Ciara Williams

Delores Garcia
Makayla Arriaga
Skylar
AP Biology
Mrs. Carignan
December 26, 2016
Ecology
Ch. 43
Important People
Karl Von Frisch- Extensive studies of honeybee communication and famous for the bee waggle
dance
Konrad Lorenz- Studied imprinting and critical periods in geeze
Pheromone is a chemical signal that is released and influences other members of that
same species
Fixed action pattern is a behavior that when it started it is going to be continued until its
done no matter what
There are many different behaviors that animals could demonstrate
Instinctive behavior- occurs without previous experience
Learned behavior- occurs with experiences
Imprinting- learned during a certain period in their life
Habituation- learns by experience to not respond to something that has
neither positive nor negative effects
Operant Conditioning- learning that occurs through rewards and
punishments (Skinner)
Classical conditioning- response to something becomes associated with
another stimulus that is presented at time (Pavlov-dog)
An animal's behavior can be altered by environmental factors.. That is called behavioral
plasticity
Migration is when an animal leaves a certain spot and goes to another follows certain
path
Taxis is a change in direction in a response
Kinesis is the change in rate of movement response to stimulus
There are different kind of communication signals from animals
Chemical, pheromone, honeybees
Acoustical, helps many male vertebrates and gives alarms of possible
threats Such as songbirds, whales, frogs
Visual, Courtship (shows best fit), threat display Birds
Tactile (touch).. Honeybee waggle dance.. Tell where food or new home
is
Sometimes signals do not help they can also hurt.. Animal could mimic
it.. Or could give up their spot and get killed
Many animals have different mating systems
Most animals don't mate with just each other.. Except birds
 Males goal to try to mate with as many girls as possible to reproduce..
Females goal is get a good mate
Lek is basically like a dance floor for two to battle it out
Territory is basically like a spot of land a male has that no other males
can go on
Living groups can differ
Dominance Hierarchy- animals that live in permanent groups.. Wolfs
Selfish herd- group that comes together only when there is a threat and
need to hide behind one another
Living in group improved defenses, shared care giving, greater access
to food
Living in group could be bad increased competition and more
infections
Mutualism both benefits
Parasitism One benefits one does not
Commensalism One benefits one does nothing
Eusocial Animal live in colonies and overlap generations.. Ants, mice, termites Only
few can reproduce well others can't and just take care of the ones that can
Altruistic Behavior- behavior that helps another person reproduce when
it can harm them

Ch. 44
Vocab:
Innate behavior: it is not learned but is instinct, inherited or developmentally fixed.

Learned behaviors: the species has to see the action, can learn from other species, but not always.
example: Associative learning, or learning to associate one feature of the environment ( stimulus) with
another.

Operant conditioning: a stimulus is given and through trial and error learning a reward or punishment is
given. Example: Skinner box, rats trained through reward and punishment.

Classical conditioning: a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired;connection
between reflex behavior to an associated stimulus. Example Ivan pavlovs dogs.

Habituation: loss of response to stimulus, learn not to respond to repeated occurrence of stimulus.example
if after ivan dogs had gone through classical conditioning, they were not feed when the bell rang then the
dogs would no longer salivate whenever they heard the bell ring. They would eventually, overtime,
become habituated to it.

Social behaviors: contest for resources developed as evolutionary adaptations.

Agonistic behaviors: threatening and submissive rituals, symbolic and usually no physical harm is done.
Competing is not always fighting but postening.
Altruistic behaviors: reduces individual fitness, and increases fitness of recipient.

Kin selection: natural selection in favor of behavior by individuals that may decrease their chance of
survival but increases that of their kin. Example: ground squirrel makes a warning call, so the rest of his
family can live, almost certainly resulting in their own death. If his family is already safe than he will not
make the warning call.

Phenotype: are the characteristics you can visibly see in an individual resulting from the interaction of its
genotype with the environment. Example: brown eyes
Fixed action patterns: a sequence of behaviors that are unchangeable and the animal has no choice.

