Waste Cooking Oil As An Alternative Fuel

EULOGIO AMANG RODRIGUEZ
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

College of Engineering
Waste Cooking Oil as an Alternative Fuel
A Research Project Presented to the

Eulogio Amang Rodriguez
Institute of Science and Technology
In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement in

Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering
Austria, Mark Anthony R.

Franciledo, Joseph E.
Magboo, Laurence P.
Malunes, Glenn Lester M.
Moralde, Rhijayne S.
Nakila, Dareen Mae D.
Paculan, Ronalou P.
Roldan, Jake F.
Rosario, Raymund P.
Simeon, Melvin D.
APPROVAL SHEET
This report entitled WASTE COOKING OIL AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL is

prepared and submitted by Austria, Mark Anthony R., Franciledo,
Joseph E., Magboo, Laurence P., Malunes, Glenn Lester M., Moralde,
Rhijayne S., Nakila, Dareen Mae D., Paculan, Ronalou P., Roldan,
Jake F., Rosario, Raymund P., Simeon, Melvin M. of BSME 4A, in partial
fulfillment of the requirements under the subject Method of Research (MEN
423) for the degrees of Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering, has
been examined and recommend for acceptance and approval for oral
examination.
__________________________
Edilberto Q. Lazaro, PME
Adviser
Approved by the oral examination committee on 2nd of March 2017

with grade of ____.
Edilberto Q. Lazaro, PME Mrs.Marj Hermosa,

ECE
Apolinario S. Sollano, EE Rodrigo M. Garcia,

PME
DEAN, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Chairman
Luisitio B. Tolentino, ME
Chairperson
Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements in

Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
A research paper like this is never the work of anyone alone. The
contributions of many different people, in their different ways, have made
this possible. We would like to extend our appreciation especially to the
following:
We thank God for the wisdom and perseverance that he has been
bestowed upon us during this research project, and indeed, throughout
our life: "I can do everything through him who give me strength."
(Philippians 4: 13)
Engr.Luisito B. Tolentino, professor of this subject Method of

Research, for approving our project proposal, Waste Cooking Oil as an
Alternative Fuel. His support, guidance, advice throughout the research
project are greatly appreciated. Thanks, Sir!
We thank you so much, Engr.Edilberto Q. Lazaro for being our

consultant in this research and for sharing your knowledge in making this
kind of project proposal. Your guidance, suggestions, and ideas were a big
help for us to complete this study;
We also convey a gratitude to M.E. Faculties, whove suggested us

some ideas for the appropriate and fitting of equipment in constructing
this project proposal and shared the best of their knowledge in this study;
Of course, to our friends and classmates for their endless friendship

and encouragement. You guys are the best, we thank you!
Last but not the least, we would like to thank our parents for their
unconditional support, both financially and emotionally. We greatly
appreciated the immeasurable patience and understanding when we are
coming home late and for always requesting money to be used in this
project. Thank you!
To God be the Glory!
CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
The waste cooking oil, also known as used cooking oil, results from
cooking of foods by food cookers, food manufacturers and catering
establishments such as fast food chains, restaurants and industrial kitchens.
This waste is an important waste management concern since it poses some
disposal problems and possible contamination of water and land resources.
As large amounts of waste cooking oils are illegally dumped into rivers and
landfills, causing environmental pollution, proper collection and putting them
into productive use offers significant advantages not only towards waste
minimization or reduction in environmental pollution but also in extending
the finite natural resources thru waste recycling. With the mushrooming of
fast food chains and restaurants in the country, it is expected that
considerable amounts of used-frying oils will be discarded into the drains,
posing hazards to our environment.
In this study, the viability of utilizing used cooking oil as an alternative
cooking fuel resource will be evaluated. The chemical structure of plant or
vegetable oils is different from that of kerosene, thus, they have distinct
physical and chemical properties and have different combustion
characteristics. For example, the flash point and viscosity of plant oils are
very much higher than that of kerosene. There are two types of stoves: the
wick stove and the high pressure pump stove. Previous studies on utilization
of plant oil as cooking fuel found out that plant oils cannot be used in wick
stoves. Due to their high viscosity, the flow velocity of plant oils in those
wicks is very low; hence, the wicks cannot maintain the oil supply and the
flame extinguished consequently. Since the thermal efficiency of wick stoves
is very low when compared with the high-pressure stoves, the high-pressure
stove will be utilized in this study. Owing to the properties of cooking oil, the
commercially available pressurized cooking stove will be utilized with
revisions or modifications of the nozzle, burner and pipeline. After the
pressurized stove is modified or revised, performance evaluation was then
conducted utilizing kerosene and used cooking oil.

Conceptual Framework
Figure 1 A conceptual model showing the project design.
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
Research Design of the Prototype

about waste stove to be modified
oil as an used stove for
alternative Building the waste
fuel and its stove design cooking oil
references Trial and as an
Material and testing alternative
supplies Revisions if fuel
defects found
FEEDBACK
Figure 1, shows the conceptual framework of this study. This framework
is divided into three parts. The first part is the input, which is the research
work about the proposed project and other related references. It also
includes the material and supplies which consist of industrial materials that
are needed for the whole study. Second part is the designing and building the
stove design. It also includes and the trial and testing of the project, and
revisions if needed and if there any defects found. Lastly, this is the finish
product of this study, the prototype modified stove for our research project
waste cooking oil as an alternative fuel.
Objectives of the Study
General Objectives
The main objective of the project is to develop a modified stove that
will be needing in utilizing a waste cooking oil to an alternative fuel.
Specific Objectives
To develop a renewable and sustainable energy alternative to replace
kerosene as a cooking fuel.

To design and construct a modified stove.
To construct it using locally available materials.
To be recognized as a carbon-neutral initiative.
Significance of the Study
This project entitled Waste Cooking Oil as an Alternative Fuel will help
the researchers and also the following:
Environment Instead of waste cooking oil being dumped into
landfills, they can be recycled to create an alternative fuel. The
potential environmental hazards brought about by this waste will
be addressed.
Households, Entrepreneurs This will greatly help the small-scale
entrepreneurs engaged in foods and catering services as well as
households as they will know now that used cooking oil can be
reuse again as an alternative cooking fuel.

Rural Community The design project will benefit and help the
people in the rural for they can make and innovate their own
modified stove from locally made materials.

