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3.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

3.1 Elevators and 3.1.2 Types of Elevators
Dumbwaiters
3.1 Elevators & 1. Electric elevators
Dumbwaiters
3.1.1 Definition of Elevator

TRANSPORTATIO
3.2 Escalators &
Conveyors Are generally used in buildings
where several peak periods of traffic
3.3 Chutes occur each day, (ie. In office

N SYSTEMS
buildings, hospitals, apartment
3.4 Provisions in buildings)
the NBC
Concerning
Transportation
Systems

3.0

3.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

Bulkhead Hoisting Machinery
Penthouse Control Panel

Top Car Clearance 2. Oil-hydraulic elevators

Car Frame
Driving Sheave The structural steel
3.1 Elevators & 3.1 Elevators & frame of an elevator
Idle Sheave
Dumbwaiters Dumbwaiters car to which are
attached the platform,
Hoistway guide shoes, elevator
3.2 Escalators & 3.2 Escalators & car safety, hoisting
Machine Beam
Conveyors Bank Conveyors cables and control
equipment
3.3 Chutes Hoisting Cable 3.3 Chutes
Landing
Guide Rail
3.4 Provisions in 3.4 Provisions in Lantern
the NBC the NBC A light, usually over the entrance to an
Concerning Elevator Car Safety
Traveling Cable Concerning elevator on each floor of a multistory
Transportation Transportation building that signals the approach of the
Rise Machine Room
Systems Systems elevator Annunciator
A room housing the elevator carapparatus
or at a landing
A signaling in anthat
hoisting machinery,
control equipment, and landings
displays a visual indication of floor
Hoistway Door sheaves for raising and
lowering an elevator car
Counterweight A pusButton
Call button for requesting an

elevator
Door Interlock
Limit Switch A safety device for preventing the
operation of an elevator car unless
the hoistway door is locked in the
closed position

Elevator Pit Buffer

Door Contact
A safety device for preventing the operation of
Bottom Car Clearance closed
an elevator car unless its door or gate is fully

3.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS 3.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

4. Counterweights 9. Safety Devices
3.1.3 Parts of an Electric these are rectangular blocks of cast iron
Elevator stacked in one frame which is fastened to a) Main Brake
3.1 Elevators & 3.1 Elevators & the opposite ends of the cables to which mounted directly on the shaft of the
the car is fastened. elevator machine.
Dumbwaiters 1. Shaft Dumbwaiters
vertical passageway for car and 5. Guide Rails
3.2 Escalators & 3.2 Escalators & b) Safety Switch
counterweights. are vertical tracks that guide the car and is designed to stop an elevator car
Conveyors Conveyors
the counterweights. automatically before car speed becomes
3.3 Chutes 2. Car 3.3 Chutes excessive. On overspeed, the speed
a cage of light metal supported on a 6. Machine Room governor will cut off power to the motor
3.4 Provisions in structural frame, the top member of 3.4 Provisions in a room usually placed directly above the and set the brake.
the NBC which the cables, that carry the car, the NBC shaft in which the elevator machine is
Concerning are fastened. Concerning housed. It contains the motor-generator
Transportation Transportation (MG) set which supplies energy to the
Systems Systems elevator machine, the control board and
3. Cables
the control equipment.
are the means for lifting or lowering
the car, usually 3 to 8 cables placed 7. Elevator Machine
in parallel fastened to top of car by turns the sheave that lifts and lowers the
cable sockets passing over a motor car.
driven cylindrical sheave to the
counterweights. 8. Controls
a combination of push buttons, contacts, This usually stops the car, but should
relays, and devices, operated manually or speed still increase, the governor will
automatically to initiate door opening, actuate rail clamps mounted at the bottom
starting acceleration, retardation, leveling of the car one on each side. This will
and stopping of the car. clamp the guide rails bringing the car to a
switch stop.

