EFFECT OF VIBRATION IN RINGFRAME ON

YARN QUALITY

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

S. VAIDHEESWARAN (200641514)

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
TEXTILE TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF TEXTILE TECHNOLOGY

ANNA UNIVERSITY CHENNAI
CHENNAI - 600 025

MAY 2008
 ii

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project titled EFFECT OF VIBRATION IN

RINGFRAME ON YARN QUALITY is the bonafide work of

Mr. S. VAIDHEESWARAN (200641514) who carried out the project

work under my supervision. Certified further, that to the best of my

knowledge the work reported herein does not form part of any other

project or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award was

conferred on an earlier occasion on this or any other candidate.

Dr. S. SUBRAMANIAN Dr. A. ELAYA PERUMAL

SUPERVISOR JOINT SUPERVISOR

Assistant Professor Assistant Professor
Department of Textile Technology Engineering Design Division
Anna University, Chennai - 600 025 Anna University, Chennai - 600 025

Dr. A. PEER MOHAMED

PROFESSOR AND HEAD

Department of Textile Technology
Anna University
Chennai - 600 025.
 iii

ABSTRACT

The aim of this project work (Phase I and II) is to study the effect of

different levels of vibrations at the drafting system of ring frame on the quality

of yarn produced. The vibration creating device was designed to introduce

vibration to the front drafting roller. Two levels of vibration were created and

their effect on the yarn characteristics such as unevenness, imperfections,

hairiness, tensile strength and elongation at break and classified faults for 20 Ne,

40 Ne and 80 Ne cotton yarn have been studied. The results show that the yarn

imperfections particularly thin places and in the classified faults, short thick

places and long thin places are higher for the yarn produced with vibration.
 iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my sincere thanks to Dr. S. Subramanian, Assistant

Professor, Department of Textile Technology, Anna University for his valuable
guidance, constant encouragement and timely suggestions rendered for the
successful completion of the study. I am very grateful to Dr. A. Elaya Perumal,
Assistant Professor, Engineering Design Division, Anna University for his
guidance for the vibration part of this project and also for providing vibration
measuring instrument.

I wish to thank Dr. A. Peer Mohamed, Professor and Head,

Department of Textile Technology, Anna University for his support during the
period of the study. I wish to thank Dr. M. Murugesan, Lecturer, Department of
Textile Technology, Anna University for his suggestions during the period of the
study. I express my thanks to Dr. V. R. Giri Dev, Lecturer, Department of
Textile Technology, Anna University.

I express thanks to Mr. R. Govardhana Giri, KISTLER Instruments

(Pte) Ltd. for guiding me in operation of vibration measuring instruments.

I acknowledge thanks to Mr. S. Ranganathan, Mill Manager, Global

Thread Supply India, Madurai for providing roving samples.

Grateful acknowledgements are made to all the staff members in the

department for their support throughout the work.

I would particularly express my gratitude to my parents and friends.

Although a full list of names is too long for this acknowledgement, I say
thanks to all helped me directly or indirectly.
 v

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER No. TITLE PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT iii
ACNOWLEDGEMENT iv
LIST OF TABLES viii
LIST OF FIGURES ix

1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 VIBRATION 3
2.1.1 Causes of Vibration 3
2.1.2 Effects of Vibration 3
2.1.3 Types of Vibration 4
2.1.3.1 External force 4
2.1.3.2 Direction of vibration 4
2.2 MEASURES OF VIBRATION 5
2.2.1 Displacement 5
2.2.2 Velocity 5
2.2.3 Acceleration 5
2.3 VIBRATION MEASURING
6
INSTRUMENTS
2.3.1 Displacement Type Instrument 6
2.3.1.1 Contact type instrument 6
2.3.1.2 Non Contact type instrument 6
2.3.2 Velocity Type Instrument 7
 vi

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

2.3.2.1 Transducer 7
2.3.2.2 Laser vibrometer 7
2.3.3 Acceleration Type Instrument 8
2.3.3.1 Servo force balance
8
accelerometer
2.3.3.2 Variable capacitance
9
accelerometer
2.3.3.3 Piezo resistive
10
accelerometer
2.3.3.4 Piezoelectric accelerometer 10
2.3.3.5 Integrated electronic
11
Piezoelectric accelerometer
2.4 ACCELEROMETER MOUNTING 12
2.4.1 Stud Mounting 12
2.4.2 Direct Adhesive Mounting 13
2.4.3 Isolated Adhesive Mounting 13
2.4.4 Triaxial Mounting 13
2.4.5 Magnetic Mounting 13
2.5 STRAIN RELIEVING CABLES 14
2.6 STUDIES ON VIBRATION OF MACHINE
14
APPLIED TO TEXTILE INDUSTRY
3 MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 PREPARATION OF YARN SAMPLES 17

 vii

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

3.2 MEASUREMENT OF VIBRATION 17

3.2.1 Vibration Creating Device 17
3.2.2 Measurement System 18
3.3 TESTING PROCEDURE 22
3.3.1 Yarn Imperfections and Hairiness 22
3.3.2 Tensile Properties 22
3.3.3 Classified Faults 22
3.4 PRELIMINARY TRIALS TAKEN FOR
CREATING VIBRATION IN THE 23
DRAFTING ZONE
3.4.1 Creating Vibration by Varying Spindle
23
Speed
3.4.2 Comparing the vibration and yarn quality
in LR 6/S and LR G 5/1 ring frame 25
machineries
3.4.3 Creating vibration using the eccentric
27
front bottom roller of the drafting zone
3.5 SELECTION OF CAM SPEED FOR
29
INTRODUCING VIBRATION
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 32
5 CONCLUSION 39
6 REFERENCES 40
7 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 42
 viii

LIST OF TABLES
TABLE TITLE PAGE
NO. NO.
3.1 Process parameters used for yarn sample preparation 17
3.2 Specification of piezoelectric sensor 21
3.3 Specification of dynamic signal acquisition system 21
3.4 Effect of spindle speed on vibration at the front roller 23
3.5 Effect of spindle speed on imperfections and hairiness of
24
20 Ne yarn
3.6 Effect of spindle speed on tensile properties of 20 Ne
25
cotton yarn
3.7 Comparison of imperfections and hairiness of yarn
26
produced by LR 6/S and LR G5/1 ring frame
3.8 Comparison of tensile properties of yarn produced by
27
LR 6/S and LR G5/1 ring frame
3.9 Effect of eccentricity of front bottom roller of ring frame
28
drafting system on yarn imperfections and hairiness
3.10 Effect of eccentricity of front bottom roller of ring frame
29
drafting system on tensile property of yarn
3.11 Effect of vibration introducing cam speed at 200 rpm on
30
imperfections and hairiness property of 20 Ne yarn
3.12 Effect of vibration introducing cam speed at 200 rpm on
31
tensile property of 20 Ne yarn
4.1 Effect of vibration introducing cam speed at 400 rpm on
32
imperfections and hairiness property yarn
4.2 Effect of vibration introducing cam speed at 400 rpm on
33
tensile property of yarn
4.3 Effect of vibration introducing cam speed at 400 rpm on
34
classified faults
 ix

