English for Chemist

Part of Speech

M. Idham D. M.
Departement of Chemistry
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences
Universitas Gadjah Mada

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 Sentence

A set of words that is complete in itself,

typically containing a subject and predicate,
conveying a statement, question,
exclamation, or command, and consisting of
a main clause and sometimes one or more
subordinate clauses (Oxford dictionary).

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 Interjection

Preposition Noun

Part of Pronoun
Conjunction
Speech

Adverb Verb

Adjective

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4
 Function of Noun

As a subject (does or receives the action)

Scientists talk of cause and effect.
John prepare his manuscript.
My works was finally published.
The song was sung by Dalida.

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 Function of Noun

As a direct object (come after a transitive

verb and receive its action)
I buy a book (buy what?)
Tomorrow morning, we will plant a tree (plant
what?)
We helped Claude to prepare his exam (help
whom?)
I have an appointment with Doctor (have what?)

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 Function of Noun

As indirect object (follows the verb &

answers to/for whom)
I gave Alex some reports (to whom).
I buy Michel a Erlenmeyer (for whom).
My professor send the editor the draft (to whom)

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 Function of Noun
As an object of preposition (follow the preposition)
The key of success is studying and practising.
In this laboratory work, I work with you.
Over the river and through the woods to Grandmothers
house we go.
The reaction rate might be accelerated by increasing the
temperature.

A preposition has to have an object and the object is a noun

or pronoun. The examples of preposition includes of, near,
after, before, from, to, through, under, over, across, with

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 Types of nouns

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 Noun clause

Clause functions as a noun. A noun clause

contains a subject and predicate.
Noun clause derived from a statement
(conjuction = that).
Statement: the reaction is dependant on the
temperature.
The results showed that the reaction is
dependant on the temperature.
My understanding is that the reaction is
dependant on the temperature.
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 Noun clause

Noun clause derived from a yes/no question

(conjuction = whether, if).
Statement: is the reaction dependant on the
temperature?.
I wonder whether/if the reaction dependants on
the temperature.
He is not concerned about whether the reaction
will be dependant on the temperature.

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 Noun clause

Question word question (conjuction = what,

who, which, when, where, why, how).
Sentence: What did he do?
The most important thing is what he did.
I am impressed on what he did.
I dont understand why he did such things.

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 Pronoun
A word that takes the place of a noun

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 Pronoun

The reaction mixture was cooled to ambient

temperature and it was filtered through a pad of
silica.
He asks me whether I know the solution.
The antiplasmodium activity (ies) of fraction 1 (and 2)
is higher than that (those) of fraction 3 (and 4).
The isolation of natural products from clove leave oil
provided two main products, namely eugenol and
cariophilene. Both products displayed good biological
activities. While the former contains aromatic ring,
the later does not have any aromatic ring.

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 Verb
Any member of a class of words that function
as the main elements of predicate
that typically express an action, an occurrence,
or a state of being

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 Verb
Transitive verb (used with object)
Give, buy, pass, make, sell, take, show, offer, leave, wish, lend,..
Cannizaro reaction of benzaldehyde gives benzoic acid and benzyl
alcohol.
The results showed that the reaction is dependant on the
temperature.
Intransitive verb (used without object)
Work, laugh, talk, cry, .
We talk for hours.
He laughs out loudly.
Both Transitive and Intransitive verb
Sing, play, live, run, .
We play a videogame
We play hard

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 Verb
Primary verb
be, do, and have
He is the professor of this laboratory.
The students do some exercise before leaving.
Modal auxilary (aux. verb + V1)
can, may, will, shall, could, might, would, should, and must
We can increase the temperature to accelerate the reaction.
The esterification reaction might occur via the formation of
tetrahedral intermediate.
Full verb
all the rest..
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 Take Home 1

In scientific books, journals or articles, please

find
10 sentences which contain noun (pronoun), verb and
adjective. Identify them!.
Make 3 sentences, 5 yes/no questions, 7
word questions and convert them into the
corresponding noun clauses.
Find 5 examples (for each) of transitive and
intransitive verbs and put them in sentences.
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 Adjective
Words that describe or modify nouns.

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 Adjective
Observation: interesting book, beautiful girl.
Size and shape: big flask, slow distillation.
Age: young guy, seven-year-old boy.
Color: white crystal, brown solution.
Origin: American society, French fries.
Material: glass wool, gold medal.

