IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-101, No.
6 June 1982 1815
A METHOD FOR ANALYZING HARMONIC DISTRIBUTION IN A.C. POWER SYSTEMS
Aly A. Mahmoud, Senior Member IEEE
Department of Electrical Engineering
Iowa State University
Ames, Iowa
Abstract - This paper presents a method for ana-
lyzing'charActeristic harmonic current propagation into
an AC system. Frequency dependent models of AC network
elements and loads have been developed for the appropri-
ate range of frequencies. This methodology is applied
to two different systems and the responsesof individual
elements and the system as a whole were observed. The
harmonic current flows in the systems appear to be re-
lated-to certain characteristics of the system and its
elements. Input impedance at harmonic frequencies, the
magnitude.of shunt capacitances on transmission lines,
the size and location of the converters, and the repre-
sentation of system loads are all found to be factors
in cdetermining the magnitude of harmonic current flows
in system elements.
INTRODUCTION
Power system harmonics are known to be generated
by a number of sources in the power network. Harmonics
generated.by large synchronous machines are limited by
existing standards and are negligible. In the past,
load generated harmonics were neglected, and in some
cases fed from special substations or through filters.
Loads were mostly leaner with very limited nonlinear
characteristics. Recently, however, the nature of the
load has changed drastically due to energy conservation
methods and the application of solid state devices in
motor control. Loads are becoming highly nonlinear in
characteristics with.a significant increase in primarily
current harmonics. Cogeneration and the new national
requirement for interconnecting small wind and solar
units to the system is another source of serious current
harmonics. 'Since most.of the solid state devices used
in.conjunction with loads yields periodic and even cur-
rent waveforms, one can-assume that the harmonic gener-,
ated by these sources are of the characteristic type.
Characteristic current harmonics are also known to be
generated f.rom DC link converters. However, such har-
monics are usually suppressed by the use of special fil-
ters at each converter terminal.
With the increase in cogeneration and solid state
application, larger quantities of harmonic currents are
expected to be injected into the AC distribution'
transmission network. The effects of these harmonics
on.cables, generators, transformers and other loads re-
present very important.and serious problems.
To determine the impact of these harmonic flows on
the distribivtion and transmission network, the magnitude
of harmonic currents flowing in all the elements of the
power network must be calculated. In this paper, a
method for determining the propagation of characteristic
harmonic currents into the power network is developed.
81 TD 700-4 A paper recommended and approved by the
IEEE Power System Engineering Committee of the IEEE
Power Engineering Society for presentation at the
IEEE PES 1981 Transmission and Distribution Confer-
ence and Exposition, Minneapolis, Minnesota, Septem-
ber 20-25, 1981. Manuscript submitted March 31,
1981; made available for printing July 14, 1981.
0018-9510/82/0600-1815$00.75 1982 IEEE
Richard D. Shultz, Member IEEE
Department of Electrical Engieering
University of Illinois
Urbana, Illinois
METHOD OF APPROACH
During steady state operation the harmonic currents
entering the AC network can be considered as being
generated from ideal current sources. The entire system
can then be modeled as an assemblage of passive
impe-
dance elements with currents being injected at sources'
locations.
The impedances representing the network elements
must, of course,. be modified for each harmonic fre-
quency. Once this is accomplished, they may be assem-
bled 'into a bus impedance matrix. The current being
injected into the passive system at the converters may
then be used to determine the.harmonic currents flow-
ing on each element. This approach requires a knowl-
edge of which harmonics are being generated and the
magnitude of the currents being injected.
DEVELOPMENT OF MODELS FOR NETWORK ELEMENTS
To assemble the elements of a system into a bus
impedance matrix at each harmonic, a frequency depen-
dent model for each element must be developed.
Transformers
A good model for. determining resonance in a
transformer would be one which represents every turn
of the winding and included all turn to turn inductan-
ces and capacitances. Complete representations of
every turn is not practical and cannot be justified.
McNutt et al. [1] suggested a much simpler model by
lumping 'of successive elements. This model is shown
in Figure l(a) and includes sections of leakage induc-
tances with interwinding capacitances and capacitance
to ground for each section. If a steady state AC sig-
nal is applied to the model in Figure l(a), the cir-
cuit can be simplified as shown in Figure l(b).
_ .
and
*,(a)
C D E
A 8
-
A
(b)
III
(c) (d)
Fig. 1. Transformer models.
(a) Sectionalized model of transformer.
(b) Steady state simplification.
(c) First resonance simplification.
(d) Final model with all elements.