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

2.1 Laser interferometer 6

2.2 Velocity probe 7
2.3 Servo force balance accelerometer 9
2.4 Variable capacitance accelerometer 9
2.5 Piezoelectric accelerometer 10
2.6 Compression type accelerometer 11
2.7 Shear type accelerometer 11
3.1 Schematic diagram of measuring vibration 18
3.2 Schematic diagram of creating vibration 19
3.3 Photograph of vibration creating device 20
3.4 Photograph of cam hitting the roller stand 20
4.1 Comparison of imperfections (higher sensitivity
levels) of yarn produced with and without 35
vibration
4.2 Comparison of imperfections (normal sensitivity
levels) of yarn produced with and without 35
vibration
4.3 Comparison of imperfections (lower sensitivity
levels) of yarn produced with and without 36
vibration
4.4 Figure Comparison of faults present in the yarn 37
produced with and without vibration
 1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Every machine used in different fields of engineering and production

etc., are expected to give higher running speed for higher production but with
reliable quality of products. Quality of product depends upon the raw material
processed. Even if the good raw material is processed, the condition of
machinery at higher running speed influences the quality of the product.
Especially the vibration generated is considered to have important influence on
machinery condition and hence quality of product since the mechanical vibration
is an unavoidable one. It is impossible to damp all the vibrations generated
during the machinery in running condition. As a general rule the vibration may
be kept low for getting a quality product. But it will not be the correct solution
without understanding the effect of vibration on the quality of the product
manufactured. To have a better understanding on this issue, it is necessary to
standardize the maximum permissible vibration level for achieving the product
without any defect introduced due to vibration.

In the textile yarn manufacture, the end breakage rate and quality of
yarn is affected by the vibration of ring spinning frame, as it is the final stage of
yarn production and the delicate nature of the material. At this conversion stage,
vibration may seriously affect the yarn characteristics in terms of evenness,
strength variability and hairiness. Vibration at different elements of the machine
may have different influence on yarn quality.
 2

For detailed understanding, the vibration can be created in the drafting,

spindle, ring rail zones and the whole machine frame and the effect on yarn
quality can be assessed. These parts can be selected for analysis because
(i) vibrations at the drafting zone will result variation in draft applied which
means that delivered strand will have thick and thin places, (ii) spindle vibration
creates variation in spinning tension which flows up to the spinning triangle and
would cause strand irregularity, (iii) the vibration or jerky movement of ring rail
results unsmooth movement of traveller on the ring and also varying winding
tension and hence spinning tension and (iv) the vibration of whole machine
frame would give combined vibration effect of all parts on the yarn quality.

The effect of jerky movement of ring rail on yarn characteristics has

been studied. The research work related to the effect of vibration of different
elements of spinning machinery on production efficiency and quality of product
is limited. The effect of vibration in the drafting zone on the yarn property would
be higher than that of vibration in any other element in the ring frame. Hence the
objective of the project work is to
1. create vibration in the drafting zone of ring frame and measure the same
at different vibration levels,
2. study the effect of vibration on yarn characteristics viz., unevenness,
imperfections, classified faults, hairiness, tensile strength and elongation
at break and their variability.

The works covered in the project work are

1. understanding the vibration phenomena and different measures of
vibration
2. selecting the suitable measuring instrument for measuring the vibration
3. measuring vibration using the selected instrument
4. producing yarn at different levels of vibration
5. studying the relationship between yarn quality and vibration
 3

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 VIBRATION
Any motion that repeats after an interval of time is called vibration or
oscillation. Vibration is resulting from the application or varying forces to a
structure. The nature of vibration depends upon the nature of force driving it and
on the structure being driven.

2.2 Causes of Vibration

Vibration is caused by any one of the causes or combination of causes
mass unbalance, misalignment and eccentricity.

2.1.2 Effects of Vibration

1. quality deterioration
2. wasting energy
3. fatigue
4. loosening of parts
5. noise

The most serious effect of vibration, especially in the case of

machinery is that, sufficiently high alternating stresses can produce fatigue
failure in machine and structural parts. Less serious effects include increased
wear of parts, general malfunctioning of apparatus, and the propagation of
vibration through foundations and buildings to the locations where the vibration
of its acoustic realization is intolerable either for human comfort or for the
successful operation of sensitive measuring equipment.
 4

2.1.3 Types of Vibration

Types of vibration can be classified depending upon external force and
direction of vibration.

2.1.3.1 External force

1. Free vibration
If a system is allowed to vibrate freely, the system vibrate on its own
and no external force acting on it. This is called the free vibration. This is also
called as natural vibration. Ex. Oscillation of a simple pendulum.
2. Forced vibration
When repeated forces continuously act on a system, the resulting
vibration is said to be forced vibration. Ex. Oscillation that arises in machines
such as diesel engine.

2.1.3.2 Direction of vibration

a. Longitudinal vibration
If the shaft is elongated and shortened as that the same moves up and
down results in tensile and compressive stresses in the shaft; the vibration are
said to be longitudinal vibration. Different particles of the body move parallel to
the axis of the body.
b. Transverse vibration
When a shaft is bent alternately, and the tensile and compressive
stresses due to bending result, the vibrations are said to be transverse. The
particles of the body move approximately perpendicular to its axis.
c. Torsional vibration
When a shaft is twisted and untwisted alternately and torsional shear
stresses are induced the particles of the body move in a circle about the axis of
the shaft.
 5

2.2 MEASURES OF VIBRATION

2.2.1 Displacement
Vibration is an oscillatory motion and it involves change of position or
displacement. Displacement measurements are useful for low frequencies i.e. up
to 5 cps (cycles per second). Velocity value and acceleration value at these
frequencies are low.

Vibratory displacement is of course an important consideration.

Displacement is often used as an indicator of unbalance in rotary machinery part;
because of relatively large displacement usually occur at the shaft rotational
frequency.

2.2.2 Velocity
Velocity is defined as the time rate of change of displacement, which is
the derivative of the time function of displacement. Velocity measurements are
useful for intermediate frequencies i.e. 5 to 50 cps. Displacement at these
frequencies is small.

2.2.3 Acceleration
Acceleration is the time rate of change of velocity. Acceleration
measurements are useful at high frequencies i.e. above 50 cps. The highest
output signals are obtained from these measurements.

