Heat & Mass Transfer CH 5

EMEB320-SKL-FST-UM 1
For steady problems with heat generation,

differential equations are needed.
Transient problems with heat generation cannot be
solved at this moment.
Is there any way that we dont need to derive
differential equations?
The first derivative of temperature at
the midpoints m and m + :
dT Tm Tm 1 dT Tm +1 Tm

dx m
1 x dx m
1 x
2 2
The second derivative is the derivative

of the first derivative at m:
dT dT
Tm +1 Tm Tm Tm 1
2 dx m
1 dx m
1
dT
2 2
x x
dx 2 m
x x
Tm -1 2Tm Tm 1

x 2
In steady state condition:
d 2T egen
2
0
dx k
In the finite difference form:
Tm 1 2Tm Tm 1 em
0 m 1, 2,3, , M 1
x 2
k
If the temperatures of the two surfaces are specified,
we can develop M - 1 equations for M - 1 interior nodes.
The temperatures at those nodes can be determined by
simultaneously solving the M - 1 equations.
If the surface temperatures T0 and TM are unknown,
we should obtain two boundary conditions.
Similar procedures can be done to solve problems in
two-dimensional space.
Tm 1 2Tm Tm 1 Tn 1 2Tn Tn 1 em , n
0
x 2
y 2
k
m 1, 2,3, , M 1
n 1, 2,3, , N 1
We will develop the finite difference formulation of heat
conduction in a plane wall using energy balance method.
Rate of Rate of Rate of Rate of change

heat conduction
heat conduction
heat generation
of the energy content
at the left surface at the right surface inside the element of the element

Eelement
Qcond, left Qcond, right Egen, element
t
steady state:
Eelement
0 Eelement 0
t
uniform heat generation:
Egen, element em Velement em Ax
Eelement
Qcond, left Qcond, right Egen, element
t
T T
Qcond, right kA m 1 m
x
Tm 1 Tm
Qcond, left kA
x
substitute into the steady state energy balance equation

Tm 1 Tm T T
kA kA m 1 m em Ax 0
x x
Tm 1 2Tm Tm 1 em
0
x 2
k
which is the same result by finite difference method.
If the temperatures on the two surfaces are specified,
we just need to assign the surface temperatures to
the boundary nodes.
T 0 T0 Specified value
T L TM Specified value
The finite difference equation for the node at the
boundary is:

all sides
Q Egen, element 0
T1 T0 x
Qleft surface kA e0 A 0
x 2
1. Specified heat flux boundary condition
T1 T0 x
q0 A kA e0 A 0
x 2
Special case: Insulated boundary q0 0
T1 T0 x
kA e0 A 0
x 2
Treat the insulation surface as a mirror that reflect
the medium as its extension.
Tm 1 2Tm Tm 1 em
0
x 2
k
T1 2T0 T1 e0
0
x 2
k
T1 T0 x
kA e0 A 0
x 2
2. Convective boundary condition
T1 T0 x
hA T T0 kA e0 A 0
x 2
3. Radiation boundary condition
T1 T0 x
A T T kA
4 4
e0 A 0
x
surr 0
2
4. Combined convection and radiation boundary condition
T1 T0 x
hA T T0 A Tsurr T0 kA
4 4
e0 A 0
x 2
5. Combined convection, radiation, and heat flux boundary
condition
T1 T0 x
q0 A hA T T0 A Tsurr
4
T04 kA e0 A 0
x 2
6. Interface boundary condition
Tm 1 Tm Tm 1 Tm x x
kA A kB A eA, m A eB , m A 0
x x 2 2
steady state, no heat generation: +
+
Rate of heat conduction Rate of Rate of change

at the left, top, right, heat generation of the energy content
and bottom surface inside the element of the element

Eelement
Qcond Qcond Qcond Qcond Egen, element
left top right bottom t
Assume steady state, unit depth, Ax y 1 y