Student Researchers This study serves as a reference for the
student researchers as this will take as a guide in their project

related to this. This project is also open in development and
innovation.
Scope and Delimitation
Scope
The scope of this research clearly indicate that, alternative fuel derived
from waste cooking oil (WCO) is perhaps the greenest liquid fuel available
because of the primary ingredient being a post-consumer waste product.
Public should be made aware of the ill effects that WCO (overused or abused)
oil has on health and utilizing the WCO for human consumption in any way is
not advisable from health standpoint, and from the environment as well.
As it is found that the consumption of the kerosene in cooking causes
many health hazards, and not proper disposing of waste cooking oil into
landfills and sewers, therefore there is a need to develop a stove using waste
cooking oil as a fuel. This study will use waste cooking oil as an alternative
fuel and to make that possible we made a modified pressurized cooking
stove. Certain modifications were conducted and preparations are also made.
Our stove design has its own concept to overcome the differences of
properties between kerosene and waste cooking oil.
Delimitation
This project design is delimited in utilizing a renewable and sustainable
alternative fuel from waste cooking oil, and to develop a modified
pressurized stove that uses waste cooking oil to follow a similar principle to
conventional pressure stoves, which commonly run on kerosene.
Definition of Terms
The following terms are defined conceptually, or/and operationally.
Terms Definitions
Cooking Oil Cooking oil is plant, animal, or synthetic fat used in
frying, baking, and other types of cooking. It is
typically a liquid at room temperature, although
some oils that contain saturated fat, such
as coconut oil, palm oil and palm kernel oil are
solid.
Waste Cooking Oil Waste cooking oil are spent cooking and frying oils
(WCO) collected from commercial food factories,
restaurants, bakeries, even in household and in
other establishments.
Stove An apparatus for cooking or heating that operates
by burning fuel or using electricity.
Nozzle A cylindrical or round spout at the end of a pipe,
hose, or tube, used to control a jet of gas or liquid.

Vaporizer A device that generates a particular substance in
the form of vapor, especially for medicinal
inhalation.
Kerosene A light fuel oil obtained by distilling petroleum, used
especially in jet engines and domestic heaters and
lamps and as a cleaning solvent.

Fuel Tank A fuel tank is a safe container for flammable fluids.
Though any storage tank for fuel may be so called,
the term is typically applied to part of an engine
system in which the fuel is stored and propelled
(fuel pump) or released (pressurized gas) into an
engine.
Air Tank Air tank may refer to: diving cylinder used by scuba
divers to hold air and other breathing gases at high
pressure underwater. Pneumatic pressure vessel for
storing compressed air to operate pneumatic
equipment such as braking systems, paint
dispensers and paintball guns.

Pressure Gauge An instrument indicating pressure.
Air Regulator An instrument for regulating the flow or pressure
of air in a system.
Ball Valve A one-way valve that is opened and closed by
pressure on a ball that fits into a cup-shaped
opening.
Relief Valve Relief valve is a type of valve used to control or
limit the pressure in a system or which can build up

for a process upset, instrument or equipment
failure, or fire. The pressure is relieved by allowing
the pressurised fluid to flow from an auxiliary
passage out of the system.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter identifies and summarizes a selected number of
investigations which relate to the area of the study of our research Waste
Cooking Oil as an Alternative Fuel and so as to enrich the topic. It also
discusses some topics and ideas from various sources that can strongly
support the efficiency of our research study.
Related Literature
Used Cooking Oil (or WCO)

Used cooking oil is waste or spent cooking & frying oils collected from
commercial food factories, restaurants, arenas, casinos, schools, bakeries,
etc. While the majority of used cooking oils are vegetable based, by no
means should UCO be considered "waste vegetable oil" as there is inevitably
some level of animal fat in UCO, which is naturally derived from the cooking
process, and of course some restaurants cook in fats rather than oils.
Generally UCO should not be considered yellow grease as it may not be fully
rendered or meet the specification commonly associated with yellow grease.
Traditional uses for UCO have been to produce yellow grease for animal
feed, limited use as part of a fuel mixture for boilers or kilns, or simply
dispose of by landfill as part of a waste stream. However, over the past
decade, demand for UCO has increased significantly largely due to the
biofuels/biodiesel market place. Increasingly seen as a sustainable, recycled
and non-food competing product (food vs. fuel debate), used cooking oil has
become the socially responsible, sustainable, lower cost, and often only
locally produced feedstock readily available to biodiesel producers. In
addition to the lower cost and sustainable nature of the feedstock, certain
state and national government agencies have provided additional or
increased incentives for biodiesel produced from used cooking oil. UCO is a
recognized feedstock for USA's Renewable Fues Standard (RFS2) and thus
biodiesel produced from UCO can qualify for RIN's tax credits. California's
Low Carbon Fuel Standard ("LCFS") takes this even further and recognizes
UCO/YG as one of the lowest Carbon Intensity ("CI") feed stocks, and thus
UCO biodiesel qualifies for a significantly higher credit value than fresh oils,
animal fats, etc. Another example is the EU/EC provides a "double count"
benefit for biodiesel produced from UCO, meaning every liter of UCO
biodiesel used toward meeting a biodiesel mandate can be "double counted"
as two liters.
UCO products vary greatly. When originally collected, product may be
completely unprocessed (raw) and generally will contain elevated impurities,
water and free fatty acid levels. In severe cases low grade unprocessed UCO
product may contain bags, gloves, plastic, towels, and any other items which
find their way into the collection bin. Additionally unscrupulous persons may
dump used motor oil or paint/solvents in to the collection drum which
effectively contaminate the oil and render it useless. The picture to the right
at the top is very low quality UCO collected from restaurants and has no
processing done to it. FFA was about 17% and has increased to 22 over time.
Water contents is about 30% and is one of the causes for increasing FFA
(water and heat can increase FFA by 1% or more per week). Pictured in the
middle on the lower right is another UCO product. This is collected from
closed loop restaurant oil systems and tends to be higher quality than UCO
collected from drums and barrels, but has significant levels of animal fat
and/or hydrogenated/saturated fats and oils. This product shows clear veg oil
on top, and bottom layer of saturated/hydrogenated fats and oils. FFA is
about 6-9% on this and MIU about 4%. This material comes from one of the
main national restaurant cooking oil automation companies.
Waste Cooking Oil and the Waste Management Plan
The use of WCO as a fuel is consistent with the Reduce,
Recycle, Reuse policy of Waste Management Plan. Also if WCO is

