution. Other nations may be admitted to ILO
membership by a two-thirds vote of the International Labour Conference. It is the obligation
of the member-state to implement through their state legislatures the conventions adopted by
the General Conference.7

The ILO constitution originally made no provision for the expulsion of a member. However,
two amendments adopted by the International Labour Conference in 1964 would have
empowered the ILO membership, by a two-thirds vote, to expel or suspend any member that
had been expelled or suspended by the UN or that had been found by the UN to be flagrantly
and persistently pursuing by its legislation a policy of racial discrimination. The amendments
were adopted in response to South Africa's policy of apartheid. These amendments never
came into force for lack of ratifications. However, in 1972, the conference adopted another
Instrument of Amendment about expulsions, which came into force on 1 November 1974.

A state may withdraw from the ILO by formal notification of its intent to do so, such
withdrawal to be effective two years after the ILO receives the notification. Germany, one of
the original members, withdrew in 1935. South Africa notified the organization of its intent
to withdraw before the amendments that could have led to its expulsion were adopted. Its
withdrawal became effective on 11 March 1966. South Africa rejoined the ILO on 26 May
1994.Albania withdrew in 1967. Vietnam withdrew in 1985, but rejoined in 1992. Fourteen
other countries withdrew their membership at various times (11 of them during the World
War II period), but all sooner or later rejoined the organization. The rules that govern original
admission to membership also apply to readmission.

In November 1975, the United States filed a two-year notice of intent to withdraw, stating at
the same time that it did not desire or expect to leave the ILO but hoped to help the ILO

7 Nawaz, M.K., Ratification of ILO Conventions by India, Volume 11, (1971) p. 610.

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"return to basic principles." US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger said that the ILO had
been "falling back" in four fundamental areas: workers' and employers' groups in the ILO
falling under the domination of governments; an "appallingly selective" concern for human
rights; "disregard of due process" in condemning member states "which happen to be the
political target of the moment"; and "increasing politicization of the organization." The notice
of intent to withdraw was allowed to run its course, thereby ending US membership in the
ILO in November 1977. On the return of the United States to membership in February 1980,
President Jimmy Carter said:
"As a member of the ILO and with the support of other countries, the
United States will seek to ensure that the ILO continues to serve the
interests of the world's working men and women by promoting more
and better jobs while protecting human rights and dignity."

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THE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR CONFERENCE

The International Labour Conference is the organization's policy-making and legislative
body, in which every member state is represented. It holds one session a year at ILO
headquarters in Geneva.

COMPOSITION

Each member country sends to the International Labour Conference a national delegation
consisting of four delegates. Two represent the government, one represents the country's
employers, and one represents the country's workers. Alternates and advisers may be sent as
well. Each delegate has one independent vote. Discussing this system of tripartite
representation in 1959, the Director General noted that the ILO is
"the only intergovernmental agency in whose work nongovernment
delegates take part on an equal footing with government
representatives as a matter of constitutional right. Representatives of
employers' and workers' organizations are included in its policy-
making, standard-setting, and executive machinery and participate,
with full voting rights, in all these aspects of its work."

The Office employs some 2,700 officials from over 150 nations at its headquarters in
Geneva, and in around 40 field offices around the world. Among these officials, 900 work in
technical cooperation programmes and projects.

FUNCTIONS

The government, employers', and workers' representatives to the conference act in many
respects as three separate groups, functioning somewhat as political parties function in a
national legislature: the three groups meet separately for informal discussions of strategy;
they hold caucuses; and, voting separately, they elect the government, the employers', and the
workers' delegates to the Governing Body and to tripartite committees. If the tripartite system
is to function as intended, it is essential that employers' and workers' delegates be true
representatives of their respective groups. The ILO constitution provides that governments
must appoint these delegates in agreement with the "most representative" organizations of
employers or workers "if such organizations exist."