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3.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS 3.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

c) Electric Final Limit Switches
are located a few feet below and above 3.1.4 Methods of Arranging 2) One-to-One Double Wrap
Traction Machine
safe travel limits of elevator car. If car Elevator Machines,
Sheaves and Ropes
3.1 Elevators & over-travels, either down or up, these 3.1 Elevators &
Dumbwaiters switches de-energizes the motor and sets Dumbwaiters cables first wrap over the traction
the main brake. sheave T, then around the
3.2 Escalators & 3.2 Escalators &
1) Single Wrap Traction Machine secondary or idler sheave S, and
Conveyors d) Oil or Spring Buffers Conveyors once more going around T and S to
are placed at the bottom of the elevator supporting cables pass over the the counterweights. This provides
3.3 Chutes pit, not to stop a falling car, but to bring it 3.3 Chutes sheave in grooves and connect to
to a partially cushion stop if the car should greater traction and is used in many
the counterweights. The lifting power automatic high-speed installations.
3.4 Provisions in overshoot the lower terminal. 3.4 Provisions in is exerted by the sheave through the
the NBC the NBC
traction of the cables in the grooves.
Concerning Concerning
Transportation Transportation
Systems Systems

3.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS 3.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

3) Two-to-One Double Wrap 4) Underslung System 3.1.5 Types of Elevator 2) Geared Traction Machine
Traction Machine (for freight Machines
elevators) is used where the elevator machine this type of machine employs a
3.1 Elevators & 3.1 Elevators &
Dumbwaiters is located at the basement. Dumbwaiters worm and gear between the driving
1) Gearless Traction Machine
This 2:1 roping, has a mechanical motor and the sheave. It is
3.2 Escalators & advantage of 2, which results in a 3.2 Escalators & considered to be less superior to the
consists of a DC motor, the shaft of
Conveyors high-speed, low-power and Conveyors gearless traction machine since it
which is directly connected to the
therefore, low-cost traction machine. has more moving parts and requires
3.3 Chutes 3.3 Chutes brake wheel and to the driving
more maintenance. Used for low
sheave. The elevator cables are
and medium speed passenger and
3.4 Provisions in 3.4 Provisions in placed around this sheave. This type
the NBC the NBC freight elevators.
of machine is used for medium and
Concerning Concerning high speed elevators for office and
Transportation Transportation
residential condominiums of 10
Systems Systems
stories or more; where high speeds
and smooth quality operation are
desired.

3.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS 3.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

3.1.6 Systems of Elevator 3) Electronic Group Supervisory 3.1.7 Oil Hydraulic
Controls Dispatching and Control Elevators
this system is used to control not
3.1 Elevators & 3.1 Elevators &
only single elevators but an entire
Dumbwaiters 1) Single Automatic Push Button Dumbwaiters also called plunger elevators. It is
group or bank of cars. During peak raised by means of a movable rod nor
Control
3.2 Escalators & periods, all cars are in operation; 3.2 Escalators & plunger rigidly fixed to the bottom of
this is the simplest of passenger
Conveyors automatically, the system shuts Conveyors the car. The system is hydraulic and
rail
operated automatic control system.
down successively cars as the operates the same way as a hydraulic
3.3 Chutes It handles only one call at a time 3.3 Chutes
number of passengers reduces and automobile jack. Oil from a reservoir is
providing an uninterrupted trip for
return them to service as the pumped under the plunger thereby car
3.4 Provisions in each call. 3.4 Provisions in
the NBC number of passengers again the NBC raising it and the car. The pump is
Concerning increases to a high peak. Concerning stopped during downward motion, the
2) Collective Control car being lowered by gravity and
Transportation Transportation guide shoe
control is arranged to collect all controlled by action of bypassed
Systems The system of Otis Elevator Systems
waiting up calls on the trip up and all valves which also controls the
Company is called autotronic
waiting down calls on the trip down. positioning of the car during the
elevatoring. The system of plunger
The control system, stalls all calls upward motion.
Westinghouse Electric Co. is called
until they are answered and
the selectomatic elevator system.
automatically reverses the direction The absence of cables, drums, MG set
of travel at the highest and the and penthouse equipment, makes this
lowest calls. When all calls have system inexpensive and often the motor
been cleared, the car will remain at choice for low speed, low rise
the floor of its last stop awaiting the applications where construction of the pump

next call. plunger pit does not present difficulties

and where absence of a penthouse is
desirable. buffer spring

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3.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS 3.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