1816
Knowing the impedances shown in the model of
Figure 1(b), the resonant frequencies of the transformer Z, =
ra + ju2xlO17 l(r- + ln (6)
could be calculated. Reference [1] reports test re-
r
079L
sults on resonances in transformers which have been ob- where
served in industry. For a typical extra high voltage ra = frequency dependent line resistance to
transformer, the first resonance occurred in a range phase current
from 7kHz to 15kHz. This study is focused on investi- Deq = cube root of the product of the distance
gating harmonics up to the fortieth term. Since the between all conductors
fortieth harmonic is only 2.4kHz, only thefirst reson- the negative
ance of a transformer is of interest in this analysis. If complete transposition is assumed,
For the frequency range which is of interest, sequence impedance also equals Zl-
less than 3kHz, the input impedance has a positively
sloped linear relationship with frequency. To increase Generators
the accuracy of the transformer model a magnetization
branch is added. When harmonic currents flow from the network
into the stator windings of a generator, they create a
Transmission Lines flux rotating at a speed greater than the speed of the
rotor. Thus the harmonic currents react with both the
direct and quadrature axis inductances. This is very
Transmission lines should be represented by the similar to the action of negative sequence currents in
long line model with modifications for tise at frequencies a synchronous machine. In reference [6], the average
greater than 60 Hz. The long line model uses the fol- inductance seen by negative sequence currents and,
lowing series impedances and shunt admittances. therefore' harmonic currents can be approximated by

Zw, == Z sinh yQ ) (1) L2 L$I + Li (7)

2
where
Yy yi yQ Ld = direct axis subtrasient inductance
2tanh2 (2)
2 Z
Z

Lq = quadrature axis subtransient inductance

where
Loads
Y = rEr
Z = zQ Loads are difficult to accurately represent;
= length of transmission in miles however, they can be approximately modeled by making
z = series impedanceof line/mile the proper assumptions. Berg [7] proposed that
y = shunt admittanceof line/mile parallel induction motors could be combined into an
equivalent single machine for sixty cycle analysis.
As frequency increases, the skin effect begins This representation was modified to more accurately
to dominate the resistance. Stevenson [5] presents a model the motor with harmonic current being injected.
method of determining the AC resistance of a round The equivalent motor with modifications and a parallel
conductor as a ratio to its DC resistance. shunt resistance was used to represent loading at a
R ,mr ber(mr)bei' (mr)-bei(mr)ber' (mr) bus. All the reactive power was assumed to be con-
sumed in the reactances of the machine. The real
Ro 2 (ber'(mr))2 + (bei'(mr))2 power was divided between the shunt esistor and the
resistance of the equivalent motor. The division of
mr 0.0636 the power was determined from a knoi: dge of the types
where of load present. Knowing the amount of power flowing
Ro = DC resistance of conductor. into a bus and the percentage of that power which can
be represented as purely resistive, the value of the
Thus, the AC resistance is obtained by equations shunt resistor can be determined.
(1) and (2) as a function of the DC resistance and
An equivalent circuit of the equivalent induction
frequency. motor is shown in Figure 2(a). With a 60 Hz source the
The self inductance of a conductor is composed machine can be represented fairly accurately by the ap-
of an internal inductance and an external inductance. proximate equivalent circuit in Figure 2(b). The hy-
The internal inductance is dependent on the current steresis and eddy current resistance is frequency de-
distribution in the conductor. The internal and
external self-inductances of a conductor are defined pendent and must be corrected for each harmonic.
r xl x2 rl xl x2
by Anderson [61 as
r, xi X2 22 L K
Li = - (3) rL Km r rL2xm 2
8w
_ .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Le = (ln 2t -1- (4) (a) (b)
2Th \r

KR
.em~

I
is given by Stevenson [6] as

Li 4 /ber(mr)ber'(mr)+bei(mr)beI'(mr) rL Xm x2
~~~_(5)
cc

Lio mr (ber?(mr))2+(beil(mr))2 (c) _

Fig. 2. Load models. (d)
where (a) Model of equivalent induction motor.
Li0 internal DC inductance (b) Approximate model of equivalent induction
motor.
Deriving the positive sequence impedance per (c) High frequency model of equivalent induction
mile of a transmission line as shown in reference [6], motor.
the frequency dependent positive sequence impedance is (d) Final load model.
 1817

As frequency increases, the slip of the machine V1 Zll Z12.eeeeZln

increases causing rl and r21s to become negligible
compared to xl and x2 in Figure 2(a). Therefore, at * -
higher frequencies Figure 2(c) can be used to repre-
sent the induction motor. It is also reasonable to Vm Zml Zm2...... Zmn IL (10)'
choose xl and x2 to be approximately equal. xm can be
-
approximated to equal 35xl. At sixty hertz, one can
estimate the magnetizing current to be thirty per cent
of the total current entering the motor. It is also Vnw Znl Zn2Z**0*nn
assumed that at sixty cycles, the current flowing in
rL is negligible compared to the currents flowing in where
xm and x2 of Figure 2(a) and 2(c). Therefore, the
reactive power consumed by the motor at 60 Hz is Zij = transfer impedance between nodes i and j
Zii = driving point impedance at node i
_ = I2 X1 + (.3I)2Xm + (.7I)2X2 IL = magnitude-of harmonic current entering
3 the system at node m
- I2 X1 + (.3I)2 35X, + (.7I)2 X1 Vi =harmonic voltage at node i

I2 X1 (1 + 3.15 + .49) Therefore the harmonic voltages are

4.64 I2 X1 Vi = IL Zim (11)

= (8)
where
I = current entering motor,
Qm = reactive power consumed by motor
Relating V, I, Pm, and Qm, XI becomes
X = Qm
m '-
4.64(p,2 + (% 2)
Since in Figure 2(c) Xm equals 35X2, the parallel com-
bination of these two approximately equals Xl. The
final representation of loads is shown in Figure 2(d)
with sixty cycle impedances defined above.
Other Systems Elements
All other elements, such as line inductor and
capacitor banks are assumed to be pure elements with
constant inductance or capacitance. That is, they
will vary directly or inversely with frequency
depending on the element.