The vibration parameters are almost universally measured in metric

units in accordance with ISO requirements. The gravitational constant g is still
widely used for acceleration levels. [g = 9.81 m/s2]
 6

2.3.1 VIBRATION MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

2.3.1 Displacement Type Instruments
2.3.1.1 Contact type seismic unit
Seismic unit is the basic vibration instrument and this consists of a
suspended mass spring and damper arrangement.

Vibratory motion measured by displacement of mass relative to the

base on which the seismic unit is mounted. This type of instruments is also
called as seismometer and is useful for the low frequency range. The
disadvantage with this instrument is its large size.

2.3.1.2 Non contact type instrument

Laser interferometer
Optical techniques are required to measure displacement at higher
frequencies.

Figure 2.1 Laser interferometer

Laser interferometer is a most sensitive, accurate and precise optical

device for the measurement of displacement. Monochromatic light source is
passed through a lens and then the reflected laser beam is mixed with original
 7

beam. The interference pattern formed by phase difference can measure

displacement.

2.3.2 Velocity Type Instruments

2.3.2.1 Transducer

Figure 2.2 Velocity probe

Velocity probe is a seismic transducer. It has a magnet supported on a
soft spring suspension system form a seismic spring mass system. The magnetic
mass is kept in housing and it is surrounded by multi-turn coil of wire.

When the system is vibrated the magnet is isolated from the system.
The relative motion between the magnet and the coil of wire induces a current
that is proportional to the velocity of vibratory motion. This instrument is heavy,
complex and expensive.

2.3.2.2 Laser vibrometer

Laser vibrometer or laser velocity meter provide high sensitivity and
accuracy. They use a frequency modulated laser beam of 44 MHz. The beam is
focused to the vibrating surface and then the reflected beam is compared with
the original beam. Doppler frequency shift is used to calculate the velocity of the
vibrating surface. This type of instruments used where alignment and stand off
distance are critical.
 8

2.3.3 Acceleration Type Instruments

Acceleration measurements have an advantage that if velocity data is
required, the acceleration data can be integrated once and if displacement data is
required acceleration data is integrated twice. Some accelerometer signal
conditioners have built-in integrators for that purpose. Modern vibration
measurements are made by measuring acceleration of vibrating body.

There are different types of accelerometer available. Depending upon

the principle they are:
2.3.3.1 Servo force balance accelerometer
Servo force balance accelerometer is closed loop type. In this servo
accelerometer, the deflection signal is used as feed back in circuit that physically
rebalances the mass back to the equilibrium position.

Non-linearity errors caused in open loop devices avoided in servo force

balance accelerometers. Internal displacements are kept small by electrical
rebalancing of proof mass hence avoiding the non-linearity.

Force given as the current through the coil on the mass in the presence
of magnetic field, the pendulous mass develops a torque proportional to the
product of proof mass and acceleration. It sends an error signal to servo system.
Responding to the error signal, torque motor develops an opposing torque equal
to torque developed by pendulous mass.
 9

Figure 2.3 Servo force balance accelerometer

2.3.3.2 Variable capacitance accelerometer

In this variable capacitance type transducers there are two parallel plate
air gap capacitors and the motion is given perpendicular to the plate. The output
voltage is proportional to the change in capacitance. The change is measured by
pair of current detectors. Variable capacitance sensor is designed as
anisotropically etched silicon wafers sandwiched to few microns thick to allow
air clamping. This accelerometer is used in wide range of temperature.

Figure 2.4 Variable capacitance accelerometer

 10

2.3.3.3 Piezo resistive accelerometer

The piezo resistive accelerometer consists of Wheatstone bridge in
which one or more legs that change value when strained. Homogeneous block of
material is used for manufacturing piezo resistive accelerometer. Most
contemporary piezo resistive sensors manufactured from a single piece of
silicon. Silicon also has less internal friction. Single homogeneous material will
give better stability and less thermal mismatch. Piezo resistive accelerometer is
less rugged than piezo electric accelerometers.

2.3.3.4 Piezo electric accelerometer

The active element of a piezoelectric accelerometer is a piezoelectric
crystal such as quartz, tourmaline, lithium sulfate and Rochelle salt. These
materials generate electrical charge when mechanically stressed either in tension,
compression, and shear. The electrical charge is proportional to the applied
force. The charge will disappear when the force is removed.

Figure 2.5 Piezoelectric accelerometer

Piezoelectric accelerometer is designed as a mass is spring loaded on a

piezoelectric crystal. One side of piezoelectric crystal is connected to a rigid part
at sensor base; other side of the crystal is attached to the mass. When the base
 11

vibrates, force generated exerted on piezoelectric crystal which is equal to the

product of acceleration and mass.

There are two commonly used accelerometers

a. Compression type
In this type the mass exerts a compressive force on the piezoelectric
element.

Figure 2.6 Compression type accelerometer

Shear type
In this type the mass exerts a shear force on the piezoelectric element.

Figure 2.7 Shear type accelerometer

Piezoelectric accelerometers must be used with "noise-treated" cables;
otherwise, motion in the cable can displace triboelectric charge, which adds to
the charge measured by the charge converter.

2.3.3.5 Integrated electronics piezoelectric (IEPE) accelerometer

IEPE accelerometers were developed to overcome the disadvantage of
piezoelectric accelerometer with cables producing noise. It has the integral
miniature hybrid amplifier; do not need noise treated cables. It requires only
constant external power source. The design of IEPE accelerometer provide
 12

resistant to poor cable insulation, triboelectric noise, and stray signal pickup.
There is possibility to add electronics such as filters, overload protection and self
identification.

2.4 ACCELEROMETER MOUNTING

For an accelerometer to accurately sense and generate useful data, it
must be properly coupled to the test object. This requires that the accelerometer
mounting be rigid over the frequency range of interest. The methods for
mounting an accelerometer usually depend on the accelerometer and the test
structure. A selection of studs, isolated mounting pads, wax, magnets, and
triaxial cubes are available to solve virtually any mounting/installation problem.
Some accelerometers have an electrically isolated mounting surface which
provides electrical (ground) isolation between the sensor signal ground and the
mounting surface.

2.4.1 Stud Mounting

The best method for mounting an accelerometer is with a threaded
stud. Most mounting studs are machined from Beryllium Copper for high
strength and low modulus of elasticity, coupled with high elastic limits. These
studs provide excellent coupling between the accelerometers mounting surface
and the test object. Care should be taken to ensure that the two mounting
surfaces mate evenly. The mounting threads must be perpendicular to the surface
and free of any burrs. The surface must also be flat to ensure good coupling.
Adding a slight amount of grease or oil between the mounting surfaces improves
the coupling, especially at higher frequencies. A designated mounting torque
provides the proper coupling force between the accelerometer and the test object
without overstressing and distorting the accelerometer mounting base. Always
use the proper sockets and torque for each accelerometer as listed on the
individually supplied calibration certificates. Adhesive mounting this simple
 13

method is ideal for mounting where drilling holes is not practical or where the
mounting surface is not flat.

