Building and Using Petrophysical Attributes

Building and Using Petrophysical Attributes
Mappers and modelers who have used Petrel for sometime may be unaware of this simple yet
extremely useful tool for calculating zone average attribute values. Its use allows rapid QC of
calculated log data and the calculation of field wide volumes. Use these methods in the early
stages of your modeling projects to ensure the framework and the data are ready to move into
geocellular modeling.
This TIPS&TRICKS explains how to create Zone Attributes from continuous (e.g. average value
for porosity) and discrete (e.g. average N:G from facies) logs and how to address some of the
stumbling blocks, such as:
Errors resulting from missing tops.
Naming issues (and how to avoid them) resulting from attributes entered directly from a
tops file.
Displaying attributes.
Well data attributes are part of the Well Tops file. These attributes can represent a value at a
point such as the top pick, in which case it is a top attribute. Attributes can also represent a
value between two tops, usually an average, in which case it is a zone attribute. Zone attributes
are commonly used in mapping projects. A typical mapping workflow using Zone attributes
might be:
1. Import or create well logs and tops.
2. Create zone-average attributes for porosity.
3. Build porosity grids for each zone.
4. Generate displays of each grid, posting the associated data.
5. Use porosity grid in volume calculations.
Here, we will concentrate on Steps 2 and 3.
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Figure: A generalized mapping workflow that uses the Zone attribute tool (see step 2 below) to
create the grid data. Numbers represent the steps above.
Creating Zone Average Attributes

Multiple attributes can be stored with objects like tops, zones, grids and points, the same way
objects are stored in Petrel under folders. In this example we will concentrate on Zone
Attributes stored in a Well Tops object.
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All the above properties with the exception of the last one (Zone Net Porosity) are predefined
for each well top. Some values are routinely defined all the time and some are empty until data
is available to calculate them or values are entered manually. TWT Auto, TVT, and TST are all
automatic attributes calculated according to the time/depth relationship and the dip of the
stratigraphy in the well. Automatic attributes are dynamically updated whenever the well tops
are adjusted.
This example illustrates how to create the one user-defined zone attribute in the above list (and
others). Once created, a Zone Attribute becomes a stored value with the zones in a Well Tops
file. It can be interpolated from Logs or Surfaces or it can be entered manually. Attributes must
be assigned one of six types; Continuous, Discrete, Boolean, String, Date or Derived. Here we
will focus on only Continuous and Discrete attributes.
What Zone Attributes should be calculated?

While many attributes may be calculated for the zones, the following are the most common.
Remember, these attributes are for the zones between the horizons and not for the horizons
themselves.
Average Net Attribute (i.e.: Phi, Perm, Sw)

Attribute Thickness (i.e.: Phi*H)
Dominant Facies (Lithofacies)
Facies Thickness (Net Thickness)
Net-to-Gross Ratio (NTG)
Continuous Attributes
Continuous attributes are attributes which may have decimal values such as porosity and
permeability. To create a continuous attribute, follow these steps:
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1. Right-Click on the Attribute Folder and select Insert new attribute.
2. Specify the type of attribute (Continuous in this case).
3. The Attribute dialog is displayed. Choose the desired template under the Info tab.
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4. Go to the Attribute Operations tab:
a. Check the button To the zones at
level
b. Specify which level to calculate
c. Select the log to be used for
calculation
d. Choose the correct Average method
e. Consider any other parameters
f. Click Run to calculate the attributes
5. The Attribute is added to the bottom of the list. Rename it to show it is a zone attribute.
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Take care in selecting the averaging method for creating a continuous attribute using a
continuous log. Available methods are:
a. Arithmetic Typically used for attributes such as porosity, saturation and net/gross
because these are additive variables. The arithmetic mean is only correct for
horizontal permeability that is constant within each layer.
b. Harmonic Gives the effective vertical permeability if the reservoir is layered with
constant permeability in each layer. The harmonic mean works well with log normal
distributions. Used for permeability because it is sensitive to lower values. Only
positive values may be used with this method.
c. Geometric Normally a good estimate for permeability if it has no spatial correlation
and is log normally distributed. The geometric mean is sensitive to lower values,
which will have a greater influence on results. Only positive values may be used with
this method.
d. RMS (Root Mean Square) Will provide a bias towards high values.
e. Minimum Will sample the minimum value of the well log for each layer.
f. Maximum Will sample the maximum value of the well log for each layer.
g. Integrate Will integrate (sum) the log between the two well tops.
The methods available for creating a continuous attribute using a discrete log are:
a. Most of Will select the discrete value which is most represented in the log.
b. Median Will sort the input values and select the center value. For example; if there
are 5 input values, these are sorted by magnitude and then entry number 3 in the
sequence is selected.
c. Minimum Will sample the minimum value of the well log for each layer.
d. Maximum Will sample the maximum value of the well log for each layer.
e. Arithmetic Typically used for attributes such as porosity, saturation and net/gross
because these are additive variables. The arithmetic mean is only correct for
horizontal permeability that is constant within each layer.
f. Fraction Calculate the fraction of a particular log that belongs to a specific facies
between the two well tops according to the chosen depth scale (i.e. 0.285 means
28.5 percent of the log is the specific facies).
o Must also pick the facies of interest
g. Percentage Calculate the percentage of a particular log that belongs to a specific
facies between the two well tops according to the chosen depth scale (i.e. 28.5
means 28.5 percent of the log is the specific facies).
h. Thickness Calculate the thickness of a particular facies on a log located between
two tops in a well according to the chosen depth scale.
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Common Continuous Attributes and Parameters
Attribute Example Template Log Method Facies

