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STEEL CONSTRUCTION

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28 columns
specwise
17 A Tale of Tearouts
BY LARRY MUIR, PE
The strength of bolt groups or the shear
delight of bearing change without tearing
out your hair.

business
23 Digital Fortress
BY IAN T. RAMSEY, SARAH C.
SPURLOCK AND ADAM M. SMITH
Cyber security, like customer service,
is everyones job.

features
28 2017 IDEAS2 Awards
A look at AISCs annual list of winning
projects that display Innovative Design
in Engineering and Architecture with
Structural Steel.

56 Risk and Reward

BY JOHN CROSS, PE
Material selection can have significant
short- and long-term impacts on a buildings
insurance rates and resilience.

60 First and Last(ing) Impressions

BY GEOFF WEISENBERGER
They matternow more than ever.

in every issue
departments
6 EDITORS NOTE
9 STEEL INTERCHANGE
12 STEEL QUIZ
62 NEWS
66 STRUCTURALLY SOUND

resources
65 MARKETPLACE & EMPLOYMENT

ON THE COVER:
Workers are framed by the mesmerizing skylight of the Fulton Center, a 2017 IDEAS2 Award winner, p. 34. (Photo: Zak Kostura)

MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION (Volume 57, Number 5) ISSN (print) 0026-8445: ISSN (online) 1945-0737. Published monthly by the American Institute of
Steel Construction (AISC), 130 E Randolph Street, Suite 2000, Chicago, IL 60601. Subscriptions: Within the U.S.single issues $6.00; 1 year, $44. Outside the
U.S. (Canada and Mexico)single issues $9.00; 1 year $88. Periodicals postage paid at Chicago, IL and at additional mailing offices. Postmaster: Please send
address changes to MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION, 130 E Randolph Street, Suite 2000, Chicago, IL 60601.
DISCLAIMER: AISC does not approve, disapprove, or guarantee the validity or accuracy of any data, claim, or opinion appearing under a byline or obtained or
quoted from an acknowledged source. Opinions are those of the writers and AISC is not responsible for any statement made or opinions expressed in MODERN
STEEL CONSTRUCTION. All rights reserved. Materials may not be reproduced without written permission, except for noncommercial educational purposes
where fewer than 25 photocopies are being reproduced. The AISC and Modern Steel logos are registered trademarks of AISC. Printed on paper made
from a minimum of
4 MAY 2017 10% recycled content.
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 editors note
Editorial Offices
130 E Randolph Street, Suite 2000
Chicago, IL 60601
312.670.2400
Editorial Contacts
EDITOR AND PUBLISHER
Scott L. Melnick
312.670.8314
melnick@modernsteel.com
SENIOR EDITOR
Geoff Weisenberger
312.670.8316
weisenberger@modernsteel.com
ASSISTANT EDITOR
Tasha Weiss
312.670.5439
weiss@modernsteel.com
DIRECTOR OF PUBLICATIONS
ON MY L RIDE HOME THE OTHER NIGHT, I STARTED TALKING WITH A MOM Keith A. Grubb, SE, PE
WHO WAS TRAVELING WITH HER DAUGHTER TO VISIT NORTHWESTERN 312.670.8318
grubb@modernsteel.com
UNIVERSITY. The future Wildcat was decked out in a purple sweatshirt that said
PRODUCTION COORDINATOR
Northwestern Engineering. Megan Johnston-Spencer
312.670.5427
She mentioned she wanted to study bio- But my first and greatest hero is Jim johnstonspencer@modernsteel.com
engineering, and I thought that sounded Malley, the guru of all things seismic and GRAPHIC DESIGN MANAGER
fascinating. And then I realized that regard- steel. If people only knew how much they Kristin Hall
312.670.8313
less of their importance and achievements, I owe this gentleman... It is my hope that hall@modernsteel.com
couldnt name a single bioengineer. this next generation of engineers is also AISC Officers
And for the general public, the same looking for their own heroes and finding CHAIR
James G. Thompson
probably holds true for structural engineers. them in the realm of engineering. You
VICE CHAIR
Coincidentally, later that evening I can start with Rafael Sabelli and Ashraf David Zalesne
read a LinkedIn post from Kim Robinson. Habibullah. What have they done? Well, SECRETARY/GENERAL COUNSEL
For those who dont know Kim, shes the that is for you to find out on your own David B. Ratterman

former chief engineer at Star Seismic and quest. Happy hunting! PRESIDENT
Charles J. Carter, SE, PE, PhD
CoreBrace and is currently the director of Of course, there are dozens and SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT
design services at AISC member SunSteel. dozens of other structural engineers Scott L. Melnick
Shes also the current president of the who should be famous but instead toil in VICE PRESIDENT
John P. Cross, PE
Structural Engineers Association of Utah anonymity (if you want to make your own
VICE PRESIDENT
and a former AISC regional engineer and list, a good place to start would be AISCs Anne-Marie Eischen
was SEAUs Engineer of the Year in 2013. past award winners, which you can find at VICE PRESIDENT
And I loved her post: www.aisc.org/awards). Lawrence F. Kruth, PE
My heroes are all engineers, she Whos your hero? Drop me a note and VICE PRESIDENT
Mark Trimble
wrote. They have contributed to society Ill add them to my list! NSBA MANAGING DIRECTOR
in ways that the people at large will never Danielle D. Kleinhans, PE, PhD
understand. I have watched them and Editorial Advisory Panel
idolized them over the span of my career Caroline R. Bennett, PE, PhD,
University of Kansas
to date, usually in silence. There is David SCOTT MELNICK
Keith R. Griesing, PE,
Ruby, whose birthday is today, and who EDITOR Hardesty and Hanover
has contributed greatly to the engineering P.S. If you want to meet any of these Steve Knitter, Geiger and Peters
of steel. Happy birthday, Dave! And luminaries, think about attending NASCC: Janice Mochizuki, PE, Arup
Thomas Murray. When someone walks The Steel Conference next year in Dylan Olson, Olson Steel
past your desk and the floor vibrations Baltimore (April 1113). Last month at the Advertising Contact
dont drive you nuts, you can send your San Antonio conference, I saw five of the ACCOUNT MANAGER
Louis Gurthet
thanks to him. He prefers train tickets. I six heroes on Kims list (and Kim, too) and 231.228.2274
love welding, too, and Duane Miller is the I cant think of the last time any of them gurthet@modernsteel.com
For advertising information,
one and only, the big cheese of welding. missed a Steel Conference! contact Louis Gurthet or visit
www.modernsteel.com
Address Changes and
Subscription Concerns
312.670.5444
subscriptions@aisc.org
Reprints
Megan Johnston-Spencer
312.670.5427
johnstonspencer@modernsteel.com

6 MAY 2017
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 If youve ever asked yourself Why? about something
related to structural steel design or construction,
Modern Steels monthly Steel Interchange is for you!
Send your questions or comments to solutions@aisc.org.
Camber and Specific Instructions to
the Contrary
The specification for a project requires camber to be mea-
sured in the field in the stressed condition and not in the
fabricator's shop in the unstressed condition, as indicated
in Section 6.4.4 of the AISC Code of Standard Practice
(ANSI/AISC 303), available at www.aisc.org/standards. The
specification then states that the fabricator will be respon-
sible for any repairs required to bring nonconforming
beams into compliance with the specified camber.
After the project was awarded, the fabricator issued a
request for information (RFI) requesting the unstressed
camber required so that the beam when installed would
settle to the stressed camber noted in the contract docu-
ments. The RFI quoted the Commentary from Section
6.4.4 of the Code to explain why the camber measurement
cannot be measured in the field in the stressed condition.
In his response, the structural engineer of record stated
that, per the contract, this determination must be made
by the contractor.
I have several questions:
1. Since the Commentary to Section 6.4.4 states that
there is no way to inspect beam camber after the
beam is received in the field (due to numerous fac-
tors), is it not the intent of Sections 3.1(e) and 3.1.5
that the magnitude of camber specified in the struc-
tural design documents be that which is measurable
for the purposes of fabrication?
2. Does AISC permit the engineer to deviate from the
Code in this manner?
3. Can the fabricator be held responsible for achieving
a condition over which the fabricator may have little
control?
4. Is there any practical method of determining the
unstressed camber that must be provided to ensure
that the stressed condition is within tolerance?
We cannot arbitrate or address contractual issues. This issue
should have been addressed during contract negotiations. If
there are no contractual exceptions to the camber require-
ment, then the fabricator must satisfy the requirement.
However, Section 7.13.13 of the Code requires the owner's
representative for construction to verify plumbness, elevation
and alignment prior to the placement of other trade materi-
als. We are assuming that the notation stressed condition
refers to the beam as erected prior to placement of finishes.
Since you have agreed to measure the camber in the field, the
camber should be measured before other materials are applied
to the beam by other trades. In the event that the owner's sur-
vey identifies beam(s) not meeting the required camber, repair
work may be the fabricator's responsibility.
steel
interchange
Another wrinkle is that even if the fabricator did take
exception to the camber requirement in the bidand this
was agreed to contractuallythe contract would likely be
between the fabricator and their client. The issue would then
have to be addressed relative to the contract between the
fabricators client, the owner and the engineer of record. To
answer your questions:
1. Yes, this is the intent. However, the engineer has chosen
not to conform to the intent of the Code, and you have
chosen to contractually accept this deviation. AISC rec-
ommends that specifiers adhere to the Code unless there
is a very good reason not to, but we have no authority to
govern the contracts parties choose to enter into. The
February 2017 article Specific Instructions to the Con-
trary (available at www.modernsteel.com) provides
further information.
2. Yes. Section 1.1 of the Code states: In the absence of spe-
cific instructions to the contrary in the contract docu-
ments, the trade practices that are defined in this Code
shall govern the fabrication and erection of structural
steel. The above-mentioned article provides a good dis-
cussion related to the proper use of specific instructions
to the contrary.
3. Probably. This is likely a legal question, and we cannot
provide legal advice. However, I believe it is common
for contracts to allocate risk among the parties, even
when the parties have limited control over the risks.
In the case of camber, the Commentary to the
Code lists several factors that are largely beyond any
partys complete control. The structural engineer of
record should in most cases have the most reliable
information related to many of these itemsand
likely the best ability to account for them. How-
ever, there is no party that can fully control all of
the potential effects, and some party must therefore
assume the associated risk.
4. No. This would require information and coordina-
tion with the designer and contractor. As this is
uncommon, the approach taken in the Code is what
we recommend.
Larry S. Muir, PE, and, Patrick J. Fortney, SE
Reinforcing an Existing End-Plate
Moment Connection
The 38-in. end plate of an existing connection (configured
similar to an end-plate moment connection) is not ade-
quate for an increase in design load, based on checks from
commercially available connection design software. The
connection has been defined as an end-plate moment
connection in the software model. The connection trans-
fers modest moments and shears but also significant
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 9
 steel interchange
axial load. ASTM F3125 Grade A325-N bolts are pro-
vided. Can a square washer be used at each of the bolts
to increase the thickness to meet the required thickness
determined by the software? Are there better means of
reinforcing this connection?
The answer to your first question is no. Adding a square
washer at each bolt will not satisfy the assumptions likely
made in the calculations. We cannot comment on what your
software may be doing, but locally reinforcing the plate would
not satisfy the models presented in either AISC Design Guide
4: Extended End-Plate Moment Connections Seismic and Wind
Applications or Design Guide 16: Flush and Extended Multiple-
Row Moment End-Plate Connections (both are free downloads
for AISC members at www.aisc.org/dg), which probably form
the basis of the checks used by your software.
Adding the washers may have some effect on the strength
of the plate, but it will likely be small and difficult to quantify.
Theoretically, one could use the plate washers to modify the
yield lines used in Design Guides 4 and 16, which would result
in an increase in strength if the strength of the connection is
controlled by the plate yield lines. The guides also provide
references to additional information on the models used. I am
not aware of anyone that has taken this approach and cannot
provide any definitive guidance on how to do so. You will have
to rely on your own judgment.
Here are some other observations, in case you still wish to
pursue this option:
1. Even if you used a reinforcing plate over the entire
connection, you still may not be correctly interpreting
the condition. The models in the design guides assume
a solid plate. Your software probably makes the same
assumption. Therefore the increased strength predicted
is most likely based on the square of the total thickness.
If you do not adequately connect the reinforcing plate
to the original plate, then the strength increase would
result from the sum of the squares of the two thick-
nesses, not the square of the sum of the thicknessesa
big difference.
2. The ability to form yield lines at the edges of the rein-
forcing plate will depend on several factors, including
the distance the reinforcing is extended beyond the
joint and/or that way in which is attached to the existing
plate. This will further complicate the design.
Other approaches are possible and might provide a
better solution.
If you have assumed thin plate behavior (with prying), as
described in the design guides, then the apparent deficiency
relative to the plate thickness might be addressed by changes
to the bolts.
The first and most economical option to explore simply
involves a change in the design assumptionspotentially no
physical change to the condition at all. If you can confirm
that the shear planes do not intersect the bolt threads in
the existing condition, then you could take advantage of
this fact to increase the bolt strength. It is typically assumed
10 MAY 2017
that only the bolts on the compression side of a moment
end-plate connection resist shear. However, for your condi-
tion, where there is a modest moment and significant axial
load, there may be no portion of the connection in com-
pression. Therefore, the bolts will be subjected to combined
tension and shear. Though you have stated that the shear
loads are small, the increase from threads included (N) to
threads excluded (X) might be enough to accommodate the
increase in design load.
A second option that may avoid costly fieldwork involves
reexamining the assumed distribution of force among the
bolts. Design Guide 16 suggests a model for conditions
where both axial loads and moments are applied. However,
it only seems to address conditions where the moment is
the dominate load, unlike your condition. Many models are
possible and you might find one that will make your exist-
ing condition acceptableagain avoiding costly fieldwork
and more uncertain structural models such as the square
washer approach.
A second option would be to use a stronger bolt. Replacing
the existing ASTM F3125 Grade A325 bolts with Grade A490
bolts would increase both the shear and tensile design strength
of the bolts. Again, using the threads excluded shear strength,
where appropriate, will provide an even greater strength
increase. Note that your proposed solution of adding square
washers would involve, at the very least, removing the nut at
each bolt and installing the plate washer, so replacing the bolts
may provide a much greater increase in strength with only
slightly more cost.
Bottom line, you may want to exhaust fixes that can be
accomplished with a pencil and a calculator before mobilizing
crews and equipment in the field. Effectively addressing existing
conditions often requires a deeper understanding of the design
assumptions and the behavior of the systems involved. Off-the-
shelf software and canned design procedures may provide a
good starting point to evaluate the strength of connections, but
such approaches may not lead to an optimal solution.
Carlo Lini, PE
The complete collection of Steel Interchange questions and answers is available online.
Find questions and answers related to just about any topic by using our full-text search
capability. Visit Steel Interchange online at www.modernsteel.com.
Larry Muir is director of technical assistance and Carlo Lini is staff engineertechnical
assistance, both with AISC. Patrick Fortney is a consultant to AISC.
Steel Interchange is a forum to exchange useful and practical professional ideas and
information on all phases of steel building and bridge construction. Opinions and
suggestions are welcome on any subject covered in this magazine.
The opinions expressed in Steel Interchange do not necessarily represent an official
position of the American Institute of Steel Construction and have not been reviewed. It is
recognized that the design of structures is within the scope and expertise of a competent
licensed structural engineer, architect or other licensed professional for the application of
principles to a particular structure.
If you have a question or problem that your fellow readers might help you solve, please
forward it to us. At the same time, feel free to respond to any of the questions that you
have read here. Contact Steel Interchange via AISCs Steel Solutions Center:
866.ASK.AISC solutions@aisc.org
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 steel Steel Quiz made its first appearance in the November 1995 issue of
Modern Steel Construction. This months Quiz takes a look at some of the
quiz best questions from 2005.