declared unsuitable for animal feed, the major outlet for recycled
WCO will be removed and the majority of the oil would only be fit for
final disposal. Utilizing WCO as a fuel would be consistent with
Action 42 of the Waste Management Plan, which states Energy
shall be recovered from all waste restricted to final disposal, if
possible. At present, with an outlet for the recycled WCO.
Waste Cooking Oil Resource
As with every renewable resource a distinction must be made between
the available resource and the collected resource. The available resource is
all the oil that is used for cooking. The collected resource is the amount of oil
that has been collected for recycling. A waste management plan would aim
to have both resources equal to each other.
Collected Resource
It is difficult to establish the exact amount of Waste Cooking
Oil in the Philippines at present, as there are no official figures for
this waste stream and there are many different companies involved.
Stove
The basic principle of working of the stove (and many other similar
devices) is to enable to have a complete combustion of the kerosene.
In a simple way any liquid fuel is difficult to burn completely because
all the portions do not get sufficient oxygen hence incomplete combustion
occurs which results in
inefficiency and black soot
formation. As compared to
that a gas can have a
complete combustion if it is
premixed with air/oxygen.
That is what is
achieved here. Kerosene is
first converted to vapor and
then mixed with air before the burning.
The tank contains the kerosene and is also sealed. You pump air
through the pump and create a pocket of compressed
air on top of the kerosene. This
kerosene goes through the pipe as
liquid kerosene. The trick is the
pipe has a bend that goes over the
flame before it ends in the jet
nozzle. So in this bend the kerosene is
vaporized. Vapor kerosene comes out of the jet at a precisely defined speed.
The size of the nozzle hole is critical.
This vapour gets mixed with air by the venturi principle. This forms a
mixture which is the premix necessary for complete combustion. Then it
burns in to a blue flame which is typical of complete combustion.

Why is does not burn before the mixing? There is such a thing as a
flame speed for a given fuel and air mixture. The vapor coming out should be
moving faster than the flame speedthat is the purpose of the jet. The flame
separates from the nozzle and settles down at a distance where the (slowed
down) speed of the vapor / air mixture is equal to flame speed.
Principle of Operation of Stove
To light the stove, the user pours a small amount of alcohol into a
circular "spirit cup" just below the burner and lights it to pre-heat the burner
assembly. When it is hot, the user pressurizes the tank by means of a small
hand pump integrated into the housing, which forces kerosene from the tank
up through the rising tube (A) and the ascending pipe (B) to the pre-heated
burner head (C), where the fuel is heated and vapourized. The kerosene
vapour is then forced under pressure through the descending tube (D) to the
vapour nozzle (E); here it sprays through a jet in the middle of the burner,
where it mixes with air and burns in a sootless blue flame. The heat from that
flame vapourizes more fuel to sustain the process when the spirit cup burns
out. The user can pump the tank more to increase the pressure and make
the flame larger; turning a small "air screw" (usually located in the filler cap)
will release pressure from the tank and make the flame smaller.
If no alcohol is available for lighting, a twist of cloth or even dry grass
will form a wick in the spirit cup. Pumping once will dispense a small amount
of kerosene to dribble down into the cup which will then light using the wick.
As the flame dies down, a further gentle pump will either ignite the main
burner or dispense more kerosene into the spirit cup.

Prior to the introduction of the Primus, kerosene stoves were
constructed in the same manner as oil lamps, which use a wick to draw fuel
from the tank to the burner and which produce a great deal of soot due to
incomplete combustion. The Primus stove's design, which uses pressure and
heat to vapourize the kerosene before ignition, results in a hotter, more
efficient stove that does not soot. Because it did not use a wick and did not
produce soot, the Primus stove was advertised as the first "sootless" and
"wickless" stove.
Illustration of Burner Assembly. A:
Rising tube (from fuel tank); B:
Ascending tube; C: Burner head; D:
Descending tube; E: Vapor nozzle.
The ascending tubes and descending
tubes are at right angles to one another.
Related Studies
Utilization of Used Cooking Oil as an Alternative Cooking Fuel
Resource
Publication Date: January 2017
Inventors: Namoco, Comaling, Buna
Abstract
In this study, used cooking oil was utilized as an alternative cooking
fuel resource. A survey was conducted to selected major food chains and
restaurant in Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines. Survey results revealed that
generation of used cooking oil in these selected establishments on a weekly
basis is considerably huge in volume. Modifications have been made to a
commercially available pressurized kerosene stove taking into consideration
the characteristics of the used cooking oil. The cooking performance of the
modified stove using used cooking oil as fuel was then investigated.
Collection and filtering of used cooking oil
Used cooking oil was collected from major food chains and restaurants
in the city. Collection of the used cooking oil depends on the way the
establishments disposed their waste as there are establishments who will
sell the waste oil to contracted buyers only. The used cooking oil was filtered
to remove solid residues. Filtering was conducted by using coarse to fine
layer nylon wire mesh as filter to remove any contaminants and residues.
The used cooking oil must be thoroughly filtered to prevent the fuel lines and
nozzle from clogging.

Revision and modification on the commercially available
pressurized cooking stove taking into consideration the properties
of used cooking oil
Design
Since the commercially available pressurized cooking stove is intended
for kerosene fuel, revisions and modifications in the nozzle and vaporizer has
been conducted. This is due to the difference in the properties of cooking oil
as compared to kerosene. As the oil tank is pressurized, the fuel flows
through the oil line which can be regulated with a valve provided in the line.
Flame holder is also introduced in the proposed stove. An additional fitting is
also added to the regulator. The vaporizer is designed in such a way that it
will be easy to maintain and clean. The materials used for the vaporizer are
3/16 copper tubes which are coiled horizontally for better efficiency of
flame. In the design of the nozzle, the spray nozzle exit angle will be
modified in such a way that as the gas flux emits from the nozzle into the
burning area, the gas mixes with surrounding air and burns in a blue flame.
Figure-1 shows the perspective view of the proposed modified design.
In this figure, the different parts of stove such as the vaporizer/copper coiled
nozzle are shown. Figure-2 shows the vaporizer/coil copper tube. The coil
has 4 loops with a diameter of 2 inches. The distance between nozzle and
loop is 1.5 inches. In Figure3, the three modified nozzle which can be used
with the stove are shown. These nozzles are threaded depending on the
fittings. Figure-4 shows the front view of the stove frame and the coiled
copper tube with nozzle attached in bracket.

Figure 1. The perspective view of
the modified stove.
Figure 2.
The designed vaporizer and
nozzle.
Brass metal is used in the fabrication of the modified nozzle and
fittings. The nozzle is made of inch hexagonal in a diameter brass metal.
The vaporizer is made up of 3/16 copper tube. Proper sizes must be
observed since the fuel will leak if under sized threads are used.
The first nozzle was made up of an inch in a diameter having 4 holes
in the top to equally distribute atomized gas goes out in a nozzle. The
second one has a single hole but there is an additional fabricated accessory
which is in the form of a castle. Equally divided holes were rounded along the
cylindrical corner. At the top, there is a cone- shaped brass metal that
functions for spreading the flame. The nozzle is connected to a flared union
which is attached to a vaporizer and connected to a flared nut for easy
disassembling during cleaning.