The Conferences responsibilities include:

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The adoption of the ILO budget, which is financed by contributions from

member states (every two years);
The adoption of international labour standards and the supervision of their
application;
The admission of any new members;
The election of the Governing Body (every three years);
The provision of a global forum for discussion on social and labour issues;
The provision of guidelines for the ILOs general policy and future activities,
through Resolutions.

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THE GOVERNING BODY COMPOSITION & FUNCTIONS

The Governing Body is the executive body of the International Labour Organization (the
Office is the secretariat of the Organization). It meets three times a year, in March, June and
November. It takes decisions on ILO policy, decides the agenda of the International Labour
Conference, adopts the draft Programme and Budget of the Organization for submission to
the Conference, and elects the Director-General.

COMPOSITION

The Governing Body is the executive council of the ILO. It is composed of 56 titular
members (14 representing employers, 14 representing workers, and 28 representing
governments) and 66 deputy members (19 representing employers, 19 representing workers,
and 28 representing governments).

Members of the Governing Body are elected by the corresponding groups in the International
Labour Conference, except that 10 of the government representatives are appointed by
countries that do not participate in the election of the other government representatives since
these 10 countries are entitled to permanent seats as "states of chief industrial importance."
The 10 governments permanently represented on the Governing Body
are Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, the Russian Federation, the United
Kingdom, and the United States of America. The remaining government members, elected
for three years by the 2005 conference were
from Argentina, Australia, Belarus, Cameroon, Canada, Cuba, El Salvador, Kenya, Malawi,
Morocco, Nigeria, Peru, Philippines, Romania, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Spain, and Sri
Lanka.

The 14 employers' representatives on the governing body, elected for three years by the 2005
conference, included leading industrialists from Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Burkina Faso,
France, Germany, Japan, Mauritius, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sweden, Tunisia, United
Kingdom, and United States.

The 14 members of the workers' group, elected in 2005 for three years, were ranking trade
union officials from Algeria, Australia, Barbados, Canada, Colombia, Germany, Guinea,
India, Japan, Nigeria, Russian Federation, Sweden, United Kingdom, and United States.

FUNCTIONS

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Under amendments to the ILO constitution adopted by the International Labour Conference
in 1986to become effective when ratified or accepted by two-thirds of the members,
including 5 of the 10 permanent members of the Governing Bodythe members of the
Governing Body will be increased to 112 (56 representing governments, 28 representing
employers, and 28 representing workers) and the 10 permanent seats will be eliminated. As
of 2006, this amendment had not yet entered into force.

Meeting several times a year, the Governing Body coordinates and in many ways shapes the
work of the organization. It draws up the agenda for each session of the International Labour
Conference; while the conference is empowered to change this agenda, it rarely does. The
Governing Body appoints the Director-General of the International Labour Office. It
examines the proposed budget submitted to it each year by the Director-General and
approves it for adoption by the conference. The Governing Body also is responsible for
convening the scores of other conference and committee meetings held under ILO auspices
every year in various parts of the world and decides what action ought to be taken on their
resolutions and reports.

Its main functions include:

Directing the work of the organization;
Electing the Director-General;
Preparing the draft programme and budget of the ILO;
Taking decisions on how to implement ILO policy.

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THE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFFICE

The International Labour Office is the permanent secretariat of the International Labour
Organization. It is the focal point for International Labour Organization's overall activities,
which it prepares under the scrutiny of the Governing Body and under the leadership of
the Director-General.8

The International Labour Office in Geneva, headed by the Director-General, is the ILO's
headquarters and its permanent secretariat. As of 2000, its staff consisted of about 1,900
persons from more than 110 countries in Geneva and in 40 field offices.

During World War II, when for a time Switzerland was entirely surrounded by Axis forces,
the International Labour Office and a skeleton staff were temporarily moved to Montreal,
where, thanks to the hospitality of the Canadian government and McGill University, the
office was able to continue its more urgent work.