1 Yes or No: Is there a temperature limitation placed on
the use of the AISC Specification (ANSI/AISC 360) for
fatigue loading?
2 Yes or No: Is it necessary to remove the ceramic
insulator from a stud shear connector in composite
construction?
3 Yes or No: If a beam bears on top of a column, is there
any requirement for bracing?
4 In the special segment of special truss moment frames
(STMF), why are flat bars used at diagonal web members?
5 How does the Cb factor affect the design strength of
flexural members controlled by lateral-torsional buckling?
a. By increasing the design strength
b. By decreasing the design strength
c. By increasing the unbraced length
d. By decreasing the unbraced length
TURN TO PAGE 14 FOR ANSWERS
6 The Euler buckling of a column is best described as:
a. Elastic buckling of short columns
b. Elastic buckling of long columns
c. Inelastic buckling of short columns
d. Inelastic buckling of long columns
7 True or False: For cantilevered beams, bracing the
bottom compression flange at the free end significantly
reduces instability.
8 Which of the following is considered a stiffened element?
a. Leg of an angle
b. Flange of a channel
c. Web of a wide-flange shape
d. Wall of an HSS (hollow structural section)
9 What is the significance of width-to-thickness ratios in
beam design?
10 For a built-up member composed of two or more
shapes, is the nominal compressive strength determined
based on the built-up section acting as a unit or on the
components acting individually?

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YYYEGREQTREQO
 steel quiz
1 Ye s . T h e f a t i g u e re s i s t a n c e
determined using Appendix 3 of
the AISC Specification, available
at www.aisc.org/specifications,
is applicable only to structures
subject to temperatures not
exceeding 300 F (150 C), as
indicated in Section 3.1.
2 Yes. Section 7.4.6 in AWS D1.1
states: After welding, arc shields
shall be broken free from studs to
be embedded in concrete, and,
where practical, from all other
studs. This is required for visual
inspection of the weld.
3 Yes. Restraint against rotation
about the longitudinal axis shall
be provided at points of support
(see Section B3.4 of the 2016
AISC Specification). This may
be provided by a beam framing
perpendicular into the beam on
the top of the column. Stability
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ANSWERS
bracing is discussed and example
details given starting on page 2-17
of the AISC Steel Construction
Manual, 14th Edition (available at
www.aisc.org/publications).
4 Because of their high ductility.
Section E4.4a of the AISC
Seismic Provisions (ANSI/AISC
341), available at www.aisc.org/
specifications, requires the use of
flat bars for the diagonal members
within the special segment.
5 a. The C b modification factor
is a multiplier used to increase
the design strength of flexural
members based on the lateral-
torsional buckling limit state. It
accounts for the additional reserve
capacity in the flexural member
due to loading patterns that result
in non-uniform bending moment
diagrams. Refer to Section F1 of
the AISC Specification.
colorworkspainting.com
The Blasting & Coatings Experts
answers for Steel Quiz. If you are interested in
submitting one question or an entire quiz, contact
solutions@aisc.org.
6 b. Euler buckling is the elastic
buckling of a long column.
However, if the column is short, the
buckling can occur at inelastic stress
levels. If the column is extremely
short, buckling may not occur at all
(yielding will be observed).
7 F a l s e . For cantilever beams,
bracing the bottom compression
flange at the free end has little
effect in reducing instability, as the
compression flange can still deflect
laterally if cross-sectional distortion
is not prevented. The best location
to prevent twisting of the cross-
section is the tension flange at the
free end of the cantilever. Refer to
the first quarter 2001 Engineering
Journal paper Fundamentals of
Beam Bracing by Yura (available at
www.aisc.org/ej).
8 Both c. and d. The web of a wide-
flange shape is stiffened at its end
by the flanges, and HSS walls are
stiffened. Refer to Table B4.1 in the
AISC Specification.
9 Compression buckling strength is a
function of the width-thickness ratio
of the element or elements subject
to compression. Flexural members
will have portions of the cross
section subject to compression,
and thus a tendency to buckle if the
components are too thin.
10 I t depends upon the
interconnection of the elements.
If the built-up section is designed
to act as a unit, the individual
components of the built-up section
must be so interconnected. This
includes satisfying the requirement
that the effective slenderness ratio
of each of the component shapes
between the fasteners does not
exceed three-fourths times the
governing slenderness ratio of
the built-up member. See Section
E6 of the AISC Specification and
commentary for further guidance.
Everyone is welcome to submit questions and
AISCs Steel Solutions Center at 866.ASK.AISC or at
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bend the possible.

DEGREE OF BEND

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 specwise
The strength of bolt groups or the shear delight of A TALE OF
bearing change without tearing out your hair. TEAROUTS
BY LARRY MUIR, PE

SECTION J3.10 of the 2016 Specification for Structural
Steel Buildings (ANSI/AISC 360-16) introduces a new limit
state: tearout.
Actually, thats only half the story. More accurately, the section
splits what had been presented in the 2010 Specification as a single
check into two separate checks: bearing and tearout. There has
been some confusion and controversy related to the proper ap-
plication of this check that well attempt to clear up here. (Note: For
the sake of brevity, we have listed the bolt grades but not the full ASTM
designation of F3125 Grades A325 and A490 throughout the text.)
What is Tearout?
The limit state of bolt edge tearout
was introduced in the 1999 Specifica-
tion as part of the bolt bearing checks.
Tearout is a limit state provided in
Section J3.10 of the Specification. It is
described in the Commentary as a bolt-
by-bolt block shear rupture of the ma-
terial upon which the bolt bearsa fail-
ure of the material in front of the bolt
in the direction of the force. Though
As described in the Commentary, when deformation at the
bolt hole is a design consideration, the strength is limited such
that hole elongation will not exceed in. when high tensile
stress occurs on the net section. At this stress level, the bolt may
not tear from the jointbut for simplicity, the limit state is still
referred to as tearout.
Tearout can occur between a bolt and any edge, whether the
edge occurs at the end of the material or at an adjacent bolt hole.
The Change
The change to the 2016 Specification is minor. Equation J3-
6a in the 2010 Specification has been broken into two separate
Equations, J3-6a and J3-6c, in the 2016 Specification (see Table
1). A similar change has been made to Equations J3-6b and
J3-6d. This is intended to be an editorial change. The 2016
Commentary was also revised to provide further information
and guidance.
Table 1. Comparison Between
2010 and 2016 Specication Tearout Provisions
2010 Specication 2016 Specication
Rn = 1.2lctFu 2.4dtFu Rn = 2.4dtFu (J3-6a)

not a theoretically correct model, bolt Figure 1

tearout may be easier to understand if
you think about a bolt tearing through the material (as shown
in Figure 1). There are two shear planes. Assuming the planes
shown, the strength is calculated as:
Rn = 2(0.6)lctFu = 1.2lctFu
(J3-6a) Rn = 1.2lctFu (J3-6a)
Lower Bound Method
As stated previously, there has been some confusion related
to the proper application of this check. There are multiple ap-
proaches possible. However, the User Note in Section J3.6 of

Though this is a simple and useful

model, it does not reflect the actual behav-
ior. If the bolt tears from the material, the Larry Muir (muir@aisc.org)
phenomenon looks more similar to Fig- is AISCs director of
ure 2. The model does, however, produce technical assistance.
Specification Equation J3-6c, the nominal

Figure 2
tearout strength when deformation at the
bolt hole is a design consideration. The
fact that the model is not precise is reflected by the fact that
the Specification also presents a limit state for conditions when
deformation at the bolt hole is not a design consideration with
Equation J3-6d, Rn = 1.5lctFu , which predicts a strength 25%
higher than the Figure 1 model.

Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 17

 specwise
the 2016 Specification describes the preferred procedure. This
same User Note appeared in Section J3.6 of the 2010 Specifica-
tion as well. To illustrate, consider the connection with a top
and bottom 38-in.-thick plate and a center -in.-thick plate as
shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3
Figure 4
To save you from tearing your hair out, lets start with the
outcome that tearout on the edges in both plates simultane-
ously controlsi.e., two bolts tear out of the loaded edge of
the -in. plate and the other two bolts tear out of the loaded
edges of the 38-in. plates. The associated applicable nominal
strengths are shown in the free body diagram in Figure 4. A
free-body diagram showing the nominal strengths applicable,
based on the User Note, is shown in Figure 4 (note that the
governing forces are highlighted). To explain where this came
from, there are five limit states to be checked for each bolt:
(1) bolt shear, (2) bearing on the main material, (3) bearing on
the connection material, (4) tearout on the main material and
(5) tearout on the connection material. For this example, from
the free-body diagram:
1. The nominal single shear strength for a -in.-diameter
A325 bolt with the threads excluded from the shear plane
is 30.1 kips/bolt.
2. The nominal bearing strength on the in. plate is 52.2
kips/bolt.
3. The nominal bearing strength on each of the a in. plates
can be found by prorating the strength of the in. plate:
(0.375
0.5 in. )
in.
52.2 kips/bolt = 39.2 kips/bolt/plate
or 78.4 kips/bolt
18 MAY 2017
4. The nominal tearout strength at the edge for the in.
plate is 29.4 kips/bolt.
5. The nominal tearout strength at the edge on each of the
a in. plates can be found by prorating the strength of the
in. plate:
29.4 kips/bolt (0.375 in.
0.5 in. )= 22.0 kips/bolt/plate
or 44.0 kips/bolt
As is typical, the tearout strength between the bolts does not
govern, though for unusual conditions it could.
The strength of the bolts at the inner bolt line is governed
by the tearout strength at the edge for the -in. plate 2(29.4
kips) = 58.8 kips. Note this is less than the double shear value of
2(30.1 kips/bolt) = 60.2 kips and the bearing strength of 2(52.2
kips/bolt) = 104.4 kips.
The strength of the bolts at the outer bolt line is governed
by the tearout strength at the edge for the 38-in. plate 2(22.0
kips) = 44.0 kips per shear plane. Note the tearout strength, 22
kips/bolt/plate, is less than the single shear value of 30.1 kips
and the bearing strength of 39.2 kips/bolt/plate.
The total strength of the connection is 58.8 kips + 44.0 kips
(2 shear planes) = 147 kips.
Poison Bolt Method
An alternate method, sometimes referred to as the poison
bolt method, simply multiplies the least strength of any of the
bolts by the total number of bolts. In this case the poison bolt
method yields:
Rn = (4 bolts)(29.4 kips/bolt) = 118 kips
This is obviously significantly less work, but it results in about
a 20% reduction in the predicted strength in this case. The un-
derestimation of strength can be greater for some connections.
This approach is not recommended.
Commentary Method
The Commentary to the 2016 Specification suggests a sim-
plification for typical connections, such as those shown in the
AISC Steel Construction Manual. The shear, bearing and tearout
limit states for each bolt in the same connected part are deter-
mined and the lowest value summed to determine the strength
of the group. This ignores the potential for interaction of these
limit states among multiple connected parts, but the impact is
small in common connection details. The key is that a reason-
able connection is being considered, such as the example being
considered here. There is some parity between the bolts chosen
and the plates, and the edge distances are typical of those his-
torically used and recommended in the Specification. The Specifi-
cation does not prohibit the use of 1-in.-diameter A490-X bolts
to connect -in. material, but such an arrangement does not
make a lot of sense, may not be economical and will present
more of an issue relative to tearout and interaction between
connected elements.
 specwise
The Commentary simplification can be applied to the ex- Tearout Between Holes
ample. The strength based on bolt shear remains unchanged, Common connections typically provide for -in. or 78-in.
8(30.1 kips/bolt) = 241 kips. The bearing and edge bolt tearout bolts spaced at 3 in. on center. Fortunately, for this common
strengths of the -in. plate was determined previously as 52.2 configuration, tearout is not a concern between the rows of
kips/bolt and 29.4 kips/bolt, respectively. The tearout strength bolts. For bolts larger than 78 in. in diameter, bolt shear, not
between the bolts is 76.2 kips, and as is common in typical con- tearout, will govern if the plate is made significantly thick. Ta-
nections, it does not govern. By inspection, the limits states for ble 3 presents the minimum thickness required to ensure that
the 38-in. plates do not govern. Therefore, the strength of the bolt shear (and not tearout) governs. The values assume either
connection is: 3 in. spacing or the minimum allowed by the Specification: 223
times the nominal diameter per Section J3.3. Single shear is
(2 bolts)(52.2 kips/bolt) + (2 bolts)(29.4 kips/bolt) = 163 kips also assumed.
Table 3. Minimum Thickness (inches)
The predicted strength, 163 kips, is higher than the 147 kips to Ensure Tearout Does not Govern Between Holes
predicted by the User Note model but only by about 11%. We A36 Grade 50
knew it would be higher, because it starts by assuming a fail- Bolt F3125 Grade F3125 Grade
ure mechanism instead of a force distribution; it is an upper- Diameter
(inches) A325-X A325-X
bound solution. As described in the 2016 Commentary, we have A325-N or A490-X A325-N or A490-X
bounded the actual strength of the connection. A comparison A490-N A490-N
of the various methods is presented in Table 2. 1 3
8 7
16 9
16 5
16 3
8
18 58 716 916 58
1
Table 2. Comparison of Methods 58 1316 916 1116
1*
Poison Lower 2016
Pre-1999 138* 916 1116 78 58 1316
Bolt Bound* Commentary
5 15 9 11 7
Values 1* 8 16 16 16 8
209 118 147 163
(kips) *Spacing is 223 times the nominal diameter.
% of Lower
142 80 100 111
Bound A similar analysis can be performed to find the minimum
*Per User Note in Section J3.6 in the 2010 and 2016 Specification. thickness such that tearout does not govern given edge dis-
tances of 1 in. and 1 in. The results are presented in Table 4.
Adding Bolt Rows
As is probably already clear, it is the way in which the tearout Table 4. Minimum Thickness (inches)
at the edge bolts is handled that is causing the difference be- to Ensure Tearout Does not Govern at Edge
tween the various models. The effect of adding rows of bolts le = 1.25 in. le = 1.5 in.
can be seen in Figure 5. The discrepancy between the methods
Bolt F3125 Grade F3125 Grade
drops off quickly as rows of bolts are added. This is consistent Diameter
with assumptions, made as far back as at least 1936, that edge (inches) A325-X A325-X
A325-N or A490-X A325-N or A490-X
tearout is less of a concern for connections with multiple rows A490-N A490-N
of bolts in the direction of the force. 316 316 316

58 516 38 716 516 38

Figure 5: Effect of number of rows. 716 916 1116 38 716

78 58 1316 1 58
1.12
1 1516 1316 1716 1116 78 1116
1.1
Lower Bound
Commentary

1.08 What About the Manual?

1.06 The most widespread change to AISCs Steel Constrcution
Manual (www.aisc.org/publications) involved simply adding
1.04 the term tearout in the text to reflect the breaking up of the
1.02 tearout and bearing limit states.
The most substantial change was made to Table 10-1, which
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 included a tabulation of beam web available strength per inch
Number of Rows of thickness. Due to the format of the table, neither the lower
bound nor the 2016 Commentary alternative approach is pos-

20 MAY 2017
 Connect Steel to Steel without
Welding or Drilling
Full line of high-strength fasteners
sible. It was therefore decided that the best
option was to simply remove these values. Ideal for secondary steel connections and in-plant
This leaves the designer the task of evalu- equipment
ating tearout. Manual Table 7-5 can aid in Easy to install or adjust on site
this task. Tables 3 and 4 in this article can Will not weaken existing steel or harm
also be used to determine when tearout protective coatings
will and will not be an issue. Guaranteed Safe Working Loads
Corrosion resistant
Rules of Thumb and Helpful Hints
Keep these tips in mind when consider-
ing tearout:
Tearout will not govern between the
bolts for many common connections
Tearout will not govern the strength
of shear connections to uncoped
beams with 78-in.- or 1-in.-diameter
bolts and the edge distance, le , is
equal to 1.25 in. or 1.5 in.
Edge tearout will generally not
govern if the thickness of the plies is
equal to the bolt diameter
Bolt grades and diameters should FloorFix and Grating Clip We manufacture ICC-ES
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Edge distance must be considered, For a catalog and pricing, call toll-free 1-888-724-2323 or visit www.LNAsolutions.com/BC-1
though often tearout can be deemed
okay by inspection
In the 2016 Specification, the hole
clearance increased to 18 in. for
bolts 1 in. and larger in diameter.
This will affect the clear distance
and therefore the tearout strength
The five-limit-state approach
described in a User Note is the
Think Safe
recommended design approach and
is the one reflected in many AISC
Design Examples and more recent
AISC Design Guides
Think Steel
The poison bolt model is conserva-
tive and might be sufficient in some
instances but may not result in the
most economical design
The mechanism-based approach,
www.aisc.org/safety
as described in the Commentary,
though tending to overestimate the
strength may be sufficient for many
common conditions
Additional information, including a his-
tory of edge distance checks in the AISC
Specification, more detailed calculations re-
lated to the example problem, references
and other information about bolt tearout
can be found at www.aisc.org/tearout. Theres always a safe solution in steel.
And you can view and download the current
version of the Specification at www.aisc.org/
specifications.

Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 21

 Were all about
superior support.

Its well known that steel joists, with their impressive Upcoming Webinars

strength-to-weight ratio, provide greater support.

What might be surprising is all the ways the Steel May & June
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What to Work Around
 business issues
Cyber security, like customer service, DIGITAL
is everyones job. FORTRESS
BY IAN T. RAMSEY, SARAH C. SPURLOCK
AND ADAM M. SMITH

THE U.S. DEPARTMENT of Homeland Securitys motto ogy fails, a project can still be delivered as promised, on time
regarding cyber security is: Stop. Think. Connect. and within budget? Cyber security involves humans anticipat-
Unfortunately, the first two directives are often ignored. ing issues that technology wont always catchespecially if its
Data breaches exist because we have not stopped to think and been disabled or compromised.
discuss data security before getting online. We are so used to
just plugging something in and expecting it to work that we Everyone is Vulnerable
dont consider the consequences when technology fails us. Understand where you are vulnerable. Data security is much
The construction industry was an early adopter of mobile more than computer software. A breach can occur with a simple,
technology, first by using mobile telephones and eventually unintended disclosure like when you send an email to the wrong
wireless computer systems to connect personnel at remote person. A breach can happen when a device is lost or stolen. Your
job sites. That same practical company could be hacked or, more
approach continues today, with likely, an employee could (unwit-
projects being managed and tingly or otherwise) introduce mal-
designed via handheld tablets A data security plan is just ware or a virus into your systems.
and powerful computer servers Your data can also be intercepted
that can handle everything from a piece of paper unless you have by unauthorized users because of
3D building software to fully non-secure transmissions, obso-
integrated on-line construction the right team to update, lete devices or outdated or imper-
build and draw schedules. All of fect software. General contractors
this technology is aimed towards practice and implement the plan may need to coordinate access to
the single purpose of safely con- confidential data with owners, sub-
structing what was promised, on when a breach occurs. contractors, design professionals or
time and within budget. others, and these third parties are
While technology has made equally responsible for your data
the construction process more security. Subcontractor and vendor
efficient, it has not changed the fact that it is people who are security failures occur often. The Target data breach was linked
doing the work. That is why, for example, a computer doesnt to an HVAC vendor, for example. Finally, employee theft is on
lead the morning job-site safety meeting. And the same is true the rise because of the ease in which large amounts of data can be
for data security meetings. Who is making sure that if technol- transferred when no safeguards are in place.

Ian T. Ramsey is co-chair of the Privacy

and Data Security Group, and Sarah
C. Spurlock is a member of the Health
Care Service Group and co-chair of the
Privacy and Data Security Group, both
in Stites & Harbisons Louisville ofce.
Adam M. Smith is an attorney and a
member of the Construction Service
Group in Stites & Harbisons Lexington,
Ky., ofce.

Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 23

 business
issues
All of this might seem overwhelming, but it doesnt have
to be. Think about data security just like the morning safety
meetings. Make it top-of-mind so it becomes a part of the daily
practice. The most significant threat to data security is, frankly,
your employees because they have too little working knowl-
edge. Empowering them to make their online experiences safer
will pay dividends for your companys data security strategy. A
change only happens if they learn and retain information. This
means day-long training and large manuals do not have the
focus to be effective. Start small with an easy-to-understand
concept that carries into their personal life.
The Power of Passwords
Our advice is to start with passwords. Dont allow your
employees to use the same password or variations that they
use for their personal accounts. Anything having their name,
identifying a child, home address, a pets name or informa-
tion that is easily learned from social media accounts should
be barred. For mobile devices, demand that a minimum of
six characters be used and require that automatic inactive
locking be enabled. For laptops or desktops, use a passphrase
akin to a complete sentence. The trick is to think of a quote
from a movie or a line from a song, or pick random sentences
from a book.
Whether to change passwords on a regular basis is a topic
for debate. Password expiration policies have become the norm,
so many industries follow a 60- or 90-day requirement. How-
ever, that does not mean that your company needs to follow
this line of thinking, as there are many reasons why creating
and keeping strong passwords is a better security practice. If
your employees follow the above suggestions by creating a
passphrase of 12 characters or longer and using a combination
of uppercase, lowercase, numbers and symbols, then having a
password expiration policy requiring scheduled changes is less
critical. You will, however, need to still have a policy listing
those events where a password change is required due to a data
breach or malware.
Of course, even some of your best employees might not
adhere to a policy of strong passwords. And in cases like this,
regular password changes might keep your company ahead of
the breadcrumb trail of poor passwords some employees are
leaving behind for hackers to find their way into your com-
pany. The other benefit of a regular password change is that
the employee gives at least some thought to data security on a
regular basisand perhaps gives your data security personnel a
reason to visit with employees to discuss data security.
Dont Take the Bait
In addition to passwords, educate your employees on topics
like phishing (fraudulent emails sent under the guise of being
from reputable sources in order to obtain sensitive informa-
tion). Hackers increasingly use these emails to get into com-
24 MAY 2017
pany servers or as the first step towards a more sophisticated
intrusion. A recent trend includes encryption malware that
holds data hostage until a ransom is paid. The ploy might seem
obvious, but the Pentagon data breach occurred when a single
employee opened a malware infected email.
Therefore, training your employees on how to recognize
and avoid the bait is a simple yet important piece of your over-
all data security plan. Here are some tips to share with your
employees on how to spot a problem email:
Validate the sender by verifying the senders
email address
Dont be fooled by graphics, which are often stolen
from legitimate websites
Be suspicious and check all links and attachments
by hovering your cursor over the link
Watch out for threats and warnings, which is a
common trick to scare you into quick action
Misspelled words and poor grammar often signal a
scam or malware
Dont let personal information or details fool you
because a motivated hacker will take the time to collect
this information
When in doubt, make a telephone call to the
IT department!
Big Picture
Data security involves the big picture too. Consider these
suggestions to evaluate where your organization stacks up.
Know Your Data. Identify, protect and limit access to your
most secure information, which should include all customer
and employee personally identifiable information. Consider
compartmentalization by keeping the most sensitive informa-
tion on separate encrypted servers. Being transparent is impor-
tant; however, distinguish those who really need access from
those who merely want it.
Know Your Plan. A data security plan is just a piece of paper
unless you have the right team to update, practice and imple-
ment the plan when a breach occurs. An employees title might
be important to the chain of command, but the ability to solve
problems calmly and quickly under pressure is paramount.
Data Security Minimums. Designate an employee to main-
tain a security program. Anticipate and limit risk via employee
training, detection and prevention of system failures, imposing
disciplinary measures for violations, preventing access by ter-
minated employees, contractually requiring subcontractors and
service providers to maintain security, limiting and controlling
physical access, monitoring and reviewing effectiveness and
documenting all responses to incidents.
The days of leaving data security solely in the hands of those
with technical expertise are over. Take steps now to position
yourself and your employees as the front line of your organiza-
tions defense against a data breach.
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 2017
INNOVATIVE DESIGN in ENGINEERING and ARCHITECTURE with STRUCTURAL STEEL
MODE
ERN
N STE
TE
EEL CON
NST
TRU
UCTIO
ON is proud to present
the results of AISCs annual IDEAS2 Awards competition,
which recognizes Innovative Design in Engineering and
Architecture with Structural Steel. Awards for each winning
project will be presented to the project team members
involved in the design and construction of the structural
framing system, including the architect, structural engineer
of record, general contractor, owner and AISC member
fabricator, erector, detailer and bender-roller. New buildings,
as well as renovation, retrofit and expansion projects, were
eligible, and entries were asked to display, at a minimum, the
following characteristics:
A significant portion of the framing system must be
wide-flange or hollow structural steel sections
Projects must have been completed between
January 1, 2014 and December 31, 2016
Projects must be located in North America
Previous AISC IDEAS2 award-winning projects
are not eligible
The judges considered each projects use of structural
steel from both an architectural and structural engineering
perspective, with an emphasis on:
Creative solutions to the projects program requirements
Jurors from left to right: Steve Clymer, David G. Allen, Geoff Weisenberger, Chris-Annmarie Spencer, April Wang, Sam Boykin,
David Barista and Ben Varela.
28 MAY 2017
awards
Applications of innovative design approaches in areas
such as connections, gravity systems, lateral load
resisting systems, fire protection and blast protection
The aesthetic impact of the project, particularly in the
coordination of structural steel elements with other
materials
Innovative uses of architecturally exposed structural steel
Advancements in the use of structural steel, either tech-
nically or in the architectural expression
The use of innovative design and construction meth-
ods such as 3D building models, interoperability, early
integration of steel fabricators, alternative methods of
project delivery and sustainability considerations
A panel of design and construction industry professionals
judged the entries in three categories, according to their con-
structed value in U.S. dollars:
Under $15 million
$15 million to $75 million
Over $75 million
National and merit honors were awarded in all three cat-
egories, a Presidential Award of Excellence in Engineering was
given and the jury also recognized steels important role in pub-
lic art by selecting an outstanding sculpture project.
Meet the Jury y travel and continue her study of urban and housing strategies
David G. Allen, owner juror. David is the Space and Fa-
cilities Manager with the United States District Court for the
Southern District of California and has been with the Federal
Judiciary for 20 years. He has represented the interests of the
federal courts in various design, construction and renovation
projects across the country, including new United States court-
house building projects in San Diego, Cleveland and Rockford,
Ill. He also has contributed to the development of operations
continuity and emergency response plans for several district
courts and has been FEMA trained as a federal emergency re-
sponse official. Prior to his government service, David worked
as an architect in the private sector for over 20 years. A native of
Cleveland, David is a graduate of Miami University.
David Barista, trade media juror. David has covered the
U.S. construction industry for more than 17 years, including
multiple editorial roles at Building Design+Construction maga-
zine, where he currently serves as editorial director. Previ-
ously, David was editor-in-chief of Professional Builder, Custom
Builder and www.probuilder.com, which, combined, reach
more than 200,000 residential design and construction pro-
fessionals. He is a six-time Jesse H. Neal Award winner and
a seven-time finalist. David has also won numerous editorial
awards from the Construction Media Alliance and the Ameri-
can Society of Business Publication Editors.
Sam Boykin, III, steel fabricator juror. Sam was born and
raised in Birmingham, Ala. He is a graduate of the University of
Alabama and also took masters classes for finance and account-
ing at DePaul University. After graduating from collete, Sam
worked for Russell Athletic, living in Chicago for several years,
then moved to Atlanta to work for his father in the steel fabri-
cation business until the company was sold. Sam is now with
SteelFab, Inc., in Atlanta, and is on the board of the Southern
Association of Steel Fabricators.
Steve Clymer, general contractor juror. Steve has been with
Shiel Sexton, a construction manager and self-performing gen-
eral contractor in Indianapolis, since 1998. He started as an es-
timator and became director of pre-construction in 2000, then
a partner in 2008. He managed the pre-construction depart-
ment until 2014 but wanted to get back into operations, so he
started his own industrial group within Shiel Sexton, where he
manages projects from pre-construction through construction
completion. Prior to working at Shiel Sexton, Steve worked as
an estimator at Wilhelm Construction in Indianapolis from
1986 to 1998. Steve is a graduate of Indiana UniversityPurdue
University at Indianapolis (IUPUI)
Chris-Annmarie Spencer, architect juror. Chris-Ann
earned a bachelor of arts in architectural studies from the Ca-
ribbean School of Architecture at the University of Technol-
ogy, Jamaica, and a masters degree in architecture in from the
University of Illinois at Chicago. During her studies there, she
spent a semester in Rome studying historical design and its ap-
plication to contemporary design. She was awarded the Martin
Roche Fellowship for Independent Study, which allowed her to
in South African cities. She has served as project architect for
residences in Glencoe and Chicago and recently completed the
award-winning Inspiration Kitchens restaurant and the Alice B.
Rapoport Center for Education and Engagement at the Good-
man Theatre, both in Chicago. In 2012, Chris-Ann was recog-
nized as a local innovator by the Chicago Urban League during
their Economic Empowerment Summit. She was AIA Chicagos
Dubin Family Young Architect for 2015 and the AIA National
Young Architect for 2017.
Ben Varela, SE, PE, structural engineer juror. Ben is a
licensed structural engineer with over 12 years of experience
in the design of structural systems, specializing in seismic
resisting design, complex geometry rationalization and effi-
cient use of materials. In 2015, Ben founded WORKPOINT
engineering following a nine-year tenure at Thornton To-
masetti in Los Angeles. Ben received his bachelors degree
in civil engineering from Monterrey Tech in Monterrey,
Mexico, and his master of science from the University of
California, Berkeley. He has participated in a broad range
of projects, being responsible for the analysis and design of
mixed-use, high-rise and commercial buildings, education
facilities, performing arts centers, museums, sports facilities
and transportation centers. He has also performed seismic
evaluations and retrofits of existing structures.
April Y. Wang, engineering student juror. April is a struc-
tural engineering masters student at Purdue Universitys Bow-
en Laboratory and also earned her bachelor of science in civil
engineering at Purdue. April worked five co-ops with HNTB
during her undergraduate years, mainly on bridge design proj-
ects and bridge inspections. Her current research project at
Purdue, Seismic and Wind Behavior and Design of Coupled
Concrete-Filled Composite Plate Shear Walls Core Walls for
Steel Buildings, involves evaluating the use of concrete-filled
steel shapes for core walls in high-rise buildings instead of stan-
dard reinforced concrete.
Geoff Weisenberger, AISC staff juror. Geoff has more than
a decade of experience as a construction industry journalist. He
has been the senior editor of Modern Steel Construction since
2012 and was in the same role from 2006 to 2009 before tak-
ing a three-year hiatus to be AISCs director of sustainability.
Prior to his time with AISC, Geoff was an editor with Consult-
ing-Specifying Engineer magazine. He has also contributed to
several other publications, construction and otherwise, includ-
ing Colorado Construction and the Chicago installment of hotel
publication Where. Prior to his work in publishing, he worked
in the software industry for several years. Geoff attended the
University of Iowa, where he received a bachelors degree in
communications and minored in English.
IDEAS
2017
2 awards
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 29
 Wow! How creative can a design team get?
Steve Clymer

Photos by Tim Grifth Photographer, San Francisco;