Sign stimulus: what ever triggers the fixed action, is the sign stimulus.
Proximate cause: internal mechanisms that determine how an individual behaves, example:the male does
not want to compete.

Movements: taxes, change in direction towards: positive, change in direction away: negative.

Types of taxis: phototaxis: light taxis- change of direction towards( positive) or away( negative) from the
light, chemotaxis: chemical, kinesis taxis: kinetic movement; change in the rate of the movement in
response of some stimulus.

Migration: is a complex behavior, under genetic control.

Imprinting: learned at a specific critical time forming social attachments. ( Konrad Lorenz and geese)
example: operant conditioning; the frog tries to eat the hornet and the hornet stings the frog's tongue,
therefore the frog won't try to eat the hornet again.

Vital statistics: populations described in terms of their size, density, distribution, and number of
individuals in different age categories.

Exponential rates of growth: a population's size and reproductive base influences its rate of growth when
the population is increasing at a rate proportional to its size, it is undergoing exponential growth.
Limits on increase in number: density- dependent limiting factors result in logistic growth, in which the
rate of growth slows as the population nears its carrying capacity.

Population demographics: ecological factors affect the size, density, distribution, and age structure of a
population.

Growth rate: rate= r, birth = B, death = D, total population = N

r = birth/ total population - death/ total population
Example: rabbits
B/N - D/N = 19/100- 16/100 = 19-16/100 = .3
 Five Qs:

1). What is the difference between operant conditioning and classical conditioning and who are the men
who made new discoveries in each?

A:
Operant conditioning: a stimulus is given and through trial and error learning a reward or punishment is
given. Example: Skinner box, rats trained through reward and punishment.

Classical conditioning: a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired;connection
between reflex behavior to an associated stimulus. Example Ivan pavlovs dogs.

2). What is the difference between innate behavior, and learned behavior,and they are both examples of
what kind of behavior?

A:
Innate behavior: it is not learned but is instinct, inherited or developmentally fixed.

Learned behaviors: the species has to see the action, can learn from other species, but not always.
example: Associative learning, or learning to associate one feature of the environment ( stimulus) with
another.

Social behaviors: contest for resources developed as evolutionary adaptations.

3). The definition of both a fixed action pattern and sign stimulus, and one reason why they are both
connected.

A:
Fixed action patterns: a sequence of behaviors that are unchangeable and the animal has no choice.

Sign stimulus: what ever triggers the fixed action, is the sign stimulus.
The fixed action cannot happen without the sign stimulus therefore there connected by the fact one can't
happen without the other.

4). What is the definition of habituation and an example of it?

A:
Habituation: loss of response to stimulus, learn not to respond to repeated occurrence of stimulus.example
if after ivan dogs had gone through classical conditioning, they were not feed when the bell rang then the
dogs would no longer salivate whenever they heard the bell ring. They would eventually, overtime,
become habituated to it

5). Solve this growth rate question.

A:
Growth rate: rate= r, birth = B, death = D, total population = N
r = birth/ total population - death/ total population

Example: Dogs
The birth rate is 20 and the death rate is 15, the total population is 50. What is the growth rate?

B/N - D/N = 20/50- 15/50 = 20-15/50 = 20/ 50 = 0.4, 15/50 = 0.3, 0.4 -0.3 = 0.1

Ch. 45
Vocab:
Community ecology :Community characteristics that make up a community consist of all species in a
habitat.

Habitats - history its biological and physical characteristics and the interactions among species affect
community structure.

Types of species interactions; Commensalism, mutualism, competition, and parasitic/predation/ herbivory.

All types of interspecific interactions influence the population size of participating species.

Successional changes: community structure changes over time when a new community forms early
arriving species alter the habitat that facilitated their own replacement. .

Biogeographic patterns: communities in tropical regions hold the greatest number of species.

Factors that shape community structure: Community structure: number and relative abundances of species
and habitats.

Habitat: Each species lives in a typical type of place and all species in a particular habitat constitute aa a
community.