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 Adjective
Article
Indefinite (a, an)
The product was characterized by an X-ray analysis.
I study in a university in Yogyakarta.
Indefinite (the)
Please buy me a book, the thick one.

I perform a reaction vs the oxidation reaction.

Keluarga Mahasiswa Kimia is a student organization. The
organization consists of 5 departments.
Methyl salicylate and sodium hydroxide were introduced to
the three-necked-flask. The reaction mixture was stirred .

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 Adjective
Possesive adjective

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 Adjective
Possesive adjective
Miranda is editor in chief of the journal. Her
opinion is a great deal.
Their publication was published earlier than
our publication (ours).
This is my book vs this book is mine.

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 Adjective
Demonstrative adjective
Singular (this, that)
This question is simple.
Plural (these, those)
These questions are simple.

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 Adjective
Adjective Comparative Superlative
Easy Easier The easiest
Dangerous More dangerous The most dangerous
Good Better The best
Far Further The furthest

Apple = 10k; Banana = 5k ; Grape = 15k

Apple is more expensive than banana. Apple is cheaper than
grape.
Banana is the cheapest fruit. Grape is the most expensive fruit.
The higher concentration of solution is, the more frequent the
collision will be.

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 Adjective clause
Clause functions as an adjective and modify
noun and pronoun.
Can be used to combined two sentences.

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 Adjective clause
Person
Use Who or That to replace the subject
The authors acknowledged the government.
It gave financial support.
The authors acknowledged the government who/that
gave financial supports.
Benedict is an actor.
He has great talents.
Benedict is an actor who/that has great talents.

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 Adjective clause
Person
Use Whom or That to replace the object
The invited speaker is working in Japan.
I meet the invited speaker during the lunch.
The invited speaker whom I meet during the lunch is
working in Japan.
The students is in the first year.
I teach the students English.
The students whom I teach is in the first year.

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 Adjective clause
Non-person
Use which or That to replace the subject
MacMillan defined the term of organocatalysis.
It was published in 2000.
MacMillan defined the term of organocatalysis which
was published in 2000.
Quartet amazon performed a circus.
It was banned 10 years ago.
Quartet amazon performed a circus which was banned
10 years ago.

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 Adjective clause
Non-person
Use which or That to replace the object
We will submit the manucript.
I finished it yesterday.
We will submit the manuscript which I finish yesterday
The muscle transplant gave Laura the ability to
smile.
Laura went trough a muscle transplant
The muscle transplant which Laura went through gave
her the ability to smile.

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 Adjective clause
Place
Use where
Hendaru studies at UGM
There, He improve his knowledge on chemistry.
Hendaru studies at UGM where He improves his knowledge
on chemistry.
After graduating from UGM, Hendaru moves to
France.
He meets his wife there.
After graduating from UGM, Hendaru moves to France
where he meets his wife.

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 Adjective clause
Time
Use when
It was at 27th May 2006.
The earthquake occurred in Yogyakarta.
It was at 27th May 2006 when the earthquake occurred in
Yogyakarta.
Graduation day will be held on Tuesday.
On that occasion, the students will receive their
diplomes.
Graduation day will be held on Tuesday when the students
will receive their diplomes.

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 Adjective clause
Posession
Use whose
Stephenson is an expert in organophotocatalysis.
His works have been cited by many researchers
Stephenson is an expert in organophotocatalysis whose works
have been cited by many researchers.
Stephenson is an expert in organophotocatalysis the works of
which have been cited by many researchers.
The house belongs to Marion.
Its garden is very big.
The house belongs to Marion whose garden is very big.
The house belongs to Marion the garden of which is very big.

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 Adverb
Words that describe or modify verb, adjectives.

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 Adverb
Adverb of time
Now, yesterday, early, late, recently, lately,
She has recently retired.
The accident occurred yesterday.
Adverb of place
here, inside, outside, downstair, everywhere,
below,..
After the party, the garbage was found everywhere.
The reaction was carried out under argon
atmosphere.

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 Adverb
Adverb of frequency
Usually, often, regularly, daily, monthly,..
We rarely perform the reaction in small scale.
I monthly pay the tax.
Adverb of manner
Gracefully, elegantly, enthusiastically, happily, .
The reaction mixture was vigorously stirred.
The solution was slowly/dropwise added to the flask.
The liquid was gently heated.