Arup, Los Angeles

30 MAY 2017
OVER $7
75 MIL
LLION NATTIO
ONA AL AWA ARD
Samsung Americas Headquarters (Device Solutions), San Jose, Calif.
BALA ANC CE AND
AND IN NTE EGR RATTIOON of indoor and
outdoor office spaces drove the design of Samsung
Americas new Silicon Valley headquarters.
The idea was to create a collaborative campus that
engages the public and encourages staff to reach their
full potential, and the resulting 10-story tower is orga-
nized around a central courtyard. With no perimeter
columns on the east and west sides, the tower appears
to float at every third level and offers occupants un-
obstructed external views. The resulting spaces, and
the atriums around them, are dedicated collaboration
areas, facilitating casual meetings and breaks from the
traditional work spaces.
The open-air garden floors required the structure
to accommodate 45-ft 300-ft column-free areas at the
east and west sides via two-story cantilevered trusses.
Considering the buildings location in a highly seismic
area, the effects of vertical seismic accelerations had to
be modelled through a site specific vertical response
spectrum analysis. Contributing lateral stiffness of the
two-story, 180-ft-long trusses also had to be considered
and led to the development of a unique sliding joint de-
tail, at the truss bottom chord, that ensures that lateral
forces are not picked up by the truss diagonal elements.
As the bottom chord of the truss sits on top of the floor
slab, a floating bench was created to integrate the struc-
ture into the finished space.
Stability for the courtyard tower is provided by
ductile reinforced concrete cores on the north and
south ends of the tower, and steel link beams are
used to carry the high demand from combined ten-
sion and shear forces in the shear walls near connec-
tions of the cantilevered trusses. In consideration of
differential shrinkage and thermal movements of the
two materials, special details were developed for the
steel truss-to-concrete core connections. Service co-
ordination was especially critical into and out of the
tower cores as space had to be shared between MEP
services and elevator and stair openings without
compromising ductile reinforced coupling beams
and shear wall boundary elements.
With vast column-free areas, large deflections of
the structure had to be calculated, reported on draw-
ings and coordinated with curtain wall details. In or-
der to keep pace with the quickly developing design
and track changes in loading and geometry, a para-
metric Grasshopper script was written to link deflec-
tion output from the ETABS analysis model directly
to Revit. The Revit model was also used for detailed
3D coordination and clash detection throughout de-
sign and construction, resulting in the integration of
services via openings in the steel and concrete beams.
These openings had to be carefully studied and pre-
cisely located since some of them penetrate truss
chords and concrete link beams. This coordination
helped the team to reach the maximum possible ceil-
ing height, critical to delivering the collaboration and
focus spaces throughout the building. An efficient
structural design was also realized through strategic
selection and placement of tree pits, planted areas and
pedestrian zones on the suspended garden levels of
the office towers, and the design team ensured that
soil buildups were optimized and accurately modelled
to keep steel weights down.
The faade for the open-plan office configura-
tion is designed to maximize daylighting through the
courtyard while at the same time reducing solar heat
gain. The faade design received input from the en-
tire design team to create the patterns of the punched
windows, maximizing direct daylight into the building
while also strategically shielding it to avoid hot spots.
Around the inner courtyard perimeter, curved glazing
allows the truss diagonals to be visually expressed and
contribute to the unique image and feel of the building.
Buckling restrained brace frames provide stability
for the smaller data center and caf buildings adjacent
to the main towner. The structural strategy carefully
considered the continuity required for occupants to
move between the various areas while allowing for
buildings to move independently under seismic, wind
and thermal loading via separation joints.
In order to meet energy- and resource-effi-
ciency goals, the team incorporated elements such
as low-energy mechanical systems, low-flow wa-
ter fixtures and LED lighting; not surprisingly,
Samsung LED light boards are used in all of the
light fixtures throughout the space. The lighting
control systems across the project use sensors and
programming to automatically optimize energy
savings, maximize the use of daylighting and ulti-
mately enhance the occupant experience.
Careful planning and coordination with the con-
tractor ensured an efficient sequencing of construction
on the densely populated sitewhich was crucial as the
schedule allowed only nine months for designand
the architects and engineers worked together three
days each week at a colocation space on-site.
Owner
Samsung Americas, San Jose, Calif.
Owners Representative
Samsung C&T, San Jose, Calif.
General Contractor
Webcor, San Francisco
Architect
NBBJ, Los Angeles
Structural Engineer
Arup, Los Angeles
Steel Team
Fabricator
Gayle Manufacturing, Woodland, Calif.
Detailer
A.D.S. Engineering, Inc.
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 31
 OVER $75 5 MILLIO
ON NA ATIONALL AWA ARD
National Museum of African American History and Culture, Washington, D.C.
IN AN N AR REA A DENENSEL LY POP PULA ATED D with eye-catching
edifices of monumental proportions, the National Museum of
African American History and Culture (NMAAHC) fits right in.
Located on Washingtons National Mall in the shadow of the
Washington Monument, the museum, which opened this past
fall, features an inverse truncated pyramid, known as the corona,
covered by bronze coated panels and supported by a network of
steel trusses. To keep the five-level, 409,000-sq.-ft structure from
obstructing views of the Washington Monument and to main-
tain the sight lines along the mall, 60% of the museum is below
ground, going as deep as 70 ft. In addition, the overall height of
the building (90 ft aboveground) was reduced to align with key
elements of the Commerce Building to the north.
The programmatic and architectural designs required col-
umn-free spaces at the ground-floor lobby and above-grade
floors. To achieve this, the entire superstructure and faade sys-
tem is supported on four composite structural cores consisting
of steel floor beams and corner columns infilled with reinforced
cast-in-place concrete walls. The cores support steel framing
and cantilevered steel beams at each floor as well as perimeter
vertical trusses on certain sides; this framing carries the gravity
loads on each floor. The exterior faade systema combination
of glazing and architectural panelsis hung from the fifth floor
by exposed steel plate box cantilevers.
In addition to achieving programmatic goals, these systems
were selected for constructability, schedule and cost purposes.
The design and construction team explored multiple potential
structural systems, and the hybrid steel-and-concrete core sys-
tem allowed a quicker sequence of construction than the other
options due to integration of temporary shoring and bracing for
lateral stability into the construction and reduced dependence on
concrete and its associated requirements. There were challenges
with this approach, including coordinating the shear studs and
concrete infill wall reinforcement with the many architectural
and MEP openings in the core walls and placement of significant
structural reinforcement in fairly confined spaces. The design
and construction teams worked closely during erection in the
form of frequent on-site observation, multiple reviews of shop
drawings and daily coordination calls to resolve field issues.
Similarly, the at-grade history gallery roof, which had to span
over a 120-ft by 350-ft opening that was 70 ft deep, was originally
designed as concrete but was changed to steel construction for cost
and schedule reasons. The steel design, using long-span beams and
plate girders, allowed long-span construction with minimal col-
umns to provide the required gallery spaceplus it eliminated the
need for complex and costly shoring that would have been neces-
sary for concrete construction, which would have delayed interior
work in the gallery. The biggest challenge involved the welded
splices required in the plate girders. Some of these girders spanned
the entire length of the history gallery, with multiple field splices
per girder. Upholding the overall dimensions of these plate gird-
ers, all while maintaining the allowable root gaps for the PJP welds,
required precise fabrication and field fit-up.
The main tower was built like a conventional steel tower, the
exception being the concrete cores at each corner, which were in-
tegrated into the steel frame. The cores were poured concurrently
32 MAY 2017
while steel erection took place, with lower core elevations being
poured while higher steel elevations were still being constructed.
The steel in these cores had to be approved and signed off on prior
to concrete pours, and these core areas needed to be detailed and
completed prior to the rest of structure as the concrete needed
to be in place before the next phase of erection could begin. Ex-
tra coordination was also required in the cores to locate all of the
hardware that was required in such tight spaces. Weld studs, weld-
able couplers and rebar were constantly found occupying the same
space. Meetings were held daily with the design team to discuss the
days specific challenges and generate solutions that often meant
creating one-of-a-kind details for each corner of the core.
Once the main building was erected and the cores were
poured and cured, shoring towers were placed at the entire pe-
rimeter of the building to erect the cantilever steel, and this
shoring remained in place until the fifth-floor corona steel box
girders could go into place.
The final phase of erection was the porch, a freestanding
canopy structure at the south entrance that supports a green
roof. The main challenge for this assembly was the size of the
members and proximity to the building to which the crane
could sit. Due to the loads imposed on the structures basement
walls by the crane, the crane had to be placed at 15th St. NW
and Madison Dr., with the furthest pick taking place from 168 ft
away. The limited time that these roads could be closed created
a narrow window of time to complete the porch, and the entire
assembly was erected in 10 days, including hoisting 32-ton box
columns and 66-ft-long plate girders, with the girders spanning
170 ft between the columns.
For more on this project, see Engineering an Experience in the
November 2016 issue (www.modernsteel.com).
Owner
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
General Contractor
Clark/Smoot/Russell A Joint Venture, Bethesda, Md.
Architects
Adjaye Associates, London
SmithGroupJJR, Washington, D.C.
Perkins + Will, Durham, N.C.
Structural Engineers
Silman, New York
Guy Nordenson and Associates, New York
Steel Team
Fabricator
SteelFab, Inc., Charlotte, N.C.
Erector
Bosworth Steel Erectors, Dallas
Detailers
Prodraft, Inc., Chesapeake, Va.
SteelFab, Inc.
Bender-Roller
WhiteFab, Inc., Birmingham, Ala.
 Innovative use of structural
steel framing provides
many layers of material
texture and light, and helps
to create a monumental
structure worthy of its
prominent home on the
National Mall.
David Allen
Photos by Clark/Smoot/Russell A Joint Venture

Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 33

 OVER R $75
5 MIILLIO
ON MERIT
T AW
WARD
D
Fulton Center, New York
FULTO
ON CEN
NTE
TER
R IN
N LO
OWE
ER MANHATT
TAN
N brings ings, built on fine sands and silts, required particular attention
people together. Lots of them. including an interstitial building, rigorous monitoring and a
The new transit hub unites six formerly separate New York stiff soil-retaining system of internally braced secant pile walls.
City Subway stations that were originally constructed between The complexity of the project area required a combina-
1905 and 1932 and were ill-equipped to meet the 21st centu- tion of conventional and high-definition 3D laser scanning
ry demands of a transit system serving a metropolitan area of techniques to collect extremely accurate data on the ground
20 million people. The $1.4 billion center, which includes the conditions and existing buildingsa first for a Metropolitan
new transit center building, the renovated historical landmark Transportation Authority (MTA) project. The design inte-
Corbin Building, new underground concourse and numerous grated a rigorous sampling and materials analysis program
access and platform improvements, serves more than 300,000 with a detailed 3D CAD/BIM analytical model of the station
travelers every day. to assess both stresses and displacements of the century-old
The extensive aboveground and underground construction, cast iron and concrete tube under various hypothetical con-
in the midst of a bustling urban environment, was made even struction sequences.
more complex by the need to maintain continual subway service To simplify construction, new framing was erected from in-
and street access in the area. The events of 9/11 added an ad- side the existing A/C Train line mezzanine, with some struc-
ditional burden, requiring the design to account for significant tural components delivered by train, eliminating the need for
changes in building codes, security and safety requirements. street openings. Supports for existing structures were trans-
In addition, the design team was called upon to ensure com- ferred directly onto newly installed systems using modern jack-
patibility between old and new elements of the project. The ing techniques, reducing the need for temporary structures and
geotechnical design of the Fulton Center had to account for the maintaining passenger routes with limited service disruptions.
adjacent historic Corbin Building, whose shallow footings sit The renovation and upgrade of the Corbin Building called
approximately 20 ft above the final concourse level of the new for significant structural modifications. The design team ap-
transit center. The coordination of these two associated build- plied mechanically fixed shear anchors to existing wrought iron

The iconic skylight illuminates

the various levels of a
bustling transit center in
Lower Manhattan and gives it
an unmistakable identity.
Photos by James Ewing Photography; Arup