2.4.2 Direct Adhesive Mounting

Many lightweight accelerometers are designed strictly for adhesive
mounting. When properly mounted, these units will provide accurate data within
the specified frequency range. This method is ideal for modal and structural
analysis where the test structure cannot be modified for mounting the
accelerometers. For measurements up to 5 kHz, wax mounting is a suitable
adhesive.

2.4.3 Isolated, Adhesive Pad Mounting

Hard anodized aluminium mounting pads offer several advantages
when the accelerometer must be mounted to irregular surfaces or when ground
isolation is required. These pads are adhesively mounted to the test structure
providing a flat mounting surface and a high quality mounting thread. The hard
anodized surface provides ground isolation between the sensor and the mounting
surface. This is particularly useful in preventing ground loops.

2.4.4 Triaxial Mounting

Several triaxial mounting cubes are available which allow mounting of
up to three individual accelerometers in orthogonal directions. The cubes added
mass and size must be considered and may affect the overall system frequency
response. There are integral triaxial units for those applications where mass and
size profiles are critical. The optimized integral package often provides the best
measurement solution.

2.4.5 Magnetic Mounting

For special applications where the accelerometer needs to be mounted
to ferromagnetic structures for a quick test, one of several magnetic mounts can
 14

be used. The accelerometer is first mounted to the magnet. These mounts can
then be moved quickly to measure vibrations at several different locations. Due
to the higher mass, magnets are only recommended for measurements of
vibrations with frequencies up to 1000 Hz. Further, the added mass may affect
the measurement of very light structures due to mass loading.

2.5 STRAIN RELIEVING CABLES

Accelerometer cables should be taped or clamped to the same surface
on which the accelerometer is attached to avoid motion between the vibration
surface and the tie down point. These techniques will prevent flexing of the
cable near the connector and thereby minimize any resultant frequency response
errors.

2.6 STUDIES ON VIBRATION OF MACHINE APPLIED TO

TEXTILE INDUSTRY
Foster (1958) stated the one of the causes for roller speed variation is
roller vibration. Other causes for roller speed variation are eccentric bottom
rollers, eccentrically mounted gear wheels and inaccurately cut gears.
Irregularities resulting from roller vibration are larger than the irregularities
caused by other causes of roller speed variation.

Stick-slip vibration is a common troublesome cause of jerky motion of

rollers. Stick-slip vibration happens in drafting rollers when the static friction at
the bearing exceeds the kinetic, and when the drive to the roller is flexible.

Drive becomes flexible due to worn bearing in stay bracket, worn shaft
and bearing; bend in stay bracket, roller twist. Amplitude of vibration may be
small at gear and large at off end of the rollers. Stick-slip vibration is often
intermittent observed in speed frame. Their frequency is usually 20 and 30 Hz or
cycles per second.
 15

Sometimes roller vibrations may not be due to stick-slip vibration.

Vibration may be due to gears deeply in mesh, gear teeth of roller pinion rubbing
against an unwanted obstruction.

During a stick the draft is high and during a slip the draft is low. Very
short periodic variation in the fibre end arrangement with a wavelength less than
the fibre length.

Subramanian (2006) developed a system for recording ring rail jerk

and discussed the effect of ring rail jerk on yarn quality such as tensile strength,
elongation-at-break, hairiness index and imperfection of yarn. Different number
of jerks per traverse of ring rail results in different quality of yarn. As the result
of ring rail jerk, tensile properties are not affected significantly; thin places
increase marginally, hairiness of yarn increases, long thin places increase, and
CV% of tensile strength and elongation-at-break increases.

Catling (1958) in his theoretical approach to roller vibration and its

effect on yarn regularity given that roller vibration occurring at draw frames and
speed frames can result in periodic thickness variation in the yarn spun from the
sliver or roving produced, the total irregularity of the yarn being increased by the
presence of periodic component. This paper also deals with the vibration of
rollers in single zone, double zone and multi zone drafting arrangements. When
the delivery rollers are vibrating, however the material presented at a uniform
rate, but the rate of acceptance by the delivery roller is variable.

Agrawal et al (1988) given that roller slip or vibration is one of the

eight critical machinery parameters which may vary from spindle to spindle in
drafting system for a given mechanical draft distribution. Other parameters are
front bottom roller eccentricity, apron nip opening, distance between apron nip
and front roller nip, top roller line pressure, nose bar setting relative to drafting
 16

plane; cot precision on run tapes hardness and texture, tensioning of bottom and
top aprons and their surface condition.

Gregory et al (1951) in his paper discusses about the imperfections in

the front rollers leads to defective drafting. The primary cause of defective
drafting with front rollers is the variable rate of take up of the roving at the front
roller nip, due to slight change in the position of the nip as the rollers revolve.

Youjang wang (2007) gave a hypothesis that the drafting waves can be
reduced if a high frequency undulating wave (vibration) is introduced to the
drafting zone. Average drafting force decreases with the increase in the intensity
of imposed vibration.

Arita (1979) designed an apparatus for yarn break detection in ring

frames in particular senses vibration inherent to a yarn guide. The apparatus also
achieve quick inspection whether the yarn breaks due to the presence or absence
of vibration.

Apurba Das (2004) discussed about the end breakage in rotor spinning
and classify the end breakage mechanism. Under this head, miscellaneous type
of end breakage can occur due to any faulty parts like rotor, because of vibration
in any machine components or any other external interference.

Hasegava katsumi (2001) developed a system for vibration monitoring

in the high speed filament yarn winding machine. The system detects the
abnormal vibration during high speed winding, gives warning of abnormality to
the winder or stops the winding machine before the yarn package is broken.
 17

CHAPTER 3

MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 PREPARATION OF YARN SAMPLES

Cotton yarn samples were spun from the roving with following
specifications.

Table 3.1 Process parameters used for yarn sample preparation

Yarn Count Roving Spindle Cam Vibration
Vibration Vibration
sample of yarn hank speed speed
introduced cycles/ sec
No. (Ne) (Ne) (rpm) (rpm) (g)
1 N1 20 0.98 14,500 No - - 0.4
1 V1 20 0.98 14,500 Yes 200 13.3 1.3
1 V2 20 0.98 14,500 Yes 400 26.6 1.57
2 N1 40 1.4 16000 No - - 0.4
2 V1 40 1.4 16000 Yes 400 13.3 1.57
3 N1 80 2.8 16000 No - - 0.4
3 V1 80 2.8 16000 Yes 400 26.6 1.57

3.2 MEASUREMENT OF VIBRATION

The vibration was created by an external device on the supporting
point of front drafting roller on the roller stand. The vibration at the supporting
point causes vibration of front drafting roller. For analysis of yarn properties, the
yarn samples were spun on two spindles nearer to the supporting point.