3.1.8 Dumbwaiters 3.2 Escalators and 3.2.2 Parts of an Escalator
Conveyors Installation
3.1 Elevators & 3.1 Elevators &
Dumbwaiters Dumbwaiters
3.2.1 Definition of 1) Truss
a welded steel frame which supports
3.2 Escalators & 3.2 Escalators & Escalator
the moving stairway equipment. It
Conveyors Conveyors
comes in 3 sections: the middle
used where large numbers of people
3.3 Chutes 3.3 Chutes straight section maybe of any
are scattered throughout a given
desired length to provide rises of
area and on a large number of
3.4 Provisions in 3.4 Provisions in different heights.
the NBC the NBC floors. These people being
Concerning Concerning interested in moving about almost
Transportation Transportation constantly to various locations for
Systems Systems short periods of time. Thus traffic is
constantly on the move both up and
down. Examples are department
stores and terminal buildings.

Typical Specifications

Width of Escalator = 32 and 48

Angle of inclination = 30 degrees
Length or run = variable
Speeds = 90 fpm and
120 fpm

3.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS 3.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

2) Tracks
are steel angles attached to the
4) Controller 3.2.3 Safety Features of 4) In case of over-speed or under-
consists of contactors, relays and a Escalators speed, an automatic governor shuts
truss on which the step rollers are
circuit breaker. Usually located near down the escalator, prevents
3.1 Elevators & guided thus controlling the motion of 3.1 Elevators &
Dumbwaiters the drive machine, an emergency Dumbwaiters reversal of direction and operates
the steps. 1) Handrails and steps travel at the
stop button wired to the controller the service brake.
same speed to ensure steadiness
3.2 Escalators & and placed in or near the escalator, 3.2 Escalators &
and balance, and to aid naturally in
Conveyors will stop the drive machine and Conveyors 5) An emergency stop switch is
stepping on and off the comb plates.
apply the brake. Key operated located near the comb plate which
3.3 Chutes control switches, at the top and 3.3 Chutes may be manually operated to stop
2) Steps are large, steady, and are
bottom newels, will start, stop, and the escalator. The electric controls
3.4 Provisions in 3.4 Provisions in designed to prevent from slipping.
the NBC reverse the direction of travel of the the NBC are also designed to shut down the
Concerning stairway. Concerning stairway, if by some accident, it is
3) Automatic controls of a service
Transportation Transportation caused to reverse direction.
brake will bring the stairway to a
Systems 5) Handrail and Balustrade Systems
Assembly smooth stop, if electric power or
Rubber-
mechanical parts should fail.
covered
handrail guide handrail Passengers would then walk the
steps as they would any stationary
3) Sprocket Assemblies, Chains, stairway.
longitudinal cording
and Drive Machine
provide the motive power for the canvas layers
unit. An emergency brake located on
the top sprocket will stop a loaded
escalator safely in the event of a
break in the chain. inside balustrade

3.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS 3.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

3.2.4 Fire Protection
Systems of Escalators
3.1 Elevators & 3.1 Elevators &
Dumbwaiters 1) Rolling Shutter Dumbwaiters

3.2 Escalators & 3.2 Escalators &

This shuts off the well way at a given
Conveyors Conveyors
floor, thus preventing draft and the
3.3 Chutes spread of fire upward through 3.3 Chutes
escalator wells. The movement of
3.4 Provisions in the shutter is actuated by 3.4 Provisions in
the NBC temperature and smoke relays. the NBC
Concerning Concerning
Transportation Transportation
Systems Systems

2) Spray Nozzle Curtain

are closely spaced, high-velocity

water nozzles which will, in the case
of fire, form a compact water curtain
to prevent smoke and flame from
rising through the well ways.
Automatic thermal or smoke relays,
open all nozzles simultaneously.