Figure 3.
Three different
nozzles considered in Figure
4. The image of the front
view of
the study. stove frame.
Testing and fine tuning
After the fabrication, the performance of the modified parts was then
tested. Before starting the test, all fittings were installed correctly and
properly. They were properly tightened to prevent from leakage and losses of
fuel and pressure.
Coconut Oil as Cooking Fuel

Model Project: Plant Oil Cooking Stove for Developing
Countries
Publication Date: 11-12 March 2002
Inventor: EURONATUR (European Nature Heritage Fund)
Abstract
Two of the most important development issues facing the Philippines in
the 21st century are the food security and the sustainable and affordable
energy supply particularly at the household level.
In 1998, 30 % of the total primary energy used in the Philippines was
covered by biomass of which fuel wood and charcoal supplied 56 % and 6 %,
respectively. Agricultural wastes like coconut husks, rice husks or maize cobs
were accounted for the rest. Only 25 % of the total biomass energy used is
donated to the industrial sector whereas the remainder is employed in the
residential sector, especially utilized for cooking and water heating.
More than half of the 13 million families in the Philippines live with less
than 5000 pesos per month. Among those families in the urban and
especially in the rural areas the vast majority fulfills their daily cooking
requirements with the traditional cook stoves applying open wood fires.
Those open fires have very low efficiencies of less than 10 %.This
results in a consumption of more than 2 tons of firewood for an average
family in one year which sums up to a total of more than 38 million cubic
meters of fuel wood in the whole country. Due to population growth the
number of households utilizing firewood in the Philippines is increasing.

However, due to the deforestation the total amount of firewood used is
decreasing. According to the lack of wood available the population faces
wood shortages in many regions of the country. Hence, collection of firewood
becomes increasingly difficult and time-consuming and the families have to
pay steadily rising prices for the fuel wood, respectively.
The deforestation has serious ecological consequences like an
increased soil erosion. Especially in the Philippines soil erosion is a
tremendous problem, since intense tropical rainfalls result in devastating
amounts of soil losses and silting-up of coastal regions. In addition, soil
fertility is diminished and the natural water cycle is disturbed.
The lack energy due to firewood deficiencies is partly covered by an
increased utilization of agricultural wastes. Those crop residues are normally
left on the field in order to protect the soil from erosion and remain in the
nutrient cycle, respectively.
Next to those ecological problems, cooking on open fires comprises
serious health risks for the users. The emissions of those fires include
numerous products of incomplete combustion like carbon monoxide, nitrogen
oxide, divers hydrocarbons, and suspended particulate matters. The
concentration of those components very often exceed the values of health
standards by far. For example, during one day an average rural woman is
exposed to the quantity of benzo-alpha-pyrene (BAP) which equals to
smoking of 450 non-filter cigarettes. The noxious gases cause respiratory
diseases like chronic bronchitis and lung or throat cancer. A study for
Indonesia revealed that 29% of the deaths of children aged 1 to 4 years were
caused by respiratory illnesses due to open fire emissions. This is the second
highest death reason following diarrhea which accounts for 37 % of the
deaths. Other health effects of open fire emissions include severe eye
diseases like blindness.
Plant Oil Cooking Stove
Coconut oil is used since it abundantly available in the Philippines.
Within the project, a first long-term testing of the stoves within a developing
country takes place as well as the suitability of coconut oil as cooking fuel is
investigated.
In terms of handling and functioning the new plant oil cooking stoves
equals the well-known kerosene pressure stoves. In those stoves pressure is
induced in a tank through application of a pump. The liquid evaporates in a
vaporizer and emits through a nozzle into a combustion area. The jet
rebounds at a rebounding plate, mixes with ambient air and burns in a blue
flame. The combustion area is surrounded by a flame holder. The power
output is adjusted with a valve regulating the fuel flow. For ignition, a small
amount of ethanol is incinerated in a pre-heating dish beneath the vaporizer.
However, kerosene and coconut oil have very distinct physical,
chemical, and combustion properties, therefore a completely new
development of the cooking stove was necessary. Those property differences
are according to the distinct chemical structure of these two liquids.
Kerosene consists of hydrocarbon molecules with chain lengths of C10

whereas coconut oil comprises of tri-glyceros with predominantly saturated
fatty acids. For example, the viscosity of the coconut oil is 20 higher than the
value for kerosene. Nevertheless, since the gross calorific value per volume
of coconut oil is 33.2 MJ/l and therefore only 4 percent lower than the value
for kerosene, the oil can be regarded as suitable substitute. Since the
temperature of the coastal areas in the Philippines remains always above 22
C which is the melting point of coconut oil, the coconut oil can be used as
cooking fuel during the entire day.
In preliminary investigations on utilizing plant oils as cooking fuel the
stoves by other research groups needed an admixture of at least 50 % of
kerosene to the plant oil in order to perform satisfactorily. However, residues
of the fuel mixture clogged the vaporizer and left the cookers unusable after
short operation time.
The new cooking stove from Hohenheim University, however, allows
continuous operation with pure plant oils. The main focus of the investigation
were the new design of the burner, especially the vaporizer. Plants oils in
general have very elevated flash points, the flash point of coconut oil in
particular is at 188 C, whereas the value for kerosene is at 88 C only.
Therefore, the retention time of the fuel within the vaporizer of the
Hohenheim plant oil stove is increased considerably. Moreover, at
temperatures around 250 C, the molecules start to dissociate leaving
cracking products at the vaporizer walls which may lead to clogging. The
amount of those cracking products formed is considerably higher for the
plant oils than for kerosene which is represented by an elevated value for the
carbon residue. Therefore, in the Hohenheim design the vaporizer can be

released from the cooker frame. Thus, the vaporizer can be cleaned
manually with a wire rope.
Like the kerosene stoves, the cooker is started with a small amount of
ethanol being incinerated in the pre-heating dish. This flame heats up the
vaporizer until operation temperature is reached. Regarding power output
and efficiency the plant oil stove is comparable to kerosene stoves.
Utilization of coconut oil as fuel, however, prevents users from severe
operating risks related to the easy inflammation of kerosene. In addition, the
emissions of the plant oil stove are very much lower than the ones for open
fires and are within the same range of the kerosene stove emissions.
The local oil production strengthens the decentralized structures
providing employment and income opportunities. Utilization of the plant oil
stove assures a sustainable cooking energy supply and will directly increase
the living standard for rural population.
Utilization of coconut oil as cooking fuel encloses many other socio-
economic benefits for the user which are, among others:
- time and effort associated with firewood collection will be reduced
considerably
- utilization of plant oils as fuel secures a long-term and independent heat
energy supply for meal preparation and boiling water
- handling of the coconut oil is both simple and free of danger
- plant oils substitute imported fossil fuels like kerosene

