1. What is Electronic?

The study and use of electrical devices that operate by

controlling the flow of electrons or other electrically
charged particles.
2. What is communication?
Communication means transferring a signal from the
transmitter which passes through a medium then the
output is obtained at the receiver. (or)communication
says as transferring of message from one place to
another place called communication.
3. Different types of communications? Explain.
Analog and digital communication.
As a technology, analog is the process of taking an audio
or video signal (the human voice) and translating it into
electronic pulses. Digital on the other hand is breaking
the signal into a binary format where the audio or video
data is represented by a series of "1"s and "0"s.
Digital signals are immune to noise, quality of
transmission and reception is good, components used in
digital communication can be produced with high
precision and power consumption is also very less when
compared with analog signals.

4. What is sampling?
The process of obtaining a set of samples from a
continuous function of time x(t) is referred to as
sampling.
5. State sampling theorem.
It states that, while taking the samples of a continuous
signal, it has to be taken care that the sampling rate is
equal to or greater than twice the cut off frequency and
the minimum sampling rate is known as the Nyquist rate.
6. What is cut-off frequency?
The frequency at which the response is -3dB with respect
to the maximum response.
7. What is pass band?
Passband is the range of frequencies or wavelengths that
can pass through a filter without being attenuated.
8. What is stop band?
A stopband is a band of frequencies, between specified
limits, in which a circuit, such as a filter or telephone
circuit, does not let signals through, or the attenuation is
above the required stopband attenuation level.
9. Explain RF?
Radio frequency (RF) is a frequency or rate of oscillation
within the range of about 3 Hz to 300 GHz. This range
corresponds to frequency of alternating current electrical
signals used to produce and detect radio waves. Since
most of this range is beyond the vibration rate that most
mechanical systems can respond to, RF usually refers to
oscillations in electrical circuits or electromagnetic
radiation.
10. What is modulation? And where it is utilized?
Modulation is the process of varying some characteristic
of a periodic wave with an external signals.
Radio communication superimposes this information
bearing signal onto a carrier signal.
These high frequency carrier signals can be transmitted
over the air easily and are capable of travelling long
distances.
The characteristics (amplitude, frequency, or phase) of
the carrier signal are varied in accordance with the
information bearing signal.
Modulation is utilized to send an information bearing
signal over long distances.
11. What is demodulation?
Demodulation is the act of removing the modulation from
an analog signal to get the original baseband signal back.
Demodulating is necessary because the receiver system
receives a modulated signal with specific characteristics
and it needs to turn it to base-band
12. Name the modulation techniques.
For Analog modulation--AM, SSB, FM, PM and SM
Digital modulation--OOK, FSK, ASK, Psk, QAM, MSK, CPM,
PPM, TCM, OFDM

13. Explain AM and FM.

AM-Amplitude modulation is a type of modulation where

the amplitude of the carrier signal is varied in accordance
with the information bearing signal.
FM-Frequency modulation is a type of modulation where
the frequency of the carrier signal is varied in accordance
with the information bearing signal.

14. Where do we use AM and FM?

AM is used for video signals for example TV. Ranges from

535 to 1705 kHz.
FM is used for audio signals for example Radio. Ranges
from 88 to 108 MHz.
15. What is a base station?

Base station is a radio receiver/transmitter that serves as

the hub of the local wireless network, and may also be
the gateway between a wired network and the wireless
network.

16. How many satellites are required to cover the earth?

3 satellites are required to cover the entire earth, which is

placed at 120 degree to each other. The life span of the
satellite is about 15 years.

17. What is a repeater?

A repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal
and retransmits it at a higher level and/or higher power,
or onto the other side of an obstruction, so that the signal
can cover longer distances without degradation.

18. What is an Amplifier?

An electronic device or electrical circuit that is used to

boost (amplify) the power, voltage or current of an
applied signal.

19. Example for negative feedback and positive

feedback?

Example for ve feedback is ---Amplifiers And for +ve

feedback is Oscillators
20. What is Oscillator?

An oscillator is a circuit that creates a waveform output

from a direct current input. The two main types of
oscillator are harmonic and relaxation. The harmonic
oscillators have smooth curved waveforms, while
relaxation oscillators have waveforms with sharp
changes.

21. What is an Integrated Circuit?

An integrated circuit (IC), also called a microchip, is an

electronic circuit etched onto a silicon chip. Their main
advantages are low cost, low power, high performance,
and very small size.

22. What is crosstalk?

Crosstalk is a form of interference caused by signals in
nearby conductors. The most common example is hearing
an unwanted conversation on the telephone. Crosstalk
can also occur in radios, televisions, networking
equipment, and even electric guitars.