THE IMPEDANCE MATRIX
Several well known algorithms are in use today
to assemble an impedance matrix of a known system. In
each. of these algorithms, the system is assembled
starting with a single impedance and adding one impe-
dance line at a time. The impedance matrix is
modified. for each additional impedance9 Since the
impedances of. a power system change for each
frequency, it is necessary to assemble an impedance
matrix for each harmonic frequency present.
Harmonic Current Flows in Elements
The magnitudes of the harmonic currents
generated and the impedance matrices for the various
frequencies present are obtainable from system and
converter data which is normally known. For these
harmonics, the reference node for the impedance matrix
will be at ground potential. The harmonic voltages at
each node in the system may now be calculated. If a
converter were placed at node m of an n node system,
the matrix equation for the harmonic voltages would be
where i is an integer from one to n. Since the impe-
dance matrix and IL change for each frequency, the
harmonic voltages will also vary. Knowing -the, har-
monic voltages at every node, it is possible to deter-
mine the harmonic current flow on any link.
Vj - V (2
Ijk = (12)
Zik
(9) where
I jk 2 harmonic current flowing on link between
nodes j and h
V - harmonic voltage at node j
Vk = harmonic voltage at node k
Zjk impedance of link between nodes j and k
If there. is more than one converter in the
system, the harmonic current in each element is calcu-
lated for each source separately. All the currents as-
sociated with a particular element are then summed vec-
torially. In order to obtain the proper phase angle for
the currents, it is necessary to know which phase rela-
tionship of the harmonic sources.
APPLICATIONS
The first system which was selected for study was
a small test system with a single largeharmonicsource.
The second system was a much larger system with two i-
dentical medium sized harmonic sources. The response of
the large and small systems may be compared for simi-
larities.
SYSTEM I
System I contains nineteen busses
with twenty
transmission lines and six transformers. Five gener-
ating units connected at two busses were also included.
A one line diagram of System I is shown in Figure 3.
Busses one through six of Figure 1 are 345 kV. The
harmonic source was simulated by a single six pulse
converter. The converter was rated at 1500 MW at
400 kVDC. It operated at a delay angle of 15 degrees.
When loads were included in the analysis, they were
added at eleven busses and totaled 2,133 KW and 537 KVAR.
 1818

F- I
z
w i

z 25 _

2.0_ '

1.5- ~ ~ ~ 1

0 0 < .8 \26 6

X3
Fig. 3. One line diagram of system I.
Harmonic Current Flow
System I was first studied with the converter
located at bus one and without loads being represent-
ed. It was observed that the four 345 kV lines con-
nected directly to bus one carried the largest har-
monic currents at all frequencies. The sixty cycle
data for these lines is given in Table 1. The magni-
tude of the harmonic current flowing on each of these
lines varied significantly as frequency changed.
Table 2 lists the current at the middle of these four
lines for the varied frequencies generated.
Table 2 shows that for some cases, the magnitude
of currents flowing on some of the lines exceed the
value of harmonic current injected by the converter.
This amplification of injected harmonic current may be
more readily seen in Figure 4. In this graph the
amplification of injected current on the four lines
connect to bus one are plotted versus harmonic order.
An oscillatory pattern of amplification for various
harmonic orders is seen. All four of the lines shown
on the graph seem to follow approximately the same
pattern through the nineteenth harmonic. Although the
magnitudes of the peaks vary, the frequency of the
TABLE I
Transmission Line Data for System I.
IShtint
Resist- React- Admit-
Node ance(%)l ance(%) tamiuc (%Z)
57 8i13 1719 2325N 29-31357
HAR,MONIC ORDER
Fig. 4. Amplification of current injected into system
I at bus 1 on lines from bus 1 to the bus
indicated with the system not loaded.
four graphs are very close for this range of harmon-
ics. Beyond that range, however, the amplification
factors seem to be much more individualistic of each
line. The peaks no longer appear at the same harmonic
and the frequencies for each graph are different.
Loads were then.~~~
added to (3
system I and the har-
monic current flows determined again. Table 3 gives
the currents on the four 345 kV lines connected to bus
1 with the system loaded. Figure 5 shows the graph of
injected current amplification with the system loaded.
With system I loaded, the oscillations of the amplifi-
cation graph are significantly damped for harmonic
orders less than nineteen. However, the same general
trends of increases and decreases can be observed.
For both of these cases, the lines seem to respond
differently at low and high order harmonics.
Lower Order Harmonic
Since the current flowing on a line is function
of the impedance of that line and the voltage across
that impedance, it is important to observe the voltage
across these four lines and the series impedances of
Length Number
Voltage in of Sub- TABl .E HIX
Haronic. sur-nt in Per Unit Flnwing on Lines tonsn-ed
T evel(kV) Miles conductors to Bus i of Systen with Loads Represented

1-2 .140 1.803 30.432 345 36.23 2 Ord er | 5 17 11 13 17 19 23 S25 29 35 37

1-3 .080 1.035 17 .436 345 20.78 2 Line 1-2 .195 .148 .151) .070 .013 OIi .103 .1IB .140 .144 .060 .045
1-4 .165 2.272 39.353 345 46.16 2 Line 1-3 .325' .267 .155 .055 .007 .004 .009 .004 .021 .030 .020 .016
1-6 .176 2.506 43.249 345 50.8 2 Lse 1-4
Line 1-6
.582 |.454
.174 .126
.176
.319
.074
.189
.017
.090
.043 .074 .043
.078 .079 .068
.147
.449
.324
1.28
.207
.063
.057
.029
generate2.d
| l Wi .791 .487 .144 .103 .141 .143 .109 .082 .033 .028
1. All impedances are on a lOOMVA base.

TABLE I I
Harmonic Current in Per Unit Flowing on Lines Connected
to 3us 1 of System I without Loads Being Represented.