The stove itself can be produced locally and can be easily maintained
within even rural settings. This provides income opportunities for the local
population. The low production costs enable a sale at competitive prices.
Transferability Aspects
Open wood fires are the predominant household cooking stoves in
many tropical and subtropical countries cooking. In general, the problems
outlined in the first section of the paper are prevalent for numerous regions
of the Tropics and Subtropics.
In general, all plant oils liquid at ambient temperatures can be utilized
as cooking fuel. The Hohenheim plant oil stove was already tested
successfully with Jatropha oil, sunflower oil, rapeseed oil, and palm oil,
among others. Moreover, it can be fuelled with divers plant oil esters and
even with kerosene or diesel fuel if necessary.
Since operation and handling of the plant oil cooking stove is similar to
the wide-spread kerosene pressure stoves, it can be easily introduced not
only in the other areas of the Philippines, but also in other developing
countries. The design of the stove allows easy modification in order to meet
local conditions. Even though the prototype is developed as a one-flame
cooker it can be easily adopted to a cooking stove with multiple flames.
Depending on the required cooking task, the burner can be built in different
sizes with distinct power outputs.
Performance Evaluation of Cooking Stove Working on Spent
Cooking Oil
Publication Date: February 2015
Inventor: Jambhulkar, Nitnaware, Pal, Fuke, Khandelwal,
Sonule, Narnawre, Katekar
Abstract
This paper deals with the use of spent cooking as a fuel in kerosene
stove In order to avoid the reuse of spent cooking oil for cooking which has
adverse effects on the health of human being, corrective steps are needed
to be taken. With an approach of alternative fuel for kerosene pressurized
cooking stove. Kerosene is one of straight-run fractions resulting from
distillation of crude oil between 205C and 260C, having initially flash point
of 38-72C, boiling point of 150C to 300C auto-ignition temperature of
220C. Main components of oil and continues on kerosene as fuel for
cooking, heating and lighting. Electrified households in rural areas also use
kerosene as a backup fuel due to the interruptive and poor electricity supply.
It is widely used in power jet engines, for the manufacture of
insecticides/herbicides/fungicides to control pest, weeds and fungi. It has
been estimated that nearly 855 million people use 9.101 MT (2011-12) of
kerosene for cooking. Kerosene has been promoted as an alternative fuel to
biomass in rural areas. Thermal efficiency of kerosene stove is 2040%
depending on stove and cooking equipment design.
Using Used Cooking Oil as Kerosene Pressurized Cooking Stove
Fuel and Designing of Stove
The Renewable Energy Development Institute (REDI), Germany, has
been working for more than 20 years to develop a simple cooking stove
using different fuels such as kerosene, diesel, vegetable oil, etc. The fuel
tank is kept at a higher level to facilitate gravity flow. The Institute of
Agricultural
Engineering in the Tropic and Subtropics of Hohenheim University,
Germany, has been experimenting on a vegetable oil cooking stove. The fuel
passes through the flow regulator valve, vaporizers and a spray nozzle. The
combustion space is covered with a flame holder having many holes to
supply sufficient air. The fuel tank consists of two parts. Initially the stove is
ignited with kerosene and after 23 min of operation, the kerosene valve is
closed and vegetable oil is injected. Leyte State University, Germany, has
developed a plant oil stove for Bosch and Siemens for marketing in
Philippines. They have achieved efficiencies up to 4050%. Other universities
and institutions that have also contributed to the development of vegetable
oil stoves are GTZ Probec Protos Stove Tests Tanzania, Working Group of
Development Techniques (WOT), Enschede, and Netherland. All these stoves
call for modification and fabrication of fuel tanks, burners, pressure pump
and feed pipe lines in the standard stove.
The standard stove consists of:
a. Fuel tank
b. Hand pressure pump developing 1.6-1.8 bar pressure in the fuel tank
c. Burner with suitable preheating and fuel injection arrangement and
d. A manual control device and a pin for mass flow rate of fuel.
Due to the pressure created in the fuel tank, the fuel flows through the feed
line. The flow of the fuel is regulated with a valve provided in the oil line.
Initially, the fuel is heated in the burner plate to vaporize and raise the
temperature above fire point. The hot fuel mixes with the air and gives out a
yellow-blue flame. The efficiency of the combustion is a function of:
a. Temperature of oil
b. Vapor to liquid ratio
c. Mixing efficiency of fuel with air.
Equipment that need to be incorporated in modified kerosene
pressurized cooking stove: - modified commercially available burner (copper
plate brazed to the fuel injection), spray nozzle with modified exit angle,
location of the vessel.
To compute the thermal efficiency, experiments were carried out to
determine the energy consumed for:
a. Sensible heat to heat the vessel

b. Heat supplied to a known quantity of substance say water at given
temperature and at atmospheric pressure. The experiment is needed
to be repeated three times for obtaining accuracy.
Heat utilized
Thermal efficiency =
Heat supplied
For many years, researchers tried to design a combustion system
causing low air pollution through complete combustion of hydrocarbons.
Various techniques, such as air-fuel mixing, ignition, temperature controlling
combustion chamber, catalyst, etc. are not able to completely solve the
problems yet. Low efficiency of combustion heat, unburned fuel and air
pollution (like CO, NOx,SOx) are still problems now. Enhancement of

hydrogen reactivity is one of important ways in order to reach the complete
combustion. There is a novel technique called Magnetization. Magnetization
of hydrocarbon fuel which is diamagnetic, breaks clusters of hydrocarbon
molecules and changes the electron spin direction of para state (low
energetic) into orthostate (high energetic). They are normalized,
independent and distant from each other, having large surface available for
binding (attraction) with more oxygen (better oxidation). Finally, complete
combustion can be achieved. The other advantages are:
Increase in the combustion efficiency.

Magnetization technique is relatively cheap and not dangerous comparing
to existing additive fuel.

The declustering, polarization and reactivity phenomena due to
magnetization of hydrocarbon are still in controversy which are explained
by limited scientific publications. Before combustion, the kerosene will be
magnetized by magnetic field. The distance of magnet from burner has
effect on thermal efficiency. Kerosene with the aid of air pressure, forced
from the fuel tank passes to the burner through main fuel supply pipe and
rises through the rising tube further through the ascending pipe to the
preheated burner head, where the fuel is heated and vaporized. The gas
produced from the kerosene flows further on, and through a narrow
opening, the jet mixes with the air outside where it burns with a blue,
smokeless flame, turning a small "air screw" (usually located in the filler
cap) will release pressure from the tank and make the flame smaller. In the
modified pressurized kerosene stove, a copper coil of 2 turns is wound
around the burner. The height of the coil is just below the cup of the
burner, such that the flame doesn't get into the direct contact of the coil.
Both the ends of the coil are brazed to the main fuel supply pipe of the
stove, and the main fuel supply pipe is blocked by means of cutting
between the two coil ends. This arrangement is made in view so that the
fuel only passes through the coil.