3.2.1 Vibration Creating Device

A vibration creating device was designed as in Figure 3.1. A four
profiled cam is driven by a servo motor. The system can be fixed towards the
roller stand such that during the rotation of the cam, its profiles hit the drafting
 18

roller stand. For every rotation of the cam, drafting roller stand would be hit four
times. At that time the vibration is created in the front bottom roller. The speed
of the cam was decided after trial run at 200 rpm, 400 rpm and 600 rpm. Speed
of 400 rpm was selected due to the reason that speed of 200 rpm has not
produced any effect on the yarn quality and the speed 600 rpm damages the
roller stand.

Figure 3.1 Schematic diagram of creating vibration

3.2.2 Measurement System

For the vibration measurement piezoelectric accelerometers
(compression type) with data acquisition/ analyzing software was used.
Measurement system is shown in Figure 3.2, only bottom rollers of the drafting
system is shown for clarity. Measuring sensor of piezoelectric accelerometer was
mounted by adhesive mounting method on the cover of the bearing supporting
the front roller on the roller stand. The mechanical signal from vibrating surface
was converted into electrical signals by the piezoelectric accelerometer. Then the
signals were digitalized, amplified and filtered for noises by data acquisition
card. The signals from data acquisition card were processed by the software
DEWESOFT, which gives the vibration measures as numerical value as well as
graph showing vibration versus time/ frequency.
 19

The system used for measuring the vibration at the ring frame consists of
1. Piezoelectric sensor (KISTLER)
2. 4-Input USB Dynamic Signal Acquisition (NATIONAL
INSTRUMENTS)
3. Data acquisition/analysis software (DEWSOFT 6.4)

Figure 3.2 Schematic diagram of measuring vibration

Vibration can be quantified by vibration (g) [1 g = 9.81 m/s2], velocity

(v) in mm/s and displacement (s) in m. With the use of piezoelectric
accelerometer vibration (g) was measured directly and using the DEWESOFT
software the velocity (v) and displacement (s) can be calculated respectively by
single integrating and double integrating the vibration (g) value.
 20

Figure 3.3 Photograph of vibration creating device

Figure 3.4 Photograph of cam hitting the roller stand

 21

The specifications of the measuring system are given below:

Table 3.2 Specification of piezoelectric sensor

Make Kistler, Switzerland
Model Single axis linear
Range (g) 50
Frequency range (Hz) 1600
Operating temp. range (C) 0 to 65
Mass (gm) 5.5
Diameter (mm) 14.20
Height 15.75
Housing / base Hard anodised aluminium
Sealing Epoxy
Mounting Stud / wax

Table 3.3 Specification of dynamic signal acquisition system

Make National Instruments, USA
Bus Type USB
OS Support Windows XP
No of channels 4
Resolution 24 bit
Length 14.1 cm
Width 8.6 cm
Height 2.5 cm

The above system was used to measure the vibration at the ring frame.
The vibration was measured at the drafting zone of the ring frame by fixing the
sensor on the roller stand.
 22

3.3 TESTING PROCEDURE

3.3.1 Yarn Imperfections and Hairiness
The yarn imperfections and hairiness were measured by using premier
evenness tester model Premier IQ Qualicenter (Version M2.0.1). The testing
parameters are as follows:
Speed of testing : 400 m/min
Testing time : 1 min
Test per sample : 12
The imperfections were measured at different sensitivity levels as
follows:
Thin places : -30%, -40%, -50%, -60%
Thick places : +35%, +50%, +70%, +100%
Neps : +140%, +200%, +280%, +400%

3.3.2 Tensile Properties

The yarn samples were tested for tensile properties using Premier
Tensomaxx 7000 tester. The testing specifications were given as follows:
Gauge Length : 500 mm
Testing speed : 5000 mm/min
No. of test per sample : 200
Pre tension : 0.5 cN/tex

3.3.3 Classified Faults

Yarn faults classification was done using Premier Classidata. The
measurements were given as follows:
Objective faults 1 : A4, B4, C4, D4, C3, and D3
Objective faults 2 : A4, B4, C4, D4, A3, B3, C3, D3, C2, and D2
Short thick : A, B, C, and D
Long thick : F and G
Long thin : H1, H2, I1 and I2
 23

3.4 PRELIMINARY TRIALS TAKEN FOR CREATING

VIBRATION IN THE DRAFTING ZONE
1. Creating vibration using varying spindle speed
2. Comparing the vibration and its effect on yarn quality in LR 6/S and LRG5/1
ring frame
3. Creating vibration using the eccentric front bottom roller of the drafting zone

3.4.1 Creating Vibration by Varying Spindle Speed

Yarn production was carried out at different spindle speeds with the
idea that increasing spindle speed will increase in vibration. Without making any
alterations in the condition of machine actual vibration was measured at three
different spindle speeds. At different spindle speeds the vibration measured was
also different. It was observed that the spindle speed has linear relationship with
the vibration measured. The 20 Ne carded cotton yarn was produced at different
spindle speeds. The table 3.3 shows the effect of spindle speed on the vibration
at the front roller.

Table 3.4 Effect of spindle speed on vibration at the front roller

Sl. Spindle speed (rpm) Vibration (g)

No.
1. 10000 1.990
2. 12000 2.145
3. 14000 2.570
4. 16000 4.012
 24

Table 3.5 Effect of spindle speed on imperfections and hairiness of 20 Ne yarn

Yarn Spindle speed

characteristics
10000 12000 14000 16000
rpm rpm rpm rpm
Um % 12.12 12.04 12.14 12.46
CVm % 15.58 15.49 15.56 15.96
CV (1m) % 6.98 6.81 6.80 6.95
CV (10m) % 4.26 4.14 4.23 4.42
-30% 1630 1594 1686 2000
-40% 118 113 115 158
-50% 9 4 1 3
-60% 1 0 0 0
+35% 907 939 935 1025
+50% 212 202 210 239
+70% 41 39 42 49
+100% 8 7 9 12
+140% 1090 1061 1094 1240
+200% 289 264 287 316
+280% 91 78 84 85
+400% 24 20 20 22
Hairiness 5.89 6.05 6.33 6.50
Index
Sh 1.18 1.22 1.26 1.29
Sh(1m) 0.29 0.35 0.39 0.42
Hairs/100m
3mm 512.8 652.7 679.1 712.8
4mm 102.4 140.5 150.1 144.0
5mm 14.7 18.0 18.4 16.6
6mm 2.6 2.2 3.5 2.8
 25

Table 3.6 Effect of spindle speed on tensile properties of 20 Ne cotton yarn

Tensile Spindle speed

properties 10000 12000 14000 16000
rpm rpm rpm rpm
B. Force (gf)
Mean 518.69 519.07 523.15 563.53
CV% 9.48 10.55 9.73 8.41
Min. 394 245 361 400.00
Max. 695 640 658 650.00
B. Elongation
Mean 6.18 6.09 5.9 5.81
CV% 10.60 9.92 10.6 8.25
Min. 4.75 3.03 3.91 4.59
Max. 8.23 7.51 10.19 7.44
B.Tenacity
(RKm)
Mean 17.57 17.58 17.72 18.17
CV% 9.48 10.56 9.73 8.41
Min. 13.34 8.30 12.23 13.55
Max. 23.54 21.68 22.29 22.02
B. Work
(Kgfm)
Mean 752.04 746.35 733.57 765.37
CV% 14.15 16.35 15.94 12.91
Min. 479.1 191.3 362.6 469.80
Max. 1099.4 1027.2 1040.7 1031.90

The results had not shown any trend of quality variation for the range
of spindle speed selected. The end breakage rate was higher for the spindle speed
higher than 16000 rpm. So this method was considered as not suitable for
estimating the effect of vibration on quality of yarn.