the lines as they change with harmonic order. Examin-
Harmonic I~ ~ ing Figure 4 for harmonic orders less than nineteen,
Order 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25 29 31 35
it is observed that for the unloaded case the largest
Line 1-2 .281 1.37 .079 .061 .016 .039 .115 .130 .179 .Ii8 .031 r amplification of harmonic current occurs at the
Line 1-3 .202 1.22 .101 .049 .014 .012 .040 .010 .042 .046 .011 .008
Line 1-4 .268 .769 .202 .174 .044 .067 .058 057 .215X 266 123 041 seventh order. Figure 6 shows that for these con-
Line 1-6 .468 2.69 .351 .382 .064 .076 .039 .102 .635 1.12 .036 .022 ditions the voltage across the terminals of the four
cuirante 2.97 1.88 .791 .487 .144 .103 .141 .143 .109 .082 .033 .028 transmission lines connected to bus one are maximums
generated at the seventh harmonic. This could explain the large
amplification of currents on some of the lines at this
harmonic. It is noted that the voltage curves also
follow the same patterns as the current amplification
curves up to the nineteenth harmonic.
 1819
157 6 The magnitude of harmonic voltage across the
430
4.0 E~~~V 4
four 345 kV lines are shown in Figure 7 for the loaded
case. The maximum magnitudes of the votlages are much
z less for the case with load representation. Comparing
ELi Figures 5 and 7 however, it is observed that the
00 amplification curves for the four lines follow the
30 same pattern as the corresponding voltage curves for

I5G * * *;tXi
the lower order harmonics.
0 2.5 It appears that the harmonic voltage across the
terminals of a transmission line is an important fac-
z
tor in calculating the current amplification at the
0 2.0
lower harmonics. From Figures 4 and 5, it was learned
1.5 that the major amplification of injected current for
7.0
fL frequencies less than the nineteenth harmonic occurs
1.0 at the unloaded seventh harmonic. These are also the
.6 conditions where the largest voltage appears across
.6 the lines observed.
.4 It is also interesting to note that there
.2
appears to be a correlation between the input impe-
5 7 11 l3 17 rH Z3 2 29 31 it 37
dance of the system at the converter and the voltages
HARMONIC, ORDER
Fig. 5. Amplification of current injected into system across the transmission lines. The input impedances
I at bus 1 on lines from bus 1 to the bus of the system at the harmonic frequencies are plotted
indicated with the system loaded. in Figure 8 for both the loaded and unloaded cases.
All the impedances fall into a relatively close
cluster with the exception of the seventh harmonic for
the unloaded case. The magnitude of the impedance for
this harmonic is well over three times the next
largest impedance.
zooL
2200
z
1601
140p 5

-i 120 i

z 80
'n
rGe
60[d 2.
401
v)
z 200
n 259 v23
o
-20
H Oi3 il 00 0.10 6CC
U., RESiSTANCE .2
Z -401- 1I
-60 37 i5
L'-803
100
-120-
I, 13 17 24 23
-1 40
H0-2MON!c OROER

Fig. 6. Magnitude of harmonic voltages between the OSF

terminals of transmission lines in system I.
Fig. 8. Input impedances at the various harmonics of
The lines are between 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, and 1-6
and loads are not represented. system I with converter at bus 1 both with
(2) and without (X) loads.
Higher Order Harmonics
For harmonic orders of less than nineteen, it
:i
CL
appears that the harmonic voltage is a primary factor
Ct)
in determining the harmonic current flow. However, it
ui .1
z was observed that beyond that order, the voltages
across the observed lines play a lesser role in con-
z
0 trolling the current. As previously mentioned, the
cn
0 current flow is a function of both the harmonic
..-E (
(n voltage and the impedance of the line. Therefore it
z may be interesting to investigate the series impedance
cr
F- .( of the lines as a funciton of frequency.
En
Cf) The reactive part of the impedance begins to
0 .(
f-Y
u
decrease in magnitude after the seventeenth harmonic.
This continues until between the twenty-ninth and
LLIJ
(D
Cf
thirty-first harmonics, the reactance goes to zero
ti and then goes negative. When this happens the har-
0
3 __t*
-
monic current amplification on that line is very
ii I-, R7 9 23 2?
large. The amplification factor for line 1-6 in the
HARMONIC ORDER loaded case approaches sixteen. The amplification
Fig. 7. Magnitude of harmonic voltages between the factors for those lines which reach a zero reactance
terminals of transmission lines in system I. frequency are significantly larger for the loaded case
The lines are between 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, and 1-6 than the unloaded at those harmonics. This is the
and loads are represented. opposite of conditions at the lower orders.
