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t. Univ. Ovidius Constant
a Vol. 9(2), 2001, 3144
31
32 C. Costara and D. Popa
Proof. It is easy to see that the norm of k e k= ||, for each p. Let now
: K2 K be a Hahn-Banach extension of e. Then there exist u, v K
such that (x1 , x2 ) = ux1 + vx2 , (x1 , x2 ) K2 . If on K2 we will consider
max {|u| , |v|} , if p = 1
q q 1
the norm kkp , 1 p , then kk = (|u| + |v| ) q , if 1 < p < , as it
|u| + |v| , if p =
follows from the Holder inequality, where p1 + 1q = 1. As |G = e, then u = .
So we have the cases:
i) If p = 1, then (x1 , x2 ) = x1 + vx2 , (x1 , x2 ) K2 , with |v| ||.
ii) If 1 < p < , then v = 0, so (x1 , x2 ) = x1 , (x1 , x2 ) K2 .
iii) If p = , again v = 0, so (x1 , x2 ) = x1 , (x1 , x2 ) K2
g : l1 R be a Hahn-Banach extension. P As l1 = l i.e. there exist
= ( n )nN l such that g(x) = n=1 n xn , x = (xn )nN l1 and
||g|| = |||| = supnN | n |. But g |G = f , hence g(x) = x1 , (xn )nN l1 with
x1 3x2 = 0, or 1 x1 + 32 x1 + 3 x3 + ... = x1 , |x1 | + |x3 | + |x4 | + ... < .
From this we deduce that 1 + 32 = 1 and n = 0, n 3 i.e. 3 1 + 2 = 3,
n = 0, n 3. So the Hahn-Banach extension g has the expression g(x) =
1 x1 + 2 x2 = 1 x1 + (3 3 1 )x2 , x = (xn )nN l1 . But ||g|| = ||f || = 34 i.e.
max(| 1 | , |3 3 1 |) = 43 , which has the solution 1 = 34 , i.e. f has an unique
Hahn-Banach extension to l1 , namely g(x) = 34 x1 + 43 x2 , x = (xn )nN l1 .
Proof. Let Pbe f c0 . As it is well known there existsP (an )nN l1 such
that f (x) = n=1 anP xn , x = (xn )nN c0 and kf k = n=1 |an |. Let be
g : l P K, g (x) = n=1 an xn , x P= (xn )nN l . Then g is linear and
|g (x)| n=1 |an | |xn | kxk n=1 |an |), x l P i.e. g is continuous.
Using a well known procedure, we obtain that kgk = n=1 |an | = kf k i.e. g
is a Hahn-Banach extension of f to l . Let now
f : l K an another Hahn-Banach extension of f i.e. f |c0 = f si
f
= kf k. We prove that f = g. Let be x l , x = (xn )
nN with kxk 1.
For n N denote by yn = (sgna1 , ..., sgnan , xn+1,... ) l and obviously
kyn k 1. As yn x = (sgn a1 x1 , ..., sgn an xn , 0, ...) c0 and f = g = f
on c0 it follows that f (yn x) = g (yn x). Let us denote h = f g. Then
the above relation shows that h (yn x) = 0, orPh (yn ) = hP (x). We have
n
f (yn ) = h (yn ) + g (yn ) = h (x) + g (yn ) = h (x) + n=1 |ak | + k=n+1 ak xk ,
P n P P
P f (yn ) h (x) k=1 |ak | P
from where =
k=n+1 ak xk
k=n+1 |ak |
|xk | k=n+1 |ak | 0 , since the series n=1 |an | is convergent and kxk 1,
Pn Pn
| xn | 1, n N. So f (yn ) h (x) k=1 |ak | 0 and as k=1 |an |
P
|an | = kf k, we obtain that f (yn ) h (x) + kf k.
n=1
Let us resume, we prove that: x l with kxk 1, n N, yn l
with kyn k 1 such that: f (yn ) h (x) + kf k, (1).