Net
Porosity Porosity Arithmetic N/A
Porosity
Attribute
Phi*H Thickness Depth Integrate N/A
Thickness
Facies Net-
Net Thickness Thickness Net
Thickness NonNet
Net-to-
Att thick / Net-to- Net-
Gross Fraction Net
total thick Gross NonNet
Ratio
Net-to-
Att thick / Net-to- Net-
Gross Percentage Net
total thick Gross NonNet
Percent
Discrete Attributes
Discrete attributes are integer attributes where the values fall into groups, such as facies (sand,
shale, etc.) or net (net or non-net). To create a discrete attribute, follow these steps:
1. Right-Click on the Attributes in the Well Tops Folder and select Insert new attribute.
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2. Specify the type of attribute (Discrete in this case).
3. The Attribute dialog is displayed. Choose the desired template.
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4. Go to the Attribute Operations tab:
a. Check the button To the zones
at level
b. Specify which level to calculate
c. Select the log to be used for
calculation
d. Choose the correct Average
method
e. Consider any other parameters
f. Click Run to calculate the
attributes
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5. The Attribute is added to the bottom of the list. Rename, if necessary
The methods available for creating a discrete attribute from a discrete log are:
a. Most of Will select the discrete value which is most represented in the log.
b. Median Will sort the input values and select the center value, e.g. if there are 7
input values, these are sorted by magnitude and then entry number 4 in the
sequence is selected.
c. Minimum Will sample the minimum value of the well log for each layer.
d. Maximum Will sample the maximum value of the well log for each layer.
e. Arithmetic Typically used for attributes such as porosity, saturation and
net/gross because these are additive variables. The arithmetic mean is only
correct for horizontal permeability that is constant within each layer.
Common Discrete Attributes and Parameters

Attribute Example Template Log Method Facies
Dominant
Lithologies Facies Most of N/A
Facies
Facies Sand
Lithologies Facies Thickness Sand
Thickness Thickness
Facies Shale
Lithologies Facies Fraction Shale
Ratio Ratio
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Incorrect Results Caused by Missing Well Tops
Tops should exist in all wells for all horizons that are in the Well Tops file to be used for making
zone attributes. This is because:
A Zone Average can only be calculated if a top and base of zone exist
If you dont pick a top, but build a grid, then you are letting Petrel pick the top (the
position where the grid passes through the well).
Picked top
No top, grid
projection
Methods such as Thickness find the difference between picks in a well; if the pick is missing, it
gets the wrong top or base for the zone. Therefore, all picks must exist for every well.
To make a Well Tops file with top picks for all horizons:
Insert a new Well Tops file and highlight it (make it bold)
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Double click on the Wells folder and go to the Report tab
a. Press the 3D Grid icon
b. Check Iconize points as
c. Press button in front of Horizon in active Well Tops
d. Press the Run button
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A spreadsheet report will appear showing all calculations
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The Well Tops file will now have the Stratigraphy folder filled with horizons and zones.
QC the results by comparing the statistics to the original picks (or put them on a Well Section).
Often, interpolated tops may not match the original tops perfectly, but it should be close. If its
not close, the 3D grid probably wasnt made correctly.
Build Attribute Grids

Build Zone Attribute grids by:
Double-click on Make/Edit
Surfaces and clear all
parameters
Highlight the first point file in
the Edited Well Tops and
insert as the Main input: by
using the blue arrow
Choose the correct Attribute
Check the box Run for all Main input in the same folder (this builds grids for all files in the
Well Tops)
In the Geometry tab, specify X-Y limits and increments from another grid, a file or by
entering the values.
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In the Algorithms tab, select the Method (usually
Convergent Interpolation or sometimes,
Sequential Gaussian Simulation)
o Define the output range limits (often + and
a percent of the minimum and
maximum values)
In the Post-Processing tab, define the clipping limits (often truncated at valid limits of the
data type i.e. minimum = 0 and
maximum = 1, for porosity)
Click Apply to build all grids
Dont forget QC.
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Displaying an Attribute
There are two controls for object/attribute display:
What is displayed
Position of display (the purple attribute)
To display an object and a selected attribute

Check the box in front of the object containing
the attributes
The radio button defines which attribute is
displayed
The purple attribute defines the position where
the attribute is displayed. In this case, since Z
is purple, the Porosity attribute is displayed at the Z level.
To change the vertical position of the object, use Z-values of a different attribute to position the
object
Right-click on the attribute
Select Use as visual vertical position
The attribute name turns Purple and defines the objects
position
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Building and Using Petrophysical Attributes

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Building and Using Petrophysical Attributes

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Building and Using Petrophysical Attributes

Petrel is a mark of Schlumberger

Creating Zone Average Attributes

Petrel is a mark of Schlumberger

What Zone Attributes should be calculated?

Average Net Attribute (i.e.: Phi, Perm, Sw)

Petrel is a mark of Schlumberger

2. Specify the type of attribute (Continuous in this case).

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Petrel is a mark of Schlumberger

Petrel is a mark of Schlumberger

Attribute Example Template Log Method Facies

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3. The Attribute dialog is displayed. Choose the desired template.

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Petrel is a mark of Schlumberger

Common Discrete Attributes and Parameters

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Petrel is a mark of Schlumberger

d. Press the Run button

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Petrel is a mark of Schlumberger

Build Attribute Grids

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Click Apply to build all grids

Dont forget QC.

Petrel is a mark of Schlumberger

To display an object and a selected attribute

Petrel is a mark of Schlumberger

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