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3.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS 3.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

3) Smoke Guard 4) Sprinkler Vent

consists of fire proof baffles
3.1 Elevators &
Dumbwaiters surrounding the well way, extending
downward about 20 below ceiling
3.2 Escalators & level. Smoke and flames rising
Conveyors upwards, meet a curtain of water
from sprinkler heads surrounding
3.3 Chutes the baffles, which serves as a
smoke and flame deflector. Vertical
3.4 Provisions in
the NBC shields between adjacent sprinklers,
Concerning ensure that the spray from one will
Transportation not cool the nearby thermal fuses
Systems and prevent the opening of adjacent
sprinklers.
Well way floor openings have a duct
3.1 Elevators &
Dumbwaiters on each floor equipped with a
number of smoke pick up relays. In
3.2 Escalators & case of fire, these relays
Conveyors automatically start the fans in the
fresh air intake, located on the roof,
3.3 Chutes driving air downward through the
well ways. Dangerous gases and
3.4 Provisions in
the NBC smoke are drawn in thru the ducts
Concerning and exhausted at the roof. The usual
Transportation spray nozzles on the ceiling around
Systems the stair well aid in quenching the
fire.

3.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS 3.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

3.2.5 Moving Sidewalks or Types of installations
Electric Walks
People Mover
Horizontal or level Any of various forms of mass transit, as
3.1 Elevators & 3.1 Elevators & moving sidewalks or automated driverless
Dumbwaiters Bi-level Dumbwaiters
While escalators are used to vehicles, used for shuttling people around
Overpass installation airports or in congested urban areas
transport people vertically, electric
3.2 Escalators & Underpass installation 3.2 Escalators &
walks are used to transport people
Conveyors Conveyors
horizontally at any inclination from 0
3.3 Chutes deg to 15 deg. 3.3 Chutes Moving Sidewalk
A power-driven, continuously moving
3.4 Provisions in Typical applications 3.4 Provisions in surface, similar to a conveyor belt,
the NBC the NBC used for carrying pedestrians
horizontally or along low inclines
Concerning For exhibit halls, where Concerning
Transportation Transportation
management desires that persons
Systems Systems
move smoothly through or pass a
particular area without stopping or
boarding.
Inclined Lift
For airport terminals. A platform mounted on a steel
guide rail and driven by an
Typical Specifications electric motor used for raising
or lowering a person or moving
Standard width = 27 and 36 along a stairway. Also called a
Speeds = 120 fpm and stair lift
180 fpm

3.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS 3.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

3.3 Chutes 3.4 Provisions in the Cage/Cab
NBC Concerning An enclosure for housing the operator and

Transportation
the hoisting mechanism, power plant and
3.1 Elevators & 3.1 Elevators & equipment controlling a crane.
Systems
Dumbwaiters Dumbwaiters
Capacity of Works, Project or Plant
3.2 Escalators & 3.2 Escalators & The total horsepower of all engines,
3.4.1 Definitions
Conveyors Conveyors
motors, turbines or other prime movers
installed, whether in operation or not.
3.3 Chutes 3.3 Chutes
Accidental Contact Car
3.4 Provisions in 3.4 Provisions in Any inadvertent physical contact with
the NBC the NBC The load carrying unit of an elevator
power transmission equipment, prime including its platform, frame, enclosure
Concerning Concerning movers, machines or machine parts
Transportation Transportation and door or gate.
which could result from slipping, falling,
Systems Systems sliding, tripping or any other unplanned Crane
action or movement. Means a machine for lifting or lowering a
load and moving it horizontally, the
Balustrades hoisting mechanism being an integral part
The frames on either side of the moving of the machine.
steps of an escalator.
Dumbwaiter
Buffer A hoisting and lowering mechanism
A device designed to stop a descending equipped with a car not to exceed 3861
car or counterweight beyond its normal sqcm in area and a maximum height of
limit of travel by absorbing and dissipating 1.20m, the capacity of which does not
the kinetic energy of the car or exceed 277 kilos, used exclusively for
counterweight. carrying materials.