Let be now x l with kxk 1. There exist K, || 1 such
that |h (x)| = h (x) = h (x). As kxk = || kxk 1, from the re-
lation (1) it follows that there exist yn l with kyn k 1 such that:
f (yn ) h(x) + kf k,
or
f (yn ) |h
(x)|
+ kf k i.e. | f (yn ) | |h (x)| + kf k
(2). But: f (yn )
f
kyn k
f
= kf k, n N, from where passing
to the limit for n from (2) we obtain: |h (x)| + kf k kf k, |h (x)| 0,
h (x) = 0, x l with kxk 1, hence by homogeneity: h = 0, f g = 0,
f = g.
34 C. Costara and D. Popa
Proof. Let be f (c0 (Xn | P n N)) . Then there exists (xn )nN
l1 (Xn |Pn N) such that f (x) = n=1 xn (xn ),x = (xn )nN P c0 (X) and
kf k = n=1 kxn k. We define g : l (Xn | n N) K, g (x) = n=1 xn (xn ),
x = (xn )nN l (X). P P
Obviously g is linear P and | g (x) | Pn=1 |xn (xn )| n=1 kxn k kxn k
(supnN kxn k) n=1 kxn k = kxk n=1 kxn k = kxk kf k, x l (X), so
kgk kf k. Let be n N and kx1 k 1, ..., kxn k 1. The sequence x =
(a
P1n x1 , ..., an xn ,P
0, ...) l (Xn | n N), where ak =P sgnxk (xk ) and g (x) =
n n
a
k=1 k kx (xk ) = k=1 |xk (xk )| kgkkxk = kgk i.e. k=1 |xk (x
Pkn)| kgk so
taking the supremum over kx1 k 1, ..., kxn k 1 it follows P that: k=1 kx k
k
kgk, n N, so passing to the limit for n , P n=1 kx k kgk i.e.
kf k kgk. So g is an extension of with kgk = kf k = n=1 kx k. Let be now
f : l (Xn | n N) K a linear and continuous
functional which extend f
with the same norm i.e. f |c0 (Xn |nN) = f and
f
= kf k. We will prove that
f = g. We denote h = f g and let us consider x l (Xn | n N), kxk 1.
Effective determination of all the Hahn-Banach extensions 35
Comment. This example shows that in the Hilbert case the problem of
the effective determination of the Hahn-Banach extension requires the calcu-
lation of the orthogonal projection to a closed linear subspace.
In the next concrete examples the scalar field will be the set of the real
numbers.
The following example cannot be obtained as in the above Examples 1-3,
4, 5, since the structure of the dual space of L(l2 ) is unknown.
Effective determination of all the Hahn-Banach extensions 39
P
an xn = 0}, f : G R, f ((xn )nN ) = x1 . Then the all Hahn-Banach
n=1
extension of f are the following:
P
1) h((xn )nN ) = x1 , if | a1 |< | an |.
n=2
P
P
2) h((xn )nN ) = x1 + an xn , where 1 a1 0, if | a1 |= | an |.
n=1 n=2
P an P
3) h((xn )nN ) = a1 xn , if | a1 |> | an |.
n=2 n=2
P
|an |
n=2
Proof. We prove that k f k= min(1, ), where = . We have |a1 |
P
| f (x) |k x k, x G, i.e. k f k 1. For x G we have a1 x1 = an xn ,
n=2
P
P
from where | a1 || x1 | | an || xn | ( | an |)(sup | xn |)
n=2 n=2 n2
P
( | an |) k x k, i.e. | x1 | k x k, or | f (x) | k x k, x G,
n=2
hence k f k min(1, ). Let be n N. We choose , R such that
(, sgna2 , sgna3 , ..., sgnan , 0, ...) G. Then a1 + (a2 sgna2 + ... +
40 C. Costara and D. Popa
n
P
a xn = 0}, and f : G R, f ((xn )nN ) = x1 . The the all Hahn-Banach
n=1
extension of f , denoted by h, are the following:
1) If 21 <| a |< 1, h(x1 , x2 , ...) = x1 , (x1 , x2 , ...) c0 .