Geoff Weisenberger

34 MAY 2017
beams, allowing them to act compositely with the new concrete
slabs to support programming requirements. This allowed inte-
gration of lighting and power cable into the reengineered floor-
plate. An interstitial building provides access to the neighbor-
ing Fulton Center, a fire egress route and structural support for
both buildings, as well as gas, electrical and data connections.
The resulting design has ensured the preservation of many of
the buildings original historical elements while bringing it up
to code.
When it comes to the new building, engineering elements
have been seamlessly integrated into the existing stations
and platforms, and the more visible elements offer inspira-
tion through the meeting of art, architecture and engineer-
ing. Grimshaw, one of three architectural designers on the
project, provided a building concept for the main transit
center head house, which includes a three-story glazed pa-
vilion set around a central eight-story dome structure. The
centerpiece of the entire station is comprised of the oculus
and tensile sky-reflector net assemby that top the pavilion.
An inclined, circular skylight measuring 50 ft in diameter
collects and redirects natural sunlight down and through the
building to the subterranean levels below.
The design team worked closely with the artist, James Car-
penter, to realize the sky-reflector net, which is made of 112
stainless steel cable pairs descending from the top of the ocu-
lus overhead. Suspended within the openings of the net are
896 rigid, anodized aluminum infill panels, held together by
universal node connection assemblies and positioned to reflect
and diffuse natural light into the public spaces below.
The cable net extends the full height of the central public
space. It is suspended from 56 connection points around the
compression ring of the oculus and is anchored to as many can-
tilevered beams at levels 2 and 3. Its form is that of a skewed
hypar (hyperbolic paraboloid shape). Unlike a regular hypar,
this form is not a single-ruled surface. Moreover, the skewed
form has only one axis of symmetry. As a consequence, the
shape of each four-sided diamond-shaped infill panel is unique.
These shapes are set out by the lengths and intersecting angles
of cable segments adjacent to each side.
Owner
Metropolitan Transportation Authority
New York City Transit
General Contractor
Plaza-Shiavone Joint Venture, New York & New Jersey
Architect
Grimshaw Architects, New York
Structural Engineer
Arup, New York
Steel Fabricator and Detailer
STS Steel, Schenectady, N.Y.
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 35
 A refreshing take on stadium press boxes.
Where such structures are often stoic and boxy,
this one is expressive and uid.
Geoff Weisenberger
OVER $75 MILL LION
N MER RITT AWWAR RD
Nippert Stadium West Pavilion, Cincinnati, Ohio
THE UNIV VER RSITY
TY OF CIN NCINNNA ATISS Nippert Stadium,
home field to the schools Bearcats football team, is more than
just a venue for a half-dozen or so football games every year.
Its also left open for the student body to enjoy as a cam-
pus green space on non-game days. Originally constructed in
1924 and last updated in 1992, the stadium was in need of a
major renovation to increase seating capacity and, as many col-
lege stadiums have done in recent years, create more revenue-
generating spaces and improve fan amenities.
In the case of Nippert Stadium, this manifested in an $86
million addition that includes a 115,000-sq.-ft, 130-yard-long
West Pavilion with premium seating, luxury suites, press facili-
ties, a footbridge connecting to the adjacent Tangeman Univer-
sity Center (TUC), an elevated pedestrian concourse cantile-
vered from the existing east pavilion seating and a terrace with
below-grade restrooms and concessions.
The signature element of the renovation is the west pavil-
ion, which wraps the upper west edge of the seating bowl and
towers more than 120 ft above the field below. The buildings
dynamic form defines the stadium edge, and a curtain wall
with large glass panels facilitates views through and from the
structure, showcasing the efficient X-braced structural frame
that helps to establish the buildings identity.
The facilitys shape and design evolved out of the need to
solve several challenging site constraints, including proximity
to TUC, accommodation of a busy loading dock and a fire lane
and avoiding one of the universitys main utility tunnels below
36 MAY 2017

9,(:)5201257+:(67
Photos by Bittermann Photography
the building. With the fan experience in mind, the designers
soon realized that it was impossible to locate the building over
the concourse and still provide optimal viewing angles from the
new suites and premium seating with a traditional vertical lay-
out. The creative solution was to lean the field-side columns 10
off vertical and the back row of columns 18 off vertical above
the first elevated level. Internal four-story super-diagonals resist
this lean and provide lateral bracing for the upper portions of
the building.
With leaning columns and long spans, it was evident that
a steel superstructure was necessary. Several iterations of the
buildings shape were considered before the final design was
settled. The end result included a dramatic 60-ft north can-
tilever, a 178-ft-long curved column-free span over the load-
ing dock and a 1,400-sq.-ft outdoor terrace for special events.
These structural engineering accomplishments were made pos-
sible by the dramatic X-braced frame, which provides strength
and stiffness for both gravity and lateral loads.
To limit displacement of the football team to only one
season, a fast-track construction process was employed, in-
cluding early packages for demolition, foundations and the
structural frame. Demolition of the existing press box started
while the design process was continuing, and structural steel
fabrication began while the architectural and MEP docu-
ments were being completed. Also, a complete 3D scan of
the existing lower levels was performed, generating a digital
model that could be used by the design team during design to
set foundation locations while avoiding obstructions below
the concourse.
While the majority of the main structural frame is steel, the
ground level of the stadium is exposed cast-in-place concrete,
requiring a direct transfer of large forces from the steel frame
to the concrete walls. Steel columns were embedded in the
concrete to provide a direct transfer of the loads. L-shaped
precast seating at the upper two levels required direct com-
munication between the structural steel fabricator and the
precaster to coordinate support points. But perhaps no other
element created as many coordination challenges as the glass
curtain wall. This one-of-a-kind curtain wall was a design-
build element completed after the structural frame was erect-
ed, and the structural team guided the curtain wall contractor
on the selection of attachment methods and locations along
the structural frame. The end result was a diagonally oriented
parallelogram-shaped glass and metal panel faade that solidi-
fies the buildings place among the other signature structures
on campus.
With the buildings sloping geometry, 3D modeling of the
steel frame was necessary to determine how the pieces would fit
together. It was not until this modeling was underway that the
complexity of the nodes was fully appreciated. The perimeter
X-shaped frames all slope in three dimensions and yet have to
provide support for floor framing at each level. Members meet
at theoretical nodes at a common plate to transfer large grav-
ity and lateral loads. To complicate detailing even further, steel
beams along the east faade cantilever through the node to sup-
port precast seating at two levels. Fabrication of large portions
of the nodes in the shop provided better quality control, and
the use of oversized holes with slip-critical bolts allowed for
additional field adjustment.
Because of the sloping frame, traditional construction meth-
ods could not be used, and a detailed erection plan was needed.
The overlapping steel and concrete structure required specific
sequencing, with several planning sessions held to discuss vari-
ous construction scenarios. The design teams knowledge of
the structural frame was shared with the erectors engineer to
guide the development of the erection process. An intertwin-
ing series of wire bracing and soldier beams was installed and
kept in place until several levels of steel were erected and slabs
were poured. The building was intentionally constructed out
of plumb, knowing that it would continue to lean as erection
continued upwards, and ongoing surveys of critical locations
ensured that the steel frame ended in the desired location.
Owner
University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati
General Contractor
Turner Construction Co., Cincinnati
Architect
Heery Design, Atlanta
Structural Engineer
THP Limited Inc., Cincinnati
Steel Team
Fabricator
Cives Steel Co. Mid-West Division, Wolcott, Ind.
Erector
Ben Hur Construction, Faireld, Ohio
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 37
 A vibrant and uplifting steel structure that takes
full advantage of Californias climate and sunshine.
David Allen
Photos by Costea Photography, Inc.

38 MAY 2017
$1
15 MILL
LION TO O $75 MILLIOON NATIONNAL AW WARD D
Los Angeles Valley College Monarch Center, Valley Glen, Calif.

THE MONA
NARC
CH CEN
NTER is a new cantilever action. This allowed the Owner
hub of activity on the Los Angeles Valley columns to be much smaller in both Los Angeles Community College District,
College campus. size and quantity, and ultimately less Valley Glen, Calif.
The dramatic soaring architectural intrusive to the open space of the Owners Representative
forms of this new 41,000-sq.-ft student courtyard. BuildLACCD, Monterey Park, Calif.
union showcase the versatility and elegance
General Contractor
of structural steel as a building material. For more on this project, see Light as
McCarthy Building Companies Inc.,
The U-shaped structure includes a health Air in the February 2017 issue
Newport Beach, Calif.
center, a cafeteria, a bookstore, a conve- (www.modernsteel.com).
nience store and administrative services, Architect and Structural Engineer
and the enclosed courtyard is topped with a LPA, Inc., Irvine, Calif.
sloping butterfly-form canopy that reaches
41 ft above grade at its highest point.
The student union portion of the build-
ing is located on a second-floor skybox
supported by a steel truss system between
the roof and second floor. These 100-ft-
long, roof-to-floor trusses, with six bays
of diagonal steel webs, span over steel col-
umns at each end, providing unobstructed
ground-floor space for student gathering
and pedestrian circulation to the cafeteria.
The trusses also define the interior space of
the second floor. With steel beams spanning
50 ft between the trusses, the skybox is vir-
tually column-free. And via extensive use of
glass, the truss system allows the floor space
to maximize harvesting of natural daylight,
a key part of the sustainable energy per-
formance strategy of the building. Tapered
steel floor beams are cantilevered from the
trusses to create the floating effect of the
skybox, and these beams also support the
outdoor second-floor patio and walkway.
Beyond its aesthetic intent, the butter-
fly roof canopy also serves an important
role in the performance of the sustainable
mall below. The structural steel framing
of the canopy was designed and optimized
such that only five 16-in.-diameter hol-
low structural section (HSS) columns land
in the nearly 9,000 sq. ft of the courtyard
below. The elegant edges of the canopy
are supported by a series of tapered steel
beams that cantilever up to 20 ft to cre-
ate the dramatic form of the canopy. Due
to the complex geometry of the intersect-
ing cantilevered steel beams, a special
steel box plate connector was designed to
facilitate constructability and rapid erec-
tion of the main steel components. The
canopy is also designed to transfer all
seismic or wind-induced loading into the
lateral force resisting system of the main
structure, rather than relying on the can-
opy columns to aid in resistance through

Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 39

 The project is remarkable due
to its consistent and repetitive
members. Faade mullions
performed double duty,
also supporting
the roof box
plate girders.
Ben Varela

$1
15 MILLLION TO O $75 MILLION N NAATIOONAAL AWWARD
Terminal East Inll at Austin-Bergstrom International Airport, Austin, Texas

AS AU UST TIN HAS

HAS GR ROW WN, so has the need to expand
its airport.
Opened in 1999, Austin-Bergstrom International Airport
recently completed an expansion projectthe Terminal East
Infillthat included 55,000 sq. ft of new space and renovation
of 17,000 sq. ft of existing space.
Bound on three sides by the existing terminal and one side
by the terminal access road, the new building is ovular in shape
and is roughly 115 ft by 200 ft, with its centerline rotated
roughly 15 from the existing terminal. The new buildings fea-
ture space is a grand hall on the concourse level. In order to fa-
cilitate passenger queuing, preserve sightlines for TSA security
requirements and create a soaring aesthetic for the 50-ft-high
space, the hall needed to be free of interior columns and employ
a long-span roof system. Traditional systems such as long-span
trusses and space grids were considered but were deemed unde-
sirable by the architect.
Instead, the space is topped by an elegant exposed steel
two-way roof system, in which loads are distributed in
both the short- and long-span directions to the supporting
elements around the perimeter. The system is composed of
custom steel shapes created by welding steel plates into built-
up sections; these shapes were used for all primary exposed
structural steel in the new building. A central roof spine runs
nearly 200 ft between the east and west ends of the build-
ing, with symmetric pairs of roof box beams flaring out from
the spine to perimeter box columns spaced at 12 ft on center
around the perimeter of the space. Each pair of beams joins
the spine in a visually seamless node, with welded connec-
tions providing an elegant transition between the various roof
elements. Similarly, the roof beams are welded to the tops of
the box columns at the perimeter.
The roof structure varies in depth from perimeter to cen-
ter and along the length of the central spine, and the depth of

40 MAY 2017
 Photos by Architectural Engineers Collaborative

the members roughly follows the moment diagram of the two- For more on this project, see Looking Skyward in the September
way system. Individual roof beams are tapered, with the deep- 2015 issue (www.modernsteel.com).
est tapering from 30 in. at the perimeter to 70 in. towards the
center of the room, where the moment demands are highest. Owners
In addition, two rings of bracing membersconsisting of the Austin-Bergstrom International Airport
same built-up box sectionsare located to maximize both the City of Austin
stability of the roof beams and the aesthetic expression of the General Contractor
roof structure. Similarly, standard HSS wall girts ring the oval Hensel Phelps, Austin
perimeter at three different elevations, tying together and sta-
Architect
bilizing the dozens of moment frames comprised of pairs of box
Page, Austin
columns and roof beams.
Early in the design, a mock-up was constructed to simu- Structural Engineer
late the fabrication of box beam elements and their inter- Architectural Engineers Collaborative, Austin
section at the roof, with a particular focus on the localized Steel Team
deformation effects due to welding during fabrication and Fabricator
fit-up. This exercise informed weld detailing during design Hirschfeld Industries, San Angelo, Texas
and prompted the addition of internal W616 stiffener mem- Erector
bers in many of the roof box beams. The central spine mem- Patriot Erectors, Dripping Springs, Texas
ber was also modified to a cover-plated truss to streamline
Detailer
constructability and facilitate full moment connections at
Consteel, Saltburn-by-the-Sea, U.K.
each roof beam connection.

Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 41

 $15 MIILLION
N TO
O $75 MILL LION MEERIT AWWAR RD
Weber County Library Headquarters Branch, Roy, Utah
THE WEB
BER COUN
UN
NTY LIBRAR
RY certainly encourages light reading.
Located adjacent to the new North Park Elementary School in Roy, Utah, the nearly
75,000-sq.-ft facility was built to serve the as the new library headquarters for Weber
County and also allowed the original main library branch in Ogden to begin seismic
renovations needed to meet life safety standards.
And it incorporates a 143-ft light bar that begins in the main entrance and con-
tinues east through the building. The light bar is a 7-ft, 3-in. by 7-ft raised section of
roof, designed with a Vierendeel truss system, that cantilevers 28 ft beyond the east face
of the building. The truss is constructed of HSS66 members for the top and bottom
chords, with an average spacing of 6 ft, 8 in. between vertical web members. The truss
structure was infused with glass panels to provide natural light throughout the art gal-
lery and east lobby, and the book stacks area is surrounded by glass windows on three
sides and features large skylights throughout the roof structure to bring in even more
natural light.
Extensive analysis of the cantilevered truss system was performed, and potential
movement due to wind, snow and seismic loads was studied to minimize deflections and
protect the glass panel system. The top of the light bar was built using 1-in. b-deck be-
tween the trusses, and a few of the truss panels were infilled with b-deck to transfer shear
loads, allowing the truss to become part of a folded diaphragm system and providing a
load path to transfer lateral loads to shear walls.
The roof structure is supported by HSS 10.75-in.-diameter columns that gradually ta-
per to 6-in.-diameter sections at the base and roof. This taper provides a slender profile
to the columns within the book stacks area as well as a desirable transition into the ex-

Photos by Scott Peterson Studio

posed wide-flange beam system that is infused with large skylights to provide natural light
throughout the building. To create the tapered column sections, -in. plate was rolled into
a conical shape with intermediate stiffener plates, and all seams used full-penetration welds
that were ground smooth to eliminate blemishes.
The exposed roof structure, which cantilevers over the two-story central curriculum
area on three sides, consists of wide-flange beams with sections that gradually reduce in
depth as they cantilever 22 ft over the outdoor reading area. Continuous girder beams
align between columns, and continuous W-beam joists overlay these girders. The girders
and beams step down in depth as they cantilever beyond the buildings footprint to create
a thin roof profile that is accented by a continuous bent plate at the roofs edge.
One of the librarys central features is a sculptural stair that overlooks the reading
room with a two-story glass wall. The stair is designed with a folded steel plate tread that
extends beyond the centrally placed stringers. Attachments to support the structure were
designed with eccentric connections buried within wall cavities, and the top landing is
designed to cantilever into open space.
The southeast portion of the building, home to pre-teen services, incorporates floor-to-
ceiling exterior glass walls on three sides. To accommodate these walls, moment frames were
inset from exterior windows, and exterior W-columns were installed proud of the glass wall,
with tall narrow continuous HSS beams installed at the inside face of the column to support
the roof structure.
Owner
Weber County, Ogden, Utah
Owners Representative
Weber County Library System, Roy, Utah
General Contractor
R&O Construction, Ogden, Utah
Architect
Prescott Muir Architects, Salt Lake City
Structural Engineer
ARW Engineers, Ogden, Utah

42 MAY 2017
 An elegant steel structure
creating an open and bright
environment in a
cold-weather climate.
David Allen

Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 43

Photos by Brian Wancho Photography; Dirk Kestner, Walter P Moore; Miguel Orozco, Jordan-Hunt, A Texas Joint Venture

This ballpark takes me back in time.

I really like the way it mixed the old style
with new steel and technology.
Sam Boykin

44 MAY 2017
$15 MIL
LLIONN TO $75 MILLIO ON MER RIT AWA
ARD
Southwest University Ballpark, El Paso Texas
EL PA
ASOS
S TR
RIPL
LE-A
A BAS
SEBALL TE
EAM,,
the El Paso Chihuahuas, are in a tight spot.
Not necessarily in terms of standings, as the
season has only just started, but rather in terms
of location. The teams home, Southwest Uni-
versity Ballpark, is located in the downtown area
immediately adjacent to active Union Pacific
Railroad tracks. In fact, portions of the 7,500-
seat stadium cantilever over the tracks, which
are located 22 ft below field level.
Inspired by early twentieth century ball-
park design and architect Daniel Burnhams
nearby El Paso Union Depot, located just a
few blocks away, the project turned to struc-
tural steel to accommodate the associated
design requirements, tight site and required
delivery speed.
Regarding the latter, in order to meet the
teams required April 2014 opening date, the
design and construction team had less than
18 months to design the venue, demolish the
15-story former city hall (located on the project
site), clear the site and build the ballpark.
Given the sites constraints and relatively
small size, the team designed the new ball-
park to comprise four levels and two suite lev-
els, rather than the three total levels typical of
Triple-A ballparks. To maximize suite space, the
upper suite level is hung from the roof struc-
ture, a strategy that helped leverage the depth
of the steel gable roof trusses and their ability to
support a slender hanger tube concealed within
the suite wall, which prevented a column from
taking usable space in the suite below.
The initial design concept proposed curved
steel members at the concourse beam-column
joints to reference the Diocletian windows of the
nearby train depot, but these were determined
to not be stout enough to serve as part of the
structural frame. The architectural and structural
teams evolved the design to one where the steel
serves as both structure and architecture, with
the truss bottom chords using curved sections to
evoke Burnhams windows and both literally and
figuratively frame the concourse.
The parks steel framing is a modern take on
the riveted joints and built-up framing mem-
bers found in historic ballparks. The trusses
consist of double-angle web members and WT
chords, and the back-of-bowl column line,
which serves as a moment frame to resist lateral
loads, is formed from two wide-flange sections
laced with flat bars rather than a deeper single-
rolled shape. Most connections are exposed, and
bolted connections feature button-head bolts in
homage to the classic rivet head.
When it came to drilling deep foundations,
the contractor discovered that the railway re-
taining walls foundation extended well beyond
what was indicated in 1940s-era record draw-
ings. This meant that the piers and columns
nearest the railway were directly above the wall
footing. However, the railroad had previously
imposed strict requirements prohibiting any
new loads from being applied to the existing re-
taining wall or footing.
With the ballpark design completed and
steel being fabricated, reframing the superstruc-
ture was not an option. In lieu of using beams to
transfer the loads, the team conceived a novel
solution uniquely enabled by structural steel:
Construct the piers to prevent skin friction
above the wall and only load the soil once below
the wall footing. However, this idea required
a readily available material that would need to
both permit vertical slip and serve as a perma-
nent structural jacket. The solution came in
the form of salvaged steel oil pipe, which was
used to individually encase the piers along their
top 30 ft in salvaged steel oilfield pipe; the piers
also penetrated holes in the existing footing.
This solution allowed the piers to be installed
quickly and economically and without the need
for costly concrete cantilevered grade beams.
For more on this project, see Faster than a
Speeding Locomotive in the July 2015 issue
(www.modernsteel.com).
Owners
Mountain Star Sports Group, El Paso, Texas
City of El Paso, Engineering and
Construction Management, El Paso
Owners Representative
International Facilities Group, LLC, Chicago
General Contractor
Jordan-Hunt, A Texas Joint Venture, El Paso
Architects
Populous, Kansas City, Mo.
MNK Architects, El Paso
Structural Engineers
Walter P Moore, Austin
Robert Navarro & Associates Engineering, Inc.,
El Paso
Steel Team
Fabricator and Detailer
W&W | AFCO Steel, Oklahoma City
Erector
Derr & Isbell Construction, Euless, Texas
Bender-Roller
Max Weiss Co., Milwaukee, Wis.
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 45
 Photos by Tom Bonner Photography

Pterodactyl appears almost as a living

creature. The design overcame the inherent
limitations of supporting the new building
over the existing parking structure layout.
Ben Varela

46 MAY 2017
UNDER R $155 MIL
LLIONN NAT TIOONAL L AW
WAR
RD
Pterodactyl Ofce, Culver City, Calif.
YOU
UV
VE PRO
ROBBAB
BLY NEV
VER SEE
EN
anything quite like the Pterodactyl.
Rather than being built next to a park-
ing garage, this angular office building
was actually constructed right on top
and hanging over the sideof an existing
four-story steel-framed parking garage in
Culver City, Calif. And a number of the
existing columns are cantilevered beyond
the top of the parking structure to pro-
vide support for the mezzanine and roof
superstructure.
Structurally, the building is made up of
a series of nine rotated boxes that pro-
vide just enough space at the corners and
at their intersections to efficiently house
the structural support members. During
the early design phase, through numer-
ous meetings and studies, the feasibility
and constructability of each box was de-
termined while preserving numerous ar-
chitectural features of each box as well as
their complex architectural interactions.
Placing such an irregular building
over an existing building presented sev-
eral structural challenges. First of all, the
structural design was limited by the size
and orientation of the existing columns,
which were not necessarily located in the
most favorable location or orientation
for the support of each individual box.
Some columns were not stiff enough to
laterally brace the boxes, so each box was
strategically reinforced internally and in-
terconnected to others to reduce loads to
a particular column.
At the same time, the differential ri-
gidities of each box, in conjunction with
their interconnecting mezzanine space
bridges, had to be fully optimized to al-
low for mechanical and other utility
space and pass-through. The boxes were
initially designed individually, using care-
ful stiffness assumptions. Then the boxes
were brought together and reevaluated as
a whole for compatibility.
Additionally, because the office build-
ing is laterally flexible in contrast with
the very rigid concrete block core eleva-
tor shaft and three access stairswhich
<285
unevenly extend down to the top floor (1*,1((5,1*
of the parking structurevery specific
slip connections and separation joints are &211(&7,21
used to completely control all inter-body
movements as designed.
To support the nine blended, yet indi-
vidual, box components that make up the
building, the design team employed ring-
Consulting Services, Inc.
like frames attached to each column and
coordinated within the interior design, 3KRQH )D[
which doubled as support beams (though
not in straight line) holding up the main
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VWHHOFRQQHFWLRQGHVLJQFRP
boxes actually overhang the structure.
The design of each box against numer-
ous degrees of freedom was particularly
challenging due to the shape of each el-
ement, the location and stiffness of the
supports and the desired clearances and
style of the building envelop. Second-
ary members hidden in the longitudi-
nal direction within the corners of the
boxesand cantilevering out to support
the ring frame at the far end of the over-
hangsalso function as stabilizers. These
secondary members resist direct gravity
as well as provide lateral support and ro-
tational and racking movement.
Owner
Frederick and Laurie Samitaur Smith,
Culver City, Calif.
General Contractor
Samitaur Constructs, Culver City
Architect
Eric Owen Moss Architects,
Culver City
Structural Engineer
Nast Enterprises Corp., Los Angeles
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 47
 UNDDER $155 MIL
LLIOON MERIT AW WARD
Chinatown Public Library, Chicago
CHIC
CAGO
OS NEW
OS WES
ST public library is
small but stunning, sporting a modern de-
sign that both fits in with and enhances its
surroundings in its Chinatown home.
The two-story, 16,370-sq.-ft build-
ings interior space radiates from a central
atrium, and the main structural beams are
similarly arranged on a radius. Round HSS
was selected for the columns, as it provided
a clean surface where several beams con-
nect into a single point and also facilitated
and simplified the non-orthogonal lateral
bracing connections.
To satisfy fire-resistance requirements,
the columns are encased in round prefab-
ricated fireproofing shells. In addition,
smaller round sections are used as bracing
members in order to create a more uniform
appearance between the columns and lat-
eral bracing. The braces are strategically
located on the exterior of the building in
the bays located on the three flats of the
building curved triangular structure, result-
ing in an unobstructed and flexible interior.
The softened triangular shape of the build-
48 MAY 2017
ing not only reflects the triangular point
where it sits but also helps it stand out as
a focal point in the midst of the surround-
ing rectangular buildings. And the exposed Its rounded form,
structural steel showcases the beauty of accented with
the building while maintaining a pleasing, vertical ns, serves
light-filled environment for library patrons.
as a beacon for
For more on this project, see Whats Cool in Steel the surrounding
(the Light and Enlightening segment) in the neighborhoods.
August 2016 issue (www.modernsteel.com). David Barista
Owner
City of Chicago
Construction Manager
Wight & Company, Chicago
Architects
Wight & Company, Chicago
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP, Chicago
Structural Engineer
Drucker Zajdel Structural Engineers,
Chicago
Steel Fabricator
McFarlane Mfg., Sauk City, Wis. Photos by Hedrich Blessing; Wight & Company; DZS
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BENT ON SATISFACTION
11 Bending Machines
Easyway and Hardway: Beams, Tubes, Angles, Tees, Channels, Flats,
Pipe & Rail