Commensalism: One species benefits and the other is neither benefited nor harmed.

Symbiosis: Living together and refers to a relationship which two species have a prolonged close
association with benefits at least one of them.

Mutualism: A mutualistic interaction benefits both partners.

Herbivore: an animal that feeds on plants.

Parasitism: One species benefits by feeding on another, they reduce the reproductive rate of the hosts
individuals by withdrawing nutrients from them.
 Brood parasitism: One species benefits by having another raise its Offspring, they reduce the
reproductive rate of host by tricking them into caring for young that are not their own.

Parasitoids: Insects that lay their eggs in other insects, they reduce the number of host organisms by
preventing reproduction and eventually killing the host.

Ecological niche: each species requires specific resources and environmental conditions both antibiotic
and biotic.

Competitive exclusion: when two species require the same limited resources to survive to reproduce,the
better competitor will drive the less competitive species to Extinction.

Resource partitioning: Evolutionary process by which species become adapted to use a shared limiting
resource in a way that minimizes competition character displacement.

Predator-prey interactions: Relative abundances of predator and prey populations of a community shift
over time in response to species interactions and changing environmental conditions.

Predator- interspecific interactions: when one species (the Predator) captures, kills, and eats another
species(The Prey.)

warning coloration: A conspicuous color pattern that Predators learn to avoid.

Mimicry: Evolutionary pattern in which one species comes to resemble another.

Camouflage: change in a body shape, color pattern or behavior that allows an individual to blend into its
surroundings and avoid detection.

Ecological succession: species in a Community depends on physical factors such as climate and biotic
factors; such as when species arrived earlier and the frequency of disturbances.

Pioneer species: opportunistic colonizers of new or newly vacated habitats.

Primary succession: Process which begins when pioneer species colonize in a Barren habitat with no soil
such as a new volcanic island or land exposed by The Retreat of a glacier.

Secondary succession: when a disturbed area within a community recovers.

Intermediate disturbance hypothesis: species richness is greatest in communities where disturbances are
moderate in intensity and frequency.

Keystone species: Disportionately large effect on the community relative to its abundance,they change
over time.
 Indicator species: The first to do poorly when conditions change; can provide an early warning of a
environmental degradation.

Exotic species: president of an established community that dispersed from its home range and became
established elsewhere.

Common warning correlation: Aposematic species come to resemble each other.

Coevolution in community: examples; Predator-prey relationships, Parasite-host relationships, Flowers

and pollinator relationships, and Long-term evolutionary adjustments between species.

Species diversity: how many different species.

Composition: dominant species, most abundant species or highest biomass (total weight).

Climax Forest :plant Community dominated by trees.

Fire climax species: adapts to survive and reproduce in areas that experience frequent fires,example; Jack
Pine.

Five Qs:
1)What are all of the types of species interactions and each of their definitions?

A: Commensalism, mutualism, competition, and parasitic/predation/ herbivory.

Commensalism- One species benefits and the other is neither benefited nor harmed.

Mutualism- A mutualistic interaction benefits both partners.

Competition- when two species require the same limited resources to survive to reproduce,the better
competitor will drive the less competitive species to Extinction.

Parasitic- One species benefits by feeding on another, they reduce the reproductive rate of the hosts
individuals by withdrawing nutrients from them.

Predation- when one species (the Predator) captures, kills, and eats another species(The Prey.)

Herbivory- an animal that feeds on plants.

Parasitism (brood parasitism, parasitoids)- One species benefits by feeding on another, they reduce the
reproductive rate of the hosts individuals by withdrawing nutrients from them.

2) What are three types of parasites and parasitoids, And what are the differences between them?
A: Parasitism is when one species benefits by feeding on another, they reduce the reproductive rate of the
hosts individuals by withdrawing nutrients from them.

Blood parasitism, is when one species benefits by having another raise its Offspring, they reduce the
reproductive rate of host by tricking them into caring for young that are not their own.