2) If a = 12 , h(x1 , x2 , ...) = x1 + an xn , (x1 , x2 , ...) c0 , where
P
n=1
2 0.
3) If a = 21 , h(x1 , x2 , ...) = x1 + an xn , (x1 , x2 , ...) c0 , where
P
n=1
0 2.
4) If | a |< 12 , h(x1 , x2 , ...) = an xn+1 , (x1 , x2 , ...) c0
P
n=1
P
an xn = 0}, f : G R, f ((xn )nN ) = x1 . The f has a unique Hahn-
n=1
Banach extension of f , namely
P sgna1
h(x1 , ..., xn , ...) = x1 +|a1 | an xn , (x1 , ..., xn , ...) l1 , where =
n=1
Effective determination of all the Hahn-Banach extensions 41
sup | an |.
n2
Proof. We prove that k f k= +|a 1|
. For x G we have a1 x1 =
P P
an xn , so | a1 || x1 | | xn | (k x k | x1 |), i.e. | x1 | +|a1|
n=2 n=2
k x k, hence | f (x) | +|a 1|
k x k, x G, i.e. k f k +|a 1|
. Let
be n N. Choose R such that (1, 0, 0, ..., sgnan , 0, ...) G. Then
a1 + | an |= 0, i.e. a1 = | an |. We have 1 =| f (1, 0, 0, ..., sgnan , 0, ...) |
k f k (1+ | |), or | an |k f k (| an | + | a1 |). Since n N is arbitrary we
obtain k f k (+ | a1 |), i.e. k f k +|a 1|
.
Let h : c0 R be a Hahn-Banach extension of f . From the Propo-
P
sition 5 there exists R such that h(x1 , ..., xn , ...) = x1 + an xn ,
n=1
(x1 , ..., xn , ...) l1 . But k h k= max(| 1 + a1 |, | | ). As k h k=k f k, it
follows that max(| 1 + a1 |, | | ) = +|a 1|
, max(| 1 + a1 |, | a1 | |a1 | ) =
M
+|a1 | , i.e. denoting by x = a1 , M = |a1 | , max(| 1 + x |, M | x |) = M +1 ,
|a1 |
which has a unique real solution x = M1+1 , = a1 (M1 +1) = a1 (+|a 1 |)
=
sgna1
+|a1 | , i.e. the statement.
p 1 1
Proof. We prove that k f k= ( M pM | an |q ) q .
P
+|a1 |p ) , where M = (
p
n=2
| an |q
P P P
For x G, a1 x1 = an xn , hence | a1 || x1 | | an || xn | (
n=2 n=2 n=2
1 1 1 p 1
| xn |p ) p = M (k x kp | x1 |p ) p , i.e. | f (x) |=| x1 | ( M pM
P
)q ( +|a1 |p )
p
n=2
p 1
k x k, k f k ( M pM+|a1 |p ) . Let be n N. Again choose n R such that
p
q1
(n , | a2 | sgna2 , | a3 |q1 sgna3 , ..., | an |q1 sgnan , 0, ...) G. Then
q q
n a1 =| a2 |q +...+ | an |q , | n |= |a2 | +...+|a
|a1 |
n|
. We have | n |=| f (n , |
42 C. Costara and D. Popa
| bn +
P
(xn )nN c0 . But k h k= 2n |, i.e. R is a solution of the
n=1
b|2b1|
| bn +
P
equation 2n |= 1b .
n=1
References
[1] C. Costara, D. Popa, Berkeley Preliminary Exams- Problems book, Ed. ExPonto,
Constanta 2000, in romanian
[3] D. Popa, Operators on the functions spaces, Ed. ExPonto, Constanta 2001, in Roma-
nian.