Ay x 1 x
Tm 1, n Tm , n Tm , n 1 Tm , n Tm 1, n Tm , n Tm , n 1 Tm , n
k y k x k y k x em , n xy 0
x y x y
Tm 1, n 2Tm ,n Tm 1, n Tm , n 1 2Tm , n Tm , n 1 em , n
0
x 2
y 2
k
em , nl 2
Setting x = y = l: Tm 1, n Tm 1, n Tm, n 1 Tm, n 1 4Tm, n 0
k
For heat transfer under steady conditions,
the basic equation is:

all sides
Q eVelement 0
Node 1
Node 2
Node 3
Node 4
Node 5
Node 6
Nodes 7, 8
Node 9
Use cylindrical or spherical shell elements.
Use simple volume elements.
More sophisticated approaches are available in commercial

software packages.
Temperatures change with time and position.
The finite difference solution of transient problems
requires discretization in time.
This is done by selecting a suitable time step t.
Solving for the unknown nodal temperatures
repeatedly for each t until the solution at the
desired time is obtained.
Heat transferred into The change in
Heat generated within
the volume element the volume element the energy content of
from all of its surfaces the volume element
during t

during t during t
Eelement

all sides
Q Egen, element
t
Eelement mc p T Velement c p Tmi 1 Tmi

Tmi 1 Tmi

all sides
Q Egen, element Velement c p
t
The superscripts indicate the time steps.
t i t
i 1
T T i
gen, element Velement c p

i
Explicit method: Q E i m m
all sides t
i 1
T T i
Implicit method: Q Egen, element Velement c p m

i 1 i 1 m
all sides t
Both methods are reasonable approaches

Both methods are used in practice.
They have their advantages and disadvantages.
Explicit method is easy to implement but the magnitude of t
is limited. Temperatures at the previous time step i are used.
Implicit method requires the nodal temperatures to be
solved. It does not have limitation on t. Temperatures at the
new time step i +1 are used.
For interior nodes, the energy balance is:
Tm 1 Tm Tm 1 Tm Tmi 1 Tmi
kA kA em Ax Axc p
x x t
Cancelling A and multiplying by x/k, it simplifies to
em x 2 c p x 2 i 1
Tm 1 2Tm Tm 1
k

k t
Tm Tmi
mesh Fourier number (Fo):

t k t
Fo 2
x c p x 2
em x 2 Tmi 1 Tmi
Tm 1 2Tm Tm 1
k
i 1
e i
x 2
T T i
Tmi 1 2Tmi Tmi 1 m m m
k
emi x 2
T i 1
m T
i
m 1 Ti
m 1 1 2 T k
i
m
i 1 i 1
e x 2
T T i
Tmi 11 2Tmi 1 Tmi 11 m m m
k
i 1
e x 2
Tmi 11 1 2 Tmi 1 Tmi 11 m Tmi 0
k
If time step t is not sufficiently small
the solution may diverge from the actual solution.
t must be maintained below a value established by

the stability criterion.
i
2
Tmi 1 Tmi 1 Tmi 1 1 2 Tmi m
e x
k
1 2 0
1

2
The stability criterion is
satisfied if the coefficients
of all Tmi in the Tmi+1
expressions are greater
than or equal to zero for all
nodes m.
Different equations for different nodes may have

different limitations on t. The criterion that is most
restrictive should be used in the solution of the problem.
Unit depth. For interior nodes:
Tm 1, n Tm , n Tm , n 1 Tm , n Tm 1, n Tm , n Tm , n 1 Tm , n Tmi , n1 Tmi , n
k y k x k y k x em , n xy xyc p
x y x y t
Assume x y l
i 1
eml 2 Tm ,n Tm, n
i
Tm 1, n Tm 1, n Tm , n 1 Tm , n 1 4Tm , n
k
i 1
enodel 2 Tnode Tnode
i
Tleft Ttop Tright Tbottom 4Tnode
k
i 1
e i
l 2
T T i
i
Tleft Ttop
i
Tright
i
Tbottom
i
4Tnode
i
node node node
k
i 2
Tleft 1 4 Tnode
i 1 e l
Tnode i
Ttop
i
Tright
i
Tbottom
i i
node
k
Stability criterion for interior nodes:

1 4 0
1

4
Finite difference formulation of differential equations
One-dimensional steady heat conduction
Boundary conditions
The mirror image concept
2-D steady heat conduction
Boundary nodes
Transient heat conduction
In plane wall
Stability criterion for explicit method
2-D transient heat conduction

Heat & Mass Transfer CH 5

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EMEB320-SKL-FST-UM 1

For steady problems with heat generation,

The second derivative is the derivative

substitute into the steady state energy balance equation

which is the same result by finite difference method.

Special case: Insulated boundary q0 0

Assume steady state, unit depth, Ax y 1 y

Use simple volume elements.

More sophisticated approaches are available in commercial

Eelement mc p T Velement c p Tmi 1 Tmi

gen, element Velement c p

Implicit method: Q Egen, element Velement c p m

Both methods are reasonable approaches

mesh Fourier number (Fo):

t must be maintained below a value established by

Different equations for different nodes may have

Stability criterion for interior nodes:

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