CHAPTER III
Development of the Project
This chapter presents the supplies and materials, tools and equipment,
methodology, try-out and revision, timeframe and work analysis, cost
analysis of the modified stove and used cooking oil.
A. Supplies and Materials
The table presents the list of supplies and materials, and its equivalent
material cost.
Materials Quantity Unit Cost Total

Flat bar 5 4.6 ft. 33.00 per ft. 152.00
Flat bar 1 ft. 122.00 per ft. 122.00
3
' ' x1'
16
Angle bar 5 5 ft. 30 per ft. 150.00
2 Burner 2pcs. 160.00 320.00
Burner Switch 2pcs. 186.00 372.00
High Pressure Air 1pc. 450.00 450.00
Regulator
Cap Screw w/ nut 7pcs. 13.00 91.00
3 ''
x 1' '
16
Close Nipple 4pcs 40.00 160.00
3''
x 1' '
8
1 1pc. 150.00 150.00
Brass tee 4
Brass Cross tee 2pc. 270.00 540.00
1
4
Air lock 1pc. 370.00 370.00
1 1
(Male) x ( Male)
4 4
Flare Adapter 1pc. 75.00 75.00
1 1
(Male) x ( Male)
4 4
Tank 1pc. (2.5 kilogram 450.00 450.00
capacity)
1 4pcs. 12.00 48.00
Brass nut 4
1 2pcs. 12.00 24.00
Brass cap 4
1 19 ft. 16.00 per ft. 304.00
Copper tube 4
BI Seamless Nipple 2pcs. 25.00 50.00
1
' ' x2' '
4
1 3pcs. 30.00 90.00
Coupling 4
Heavy Duty Cap 2pcs. 35.00 70.00
1
4
Test Pump 1pc. 2,800.00 2,800.00
Pressure gauge 2pcs. 80.00 160.00
Teflon tape 3pcs. 14.75 44.25
Thermometer 1pc. 450.00 450.00
Pet cock valve 4pcs. 20.00 80.00
Nozzle 1pc. 100.00 100.00
Graduated 1pc. 110.00 110.00
cylinder
Plug 1pc. 45.00 45.00
Hose bail 2pcs. 45.00 90.00
Hose Clamp 3pcs. 22.00 66.00
Hose 1meter 18.00 18.00
Hose Adapter 1pc. -- --
Air tank 1pc. (13.6 -- --
kilogram capacity)
Total -- -- 7,951.00
B. Tools and Equipment
The table presents the list of tools/equipment used in our research
study and their functions as well.

Tools/Equipment Functions
Vise Grip
Locking pliers, mole grips (mole wrench)
or vise
College grips are pliers that can be locked
of Engineering
into position, using an over-center action.
One side of the handle includes a bolt
that is used to adjust the spacing of the
jaws, the other side of the handle
(especially in larger models) often
includes a lever to push the two sides of
the handles apart to unlock the pliers.
Adjustable Wrench
An adjustable wrench or adjustable
spanner is a wrench with a "jaw" of
adjustable width, allowing it to be used
with different sizes of fastener head (nut,
bolt, etc.) rather than just one fastener,
as with a conventional fixed spanner.

Angle Grinder
An angle grinder, also known as a side
grinder or disc grinder, is a handheld
power tool used for grinding (abrasive
cutting) and polishing.
Hand Drill
A hand drill is a tool fitted with a cutting
tool attachment or driving tool
attachment, usually a drill bit or driver
bit, used for boring holes in various
materials or fastening various materials
together with the use of fasteners
Pliers
C. Methodology
Construction Procedure
Since the commercially available pressurized cooking stove is intended
for kerosene fuel, this study will use waste cooking oil as its fuel and to make
that possible we made a modified pressurized cooking stove. Certain
modifications were conducted and preparations are also made. The stove
design has its own concept to overcome the differences of properties
between kerosene and waste cooking oil.
Construction of the Stove
1. As show in the Figure 1, angle bars
and flat bars are used for the
construction of the frame/body of
the stove. The fabrication of the
frame was done with the help of a grinder,
wielding machine, hacksaw, C-clamps,
hammer, vise grips, power drill, bench vise
and steel tape.
Figure 1
2. With the use of the grinder, cutting and bending of the angle bars
were much easier.

3. Wielding machine was use to fuse flat bars onto the frame/body of
the project for stability and durability
purposes. (As shown in the Figure 2)

4. We also installed rubber footings for
the stability of the frame.
Figure 2
Fabrication of Customized Fuel Tank
1. A 2.5kg capacity tank was use as the main receptacle of the fuel
(Oil);
2. Then wieldable couplings were installed onto
the tank using the wielding machine. (As
shown in Figure 3)
3. Three holes were drilled just as big as the
size of the couplings for fit and
equal flow of fuel and air.

4. The tank was then assembled onto the
body of the stove and;
observations and adjustments were
made.
Figure 3
5. After the adjustments and fixtures are made, the main parts receive
paint coatings for cleaner and better outlook of the project.

6. Then fittings were installed. Pressure gauge, copper tubes, close
nipples, seamless nipples, plug, compressor
tees, valves (relief valve, ball
valve), nozzle, burners, and a
transparent hose as its flow
meter. (Figure 4)
7. We use an oil pump and
through a hose we can pump-in the
oil to the fuel tank.
Figure 4
Fabrication of Customized Air tank
1. A 13.6kg capacity tank was use as the main container of the Air.
This tank is the reservoir of the air, through a hose the air was
delivered to the tank.