4

3.0
Elevator
A hoisting and lowering mechanism
equipped with a car or platform which
3.1 Elevators & moves in guides in a vertical direction
Dumbwaiters serving two or more floors of a building or
structure. Movement of the car may be
3.2 Escalators & controlled by gravitational, manual or
Conveyors mechanical power.
3.3 Chutes Elevator Landing
That portion of a floor, balcony or platform
3.4 Provisions in
the NBC
for loading or discharging passengers or
freight to or from the elevator.
Concerning
Transportation
Elevator Wire Ropes
Systems
Steel wire ropes attached to the car frame
or passing around sheaves attached to
the car frame from which
elevator/dumbwaiter cars and their
counterweights are suspended.
Enclosed
Means that the moving parts of a machine
are so guarded that physical contact by
any part of the human body is precluded
or prevented. This does not however
prohibit the use of hinged, sliding or
3.0
3.4.3 Cranes
3.1 Elevators & 1. Access to the case or machine
Dumbwaiters
house shall be by means of a
conveniently placed stationary
3.2 Escalators &
ladder, stairs or platforms requiring a
Conveyors
step-over that no gap exceeding 300
mm is allowed.
3.3 Chutes
3.4 Provisions in 2. Adequate means shall be
the NBC provided for cranes having revolving
Concerning
cables or machine houses, to permit
Transportation
the operator to enter or leave the
Systems
crane cab and reach the ground
safely, irrespective of its position.
3. Cages, cabs or machine houses
on cranes shall be enclosed to
protect operator during inclement
weather.
3.0
3. Hoistway pits shall be of such
depth that when the car rests on the
fully compressed buffers, a
3.1 Elevators &
Dumbwaiters clearance of not less than 600 mm
remains between the underside of
3.2 Escalators & the car and the bottom of the pit.
Conveyors
4. When four or more elevators
3.3 Chutes serve all or the same portion of a
building, they shall be located in not
3.4 Provisions in
the NBC less than two (2) hoistways and in
Concerning no case shall more than four (4)
Transportation elevators be located in any one
Systems hoistway.
5. Where a machine room or
penthouse is provided at the top of a
hoistway, it shall be constructed with
sufficient room for repair and
inspection. Access shall be by
means of an iron ladder or stairs
when the room is more than 600
mm above the adjacent floor or roof
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
otherwise removable doors or sections to
permit inspection, lubrication or proper
maintenance.
Escalator
A power driven, inclined, continuous
stairway for raising or lowering
passengers.
Guarded
Shielded, fenced or otherwise protected
by means of suitable enclosure guards,
covers or standard railings, so as to
preclude the possibility of accidental
contact or dangerous approach to
persons or objects.
Hoist
An apparatus for raising or lowering a
load by the application of a building force,
but does not include a car or platform. It
may be base-mounted, hook suspension,
monorail, overhead, simple drum type or
trolley suspension.
Hoistway
A shaftway for the travel of one or more
elevators or dumbwaiters.
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
4. A gong or other effective warning
device shall be mounted on each
cage or cab.
5. Temporary crane operation
without warning device may be
allowed provided there is a flagman
whose sole duty is to warn those in
the path of the crane or its load.
6. The maximum rated load of all
cranes shall be plainly marked on
each side of the crane. If the crane
has more than one hoisting unit,
each hoist shall have marked on it
or its load block, its rated capacity
clearly legible from the ground or
floor.
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
surface. The angle of inclination of
such ladder or stairs shall not
exceed 60 from the horizontal. This
room shall not be used as living
quarters or depository of other
materials and shall be provided with
adequate ventilation.
6. Minimum number of hoisting
ropes shall be three (3) for traction
elevators and two (2) for drum.