1820
Also of much interest is the current flow on
those elements of system 1 which are connected to bus
one for the characteristic harmonic closest to the
resonant frequency of line 1-6. Figure 9 shows the
magitudes of these harmonic current flows with the Fz32
w
system loaded. In Figure 9, line 1-6 is very near ~0
its resonant frequency. The current flow at the
center of the line is approximately 15.6 times the
current being injected by the converter. However the
Z
0
r
2).5 -
current at each terminal of that line is about one- w -
z
tenth of the injected current. LL 2.0 -

(.004)
z

,62
IAWS; 2 ") { 008M H
r)(0 65
0 ('016)
IC.0655
015)
@1
Fig. 9. Magnitude of 31st harmonic current on ele-
ments connected to bus 1 of system I with
converter at bus 1 and the system loaded.
Variations in System I
Having observed the characteristics of the
system with the converter at bus one, it is of
interest to learn the effects of moving the converter
to bus seven, a 138kV bus. For most harmonic frequen-
cies present, at least one of the 345kV lines carries
as much current as any other line on the system. This
was true for eight out of twelve harmonics with load
representation and for ten out of twelve without the
loads being represented. Two of the six cases where
345kV lines were not carrying the largest harmonic
current, lines not directly connected to bus seven
were carrying the largest flow. In some cases the
amplification on these lines was greater with the con-
verter at bus seven than at bus one. The amplifica-
tion curves for lines 1-6 and 1-4 with the converter
at bus seven are shown in Figure 10 and 11 for the
12q
,7.5,1-
o 6
01 .2
47
94
5 7 I 1 (3 17 19 23 25 29 31 35 37
HARMONIC ORDER
0(.324)
Fig. 11. Amplification of the current injected into
system I at bus 7 on lines from bus 1 to the
bus indicated with the system loaded.
unloaded and loaded cases respectively. It is inter-
esting to note that loading the system under these
conditions not only damps the amplification curve at
the lower harmonics, but also at the resonant
frequencies. Thus, for the lower order harmonic, the
presence of load seems to significantly damp the peak
current flows. With the converter at bus one, the
addition of load increases the harmonic current flow
at resonance. With the converter at bus seven the
resonant currents were decreasing when loads were
added to the system.
A system variation which would be of obvious
interest is the effect of removing various transmis-
sion lines from the network. With the converter at
bus one, lines were removed from several locations in
the system. The removal of lines closest to the con-
verter seemed to have the greatest effect. Lines
relatively remote to the converter had much less
impact. To illustrate this point, Table 4 lists the
harmonic current flow on line 1-4 for two variations
in the system. Also shown is the percentage change in
the current flow for the two new operating conditions
compared to the original system I flows. It is noted
that for both variations, the changes in current for
the harmonics with orders higher than nineteen are
6

4
significantly less than most of the lower order
harmonics.
z 7.0
SYSTEM II

System I was a small network with a rather large

harmonic source on it. This made it very useful for ob-
serving and analyzing the reaction of network elements
to the characteristic harmonics generated. System II
24.5
is a much larger network consisting of ninety-two busses,
z
ninety-six transmission lines, thirty-three transformers,

2
2.50k
twenty-five generating units, and loads totaling more
i 6 than 8000 MW and 4500 MVAR at thirty-five busses. It
z~~~~~6
.0 , contains both twelve pulse converters of a DC link rated
at 100 MW and 100 kVdc as harmonic sources. The sources
are placed at 138 kV busses, 99 and 100 which are phy-
2 4
sically close but not directly electrically connected.
This system will be helpful in determining the reaction
of a large interwoven network to multiple medium sized
-M harmonic sources.
-4 i
I_I

5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25 29 bI 35 3-7 Influence of Converters Size and Locations

HAP,AMNIC ORDER
Fig. 10. Amplification of the current injected into The system was analyzed both with and without
system I at bus 7 on lines from bus 1 to the loads being represented. It was found that only at
bus indicated with the system not loaded. the lower order harmonics were the harmonic currents
large enough to cause concern. The magnitude of
 1821
Table IV eighty and one hundred sixty six. The flow on the
Harmonic Current Flow on Line 1-4 with Variations line for the unloaded case is almost fifteen per cent
in System I at the midpoint and exceeds fifteen per cent at one
terminal. When loads were added to the system, the
Harm,onic Order 13 1.7 I harmonic current flow on this line dropped to two per
cent at one terminal and less than two per cent at the
l per usi: },.e'93 .j502
P
.4097
i 1606 .u593 0).9 midpoint. The current on line 80-166 and on other
Lines current flow lines in the immediate proximity are shown in Figures
1-6 per cent
removel change from 12 and 13 for the unloaded and loaded cases respec-
tively. While the addition of load did not result in
1"
fuall system
representation ~~~~~~ 3l2?e21ttO 3t
a reduction in eleventh harmonic current on all lines,
Les per unit the larger current flows were significantly damped.