2. Fittings were installed. Pressure gauge (to measure the air in the
tank), a brass cross tee, a high pressure air regulator, and an air
inlet valve.
Preparation of Waste Cooking Oil
Waste cooking oil are spent cooking and frying oils collected from
commercial food factories, restaurants, bakeries, even in household and in
other establishments. This waste cooking oil is much better to use as an
alternative fuel because it uses renewable resources that are less damaging to the environment
to produce and emit less harmful greenhouse gasses when burned as fuel. This waste cooking
oil can be a replacement to kerosene as a cooking fuel in a stove. With the proper equipment
and safety procedures, you can prepare the gathered waste cooking oil from a kitchen or a
restaurant to make your own alternative fuel.
Gathering of Waste Cooking Oil
1. Obtain used cooking oil. In our project, we bought a gallon (3.2 kilos) of
used cooking oil from a fast food restaurant. Using waste cooking oil is
less expensive and helps reduce waste that would otherwise end up in
a landfill or in sewer pipes.
Filtering the Oil
1. Filter the oil for waste removal. Large amount of meat chunks must
be removed.
2. Settle the oil for about one
to three days. The longer
it settles, the cleaner it will
be.
3. Filter the oil again with
the use of any thin
filtering device (clean cloth,
tissues, etc.). Discard the particles that were caught. (Figure 5)

Figure 5, Filtering the oil using tissues
4. Preheat the oil till it reaches 135C - 140C, as shown in the Figure
6.
5. Monitor the temperature closely
with a digital cooking
thermometer. The heat should not
reach above 140F, as you will
run the risk of steam explosions
from the water that settles at
the bottom.
6. Let it cool down at 50C.
7. After it cooled down, the oil is now
ready to be pumped at the fuel tank
using the test pump. Figure 6, Preheating the oil
between 135C
140C
D. Try-out and Revision
Try-out
Process of Ignition
1. Fill the test pump with the prepared filtered oil. Fill it up whenever,
however large amount you want, just dont block the air way of the
test pump.
2. Open the oil inlet (valve) for the flow of oil, and then pump the test
pump 8-10 times.

3. Prepare a fire and place it directly to the burner. It heats up the
burner and hold it there until the burner catches a fire. Do the
heating for at least 15-30 minutes.

4. When the burner is ready, open the air inlet (valve) and close the oil
inlet (valve).
5. Then open the air regulator slowly and make a constant flow of
10psi. It will fill up the fuel tank, and by reading the pressure gauge
on the fuel tank, you can determine the air flow you are making.
6. Turn on the switch slowly, and let the fuel (oil) to flow constantly.
The ignition must start by then. Minute amount of fuel is required at
first;
7. Hold it there and wait until the burner produce its own flames, when
it happens, add more air from 10psi to 12 psi constantly.

8. Then make some adjustments for better efficiency.
Revisions
The stove is tested throughout a day, and found out that flaws were still
exists in the project.
1. Leakages were observed during the testing of the stove. Fixing,
redirecting the tubes and applying Teflon tape helps to minimize the
leakage.
2. After the third trial, we noticed that one of the burner dont function
properly. We conclude that the nozzle in the burner was block at
some way. This is an internal damage, we tried to unblock the
nozzle with the use of a needle (thin wire) but the burner remains
blocked. We decided to buy a new burner and replace it onto the
other.
E. Time Frame and Work Analysis
In the development of the project, the following schedule of activity
was followed.
November 2016
Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesd Thursday Friday Saturday
ay
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Title
Proposal
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Title
Proposal
Approval
19 20 21 22 25
23 24
Data Gathering of the Thesis Project

26 27 28 29 2
30 1
Researching About the Thesis Proje
ct and Related Studies

Table 1
The Table 1 shows that passing the title proposal and title proposal
approval was spent on the 1st and 2nd week of January and started the data
gathering and researching about Waste Cooking Oil and making the modified
pressurized modified stove on the 3rd and last week of the month of
November.
December 2016
ay
26 27 28 29 30 1 2
3 4 5 6 9
7 8
Project Design and;
11 12 13
10 16
14 15
Planning and making the layout of the Structure

17 18 19 20 21 22 23
24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31
Table 2
The Table 2 shows that two weeks in the month of December were
spent on the project design, planning and making the layout of the structure
of modified pressurized stove.

January 2017
ay
1 2 3 4 5 7
Canvassing of Low-Cost Materials

8 9 10 11 14
12 13
Purchasing of Materials at Low Cost and
Consultations from Experts

15 16 17 18 21
Constructi 19 20
on of the Purchasing of Other Related Materials
Stove needed for the Project

22 23 24 25 26 27 28
29 30 31
Table 3
The table shows that 1st week of January were allocated for the
canvassing of low-cost materials. 2nd week spent on purchasing and
consultations from the experts, and started the construction of the modified
stove, and purchasing again of other related materials needed for the project
on the 3rd week of January.

February 2017
ay
29 30 31 1 4
2 3
Continuation of Making the Project and Major Parts
Fabrications
5 7 8 9 10 11
6 Fixing
Testing of the and
Project and Revisions
Detecting defects on the
Project
12 13 14 15 17 18
16
Testing of the Projects
Workability
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Painting
Final Testing of the and

Project Finalizati
on of the
Project
26 27 28
Table 4
The Table 4 shows that the 1 st week of February were for the
continuation of making the project and other parts of fabrication. We started
testing, detecting defects, fixing and revisions on the paper on the 2 nd week.
The 3rd week spent on the testing again of the projects workability and on
the last week of February were for the final testing, painting and finalization
of the project.
F. Cost Analysis
The total cost of the project was computed based on the following:
Materials Cost 8,281.00

WCO (Waste Cooking Oil) Cost 300.00
Sub total 7,951.00
Contingency Cost 1,400.00
Total 9,651.00
CHAPTER IV
DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT
The content of this section covers all of the key factors that help or
hinder collaborations of the Waste Cooking Oil and the parts of the modified
pressurized stove and the functions of each.
Structure
Waste Cooking Oil
Characterization of Waste Cooking Oil
Figure 1 shows a sample of a waste
cooking oil. In Table 1, a typical characterization of
waste cooking oil is shown. This
characterization result is based on the
study of Sanli et al. (2011).
Parameter Typical
value
Density (g/cm @ 0.9237
15C)
Viscosity (mm /s @ 42.28
40C)
Water Content (ppm), 1657.00
Acid Value (mgKOH/g) 17.85
Heating Content 39,223
(kJ/kg)
Figure 1
Table 1
As shown in the Figure 2 is the
actual photo of the customized oil
fuelled, pressure cooking stove. Two
burners were installed, burner 1 (on the left) has a fix burner and burner 2
(on the right) has an adjustable burner. On burner 1, the fuel (oil) flows
directly to the burners switch; and on the burner 2 as observed, the copper
tube was formed into spiral with two full revolutions, 3 above the burner
and before it reach the burners switch another loop with one full revolution
was made, it is to prevent the tube from deformations during the
adjustments. Figure 2
As we see in the Figure 3
shown, it is observed that the
flames of both burners are not
equal. Burner 2 (left) has a
stronger flames compared to
burner 1 (right). This is due to
the spiral loop above burner 2;

it acts as the pre-heating room for the oil. The oil arrives when the burners
Figure 3
switch was opened, then it will fill the loops and will be heated during the
ignition process and when constant flames are being produced, by then the
pre-heating and evaporation of the fuel (oil) inside the loops will occur.
Stronger flames will now be produced; the oil will be released as a super-
heated gas (fuel).
Figure 4 is the actual picture
of the test pump (right) and the
modified fuel tank (left), and by
the use of a hose, the fuel (oil)
can now be delivered from the
test pump to the fuel tank. The
fuel tank had four holes: one for
the drainage of the fuel (bottom
of the tank), one for the oil inlet
(left), one for the air inlet (right)
and one for the pressure gauge (middle) that will help the operator to
Figure 4
determine the pressure inside the tank.

