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Power system protection seminar report

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Rahul Aman
, Working at Orissa Engineering College
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Published on Oct 9, 2015

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Power system protection seminar report

1. 1. Page | 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The satisfaction that accompanies the successful

completion of any task would be incomplete without acknowledging the people whose
constant guidance and encouragement has crowned all the efforts with success. I express
my deep gratitude to Prof.Dr. N.R. Samal, Head of the Department of Electrical
Engineering for his support and inspiration and to my guide Er. Debasish Mishra (Asst.
Professor), Department of Electrical Engineering for permitting me to present the seminar
on SUBSTATION PROTECTION DEVICES. I would also like to extend my deep
 regards to the lecturers of Electrical Department for their guidance and help. I am also
very grateful to my friends without whose support and help this would not have been a
success. RAHUL KUMAR REG.NO: 1201211280 ROLL.NO: 125069 DEPARTMENT
OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

2. 2. Page | 2 ORISSA ENGINEERING COLLEGEBHUBANESWAR CERTIFICATE This

is to certify that Mr. Rahul Kumar, bearing Roll No: 125069 and University Registration
No-1201211280, a student of 7th semester has submitted the seminar report entitled
substation protection devices as per the requirement of the Biju Patnaik University Of
Technology in partial fulfilment of Degree of Bachelor of technology (Electrical
Engineering Department) for the academic year 2012-2016. Guided By:-Dr. N.R. Samal
Professor& HOD Dean Academics Department of Electrical Engineering Er.
DebasishMishra. Assistant Professor Department of Electrical Engineering

3. 3. Page | 3 DECLARATION I, RAHUL KUMAR, hereby declare that the seminar report
Entitled SUBSTATION PROTECTION DEVICES submitted to the OEC Bhubaneswar
is a record of an original work done by me under the guidance of Er. Debasish Mishra,
Assistant Professor in Electrical Engineering, O r i s s a E n g i n e e r i n g C o l l e g e ,
B H U B A N E S W A R . This report is submitted in the partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical
Engineering. The results embodied in this thesis have not been submitted to any other
University or Institute for the award of any degree or diploma.

4. 4. Page | 4 INDEX ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION THREE PHASE DIAGRAM OF

PROTECTION COMPONENTS OF PROTECTION SYSTEM CURRENT
TRANSFORMER (CT) POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER (PT) PROTECTION RELAY
CIRCUIT BREAKER (CB) LIGHTINING ARRESTER (LA) ISOLATOR
CONCLUSION REFERENCES

5. 5. Page | 5 Substation Protection Devices Abstract As we know the safety is very first
requirement for any system. So here I am discussing about some protection devices use in
the Electrical Power Substation. Power-system protection is a branch of electrical power
engineering that deals with the protection of electrical power systems from faults through
the isolation of faulted parts from the rest of the electrical network. The objective of a
protection scheme is to keep the power system stable by isolating only the components
that are under fault, whilst leaving as much of the network as possible still in operation.
In Electrical Power Substation(switch yard) various type of protection devices are used to
protect from different fault. Some of them are: Current Transformer(CT) Potential
Transformer(PT) Protection Relay Circuit Breaker(CB) Lightning Arrester(LA)
Fuse When any type of fault occurs in the system, it is detected by Current Transformer
or Potential Transformer or Lightning Arrester. These devices give the controlling signal
to Relays biased with them. Relay decides whether fault occurs in the particular part of
system or not. When the faults occurs in any section of the system, Protection Relay of
that section comes in operation and closes the trip of the Circuit Breaker, which
disconnects the faulty section. The healthy section continue to supply loads as usual and
thus there is no damage to the equipment and no complete interruption of supply.
6. 6. Page | 6 Introduction Power-system protection is a branch of electrical power
engineering that deals with the protection of electrical power systems from faults through
the isolation of faulted parts from the rest of the electrical network. The objective of a
protection scheme is to keep the power system stable by isolating only the components
that are under fault, whilst leaving as much of the network as possible still in operation.
Thus, protection schemes must apply a very pragmatic and pessimistic approach to
clearing system faults. A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and
distribution system. Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or
perform any of several other important functions. Between the generating station and
consumer, electric power may flow through several substations at different voltage levels.
The apparatus or equipments and their associated auxiliaries employed for controlling,
regulating and switching on or off the electrical circuits in the electrical power system is
known as Protection devices or switchgear. An automatic Protection consists of the
Relays, Circuit Breakers(CB), Lightning Arrester(LA) and Fuse. When the faults occurs
in any section of the system, Protection Relay of that section comes in operation and
closes the trip of the Circuit Breaker, which disconnects the faulty section. The healthy
section continue to supply loads as usual and thus there is no damage to the equipment
and no complete interruption of supply. In this lesion we shall discuss about the various
Protection Devices used in Substation Protection System.