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Interchange of Part of speech Verb Noun Adjective Adverb

en- -ment -able

im- -ness -ible
-es -tion -ive
-ed -sion -ful
-ire/ize -ance -al
-fy -cy -ant
-en -ity -ic -ly
-ate -th -ave
-ish -ce -ent
-dom -ant
-ship -ar
-hood -ing
-er/or -y
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Interchange of Part of speech
Verb Noun Adjective Adverb
contruct construction constructive constructively
integrate integration integral integrally
bonded bond bonded, bonding bonding
expertness,
expertise expert expertly
expert
manage management manageable manageably
restrictive,
restrict restriction restrictively
restricted
directed direction direct directly
excite excitement excited excitedly
form formation formative formatively
exceed excess excessive excessively
variation,
vary various variedly
variety
reducible, reducibly,
reduce reduction
reductive reductively
diminish diminution diminishable diminutively
depend dependence dependent dependently

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 Practice
1. Geothermal power refers to the generation of .(electricity) power
from the tapping of heat sources found well below the earths surface.
2. As most people know, if a hole were to be drilled . (depth) into the
earth, extremely hot, molten rock would soon be encountered.
3. A further consideration is the amount of risk involved in . (success)
setting up a new geothermal power production facility.
4. The drilling that must (extension) 2000 to 3000 m below the surface
should be accurate .
5. To achieve this, . (extension) surveys, drilling expertise and time are
needed.
6. Clearly then, further .. (progress) need to be made in the development
of geothermal energy.
7. The station, built in 1966, pointed the way to the future when the
country was . (effect) by two global oil shock.
8. In certain area, where the earths surface has been altered over time,
temperatures exceeding 300 C can be found at depth of a mere 1 to 3
km, which can be (feasibility) accessed. 39
 Take Home 2
In scientific books, journals or articles, please find
10 sentences which utilize comparative and superlative
adjectives.
Make 10 sentences containing adjective clause using
conjunction (2 of each): which as subject, which as
object, where, when, whose.
Make 8 sentences (2 of each): using adverb of time,
adverb of place, adverb of frequency and adverb of
manner.
Find 10 different nouns and convert them into
corresponding verb, adjective and adverb.

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Preposition

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Preposition

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Preposition

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Preposition

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 Exercise
http://write.siu.edu/_common/documents/ha
ndouts/preposition-exercises1.pdf

45
 Conjunction
The part of speech which connects two words
or clauses or sentences and shows the
relation between them

Coordinating conjunction
Subordinating conjunction
Relative conjunction

46
 Conjunction
Coordinating conjunction
The main function of coordinating conjunctions
is to join words, phrases, and clauses together,
which are usually grammatically equal.

47
 Conjunction
Coordinating conjunction
The used chemicals were hydrochloric acid
and sodium hydroxide.
Rakha talked to the girl, but she got scared.
Anne will attend the launch of her movie so
many people will come to the cinema.
We have never been to Europe, nor have we
visited Africa.
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 Conjunction
Subordinate conjunction
Used to join an independent with a dependent
clause that relies on the main clause for
meaning and relevance.
The dependent clause cannot exist on its own as a
sentence and often does not make sense
without the main clause.
The subordinating conjunction always comes
before the dependent clause.
The dependent clause itself can be placed either
ahead of or following the independent clause.
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 Conjunction
Subordinate conjunction
While, as soon as, although, before, even if, because, no
matter how, whether, wherever, when, Until, after, as if,
how, if, provided, in that, once, supposing, while, unless,
in case, as far as, now that, as, so that, Though, since.

She never talk to anybody since she arrive.

I like to fish since fishing is fun.
While he waited at the train station, Joe realized that
the train was late.

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 Conjunction
Correlative conjunction
Correlative conjunctions
are always used in pairs. Both and
They are similar to Not only but also
coordinating Either or
conjunctions because Neither nor
they join sentence
elements that are similar
in importance.

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 Conjunction
Correlative conjunction
Both inductive and steric effects affect the
stability of intermediate.
Marie Curie not only obtained nobel prize in
physics but she also won nobel prize in
chemistry.
Neither Adrian nor Xavier passed the exam.

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 Take Home 3

Finish all the exercise on slide #45.

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