3.4.2 Comparing the vibration and yarn quality in LR 6/S and LR G 5/1
ring frame machineries
The yarns were produced in LR 6/S and LR G 5/1 ring frame keeping
spindle speed of 16000 rpm as constant. The vibration was measured and it was
4.012g in LR 6/S and 3.950g in LR G 5/1. Though the vibration level in the LR
G 5/1 is low, it is not reflected in the yarn quality results. The yarn produced in
the LR G 5/1 ring frame at a lower vibration resulted in the yarn with inferior
 26

quality than that of the yarn produced by LR 6/S ring frame. This depicts that the
reason for this quality variation is not due to the difference in vibration and it
may be due to the other machinery conditions.

Table 3.7 Comparison of imperfections and hairiness of yarn produced by

LR 6/S and LR G5/1 ring frame
LR 6/S LR G 5/1

Vibration 4.012 g 3.45 g

Yarn Quality

Um % 12.46 14.05
CVm % 15.96 17.88
CV (1m) % 6.95 6.68
CV (10m) % 4.42 3.95
Index 2.18 2.45
-30% 2000 3719
-40% 158 858
-50% 3 98
-60% 0 6
+35% 1025 1130
+50% 239 242
+70% 49 41
+100% 12 9
+140% 1240 1291
+200% 316 301
+280% 85 76
+400% 22 20
Hairiness Index 6.50 7.85
Sh 1.29 1.59
Sh(1m) 0.42 0.37
Hairs/100m
3mm 712.8 1288.6
4mm 144.0 321.0
5mm 16.6 51.0
6mm 2.8 7.4
7mm 1.0 3.0
 27

Table 3.8 Comparison of tensile properties of yarn produced by LR 6/S and

LR G5/1 ring frame

LR 6/S LR G 5/1
4.012 g 3.45 g
B.Force (gf)
Mean 563.53 387.58
CV% 8.41 13.65
Min. 400.00 255.00
Max. 650.00 492.00
B. Elongation (%)
Mean 5.81 4.73
CV% 8.25 10.87
Min. 4.59 2.90
Max. 7.44 5.99
B.Tenacity (RKm)
Mean 18.17 13.13
CV% 8.41 13.65
Min. 13.55 8.64
Max. 22.02 16.66
B. Work (Kgfm)
Mean 765.37 453.91
CV% 12.91 21.44
Min. 469.80 166.80
Max. 1031.90 712.80

This method of creating vibration was also considered not suitable for studying
the effect of vibration on quality of yarn.

3.4.3 Creating vibration using the eccentric front bottom roller of the
drafting zone
Vibration in machineries can be caused by mass unbalance,
misalignment, eccentricity etc. In this experiment eccentricity was used for
creating vibration. Front bottom roller of drafting zone was selected because it is
rotating at higher speed than middle and back roller and also the final delivery
point. The quality of yarn would be much affected by vibration in the front
bottom roller than others.
 28

The yarn sample produced from the eccentric front bottom roller was
compared with the yarn produced with a non eccentric (normal) roller. The
vibration level of eccentric bottom roller was higher than that of the non
eccentric roller. It was 3.93g 4.05g for eccentric roller and 2.22 2.22g for non
eccentric roller. The yarn samples were tested for tensile, evenness, and hairiness
properties. Yarn produced with eccentric bottom roller showed lower quality
than yarn produced with non eccentric roller. The fault wavelength was shown
as the circumference of the front roller and the quality variation is mainly due to
the eccentricity.

Table 3.9 Effect of eccentricity of front bottom roller of ring frame drafting
system on yarn imperfections and hairiness
Without eccentricity With eccentricity
(vibration: 2.22g to 2.23g) (vibration: 3.93g to 4.05g)
Um % 15.85 16.77
CVm % 20.23 21.30
CV (1m) % 7.98 6.88
CV (10m) % 5.19 3.96
Index 2.77 2.91
-30% 5010 6047
-40% 1441 2151
-50% 222 454
-60% 19 48
+35% 2163 2895
+50% 679 1009
+70% 155 217
+100% 26 27
+140% 2073 1942
+200% 540 479
+280% 142 115
+400% 36 25
Hairiness Index 6.70 6.49
Sh 1.52 1.57
Sh(1m) 0.35 0.32
Hairs/100m
3mm 756.2 825.0
4mm 170.0 189.7
5mm 23.8 27.3
6mm 2.6 4.5
 29

Table 3.10 Effect of eccentricity of front bottom roller of ring frame drafting
system on tensile property of yarn

Without eccentricity With eccentricity

B.Force (gf)
Mean 416.65 398.06
CV% 10.69 12.72
Min. 265.00 106.00
Max. 542.00 522.00
B. Elongation
Mean 6.08 5.78
CV% 7.88 9.32
Min. 4.20 2.35
Max. 7.33 7.88
B.Tenacity (RKm)
Mean 14.11 13.48
CV% 10.69 12.72
Min. 8.98 3.59
Max. 18.36 17.68
B. Work (Kgfm)
Mean 593.45 541.21
CV% 15.74 18.56
Min. 272.8 75.40
Max. 865.30 883.90

This method of creating vibration was also not suitable because the quality
deterioration of yarn may be due to eccentricity and its effect on drafting
irregularities rather due to vibration.