Parasitoids: Insects that lay their eggs in other insects, they reduce the number of host organisms by
preventing reproduction and eventually killing the host.

3) which species out of the three given is one that if removed from the ecosystem, the environment would
change drastically and maybe even disasterly.
A:
a). Keystone species: Disportionately large effect on the community relative to its abundance,they change
over time.

b). Indicator species: The first to do poorly when conditions change; can provide an early warning of a
environmental degradation.

c). Exotic species: president of an established community that dispersed from its home range and became
established elsewhere.

4) Which answer has the definition; Evolutionary pattern in which one species comes to resemble another,
what is the definition of the other word?

a). Mimicry
b). Camouflage

A:
Mimicry: Evolutionary pattern in which one species comes to resemble another.

Other is - Camouflage: change in a body shape, color pattern or behavior that allows an individual to
blend into its surroundings and avoid detection.

5) What is another name for symbiosis, the definition, example of where symbiotic relationships can
occur, and the three major types of it?
A: species interactions, is another name for symbiosis, symbiosis is when a species is living together and
refers to a relationship which two species have a prolonged close association that benefits one of them.
Symbiotic relationships can occur either in an organism's body or outside of it.
mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism.
 Ch. 46
Vocab:
Consumer- Organism that gets energy and nutrients by feeding on tissues, wastes, or remains of other
organisms.

Decomposer- Organism that feeds on biological remains and breaks organic material down into inorganic
subunits.

Detrivore- Consumer that feeds on small bits of organic material.

Ecosystem- A community interacting with its environment.

Food chain- Description of who eats whom in one path of energy flow in an ecosystem.

Primary producer- In an ecosystem, an organism that captures energy from an inorganic source and stores
it as biomass; first trophic level.

Trophic level- position of an organism in a food chain.

Detrital food web- most energy is transferred directly from producers to detritivores.

Food web- Set of cross-connecting food chains.

Grazing food web- Most energy is transferred from producers to herbivores.

Biomass pyramid- Diagram that depicts the dry weight in each of an ecosystem's trophic level.

Energy pyramid- Diagram depicts the energy that enters each of an ecosystem's trophic levels. Primary
producers are always the largest.

Primary production- The rate at which an ecosystems producers capture and store energy.

Aquifer- Porous rock layer, holds some ground water.

Water cycle- Movement of water among earth's atmosphere, oceans, and the fresh water reservoirs on
land.

Watershed- Land area that drains into a particular stream or river.

Atmospheric cycle- Biogeochemical cycle in which a gaseous form of an element plays a significant role.

Carbon cycle- Movement of carbon, mainly between the oceans, atmosphere, and living organisms.
Global climate change- A long term change in earth's climate.

Greenhouse gas- Atmospheric gas that absorbs heat emitted by earths surface and remains it, thus
keeping the planet warm.

Ammonification- Breakdown of nitrogen- containing organic material resulting in the release of ammonia
and ammonium ions.

Denitrification- Conversion of nitrates or nitrites to gaseous forms of nitrogen.

Nitrification- Conversion of ammonium to nitrates.

Nitrogen cycle- Movement of nitrogen among the atmosphere, soil, and water and into and out of food
webs.

Nitrogen fixation- Incorporation of nitrogen from nitrogen gas into ammonia.

Phosphorus cycle- Movement of phosphorus among earth's rocks and waters, and into and out of food
webs.

Sedimentary cycle- Biogeochemical cycle in which the atmosphere plays little role and rocks are the
major reservoir.

Five Qs:
1) What does the first trophic level consist of?
A: Primary Producers

2) Where does the energy go in a grazing food web?

A: Herbivores

3) What is a land area that drains into a stream or river?

A: Watershed

4) What is the main reservoir in the nitrogen cycle?

A: The atmosphere

5) What are the 3 parts of the phosphorus cycle?

A: Rocks, Waters, and food webs

Ch. 47
Vocab:
Biosphere- All regions of earth where organisms live.
El Nino- Periodic warming of equatorial pacific waters and associated shifts in global weather patterns.