The International Labour Office services the sessions of the conference, the Governing Body,
and the various subsidiary organs and committees. It prepares the documents for these
meetings; publishes periodicals, studies, and reports; and collects and distributes information
on all subjects within the ILO's competence. As directed by the conference and the
Governing Body, it carries out ILO operational programs that have been decided on in
various fields.9

The ILO has had nine Directors GeneralAlbert Thomas, France, 191932; Harold Butler,
United Kingdom, 193238; John G. Winant, United States, 193941; Edward J. Phelan,
Ireland, 194148; David A. Morse, United States, 194870; Wilfred Jenks, United Kingdom,
197073; Francis Blanchard, France, 197389; Michel Hansenne, Belgium, 198999; Juan
Somavia, Chile, 1999 to present.

FUNCTIONS:

The main functions of the Office include, but are not limited to:
Compiling information and statistics;
Conducting research on issues of relevance to the ILO;
Facilitating technical cooperation and training programmes;

8 http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/who-we-are/international-labour-office/lang--en/index.htm.

9 Mishra, S.N., An Introduction to Labour Laws, Allahabad Law Agency, Allabhad, 2011, p. 261.

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Organizing conferences and meetings;

Preparing background documents and reports for the ILC and other meetings;
Providing assistance to constituents;
Publishing materials on social and labour issues;
Servicing the ILO bodies including the ILC and Governing Body.

One fact which is often overlooked by scholars and researchers among others is the
Offices function as a documentation centre. It has built up a vast collection of information
and documents including books, governmental reports, historical studies and other materials.
These are available for consultation at the ILOs headquarters in Geneva.10

The work of the Conference and the Governing Body is supplemented by Regional
Conferences, Regional Advisory Committees, Industrial and Analogous Committees,
Committee of Experts, Panels of Consultants, Special Conference and meetings, etc.11

10 http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs08/ILOhandbook.pdf.

11http://labour.nic.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/Divisions/childlabour/Website%20%20Copy
%20(1)%20gyanesh.pdf.

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THE REGIONAL MEETINGS

For budgetary reasons, the Governing Body decided at its 264th Session (November 1995) to
replace the Organizations Regional Conferences by shorter Regional Meetings with a single
agenda item, which would still be considered as Regional Conferences for purposes of article
38 of the ILO Constitution.12 On the authority conferred to it by the International Labour
Conference, the Governing Body adopted a set of new rules on an experimental basis at its
267th Session (November 1996).

1. Purpose and length of Regional Meetings Regional Meetings offer the opportunity for
tripartite delegations to express their views on the programming and implementation of the
ILOs regional activities. Group meetings are held before the start of the discussion in
plenary of the single agenda item related to ILO activities in the region concerned. Groups
may meet at any other time at their request. The Meeting lasts four days unless the Governing
Body decides otherwise.

2. Date, frequency and place of Regional Meetings Normally, a Regional Meeting is held
each year in one of the four regions in the following order: Asia and the Pacific, the
Americas, Africa and Europe. Regional Meetings are in principle held in the country where
the relevant ILO regional office is located. Any member State hosting a Regional Meeting
shall guarantee at least the level of protection afforded under the 1947 Convention on the
Privileges and Immunities of the Specialized Agencies and its Annex I concerning the ILO.

3. Composition Subject to the discretion of the Governing Body, the composition of each
Regional Meeting is determined on the basis of States and territories (or States responsible
for the territories) which are served by the following four ILO regional offices: Regional
Office for Asia and the Pacific (including the States covered by the Regional Office for Arab
States); Regional Office for the Americas; Regional Office for Africa; and Regional Office
for Europe. Article 1 of the Rules provides for the composition of the delegations of States or
territories invited to the Meeting. As regards advisers, account should be taken of the fact that
there is only one item on the agenda. Additional advisers may be appointed in the delegation
of a State responsible for a territory that has not sent a separate tripartite delegation to the
Meeting. Member States from a different region, non-member States, official international

12 Sharma, A.M., Aspects of Labour Welfare and Social Security, Himalaya Publishing House,
New Delhi, 1988, p. 317.

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organizations or non-governmental international organizations of universal or regional

character may also be represented at Regional Meetings on the basis of individual or standing
invitations of the Governing Body. Requests to be represented at Regional Meetings should
accordingly reach the Office at the latest before the opening of the Governing Body session
preceding the Regional Meeting concerned. Eminent public figures and Officers of the
Governing Body who are not accredited as delegates to the Regional Meeting may also
attend the Meeting.