3.5 SELECTION OF CAM SPEED FOR INTRODUCING

VIBRATION
It was planned to rotate the cam at three different speeds 200 rpm, 400
rpm and 600 rpm. The roller stand could not with stand the force acted upon by
the cam at 600 rpm and there was possibility of severe damage to the roller stand
at that speed. Hence it was decided to run the cam at 200 rpm and 400 rpm. The
yarn samples were produced at 200 rpm. The results are given in Table 3.9 and
3.10.
 30

Table 3.11 Effect of vibration introducing cam speed at 200 rpm on

imperfections and hairiness property of 20 Ne yarn

Without vibration (0.4g) With vibration (1.3g)

Um % 14.77 14.73
CVm % 18.97 18.69
CV (1m) % 6.46 5.97
CV (10m) % 3.66 3.33
Index 2.63 2.62
-30% 4643 4688
-40% 1039 1078
-50% 104 100
-60% 4 5
+35% 2230 2326
+50% 700 729
+70% 143 157
+100% 29 29
+140% 2638 2793
+200% 694 753
+280% 177 197
+400% 42 50
Hairiness Index 6.38 6.71
Sh 1.45 1.51
Sh(1m) 0.33 0.29
Hairs/100m
3mm 678.9 690.4
4mm 136.0 136.5
5mm 18.2 18.8
6mm 3.1 3.4
 31

Table 3.12 Effect of vibration introducing cam speed at 200 rpm on tensile
property of 20 Ne yarn

Without vibration (0.4g) With vibration (1.3g)

B.Force (gf)
Mean 416.65 398.06
CV% 10.69 12.72
Min. 265.00 106.00
Max. 542.00 522.00
B. Elongation
Mean 6.08 5.78
CV% 7.88 9.32
Min. 4.20 2.35
Max. 7.33 7.88
B.Tenacity (RKm)
Mean 14.11 13.48
CV% 10.69 12.72
Min. 8.98 3.59
Max. 18.36 17.68
B. Work (Kgfm)
Mean 593.45 541.21
CV% 15.74 18.56
Min. 272.8 75.40
Max. 865.30 883.90

There was no effect found in the imperfections, hairiness and tensile property of
20 Ne yarn due to cam speed at 200 rpm. Hence it was decided to select the cam
speed of 400 rpm for studying the effect of vibration on quality of yarn.
 32

CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The effects of vibration introduced by using the equipment developed

on the quality of yarn are given in the Table 4.1 to 4.3.

Table 4.1 Effect of vibration introducing cam speed at 400 rpm on

imperfections and hairiness property yarn

20s Ne 40s Ne 80s Ne

count
Without With Without With Without With
vibration vibration vibration vibration vibration vibration
parameters (0.4g) (1.57g) (0.4g) (1.57g) (0.4g) (1.57g)
Um % 14.34 14.61 17.09 17.11 15.28 15.14
CVm % 18.37 18.72 21.92 21.91 19.42 19.24
CV (1m) % 5.81 6.03 6.98 6.72 5.69 5.78
CV (10m) % 3.09 3.49 3.35 3.00 3.35 3.47
Index 2.54 2.59 2.14 2.14 1.34 1.33
-30% 4249 4568 7170 7271 5567 5376
-40% 890 989 2356 2433 1743 1642
-50% 85 94 401 436 325 305
-60% 2 5 25 30 32 26
+35% 2087 2179 3387 3440 1935 1889
+50% 629 665 1347 1359 528 499
+70% 131 137 362 365 95 86
+100% 21 21 63 63 18 15
+140% 2181 2300 4498 4586 2359 2230
+200% 557 602 1340 1378 731 658
+280% 133 143 325 319 228 194
+400% 33 35 63 55 65 49
Hairiness 7.22 7.38 5.67 5.73 3.57 3.61
Sh 1.60 1.65 1.46 1.48 0.94 0.96
Sh(1m) 0.35 0.32 0.25 0.30 0.16 0.15
Hairs/100m
3mm 1003.3 1116.0 898.0 887.3 567.6 617.0
4mm 236.4 268.8 206.9 200.5 119.8 135.6
5mm 35.4 40.9 28.9 27.8 14.0 15.6
6mm 5.4 5.2 3.4 3.5 1.6 1.3
 33

Table 4.2 Effect of vibration introducing cam speed at 400 rpm on tensile
property of yarn

20s Ne 40s Ne 80s Ne

count
Without With Without With Without With
vibration vibration vibration vibration vibration vibration
parameters (0.4g) (1.57g) (0.4g) (1.57g) (0.4g) (1.57g)
B.Force (gf)
Mean 421.56 419.14 220.38 226.28 139.36 136.07
CV% 10.64 9.84 12.20 11.73 15.98 14.67
Min. 318 332 153 124 80 84
Max. 572 538 299 291 96 196
B. Elongation
Mean 5.90 5.80 5.04 5.74 4.77 4.49
CV% 7.59 7.33 9.49 8.80 10.66 12.38
Min. 4.76 4.66 3.46 3.35 3.03 2.59
Max. 7.12 6.92 6.36 6.79 5.93 5.66
B.Tenacity
(RKm)
Mean 14.28 14.20 14.93 15.33 18.88 18.43
CV% 10.64 9.84 12.20 11.73 15.98 14.87
Min. 10.77 11.24 10.36 8.40 10.84 11.38
Max. 19.37 18.22 20.25 19.71 26.55 26.42
B. Work
(Kgfm)
Mean 593.15 588.47 276.93 314.89 167.94 157.88
CV% 15.41 14.49 18.43 17.19 22.92 22.55
Min. 373.20 373.60 140.80 115.30 66.9 62.60
Max. 929.10 828.10 441.90 437.10 281.1 263.1
 34

Table 4.3 Effect of vibration introducing cam speed at 400 rpm on classified
faults
40s Ne 80s Ne
Without With Without With
vibration vibration vibration vibration
(0.4g) (1.57g) (0.4g) (1.57g)
Faults
A1 5334 15885 862 4280
A2 728 2042 247 813
A3 107 242 58 108
A4 23 57 18 36
B1 348 822 53 218
B2 142 324 58 111
B3 31 55 26 50
B4 15 29 5 15
C1 127 67 19 59
C2 58 38 26 42
C3 8 8 26 24
C4 8 7 15 11
D1 39 2 4 30
D2 27 11 13 11
D3 4 2 8 11
D4 2 4 3 20
E 101 19 10 40
F 54 69 28 107
G 25 1 8 11
H1 77 61 47 36
H2 227 1087 159 997
I1 1 0 0 0
I2 12 0 13 0
A4+B4+C3+C4+D3+D4 60 107 75 117
E+F+G 180 89 46 158
H1+H2+I1+I2 317 1148 219 1033
Total faults 7498 20832 1706 7030
 35

8000

7000

6000
Imperfections/km

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0
Thin -30% Thin -40% Thick +35% Neps +140%

20s Ne Without vibration (0.4g) 20s Ne With vibration (1.57g)

40s Ne Without vibration (0.4g) 40s Ne With vibration (1.57g)
80s Ne Without vibration (0.4g) 80s Ne With vibration (1.57g)

Figure 4.1 Comparison of imperfections (higher sensitivity levels) of yarn

produced with and without vibration

1400

1200

1000
Imperfections/km

800

600

400

200

0
Thin -50% Thick +50% Neps +200%

20s Ne Without vibration (0.4g) 20s Ne With vibration (1.57g)

