SILVER OAK GROUP OF INSTITUTES

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MDID QUESTION BANK solution
Unit 5 Limits, Fits and Tolerances
43. Explain with the help of neat sketch the terminology used in relation with the tolerances. What is unilateral
and bilateral tolerance?
1. Hole: Term used for all Internal features
including those which are not cylindrical.
2. Shaft: Term used for all External features
including those which are not cylindrical
3. Actual Size: Measured size of part.
4. Basic Size: Size from which upper limit and
lower limits of parts are determined.
5. ZeroLine: Line representing basic size is
called as zero line
6. Limits: are the two extreme permissible sizes
between which the actual size is contained.
7. Upper limit/Maximum Limit: Largest size for
of part is called upper limit.
8. Lower Limit/Minimum Limit: smallest size of the part is known as lower limit.
9. Tolerance:.= Upper limit lower limit
10. Deviation:.
= Actual size Basic size
11. Upper deviation:
= Maximum limit basic size
12. Lower deviation:.
= Minimum limit basic size
13. Fundamental deviation: is the deviation closest to
the basic size.
If the upper deviation is close to basic size it becomes
fundamental deviation. If the lower deviation is close
to basic size it becomes fundamental deviation.
14. Basic shaft: Shaft whose upper deviation is zero and its maximum limit is equal to basic size is
called basic shaft.
15. Basic hole: Hole whose lower deviation is zero and its minimum limit is equal to basic size is called
basic hole.
16. Allowance: is the prescribed difference between the dimensions of two mating parts (shaft and
hole) for any type of fit. It is the intentional difference between the LOWER LIMIT OF HOLE and
UPPER LIMIT OF SHAFT. Allowance may be positive or negative. Positive allowance is clearance
and negative allowance is interference
44. What is fit? Explain various types of fit with neat sketches.
Fit is the degree of tightness and looseness between two mating parts.
There are 3 types of fits: (a) Clearance fit (b) Interference Fit (c) Transition Fit
Clearance fit:
In this type of fit, the size limits for mating parts are so selected that clearance (Positive allowance)
between them always occur, as shown in Fig.
 Tolerance zone of the hole is entirely above the
tolerance zone of the shaft. Application of
clearance fits is 1) Spindle (shaft) sliding freely
in bush (hole)

Interference fit:

In this type of fit, the size limits for the

mating parts are so selected that interference
between them always occur, as shown in figure

In an interference fit, the tolerance zone of

the hole is entirely below the tolerance zone of
the shaft
Application of interference fits: (1)) car
wheels mounted on shaft
Transition fit:
In this type of fit Tolerance
zones always overlap (Tolerance
zones cross each other)
Transition fit is either
maximum clearance fit or
maximum interference fit.
Applications of Transition
fits: (a) Railway wheels
45. What is interchangeability? State its advantages.
In old days production was limited to small number of parts. The same worker used to produce the parts and
assemble them to obtain necessary fits. But modern trend is towards mass production in which parts are made by
different workers in different plants and assembled in one shop. Under such conditions, the dimensions of the
various mating parts must strictly lie within certain variations so that any one part selected randomly will
assemble correctly with any other mating part that too chosen randomly. Such system is called
interchangeable system or system of limits and fits. Interchangeability is possible only when certain standards
should be followed. When all the parts to be assembled are manufactured in a single unit, local standards may be
followed.
Advantages of Interchangeability:
(1) Increased Production
(2) Reduced Production and Maintenance Costs
(3) Superior quality of worker as he is specialised in one particular field (job)
(4) Assembly time reduced
(5) Standardization is followed.
46. Explain shaft & hole basis system with examples. Differentiate hole basis & shaft basis system with sketches.
Hole basis system

When the hole is kept as a constant member

(i.e. when the lower deviation of the hole is
zero i.e the H-Hole) and different fits are
obtained by varying the shaft size, as shown
in Fig. then the limit system is said to be on
a hole basis. In this system, the basic
diameter of the hole is constant while the
shaft size varies according to the type of fit.
E.g of Hole Basis system is 35H8f7 which is a clearance fit.
Shaft Basis System:
When the shaft is kept as a constant
member (i.e. when the upper deviation of the
shaft is zero like shaft (h)) and different fits are
obtained by varying the hole size, as shown in
Fig. then the limit system is said to be on a
shaft basis. E.g of Shaft Basis system is
35h6P7 which is an interference fit.
47. A journal of nominal diameter 79 mm rotates in a bearing. The upper and lower
deviations in hole diameter are respectively +0.05 mm and 0.00 mm, while those for
shaft are respectively -0.03 mm and -0.07 mm. Calculate: (i) Extreme diameters for hole
and shaft, (ii) Tolerances for hole and shaft and (iii) maximum and minimum clearance.
48. What are the parameters used for surface roughness measurement?
49. Explain the machining symbol with all parameters (How the surface finish is represented symbolically?). Give
symbols for straightness, flatness, parallelism, cylindricity.