23. What is resistor?

A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that

opposes an electric current by producing a voltage drop
between its terminals in proportion to the current, that is,
in accordance with Ohm's law:
V = IR.

25. What is inductor?

An inductor is a passive electrical device employed in
electrical circuits for its property of inductance. An
inductor can take many forms.
26. What is conductor?

A substance, body, or device that readily conducts heat,

electricity, sound, etc. Copper is a good conductor of
electricity.

27. What is a semi conductor?

A semiconductor is a solid material that has electrical

conductivity in between that of a conductor and that of
an insulator(An Insulator is a material that resists the flow
of electric current. It is an object intended to support or
separate electrical conductors without passing current
through itself); it can vary over that wide range either
permanently or dynamically.

28. What is diode?

In electronics, a diode is a two-terminal device. Diodes
have two active electrodes between which the signal of
interest may flow, and most are used for their
unidirectional current property.

29. What is transistor?

In electronics, a transistor is a semiconductor device

commonly used to amplify or switch electronic signals.
The transistor is the fundamental building block of
computers, and all other modern electronic devices.
Some transistors are packaged individually but most are
found in integrated circuits

30. What is op-amp?

An operational amplifier, often called an op-amp , is a DC-

coupled high-gain electronic voltage amplifier with
differential inputs[1] and, usually, a single output.
Typically the output of the op-amp is controlled either by
negative feedback, which largely determines the
magnitude of its output voltage gain, or by positive
feedback, which facilitates regenerative gain and
oscillation.

31. What is a feedback?

Feedback is a process whereby some proportion of the

output signal of a system is passed (fed back) to the
input. This is often used to control the dynamic behaviour
of the system.

32. Advantages of negative feedback over positive

feedback.

Much attention has been given by researchers to

negative feedback processes, because negative feedback
processes lead systems towards equilibrium states.
Positive feedback reinforces a given tendency of a system
and can lead a system away from equilibrium states,
possibly causing quite unexpected results.

33. What is Barkhausen criteria?

Barkhausen criteria, without which you will not know

which conditions, are to be satisfied for oscillations.
Oscillations will not be sustained if, at the oscillator
frequency, the magnitude of the product of the
transfer gain of the amplifier and the magnitude of the
feedback factor of the feedback network ( the magnitude
of the loop gain ) are less than unity.
The condition of unity loop gain -A? = 1 is called the
Barkhausen criterion. This condition implies that
A?= 1and that the phase of - A? is zero.

34. What is CDMA, TDMA, FDMA?

Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a channel access
method utilized by various radio communication
technologies. CDMA employs spread-spectrum
technology and a special coding scheme (where each
transmitter is assigned a code) to allow multiple users to
be multiplexed over the same physical channel. By
contrast, time division multiple access (TDMA) divides
access by time, while frequency-division multiple access
(FDMA) divides it by frequency.
An analogy to the problem of multiple access is a room
(channel) in which people wish to communicate with each
other. To avoid confusion, people could take turns
speaking (time division), speak at different pitches
(frequency division), or speak in different directions
(spatial division). In CDMA, they would speak different
languages. People speaking the same language can
understand each other, but not other people. Similarly, in
radio CDMA, each group of users is given a shared code.
Many codes occupy the same channel, but only users
associated with a particular code can understand each
other.

35. explain different types of feedback

Types of feedback:
Negative feedback: This tends to reduce output (but in
amplifiers, stabilizes and linearizes operation). Negative
feedback feeds part of a system's output, inverted, into
the system's input; generally with the result that
fluctuations are attenuated.
Positive feedback: This tends to increase output. Positive
feedback, sometimes referred to as "cumulative
causation", is a feedback loop system in which the
system responds to perturbation (A perturbation means a
system, is an alteration of function, induced by external
or internal mechanisms) in the same direction as the
perturbation. In contrast, a system that responds to the
perturbation in the opposite direction is called a negative
feedback system.
Bipolar feedback: which can either increase or decrease
output.

36. What are the main divisions of power system?

The generating system,transmission system,and

distribution system
37. What is Instrumentation Amplifier (IA) and what are
all the advantages?

An instrumentation amplifier is a differential op-amp

circuit providing high input impedances with ease of gain
adjustment by varying a single resistor.

38. What is meant by impedance diagram.

The equivalent circuit of all the components of the power

system are drawn and they are interconnected is called
impedance diagram.

39. What is the need for load flow study.

The load flow study of a power system is essential to
decide the best operation existing system and for
planning the future expansion of the system. It is also
essential for designing the power system.
40. What is the need for base values?
The components of power system may operate at
different voltage and power levels. It will be convenient
for analysis of power system if the voltage, power,
current ratings of the components of the power system is
expressed with referance to a common value called base
value.