40s Ne Without vibration (0.4g) 40s Ne With vibration (1.57g)
80s Ne Without vibration (0.4g) 80s Ne With vibration (1.57g)

Figure 4.2Comparison of imperfections (normal sensitivity levels) of yarn

produced with and without vibration
 36

400
350

Imperfections/km
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Thin -60% Thick +70% Thick Neps Neps
+100% +280% +400%

20s Ne Without vibration (0.4g) 20s Ne With vibration (1.57g)

40s Ne Without vibration (0.4g) 40s Ne With vibration (1.57g)
80s Ne Without vibration (0.4g) 80s Ne With vibration (1.57g)

Figure 4.3 Comparison of imperfections (lower sensitivity levels) of yarn

produced with and without vibration

The effect of vibration introduced by using the equipment developed at

the cam speed of 400 rpm on the quality of yarn is given in the Table 4.1 to 4.3.
It can be seen from the table 4.1, 4.2 and figures 4.1 to 4.3 that the unevenness
U% increases in the 20 Ne and 40 Ne yarns produced with vibration compared to
yarn produced without vibration. There is a marginal increase in -30%, -40%,
+35%, +50%, 60% and 70% levels in the 20 Ne and 40 Ne yarns due to
vibration, but the trend is not obtained in the case of 80 Ne yarn. The difference
is higher in the -30% thin places than the other levels. There is no appreciable
change in hairiness properties due to vibration.
 37

25000

20000
Faults/100 km

15000

10000

5000

0
Total fault
40s Ne Without vibration (0.4g) 40s Ne With vibration (1.57g)

80s Ne Without vibration (0.4g) 80s Ne With vibration (1.57g)

Figure 4.4 Comparison of faults present in the yarn produced with and
without vibration
The Table 4.3 shows the comparison of faults present in the 40 Ne and
80 Ne yarn produced with and without vibration at the drafting zone. It can be
seen from the Table 4.3 and Figure 4.4 that the total number of faults is
increased due to vibration. Objectionable faults (A4, B4, C3, C4, D3, and D4)
and long thin faults (H1, H2) are higher in case of yarn produced with vibration.
The total faults particularly objectionable faults, long thin faults increase due to
vibration.

There is no trend observed in tensile properties though there is slight

decrease in tensile strength in 20 Ne and 80 Ne yarn produced with vibration.

The effect of vibration on yarn quality is clearly visible in the

classified faults than in the imperfections results and tensile property results.
 38

The deviation in yarn quality is due to the vibration alone since all the
parameters were kept unchanged. The reason for deterioration in quality with
respect to classified fault is due to change in draft when the nip position of the
front drafting rollers is changed due to vibration. The quality of yarn is not
affected upto a certain level of vibration. Beyond a certain level the quality
deteriorates. The imperfections and tensile property of the yarn would also be
affected by the vibration above the levels at which this study is conducted. The
long thin faults and short thick faults are affected much by the roller vibration.
 39

CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

5.1 CONCLUSIONS
There is no effect on the yarn quality due to vibration level upto
acceleration of 1.3 g at the drafting roller. But due to increased vibration level at
1.57 g in the drafting zone,
1. Thin places in the yarn increases particularly at higher sensitivity levels.
2. Classified yarn faults, particularly short thick faults and long thin faults
increases
3. No trend is observed in tensile and hairiness property of yarn.

5.2 SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE WORK

1. With the present work, it is difficult to study the effect of high vibration levels
on yarn quality due to the reason that vibration cannot be created beyond a
certain level without damaging the roller stand of ring frame. Hence an improved
vibration creating method can be developed to create high level of vibrations
which will not damage the machine elements of ring frame.

2. The effect of vibration at spindle and machine frame on yarn quality can also
be studied.
 40

REFERENCES

1. Agrawal A.K. and Aggarwal S. K. (1988), Ring frame drafting:Some

machinery aspects for reducing spindle to spindle variability in yarn
quality in mills, Resume of papers, 29th Joint Technological Conference
of ATIRA, BTRA, SITRA & NITRA, pp. 9-14

2. Apurba Das and Muzaffer Ishtiaque (2004), End Breakage in Rotor

Spinning: Effect of Different Variables on Cotton Yarn End Breakage,
AUTEX Research Journal, Vol. 4, No.2, pp. 52- 59

3. Arita (1979), US Patent No. 4254613

4. Catling H.(1958), Effect of roller vibration on roller vibration on yarn

regularity, Journal of Textile Institute, Vol. 49, pp. T279-T293

5. Foster G.A.R. (1951), Cotton yarn irregularity and high drafting,

Journal of Textile Institute, Vol. 42, pp. P945 P959

6. Foster G.A.R. (1958), The Principles of Roller Drafting and Irregularity

of Drafted Materials, Manual of Cotton Spinning, Vol. IV, part I, Textile
Institute, Manchester.

7. Gregory J. and Tyson A. (1951), Defective drafting arising from

imperfections in front rollers of mules and ring frames, Journal of
Textile Institute, Vol. 42, pp. T150

8. Hasegawa Katsumi, Tabei Tadashi, Hikita Shinichi, Suzuki Tamotsu, and

Horikawa Takeshi (2001), Development of a System for Detection of
Abnormal Vibration During High Speed Winding, Journal of Textile
Engineering, Vol. 47, No.2, pp. 45- 52

9. Rao S. S. (2004), Mechanical Vibrations, Pearson Education, New

Delhi, pp. 11 39, 747 - 795

10. Rao V. Dukkipati, Srinivas J. and Srinivas Dukkipati (2004), Textbook

of Mechanical Vibration, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, pp.
111 - 114

11. Rattan (2001), Theory of Machines, Tata McGraw Hill publication,

New Delhi, pp. 713 - 733
 41

12. Subramanian S., Nainar M., Palanimurugan M., and Muthumanickam A.

(2006), Effect of Jerky Movement of Ring Rail on Quality of Ring
Yarn, Indian Journal of Fibre and Textile Research, Vol. 32, pp. 248-
250.

13. Youjiang Wang and Ning Pan (2007), Frequency Effect of Drawing
Behaviour of Staple Fibre Strands, National Textile Centre Research
Briefs, June 2007, NTC Project F04- GT01.

14. www.bksv.com/pdf/measuring_vibration.pdf

15. www.dliengineering.com/vibman.htm

16. www.kistler.com

17. www.ni.com

18. www.sensormag.com/articles/0299/prac0299/main.shtml
 42

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

The following technical paper on the current work has been

communicated to Asian Textile Journal. Details of the paper were given below.

S Vaidheeswaran, S Subramanian and A Elayaperumal Effect of Vibration in

Ring Frame Drafting Zone on Yarn Quality