Remyr Barrameda

Isagani Ronquillo
 Definition of Adhesives
Brief History of Adhesives
Application of Adhesives
Classification of Adhesives
Adhesive Composition Formulation
Types of Adhesives
Industrial Process of Adhesives
making
Reactions Involved In Adhesives
Making for Each Type
 3 000 000 B.C.: Cell to cell bonding; mussels; spiders; bees and
wasps; barnacles
80 000 B.C. (Neolithic): Birch tree tar
5000 B.C. Mesopotamia (Babylon): Animal blood proteins, Plant
resins (colophony) and Asphalt
3500 B.C. Egypt : Boiled Glues (Animal skins, etc.)
1500 B.C. Aztec : Animal blood and Natural rubber cement (Hevea
Latex)
1841: Vulcanisation process >>> Synthetic adhesives development
1902: Bakelite
1921: Principles of Macromolecular Chemistry by Max Staudinger
1902-1940: Synthetic rubber (PolyButadiene); silicones; epoxy;
polyurethanes
1952: Cyanoacrylate (Super Glue)

-is a material that is applied to the

surfaces of articles to join them
permanently by an adhesive bonding
process.
-is a substance capable of forming
bonds to each of the two parts when
the nal object consists of two
sections that are bonded together.
 Adhesive Composition
Formulation
Adhesive Base or Binder
Hardener (for Thermosetting
Adhesives)
Solvents
Diluents
Fillers
Carriers or Reinforcements
Other Additives
 This is the primary component and has the
function of forming the bond, thus holding the
substrates together. The binder is generally the
component from which the name of the adhesive is
derived.
Example: Epoxy Resin
 The formation of an epoxy polymer may be
illustrated by the reaction between 2,2-bis (4-
hydroxyphenyl) propane (I) (Bisphenol-A)
and epichlorohydrin (II) to initially form a
prepolymer diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A
(DGEBA)
Figure 1.1.Formation of epoxy polymer DGEBA
 This is a substance added to an adhesive to
promote the curing reaction by taking part through
catalysis or cross-linking.
Example: Polyamine hardeners,Polymercaptan epoxy resin
hardener

Figure 1.2.Polyamine hardeners

Hardeners are used in the curing process of
epoxy resins.

Figure 1.2.Curing using a polyfunctional amine

 Polyhydroxylic compounds are also
used in epoxy resin formulations
such as the novalaks.

Figure 1.3.Novalaks

Figure 1.4.Uncured epoxy resin

 Curing Agents
4,4-diamino diphenylmethane(DDM) as
polyamine hardener used in the curing process
of epoxy resin.
 Solvents are sometimes needed to reduce the
viscosity of the adhesive to enhance its
spreadability. Solvents used with synthetic resins
and elastomers are generally organic in nature.
Example: Methyl ethyl ketone, acetone, toluene
 These are liquid ingredients added to an adhesive
to reduce the concentration of the binder
component.
Example:dibutyl phthalate
 Fillers are relatively neutral substances added to
the adhesive to improve its working properties,
strength, permanence, or other qualities. Fillers are
also intended to reduce materials costs.
Example:inorganic solids,naturally occuring
organic materials
 These are usually thin web-type materials
such as plastic lm, fabric, or paper used
to support the adhesive composition.
Example: steel,plastic film
 In addition to the basic components, an adhesive
may contain a number of other additives, each
aimed at achieving a specic characteristic.
Example:plasticizers,accelerators,inhibitors,retarders,
tackifiers,thickeners,film formers
 Source
Chemical Composition
Function
Physical Form
Mode of Application of Setting
Specic Adherends or Applications
Natural Adhesives

Figure 1.6.Starch Adhesive

Figure 1.5.Tree Sap

 This term is used to include vegetable-
and animal-based adhesives and
natural gums. These include organic
materials such as casein, blood,
albumin, hide, bone, sh, starch, resin,
shellac, asphalt, chitosan, and
inorganic adhesives like sodium
silicate.
 Synthetic Adhesives
 This term is usually used to apply to
all adhesives other than natural
adhesives (i.e., elastomeric,
thermoplastic, thermosetting, and
alloys). All structural adhesives are
synthetic.
Figure 1.1.A Simple Classification Of Adhesives

Adhesives

Synthetic Natural

Thermoplastic Thermosetting Elastomeric

 Thermosetting Adhesives- These are
materials that cannot be heated and
melted after the initial cure. Curing takes
place by chemical reactions at room
temperature or at an elevated temperature,
depending on the type of adhesive.
 These adhesives are usually available as
solvent-free liquids, pastes, and solids.
 These materials do not cross-link during
cure and they can be melted without
signicant change in their properties. They
are single-component systems that harden
upon cooling from a melt state, or by
evaporation of a solvent or water vehicle.
 Example:Wood Glues
 These materials are based on synthetic or
naturally occurring polymers. They have
superior toughness and elongation.
Elastomeric adhesives may be supplied as
solutions in organic solvents, latex
cements, dispersions, pressure-sensitive
tapes, and single- or multiple-part
solvent-free liquids or pastes.
 Example:Natural rubber
Cyanoacrylates Epoxy Natural rubber
Polyester Polyimide Styrene-butadiene rubber
Urea-formaldehyde Polybenzimidazole Reclaimed rubber
Melamine-formaldehyde Acrylic Polyurethane
Resorcinol Acrylic acid Butyl rubber
diester Polysulde
Resorcinol-phenol-formaldehyde Polyisobutylene
Silicone
Nitrile rubber
Neoprene
Table 1.1 Major Thermosetting Adhesives
Table 1.3. Major
Cellulose acetate Polyvinyl acetals Elastomeric Adhesives
Cellulose acetate butyrate Polyvinyl alcohol
Cellulose nitrate Polyamide
Polyvinyl acetate Acrylic
Polyvinyl chloride Phenoxy
Polyvinylidene chloride

Table 1.2. Major Thermoplastic Adhesives

 Structural Adhesives- These are materials
of high strength and performance. Their
primary function is to hold structures
together and to be capable of resisting
(bearing) high loads.
Example:Epoxies,Urethanes
 These adhesives are not required to
withstand substantial loads, but merely
hold materials in place. This group is
sometimes called holding adhesives.
 Example:Adhesive sealants,rubber cements
 Liquid Adhesives
Paste Adhesives
Tape and Film Adhesives
Powder or Granule Adhesives
 Adhesives can be coated, sprayed, or
brushed. Adhesive pastes and mastics are
applicable by extrusion and may be
applied by syringe,caulking gun, or
pneumatic pumping equipment.
Figure 1.7. Caulking gun

Figure 1.8.Pneumatic Pumping Equipment

 Adherends (substrates) bonded
Metal
Wood
Plastics
Ceramics and glass
Environments for which intended
Acid-resistant
Heat-resistant
Weatherable
Cryogenic
Non-critical (general purpose)
 Acrylics
 Allyl Diglycol Carbonate (CR-39)
Alloyed or Modied (Two-Polymer)
Adhesives
Cyanoacrylate Adhesives
Phenol Formaldehyde
 Polymerization of methyl-2-cyanoacrylate
 Curing of Ethyl cyanoacrylate