current flow
10-13, I 5 .1159 ..lI .ii5 0.7 l.ii
7-25, per cent
'and ctia1nge fro4
7-12 fulss4nI11 .71l 7.67. 2 7. 6% 4.3
0.086
removed representation (.0619) (.0051 (.0520'
(l0S7) 1
2
( I ol (06191 i0051) 0521 (.1564) (.64) (.1471) .290
Harmonic Order 23 5 29 31 35 37
(.0242) 151 (.0051) (.0521)
per unit .0750 05 1.1S4- .3564 .2465 .0660 ~ .05)1
('02(.0619
( 24P1L2L (_005') (.0527
Lines clurrent flow
1-6 per cent (.0619) (.00511 (.0521)
removed clhange from (_0_17.1564) (1564) (.1478)
)
(.1298)
full systenm , 1 " i V 1.2 66 01 0819) (.05id) .0520
representation

tines c~cuPrrenUt hftow 0 48

0 u46 u633i02 .2100 .0567

7-25, per cent

and chanoe 4rom 3
7-12 11 senstemn
7~12full
uf s >s t em 1 1, 44 t '92 1 1 e' I Y'' 2 2%/
rennvedJ representation Fig. 12. Magnitude of 11th harmonic in a section of
system II without load representation.
currents flowing in the network elements for harmonic
frequencies greater than the twenty-fifth harmonic
were less than one tenth of one per cent for all but a
few exceptions. The current flow for these exceptions
,00711 10039) (.0091
was found to be less than one half of one per cent.
This could be a direct result of the smaller conver- tO (Z.003l979
our l. '009i11 i152001j (.0200-) 10)58~'1 0)041-1
ters used in system II and, therefore, smaller har-
0 i00710 l.00391 (.0091)
monic currents being injected at the converters.
Three lines in System II reach resonant frequency at
less than 2.4kHz. However, the combination of a small E4o1(.071
(@0242).(0t
(.00391' 03}
(.00911
t

injected current and the relative proximity of the so31K 7

1,t~ . T(- 00) (.02001 1.0981) (01641 I
actual resonant frequency to the closest harmonic
frequency present prevent the presence of any extreme 01141 H100?11
')1 .00391) 10095) "

current flows on these lines due to this resonance.

It is important to note the locations of the
sources relative to the rest of the system. The
harmonic sources were placed in the middle of
the 138kV network. Most of the 138kV transmission Fig. 13. Magnitude of 11th harmonic in a section of
lines are relatively close to at least one of the system II with loads represented.
converters. The EHV transmission lines lie on the
outskirts of system II. These lines are, therefore, Input Impedance
relatively remote to the sources. In several of
In system I there appeared to be a relationship
the cases studied, however, the largest harmonic
current flow in the system was on a 345kV transmission
between larger harmonic current flow at lower order
line. Combining both the loaded and the unloaded harmonics and input impedance. It also appears that
cases, a 345kV line carries the largest current in 38%
the same relationship is present in system II. The
of the cases up through the twenty-fifth harmonic. magnitude of the input impedance at busses ninety-nine
and one hundred for the unloaded system at the elev-
Effects of Loading enth harmonic are much greater than the input impe-
dances at any other harmonic for any conditions.
Also observed is the fact that loading system II These are the conditions which also resulted in the
had no universal effect on the harmonic current flow largest current flows in system II. The input impe-
on the lines. Sometimes it increased the current flow dances for busses ninety nine and one hundred are
and sometimes it decreased it. In all cases except plotted in Figure 14 for the lower order harmonics
the eleventh harmonic which will be discussed later, present. At both terminals the eleventh loaded, thir-
it had no drastic effect. Adding loads caused a teenth loaded, and thirteenth unloaded impedances have
change in all the currents, but the effect was never approximately the same magnitude. The unloaded elev-
enough to raise the current flow to near one per cent enth input impedance, however, is shown to be signfi-
for these harmonics. ficantly larger. It is interesting to note that when
The largest harmonic current flow for system II
the system is changed from unloaded to loaded the
occurred at the eleventh harmonic with the system not input impedance at bus one hundred, the converter bus
loaded. With these conditions the current flow was which is very close to line 80-166, decreases by a
relatively large throughout the system. The largest factor of 7.9 for the eleventh harmonic. The current
flow was on a 138kV line which was close to the con- on line 80-166 decreased by a factor of 7.7 when load
verter at bus one hundred. This line connected busses
was added.
1822
20
10 - loL
0
10 20 30 40 50 60
0lI0
-10 - .13 RESISTANCE- -!,
-20 -20L
-30 -30'
-40 -
Lii
-40;-
LiiJ
z50 _ z-50
<-60-60~ ~ ~ -601
Lw701 LL -70r
-830 _-8 0,
-100--_001-
-110-_OL
-120 - - 2C L
-130- - 350L-
-140- -360I
Fig. 14. Input impedances of system II with converters
at busses 99 and 100 with (-) and without (X)
loads.
(a) Input impedances at bus 99.
(b) Input impedances at bus 100.
CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSIONS
From the results of the two systems studied, it ap-
pears that harmonic current flow on system transmission
lines can exceed the current injected by a harmonic
source at any frequency. At lower order harmonics, the
current flow seems to be associated with the magnitude
of the input impedance at the harmonic source for that
frequency. When, graphed, the input impedances tend to
cluster in the right half of the impedance plane within
3ome boundary of the origin. If a frequency happens to
have an input imnpedance whose magnitude is several times
greater than this boundary, then large harmonic voltage
and currents may be expected on some elements of the
system .