7. The minimum diameter of
hoisting and counterweight ropes
shall be 30 mm.
8. Elevators shall be provided with
overload relay and reverse polarity
relay.
9. In high rise apartments or
residential condominiums of more
than five (5) stories, at least one
passenger elevator shall be kept on
24 hour constant service.
8/11/2016
3.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
Machine Process Machine
The driven unit of an equipment. An equipment designed and operated for
a specific purpose.
3.1 Elevators & Machine house
Dumbwaiters Travelling Cable
An enclosure for housing the hoisting
mechanism and power plant. A cable made up of electric conductors
3.2 Escalators & which provides electrical connection
Conveyors
Machine Parts between an elevator or dumbwaiter car
Any or all moving parts of a machine. and a fixed outlet in the hoistway.
3.3 Chutes
Moving Walk
3.4 Provisions in
the NBC A type of horizontal passenger-carrying 3.4.2 Guarding of Moving
Concerning device on which passengers stand or and Dangerous Parts
Transportation walk, with its surface remaining parallel to
its direction of motion and is
Systems
uninterrupted. All prime movers, machines and
machine parts, power transmission
Power Transmission Machinery equipment shall be so guarded,
A shaft, wheel, drum, pulley, system of shielded, fenced or enclosed to
fast and loose pulleys, coupling, clutch, protect any person against exposure
driving belt, V-belt sheaves and belts, to or accidental contact with
chains and sprockets, gearing, torque
dangerous moving parts.
connectors, conveyors, hydraulic
couplings, magnetic couplings, speed
reducers or increasers or any device by
which the motion of an engine is
transmitted to or received by another
machine.
3.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
3.4.4 Hoists 5. Each electric hoist motor shall be
provided with an electrically or
mechanically operated brake so
3.1 Elevators & 1. Operating control shall be plainly
Dumbwaiters arranged that the brake will be
marked to indicate the direction of
applied automatically when the
travel.
3.2 Escalators & power is cut off from the hoist.
Conveyors
2. Each cage controlled hoist shall
be equipped with an effective
3.3 Chutes
warning device. 3.4.5 Elevators
3.4 Provisions in
the NBC 3. Each hoist designed to lift its load 1. Hoistways for elevators shall be
Concerning
vertically shall have its rated load substantially enclosed throughout
Transportation
legibly marked on the hoist or load their height, with no openings
Systems
block or at some easily visible allowed except for necessary doors,
space.
windows or skylights.
4. A stop, which shall operate 2. Ropes, wires or pipes shall not
automatically, shall be provided at be installed in hoistways, except
each switch, dead end rail or when necessary for the operation of
turntable to prevent the trolley the elevators.
running off when the switch is open.
3.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
3.4.6 Escalators 5. The rated speed, measured
along the angle of inclination, shall
1. The angle of inclination of an be not more than 38 mpm.
3.1 Elevators &
Dumbwaiters escalator shall not exceed 35 from
the horizontal. 6. Starting switches shall be key
3.2 Escalators & operated and located within sight of
Conveyors 2. The width between balustrades escalator steps.
shall not be less than 558 mm nor
3.3 Chutes 7. Emergency buttons shall be
more than 1.20 m. This width shall
not exceed the width of the steps by conspicuously and accessibly
3.4 Provisions in
the NBC more than 330 mm. located at or near the top and
Concerning bottom landings but protected from
Transportation 3. Solid balustrades of accidental contact.
Systems incombustible material shall be
provided on each side of the moving
steps. If made of glass, it shall be of
tempered type glass.
4. Each balustrade shall be
provided with a handrail moving in
the same direction and at the same
speed as the steps.
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TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMS

END
THANK YOU! THE END