4. Right to address the Meeting and conduct of business Under article 10, no person may
address the Meeting without the permission of the Chairperson, with priority given to
delegates (or their substitutes). Without prejudice to the flexibility afforded to the Officers of
the Meeting to discharge their duties under article 6, paragraph 5, the time limit for speeches
is in principle five minutes.

5. Credentials In view of the short duration of the Meetings, the credentials of delegates and
their advisers must be submitted 15 days before the opening date of the Meeting (article 1,
paragraph 3). A preliminary list of participants is published electronically a week before the
opening of the Meeting. Two additional lists are made available at the Meeting: a provisional
list of credentials of delegations by the scheduled time for the opening of the Meeting, and a
final list of accredited delegations on the morning of the last day of the Meeting. The Office
will also publish electronically on the last day a list of persons who actually registered at the
Meeting. Under article 9, the Credentials Committee is competent to receive and examine
objections alleging non-observance of article 1, paragraph 2(designations made in agreement
with the most representative organizations of employers and workers in the State or territory
concerned); time permitting, complaints alleging the non-payment of travel and subsistence
expenses (article 1, paragraph 1); and communications. Objections are to be submitted within
two hours after the scheduled time for the opening of the Meeting, although the Committee
may find valid reason to accept a late objection (article 9, paragraph 3(a)). In order to
facilitate the work of the Credentials Committee under time constraints, objections (and
complaints) should be submitted as soon as possible, even before the publication of the name
of the delegate or adviser whose credentials are impugned. The Credentials Committee
submits a report to the Meeting under article 9, paragraph 4 which shall be brought to the
attention of the Governing Body. There is no discussion of the report at the plenary of the
Meeting.

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6. Form, nature and evaluation of results The decisions of Regional Meetings normally take
the form of conclusions, reports, or resolutions relating to the item on the agenda (article 3).
Decisions will be taken by consensus whenever practicable or, if not possible, normally by
show of hands (article 12, paragraphs 3 and 4). While there is no provision for a record vote
or secret ballot, the Rules do not exclude voting by such means. The decisions of the Meeting
are submitted by the Office to the Governing Body at the earliest session after the Regional
Meeting. The Governing Body may make observations on the results, decide on the
implementation of action called for by the Meeting and request the Office to report on the
matter by a certain time, or take such other action as may be appropriate.13

13 http://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/leg/download/rules-regmtg.pdf.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

STATUTORY COMPILATIONS
1. THE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION CONSTITUTION.

DICTIONARIES
1. BRYAN A. GARNER, BLACKS LAW DICTIONARY (8th ed. 2001).
2. OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY, (2nd ed. 2009).
3. WEBSTERS NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY (1926).

WEBSITES
1. http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/10279.pdf.
2. http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/International_Labor_Organization.aspx.
3. http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/who-we-are/international-labour-office/lang--
en/index.htm.
4. http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs08/ILOhandbook.pdf.
5. http://labour.nic.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/Divisions/childlabour/Website%20%20Copy
%20(1)%20gyanesh.pdf.
6. http://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/leg/download/rules-regmtg.pdf.

BOOKS
1. Kapoor, S.K., International Law & Human Rights, 18th ed., Allahabad: Central Law
Agnecy, (2011).
2. Sharma, A.M., Aspects of Labour Welfare and Social Security, Himalaya Publishing
House, New Delhi, 1988.
3. Mishra, S.N., An Introduction to Labour Laws, Allahabad Law Agency, Allabhad,
2011.
4. Goswami, V.G., Labour Laws, Central Law Agency, Allahabad, 2012.
5. Nawaz, M.K., Ratification of ILO Conventions by India, Volume 11, (1971).

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