As the harmonic frequencies increase, the magni-
t,ude of the injected current decreases. Therefore, in
order to obtain a large harmonic current flow at the
higher orders, the amplification of injected current
for a line would have to be very large. It was found
that this happens when a transmission line reaches a
resonant frequency. Only lines with very large shunt
capacitance resonate at less than 2.4kHz. Therefore,
cables and EHV lines are the most likely to carry
larger higher order harmonic currents. However, even
if a line does resonate at less than the fortieth
harmonic, this is no guarantee that a large harmonic
current will flow. If the resonant frequency of the
line is not near a characteristic harmonic frequency
of the harmonic sources, then the fact that the line re-
sonates at less than 2.4 kHz may have little orno effect
on the harmonic current flow.
The relative location of the harmonic source to a
particular line effects the amount of harmonic current
flowing on that line. However, greater distance from
the source does not always mean less current. This seems
to be particularly true of the higher voltage lines. In
system I, at some frequencies the current flow on some
of the 345 kV line which was relatively distant from the
converter was the largest in the system.
Near resonant frequencies, the addition of loads to
the system effects the harmonic current flow. For in-
stance, the location of the harmonic source will influ-
ence the changes due to load representation. In system
I, with the source at one location, the addition of load
increased current flow at these frequencies, while at
another location it resulted in a decrease.
At lower frequencies, which are not near the
resonance of system transmission lines, the effects of
adding loads are varied. While the addition of load can
20 30 40 50 60 result in either an increase or decrease in harmonic
RESISTANCE Qi current flow, some general observations can be made.
. ,3 When the current flow on a line was small compared to
the harmonic current being injected at the harmonic
source, loading the system resulted in only a moderate
change in current for that line. However, if the un-
loaded current on a line was relatively large, loading
resulted in a significant damping of that current. Thus,
the inclusion of load representation as modeled for this
study definitely effected the critical harmonic current
flows on transmission lines in the system.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to acknowledge the finan-
cial support made available by the Power Affiliate
Research Program of the Iowa State University
Engineering Research Institute.
The authors also acknowledge the valuable
contribution of Dr. C. Calabrese of Consolidated
Edison during the progress of this study.
REFERENCES
I1] W. J. McNutt, T. J. Blalock, R. A. Hinton, "Re-
sponse of transformer windings to systems trans-
ient voltages," IEEE Transactions on Power Appa-
ratus and Systems, Vol. PAS-93, March/April 1974.
[21 R. C. Degeneff, "A general method for determin-
ing resonances in transformer windings," IEEE
Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,
Vol. PAS-96, March7April 1977.
[31 Electrical Transmission and Distribution Refer-
ence Book, Westinghouse Electric Corporation,
East Pittsburgh, PA, 1974.
[41 W. D. Stevenson, Jr., Elements of Power Systems
Analysis, Third Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York,
1975.
[5] W. D. Stevenson, Jr., Elements of Power Systems
Analysis, Second Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York,
1962.
[6] P. M. Anderson, Analysis of Faulted Power
Systems, Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA,
1976.
[7) G. J. Berg, M. M. Abdel Hakim, "Dynamic single
unit representation of induction motor groups,"
IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,
Vol. PAS-95, January/February, 1976.
[8] A. G. Phadke, J. H. Harlow, "Generation of
Abnormal Harmonics in High-Voltage AC-DC Power
Systems, " IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus
and Systems, Vol. PAS-87, March 1968.
[9] H. Sasaki, T. Machida, "A New Method to Eliminate
AC Harmonic Currents by Magnetic Flux Compensa-
tion-Consideration on Basic Design," IEEE
Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,
Vol. 'PAS-90, September/October 1971.
[10] A. Ametani, "Harmonic Reduction in Thyristor
Converters by Harmonic Current Injection," IEEE
Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,
Vol. PAS-95, March/April 1976.
LIST OF SYMBOLS
aC Delay angle
CIL Ratio of internal AC inductance to internal DC
inductance
Y Propagation constant
h Harmonic order
Id DC line current
Ih Harmonic rms current of order h in amps
 1823

IL Harmonic rms current in per unit jnx1 R

Q
Le
Length of transmission line in miles
External inductance of a conductor
IA V V
Li Internal inductance of a conductor NODE
Internal DC inductance of a conductor
1io Absolute magnetic permeability 12
p Pulse number V (KV)
Pm Per unit power consumed by equivalent motor R (Q) =

Qm Per unit reactive power consumed by equivalent LOAD (MW)

motor
r Radius of a conductor
ra Line resistance to phase a current XI = 0.1 R; representing
rL Core loss resistance of equivalent motor transformer leakage reactance
DC resistance of a conductor in series with resistive load.
rR Resistive load parallel to equivalent motor
rI Stator resistance of the equivalent motor Fig. A. Load Model A
r4 Rotor resistance of the equivalent motor
U Overlap angle
x
m
Magnetizing reactance of the equivalent motor
x1 Stator reactance of equivalent motor
x2
y
Rotor reactance of the equivalent motor
Shunt admittance of a transmission line per mile
Long line model equivalent shunt admittance
yzr
z Series impedance of a transmission line per mile NODE
z Long line model equivalent series impedance v 2 ( KV )
Trr
R(a) =

LOAD (MW) x0 .2

Xl = 0.1 R

v2 (KV)
X2 Dx 0W.)3
LOAD(MW)xO.8

Fig. B. Load Model B

Discussion
K. Murotani (Nissin Electric Co., Ltd. Kyoto, Japan): The authors are
to be appreciated for their valuable works on the harmonic analysis. without AC filter
The author's model shown in Fig. 2(d) is very informative for us, Theoretical values
because we believe that the most important factor of the harmonic
analysis is how to represent the load characteristics. We would like to
know if this model has already been confirmed by field measurements
in some actual substations.