Figure 5
As shown in the Figure 5 is the actual photo of the air tank, a cross tee
was installed to the tank, an air regulator; a pressure gauge and an air inlet
valve were also installed. And by the use of a hose the air can now be
delivered to the tank.

Interrelation
Oil
Fuel Tank
Oil Pump
Air Tank
Stove
Figure 6, Interrelation
The Figure Shows the Block Diagram of Interrelation

CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the summary of the research, conclusions and
recommendations based on the data analysed in the previous chapter.
SUMMARY
After some trials, we have now a modified pressurized stove that
successfully utilized waste cooking as an alternative fuel. This waste cooking
oil has now a potential contribution to sustainable and renewable
development.
CONCLUSIONS
Before this study began, several designs were already existed and therefore
we conclude that the development of the project commenced beforehand. Stating
datas, experimentations and evidences of progress will help further studies to be
delivered in a striking manner. The influence of the study will be extended to places
that can produce massive amount of WCO (waste cooking oil) and help them to
improvise their own cooking mechanism that will help them for everyday use.
In places where high amount of WCO (Waste Cooking Oil) is generated, this
study will provide verified datas and proven results. And with better elaboration of
parts the results will be highly significant. Since WCO (waste cooking oil) was
globally produced, WCO could be the best alternative fuel and possibly this will
minimize the dependence of natural gas.

We know that kerosene fuel come from natural gas, and natural gas will
become limited soon. So, we round up some possible matter of course in the
upcoming generations.
- Thinking about the good effects of WCO (waste cooking oil), sooner or
later this recycled resource will gain high demand in the economy. Aside
from being recycled, it is cheap, simple, and still we could say that it is
akin to kerosene fuel.

- We could also conclude that C O 2 combustion will depreciate because of
the development of certified WCO (waste cooking oil) products.

- And for the least, the use of WCO will regulate the amount of demand of
other fuels.
- Because it is natural, there will be no baneful results to the human body.
Advantages
Using waste cooking as an alternative fuel has a potential contribution
to sustainable development such as:
o Sustainable Energy Supply
The use of waste cooking oil for cooking may become a suitable option
in regions where households already rely on fuel fuels, i.e. kerosene or
butane that are costs much, as they can now use their own used cooking
oil instead.
o Can Reduce Environmental Issues
Switching from using fossil fuels to waste cooking oil can result in
significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions.
o Millennium Development Goals

Providing access to cleaner and affordable energy for cooking is one of
the key components in cutting the vicious cycle of poverty. Using waste
cooking oil offer a much cleaner way of cooking.
Disadvantages
We sort some of the downsides about modified pressurized cooking stove.
o Anyone can buy WCO (waste cooking stove), but not everyone can use
it. Without the mechanism to produce strong flames, WCO will remain
useless.
o The fabrication of the stove requires lot of knowledge for safety and
efficiency.
o The mechanism should be maintained for proper use, and it should be
cleaned for better outcome.
RECOMMENDATIONS
To attain better efficiency, these are the following recommendations:
We suggest to be precise in temperature monitoring and fine oil
filtering.
We highly recommend to use the stove in an open field places or for
outdoor use.
One of our recommendation also, is to wear gloves, sleeveless clothes
and always store a fire extinguisher near the area.

Lastly, the operator must have the idea or knowledge on how to use
the stove for safety and precaution reasons. Awareness of the operator
is required to keep everything safe.

Waste Cooking Oil As An Alternative Fuel

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Waste Cooking Oil As An Alternative Fuel

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EULOGIO AMANG RODRIGUEZ

INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Waste Cooking Oil as an Alternative Fuel

A Research Project Presented to the

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement in

Austria, Mark Anthony R.

This report entitled WASTE COOKING OIL AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL is

Approved by the oral examination committee on 2nd of March 2017

Edilberto Q. Lazaro, PME Mrs.Marj Hermosa,

Apolinario S. Sollano, EE Rodrigo M. Garcia,

Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements in

Engr.Luisito B. Tolentino, professor of this subject Method of

We thank you so much, Engr.Edilberto Q. Lazaro for being our

We also convey a gratitude to M.E. Faculties, whove suggested us

Of course, to our friends and classmates for their endless friendship

To God be the Glory!

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

cooking of foods by food cookers, food manufacturers and catering

establishments such as fast food chains, restaurants and industrial kitchens.

This waste is an important waste management concern since it poses some

disposal problems and possible contamination of water and land resources.

landfills, causing environmental pollution, proper collection and putting them

minimization or reduction in environmental pollution but also in extending

fast food chains and restaurants in the country, it is expected that

considerable amounts of used-frying oils will be discarded into the drains,

posing hazards to our environment.

In this study, the viability of utilizing used cooking oil as an alternative

cooking fuel resource will be evaluated. The chemical structure of plant or

flame extinguished consequently. Since the thermal efficiency of wick stoves

commercially available pressurized cooking stove will be utilized with

revisions or modifications of the nozzle, burner and pipeline. After the

pressurized stove is modified or revised, performance evaluation was then

conducted utilizing kerosene and used cooking oil.

Figure 1 A conceptual model showing the project design.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Research Design of the Prototype

Figure 1, shows the conceptual framework of this study. This framework

waste cooking oil as an alternative fuel.

Objectives of the Study

The main objective of the project is to develop a modified stove that

will be needing in utilizing a waste cooking oil to an alternative fuel.

To develop a renewable and sustainable energy alternative to replace

kerosene as a cooking fuel.

Significance of the Study

the researchers and also the following:

Environment Instead of waste cooking oil being dumped into

landfills, they can be recycled to create an alternative fuel. The

potential environmental hazards brought about by this waste will

entrepreneurs engaged in foods and catering services as well as

reuse again as an alternative cooking fuel.

modified stove from locally made materials.

student researchers as this will take as a guide in their project

Scope and Delimitation

because of the primary ingredient being a post-consumer waste product.

As it is found that the consumption of the kerosene in cooking causes

fuel and to make that possible we made a modified pressurized cooking

properties between kerosene and waste cooking oil.

This project design is delimited in utilizing a renewable and sustainable

alternative fuel from waste cooking oil, and to develop a modified

conventional pressure stoves, which commonly run on kerosene.

The following terms are defined conceptually, or/and operationally.

frying, baking, and other types of cooking. It is

typically a liquid at room temperature, although