7. 7. Page | 7 Three-Phase Diagram of the Protection CTs VTs Relay CB Control Protected
Equipment

8. 8. Page | 8 Components of Protection System An automatic protection system has mainly

six components: 1. Instrumentation Transformer Current Transformer(CT) Potential
Transformer(PT) 2. Protective Relay 3. Circuit Breaker(CB) 4. Lightning Arrester(LA)
(Surge Diverter) 5. Isolators(Disconnecting switch) 6. Fuse A typical Substation

9. 9. Page | 9 Current Transformer(CT) A current transformer (CT) is used for measurement

of alternating electric current. Current transformers, together with voltage (or potential)
transformers (VT or PT), are known as instrument transformers. When current in a circuit
is too high to apply directly to measuring instruments, a current transformer produces a
reduced current accurately proportional to the current in the circuit, which can be
conveniently connected to measuring and recording instruments. Current transformers are
commonly used in metering and protective relays in the electrical power industry. Design
Like any other transformer a current transformer has a primary winding, a magnetic core
and a secondary winding. The alternating current in the primary produces an alternating
magnetic field in the core, which then induces an alternating current in the secondary
winding circuit. An essential objective of current transformer design is to ensure the
primary and secondary circuits are efficiently coupled, so the secondary current is
linearly proportional to the primary current. Basic operation of current transformer

10. 10. Page | 10 SF6 110 kV current transformer Usage Current transformers are used
extensively for measuring current and monitoring the operation of the power grid. Along
with voltage leads, revenue-grade CTs drive the electrical utility's watt-hour meter on
virtually every building with three-phase service and single-phase services greater than
 200 amperes. CT used in metering equipment for three-phase 400-ampere electricity
supply Current Transformers are also used as the protection device including with Relay
and Circuit Breaker.

11. 11. Page | 11 Potential Transformer(PT) Potential transformers (PT) (also called voltage
transformers (VT)) are a parallel connected type of instrument transformer. They are
designed to present negligible load to the supply being measured and have an accurate
voltage ratio and phase relationship to enable accurate secondary connected metering. It
gives the reference voltage to the Relay for Over-voltage or Under- voltage Protection.

12. 12. Page | 12 Protective Relay A Relay is a logical elements which process the
inputs(mostly voltage and currents) from the system and issue a trip decision if a fault
within its jurisdiction is detected. Inputs to the Relays are Current from current
transformer(CT) Voltage from voltage transformer(VT) Principle of operation
Electromechanical protective relays operate by either magnetic attraction, or magnetic
induction. Unlike switching type electromechanical relays with fixed and usually ill-
defined operating voltage thresholds and operating times, protective relays have well-
established, selectable and adjustable time/current (or other operating parameter)
operating characteristics. Protection relays may use arrays of induction disks, shaded-pole
magnets, operating and restraint coils, solenoid-type operators, telephone-relay contacts,
and phase-shifting networks. Types of Relay According to construction
Electromechanical Induction disc over-current relay Static relay Digital relay
Numerical relay

13. 13. Page | 13 Relays by functions Over current relay Distance relay Current
differential protection Directional relay Synchronism check Basic elements of Relay
Sensing Element Comparison Element Control Element

14. 14. Page | 14 A typical Protective Relay Relay panel

15. 15. Page | 15 Circuit breaker(CB) A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical
switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short
circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and interrupt current flow. Unlike a
fuse, which operates once and then must be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either
manually or automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit breakers are made in
varying sizes, from small devices that protect an individual household appliance up to
large switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city. Operation
The circuit breaker must detect a fault condition; in low voltage circuit breakers this is
usually done within the breaker enclosure. Circuit breakers for large currents or high
voltages are usually arranged with protective rela pilot devices to sense a fault condition
and to operate the trip opening mechanism. The trip solenoid that releases the latch is
usually energized by a separate battery, although some high-voltage circuit breakers are
self-contained with current transformers, protective relays and an internal control power
source. Once a fault is detected, within the circuit breaker must open to interrupt the
circuit; some mechanically-stored energy (using something such as springs or
compressed air) contained within the breaker is used to separate the contacts, although
 some of the energy required may be obtained from the fault current itself. Small circuit
breakers may be manually operated, larger units have solenoids to trip the mechanism,
and electric motors to restore energy to the springs. Types of circuit breakers Low-
voltage circuit breakers Magnetic circuit breakers Thermal magnetic circuit breakers

16. 16. Page | 16 Common trip breakers Medium-voltage circuit breakers High-voltage
circuit breakers Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) high-voltage circuit breakers
Disconnecting circuit breaker (DCB) Carbon dioxide (CO2) high-voltage circuit
breakers Oil circuit breaker

17. 17. Page | 17 Air circuit breaker SF6 Circuit breaker

18. 18. Page | 18 Lightning arrester(LA) A lightning arrester is a device used on electrical
power systems and telecommunications systems to protect the insulation and conductors
of the system from the damaging effects of lightning. The typical lightning arrester has a
high-voltage terminal and a ground terminal. When a lightning surge (or switching surge,
which is very similar) travels along the power line to the arrester, the current from the
surge is diverted through the arrestor, in most cases to earth.

19. 19. Page | 19 Isolators Isolators are used to isolate the high voltage from flow through
line into the bus. It allows only needed voltage and rest is earth by itself if required.

20. 20. Page | 20 Conclusion The objective of the protection devices(system) is to keep the
power system stable by isolating only the components that are under fault, while leaving
as much of the network as possible. There is no fault free system. It is neither
practical nor economical to build a fault free system. Electrical system shall tolerate
certain degree of faults. Usually faults are caused by breakdown of insulation due to
various reasons: Short Circuit, High Voltage, system aging, lighting, etc.

21. 21. Page | 21 References 1.Power System Protection and Switchgear by Badri Ram Tata
McGraw-Hill Education, 01-Nov-2011 2. Fundamentals of Power System Protection By
Yeshwant G. Paithankar, S. R. Bhide 3. Electrical Power System Protection By C.
Christopoulos, A. Wright 4. Wikipedia

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