The discussor's procedure for the harmonic distribution calculation is
similar to the author's one except following points;
1) The transformer's and generator's impedance Zn at n-th harmonic
frequency is expressed just like
Zn = ro (I + 0.1 In1.5) + jnXl V5
where r O: DC resistance (Zoo)
0.1ron1 .5 frequency-dependent resistance term determined from
measurements
Xl: leakage reactance for transformers, and negative se-
quence reactance for generators at fundamental fre-
quency
The frequency-dependent resistance of the electric machinery is
believed to be more important than the magnetization branch as shown
in Fig. 1(d).
2) Load modelling includes several difficult factors. Some examples
coming from our experiences are shown in Fig. A and Fig. B.
In Fig. A, the load is simulated as a resistor in series with a reactor (i) ' t2>2,~j (3 8~
representing a transformer leakage reactance. Node Number
In Fig. B, the load is assumed to be composed of 80% induction
motor load and 20% resistive load.
The induction motor is represented there as the reactance obtained
from a lock test, which is on average 30% based on its rating. Fig. C. 5-th harmonic voltage on 275kv buses.
Fig. C shows the example of a comparison between the measurement (measured in Oct., 1980)
and the calculation, which are in good agreement with each other.
The field measurement has been done at the 275kV substations in one
of the Japanese utility systems where 22 generators are included with
the total capacity of 6500MVA in about 30,000 km area.
The total number of nodes, branches, and harmonic current sources
in the analytical model are 97,210, and 53, respectively.
The harmonic current sources are assumed to be diverted in the whole
system. Manuscript received November 13, 1981.
1824
A. A. Mahmoud and R. D. Shultz: The authors would like to thank
Mr. Kaneyoshi Murotani (Nissin Electric Co. Ltd., Kyoto, Japan) for
his very informative discussion. As our results indicate, there is no
doubt that the magnitude and order of the harmonics in a power system
are significantly affected by incorporating load models. Thus, har-
monic analyses and their accuracy will depend on the load model used
in the simulation.
With respect to our load model, we would like to mention that
laboratory experiments on 2 to 5 HP machines appear to justify the
model presented. Grouping of various machines have been dealt with in
a number of other publications (1-6). Although we are currently in the
process of evaluating some actual field substation measurements,
analysis of such field data is proving very difficult. This is due to the
large number of variables that controls a substation load.
Regarding the other remarks stated by Mr. Murotani, we would like
to offer the following observations.
1. We still believe that the transformer and generator models
presented in our paper are adequate models for the frequency
range below 2400 Hz. However, the discusser points out correctly
that both the transformer and generator models should contain
frequency dependent resistances. We also agree that the
frequency-dependent resistance of electric machinery may be im-
portant and should be incorporated in second generation models.
We believe, however, that a magnetization branch including eddy
currents and iron losses should be included.
2. The load models used by the discusser appear to be based on ex-
perimental data. These models, however, do not appear to be ap-
plicable at higher order harmonics. At higher frequencies the
total load impedance presented in Models A and B will be very
high and thus the normal load damping effect would be negligi-
ble. Thus while models A and B may very well be applicable at
the 5th and 7th harmonics, they should be modified for higher
frequencies. For instance, the load could still be presented as the
discusser suggests, but parallel R-L combination is used. This will
insure the inclusion of the critically important damping effects of
the load on the harmonics and their propagation.
Finally, we would like to add our voice to that of the discusser to em-
phasize that there is a need for improved power system models that are
applicable for harmonic frequencies up to at least the 50th harmonic.
There is no doubt that there is a need for a second generation
transformer, machine and load models beyond what we and the
discusser have presented.
REFERENCES
1. F. Roohparvar, A. A. Mohmoud, J. Hanania, "Multi-machine
modeling of a group of three-phase induction miotors," Pro-
ceedings of the International Conference on Electrical Energy,
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, April 1981.
2. J. Hanania, A. A. Mahmoud, Al Day, F. Roohparvar, "Induction
motor group representation by variable speed-dependent reactance
model," Midwest Power Symposium, Urbana-Champaign, 1981.
3. M. M. Abdel Harkim, G. J. Berg, "Dynamic single unit representa-
tion of induction motor groups," IEEE Transacitons on Power Ap-
paratus and Systems, Vol. PAS-95, January/February, 1976.
4. G. J. Berg, P. Subramaniam, "Induction motor load representa-
tion," Paper A 79 492-2 Presented at the IEEE PES Summer
Meeting, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, July 15, 1979.
5. C. P. Arnold, E. J. P. Pacheco, "Modelling induction motor start-
up in a multi-machine transient-stability programme, Paper A 79
492-0 Presented at the IEEE PES Summer Meeting, Vancouver,
British Columbia, Canada, July 15, 1979.
6. F. Iliceto, A. Capasso, "Dynamic Equivalents of asynchronous
motor loads in system stability studies," Paper T 74 117-8 Presented
at the IEEE PES Winter Meeting, New York, N.Y,, January 27,
1974.
Manuscript received November 13, 1981.