La Nina- Periodic cooling of equatorial Pacific waters and associated shifts in global weather patterns.

Climate- Average weather conditions in a region over a long time.

Monsoon- Wind that reverses direction seasonally.

Rain shadow- Dry region downwind of a coastal mountain range.

Biome- Group of regions that may be widely separated but share a characteristic climate and dominant
vegetation.

Desert- Biome with little rain and low humidity; plants have water-storing and water-conserving
adaptations.

Grassland- Biome in the interior of continents where grasses and nonwoody plants adapted to grazing and
fire predominant.

Dry Shrubland- Biome dominated by a diverse array of fire-adapted shrubs; occurs in regions with cool
winters and dry summers.

Dry woodland- Biome dominated by short trees that do not completely shade the ground; occurs in
regions with cool, wet winters and a dry summer.

Temperate deciduous forest- Northern hemisphere biome in which the main plants are broadleaf trees that
lose their leaves in fall and become dormant during cold winters.

Tropical rainforest- Highly productive and species-rich biome in which year-round rains and warmth
support continuous growth of evergreen broadleaf trees.

Boreal forest- Extensive High-latitude forest of the northern hemisphere; conifers are the predominant
vegetation.

Alpine tundra- Biome of low- growing, wind-tolerant plants adapted to high-altitude conditions.

Arctic tundra- Highest-latitude northern hemisphere biome, where low, cold-tolerant plants survive with
only a brief growing season.
Permafrost- Continually frozen soil layer that lies beneath arctic tundra and prevents water from draining.

Fall overturn- During the fall, waters of a temperate zone mix. Upper, oxygenated water cools, gets dense,
and sinks; nutrient-rich water from the bottoms up.
Lake- A body of fresh water

Spring overture- In temperate zone lakes, a downward movement of oxygenated surface water and an
upward movement of nutrient rich water in spring.

Thermocline- Thermal stratification in a large body of water; cool mid layer stops vertical mixing
between warm surface water above it and cold water below it.

Estuary- A highly productive ecosystem where nutrient-rich water from a river mixes with seawater.

Coral reef- Highly diverse marine ecosystem centered around reefs built by living corals that secrete
calcium carbonate.

Benthic province- The oceans sediments and rocks.

Hydrothermal vent- Rocky, underwater opening where mineral-rich water heated by geothermal energy
stream out.

Pelagic province- Oceans waters

Seamount- Undersea mountain.

5 Qs:
1) What is a permafrost?
A: A frozen soil layer; lies beneath arctic tundra

2) Describe a thermocline?
A: A layer that prevents warm top water and cool bottom water from mixing.

3) How are biomes characterized?

A: Climate and dominant vegetation

4) What is the difference of El Nino and La Nina?

A: El nino is the warming of equatorial pacific and La Nina is the cooling.

5) Name 3 biomes and explain each.

A: Desert- Biome with little rain and low humidity; plants have water-storing and water-conserving
adaptations.Grassland- Biome in the interior of continents where grasses and nonwoody plants adapted to
grazing and fire predominant. Dry Shrubland- Biome dominated by a diverse array of fire-adapted shrubs;
occurs in regions with cool winters and dry summers.Dry woodland- Biome dominated by short trees that
do not completely shade the ground; occurs in regions with cool, wet winters and a dry summer.
Temperate deciduous forest- Northern hemisphere biome in which the main plants are broadleaf trees that
lose their leaves in fall and become dormant during cold winters.Tropical rainforest- Highly productive
and species-rich biome in which year-round rains and warmth support continuous growth of evergreen
broadleaf trees.Boreal forest- Extensive High-latitude forest of the northern hemisphere; conifers are the
predominant vegetation. Alpine tundra- Biome of low- growing, wind-tolerant plants adapted to high-
altitude conditions.Arctic tundra- Highest-latitude northern hemisphere biome, where low, cold-tolerant
plants survive with only a brief growing season.