Heat & Mass Transfer - Ch7

Chapter 7
EMEB320-SKL-FST-UM 1
Developing a good understanding of external flow
and external forced convection is important in the
mechanical and thermal design of many engineering
systems, such as:
aircraft
automobiles
buildings
turbine blades
electronic components
Skin friction: A moving fluid exerts
tangential shear forces on the surface.
Pressure: A stationary fluid exerts only
normal pressure forces on the surface of a
body immersed in it.
The force a flowing fluid exerts on a body in
the flow direction is called drag.
It is the sum of the components of the skin
friction and pressure in the flow direction.
Drag force notes as FD or D
The force a flowing fluid exerts on a body
perpendicular to the flow direction is called
lift.
It is the sum of the components of the skin
friction and pressure in the direction
perpendicular to the flow direction.
Lift force notes as FL or L
The drag characteristics of a body is
represented by the dimensionless CD:
FD is the drag force

A is the frontal area of the body
r is the density of the fluid
V is the velocity of the fluid
CD, friction=Cf Skin friction drag (friction drag):
The part that is due to wall shear stress tw.
CD, pressure Pressure drag: the part due to
pressure P.
The total drag coefficient is the sum of the
above drags:
CD = CD, friction + CD, pressure
For flat plate: CD = CD, friction = Cf
The local Nux has the functional form:
Nux = f1(x*, Rex, Pr)
The average Nu has the form:
Nu = f2(ReL, Pr)
The experimental data is represented as:
Nu = CReLmPrn
The local drag coefficient, CD,x, varies along the
surface. The average drag coefficient, CD, can be
determined by integration from:
The local convection coefficient, hx, also varies along

the surface. An average value can be determined in
the same way:
Consider the parallel
flow of a fluid over
a flat plate of length L
in the flow direction:
The transition from laminar to turbulent flow can be

characterized by Re.
Re at a distance x from the leading edge of
a flat plate is expressed as Rex:
Transition usually occurs

at the critical Reynolds number Recr:
The velocity boundary layer thickness and
the local friction coefficient at x:
Laminar flow (Rex < 5105):
4.91x 0.664
v, x C f ,x
Re1/2
x
Re1/2
x
Turbulent flow (5105 Rex 107):
0.38 x 0.059
v, x C f ,x
1/5
Re x Re1/5
x
The average friction coefficient
over the entire plate is:
Laminar flow (ReL < 5105):
Turbulent flow
(5105 ReL 107):
The local Nusselt number at x is:
The average Nusselt number is:
Laminar flow (ReL < 5105):
Pr > 0.6
Turbulent flow (5105 ReL 107):
In some cases, a flat plate is sufficiently long
for the flow to become turbulent, but not long
enough to disregard the laminar flow region.
In such cases, the average values of Cf and Nu
are expressed as:
Churchill and Ozoe proposed the following
relation which is applicable for all Pr:
Local Nusselt number, Nux:
Re x Pr 100
Average Nusselt number, Nu:

Nu 2Nu x
Pe x Re x Pr is the dimensionless Peclet number.

When a flow is heated by a surface with constant
temperature starting at location ,
the local Nux is given by:
Nu x (for 0) 0.332 Re0.5
x Pr
1/3
Nu x
3/4 1/3 1/3
1 / x 1 / x 3/4

Turbulent flow
(5105 Rex 107):
Nu x (for 0) 0.0296 Re0.8
x Pr
1/3
Nu x
9/10 1/9 1/9
1 / x 1 / x 9/10

When a flow is heated by a surface with constant
temperature starting at location ,
the averge h is given by:
2 1 / x
3/4
h h
xL
1 / L
Turbulent flow
(5105 Rex 107):
5 1 / x
9/10
h h
4 1 / L
xL
When a flat plate is subjected to uniform
heat flux, the local Nux is given by:
Pr > 0.6
These relations give values that are 36% higher for laminar flow and
4% higher for turbulent flow relative to the isothermal plate case.
The characteristic length Lc for cylinder or
sphere is taken to be the external diameter D.
Re is defined as Re = VD/n
The critical Reynolds number is:
Recr 2 105
Re=25 (10x speed) Re = 50 (6x speed)
Re = 60 (3 speed) Re = 100 (1x speed)
trip wire
laminar turbulent
80 140
Flow over a smooth sphere Flow over a sphere with a trip wire
Re = 15,000 Re = 30,000
The point of separation is moved further backwards in turbulent flow.

It is because the energizing action of the outer flow on the turbulent
boundary layer is much greater than in the laminar case.
As the wake area shrinks, the drag decreases considerably.
The complicated flow
pattern across a cylinder
greatly influences heat
transfer.
The variation of the Nuq
around the periphery of a
cylinder is shown in the
figure.
Average Nu for a cylinder:
RePr > 0.2
fluid properties are at Tf = (T + Ts)/2
Average Nu for a sphere:

3.5 Re 80,000
0.7 Pr 380
fluid properties are evaluated at T, except ms at Ts
When analyzing heat transfer from a tube
bank in cross flow, we must consider all the
tubes in the bundle at once.
The tubes in a tube bank
are usually arranged either
in-line, or
Staggered
Transverse pitch ST
Longitudinal pitch SL
Diagonal pitch SD
In tube banks, the flow characteristics are dominated by the
Vmax, that occurs within the tube bank.
for in-line arrangement:
for staggered and SD < (ST + D)/2:
Reynolds number is defined on the basis of Vmax:
The previous relations can also be used for
tube banks with less than 16 tubes:
The total heat transfer by a tube bank:
Heat transfer surface area:
Mass flow rate of the fluid:
Exit temperature:
Logarithmic mean temperature difference (LMTD):
Pressure drop is a measure of the resistance the tubes offer
to flow over them:
NL: number of tubes along the longitudinal direction

f: friction factor
c: correction factor
The pumping power required can be determined from:
Drag and Heat Friction and pressure drag
Transfer in
External Flow Heat transfer
Friction coefficient
Parallel Flow Heat transfer coefficient
Over Flat
Plates Flat plate with unheated starting length
Uniform Heat Flux
Flow Across Effect of surface roughness
Cylinders and
Spheres Heat transfer coefficient
Flow across
Pressure drop
Tube Banks

Heat & Mass Transfer - Ch7

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Heat & Mass Transfer - Ch7

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Chapter 7

FD is the drag force

The local convection coefficient, hx, also varies along

The transition from laminar to turbulent flow can be

Transition usually occurs

Turbulent flow (5105 Rex 107):

Turbulent flow (5105 ReL 107):

Average Nusselt number, Nu:

Pe x Re x Pr is the dimensionless Peclet number.

Turbulent flow (5105 Rex 107):

Re = 60 (3 speed) Re = 100 (1x speed)

The point of separation is moved further backwards in turbulent flow.

Average Nu for a sphere:

for staggered and SD < (ST + D)/2:

Reynolds number is defined on the basis of Vmax:

Heat transfer surface area:

Mass flow rate of the fluid:

Logarithmic mean temperature difference (LMTD):

NL: number of tubes along the longitudinal direction

The pumping power required can be determined from:

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