Sheet/Plate
Shearing (to x 20), Forming, Rolling (to 1), and Coning

6 Press Brakes
1000 Ton x 30 750 Ton x 24
400 Ton x 23 3-225 Ton x (10, 12, 14)

CNC Machining

Quality
WhiteFabs patented structural bending process minimizes
deformation and provides smoother curvatures. Each bent
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IF QUALITY IS WHAT YOU NEED, E-mail: sales@whitefab.com
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LET WHITEFAB TAKE THE LEAD

Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 49

 UNDER R $15 MILLIION MER RIT AW
WARD D
Lamar Station Classroom for Urban Farming, Lakewood, Colo.
COLORA
ADOB
BUIL
ILDDIN
NGW
WOR
RKSH
HOP serves the broader
community by partnering with local not-for-profit organiza-
tions on a variety of projects.
As the design-build studio at the University of Colorado
Denver, it centers on educating graduate-level architecture
students in the practical application of architectural theory
through integrated project delivery (IPD). The IPD team is
made up of professors, architects, engineers and consultants
from Colorado, many of them donating their time to help edu-
cate these young professionals.
In the spring of 2014, 16 students worked with Metro West
Housing Solutions, the City of Lakewoods housing authority,
to design and build the Lamar Station Classroom. The class-
rooms mission is to educate residents of the nearby transit-ori-
ented development about urban farming, while simultaneously
providing space for environmental education and other youth
programs. The project brief required the structure to have an
opaque wall preserving the privacy of the classroom near the
path leading to the light rail line; Metro West was concerned
that the foot traffic would distract residents from learning in
the classroom. Coincidentally, it also wanted the structure to
maintain a clear sightline from the classroom to its main office,
Photos by Jesse Kuroiwa, University of Colorado Denver
An ingenious use of steel for an enclosure that
simultaneously obscures and reveals its contents.
50 MAY 2017
located over 300 ft away. But the transparency of the sightline
and opacity of the wall were in direct conflict. The students
response to this dichotomy resulted in the most innovative ele-
ment of the project.
To achieve a simultaneously transparent and opaque wall,
the students researched a number of material skins for the
building, eventually settling on vertically oriented steel bar
grating. The bar grating allowed the structure to appear opaque
when approached from an angle but transparent when facing
the structure perpendicular to a wall. With proper siting, this
allowed the classroom to be visible to the client from the main
office but opaque from the sidewalk. When the students re-
viewed their solution with the structural engineer, he pointed
out that their proposed steel bar grate cladding could also act as
part of the structure.
The final solution is a statically indeterminate ring truss com-
prised of four primary trusses. Each of the four primary trusses
is a different unique version of a modified Warren Truss, whose
typically coplanar vertical web members were replaced with out-
of-plane GW series steel bar grating panels. What the individual
grating bars lack in sectional stiffness, they make up for in sheer
numbers, using 970-in. 18-in. vertical steel bars evenly spaced
April Wang
around the perimeter of the ring truss. The ring truss and the
vertical bars of the grating form the primary structure of the
classroom. The structures gutter and oculus contribute structur-
ally to four out of the five secondary trusses spanning the interior
of the ring truss. These unconventional interior trusses use rolled
steel plates as the vertical web members in two trusses and com-
pletely replace all the truss webs, acting as a slender deep beam
web, in two other trusses. The ring truss is supported by three
partial-length wall sections through a combination of full-height
bar grating panels and single-angle corner braces.
Laterally, each wall section is a combined braced frame and
steel plate shear wall. With only five primary points of support
for gravity loads and three lines of lateral resistance, the grav-
ity and main wind-force resisting systems had to be analyzed
simultaneously. This balanced aesthetics and individual mem-
ber stresses with global stability and deflection. Of particular
interest is the use of full-height narrow steel plate shear walls
at the ends of the braced frame walls. Similar to the bar grating
skin turned structure of the ring truss, these steel plates serve
architecturally as both the finish and the closure at the ends of
the double-wide bar grate walls, and also as shear walls provid-
ing redundancy to the main wind-force resisting system while
reducing torsional deflection due to eccentricity.
The importance of the structural engineer as a critical
member of the IPD team cannot be overstated. The engineer
provided feedback about design proposals, often on the fly as
the proposals were being generated, and was on-site during
construction with a laptop and structural finite element analy-
sis model to verify how last-minute changes would affect the
whole structure. These on-demand changes eliminated the
typical lag in design and construction, allowing the team to
optimize project results, reducing construction waste and time
and maximizing efficiency.
It was the collaboration between the architecture students
and the structural engineer at the earliest stages of design that
proved the importance of introducing alternative forms of
project delivery. This project provided an opportunity to teach
the students about steels inherent benefits, structural analysis,
design, detailing and fabrication and erection. By integrating
architectural and structural analysis and design, the project be-
came clearer and the architecture stronger. By eliminating ex-
cessive layering in the building envelope, the students saw the
beauty of a structural expression in steel. This reinforced their
architectural design, and Metro West was rewarded with an in-
novative design that met their needs.
Owner
Metro West Housing Solutions, Lakewood, Colo.
General Contractor and Architect
ColoradoBuildingWorkshop, Denver
Structural Engineer
Structuralist, Ft. Collins, Colo.
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 51
 ART
T IN
NSTTAL
LLA
ATIONN/

Photos by Peter Vanderwarker Photographer

SCU
ULPPTU
UREE
Antony Gormley Sculpture,
Cambridge, Mass.
A NEW
W SCU
SCULPT
TUR
RE in Cambridge,
Mass., is striking quite a chord.
Designed by British sculptor Antony
Gormley, the work, called CHORD, is a
large winding form made of 33 irregular
polyhedra installed in a 12-ft by 12-ft stair-
well of a university mathematics building.
The sculpturewhich is 56 ft high, weighs
1,800 lb. and is comprised of 541 stainless
steel balls connected by 905 specially formed
duplex stainless steel rodswas created in
six sections at Summit Metal Fabricators
(SMF) Salem, N.H., shop, then carefully
transported to Cambridge and installed.
Close collaboration between the SMF
team, Antony Gormley Studio and struc-
tural engineer Ian Schmellick of Robert
Silman Associates allowed the team to meet
the many challenges faced during the con-
struction and installation of the sculpture.
Most of the communication with Antony
Gormley, who is located in London, was
done via Skype.
In order to accurately translate Gorm-
leys vision into actual stainless steel com-
ponents, SMF employed specialized jig-
ging and computer numerical control
(CNC) manufactured templates to precise-
ly fabricate and assemble every node and
element of the massive sculpture. All weld-
ing was done using the tungsten inert gas
(TIG) process, and special equipment such
as hoisting frames and strapping designed
by SMF was used to successfully install the
sculpture in the tight confines of the stair-
case; the installation process took only one
month. In addition, SMF developed and
employed a special procedure to fabricate
the sculpture. Using building information
The viewers eye modeling (BIM), it was split into six sec-
is slowly drawn upward, tions and fabricated horizontally rather
than vertically, providing a safer work envi-
piece by piece,
ronment and avoiding compression of the
until the enormity of the art during fabrication.
full sculpture is realized. The sculpture design required that the
David Allen connecting bars be square. However, the
2205 duplex stainless steel specified by
Gormley was manufactured as round. To
create square bars from the round stainless
steel rods, SMF worked with Gormley and
steel supplier Penn Stainless Products to

52 MAY 2017
create several prototypes using specialized Architect Engineering Consultant
dies until Gormley was satisfied with the Antony Gormley Studio, London Fenagh Engineering and Testing,
shape and look of the bars. To maintain the Structural Engineer LLC, Everett, Mass.
integrity and coloration of the stainless steel, Robert Silman Associates, Boston Steel Fabricator, Erector
all welds were performed with a welding and Detailer
Lead Design Engineer
inter-pass temperature of less than 300 F. Summit Metal Fabricators
Tristan Simmonds, Simmonds Studio,
It was critical to get the placement of
London
the bars at exactly the correct angle so
that the weld interconnections were per-
fectly centered on the steel balls. SMF
designed and fabricated a jig that allowed
the interconnection between the bars and
the balls to be at the exact angle and po- THE SOFTWARE OF CHOICE FOR

STEEL FABRICATION MANAGEMENT

sition specified by Gormley. To achieve
full-penetration welds between two dis-
similar surfaces, the square bars and the
round balls, the SMF team worked with
a Level III welding inspector to develop
and implement a procedure that allowed
PROJECT PROJECT
full-penetration welds while maintaining
MANAGEMENT SCHEDULING
the desired look and feel.
Once the six sections of the sculpture
were created, they were safely transported ESTIMATING PURCHASING
to Cambridge, with each section secured
in its own trailer using special strapping
techniques. Once SMF delivered the six COMBINING ORDER ENTRY
sections to the mathematics building, get-
ting them inside required removing several
doors and casings, which was done at times
when normal university activity would not INVENTORY PRODUCTION
be affected. CONTROL CONTROL
When it came time to assemble the
sculpture, the stairwell was enclosed in
reinforced poly, allowing students and fac- REMOTE LINK INTEGRATIONS
ulty to travel safely between floors. An ad-
WWW.FABSUITE.COM
ditional peg board was used within the
installation space to properly orient each
of the six sections to fit precisely to the INSPECTION PRODUCTION
next section. The SMF team designed and MODULE SCHEDULING
fabricated a unique lift and frame system
that allowed the sections to be assembled
on the ground floor and then hoisted into
position. This approach eliminated a seri-
ous fall hazard and allowed the sculpture
to be assembled in a very narrow space. An
additional jig was designed and fabricated
to replicate the glass ceiling to which the
sculpture would be secured. This ensured
that when the seven balls of the top section
were installed, they would be on the exact
plane1 in. from the glass ceiling.
Owner Find out why our clients are the most loyal in the industry.
Antony Gormley, London
General Contractor www.fabsuite.com 757.645.0842 info@fabsuite.com
Summit Metal Fabricators, Plaistow, N.H.

Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 53

 This project has a complex structural system
that is elegantly concealed.
Chris-Annemarie Spencer
PRESIDDENTIAAL AWWARD OF EXC CEL LLENC
CE IN
N EN
NGINE
NEE
ERIING
Four World Trade Center, New York
THE WOR
RLD
D TRA
TRADE CEN
NTE
ER site is hallowed ground.
Its redevelopment poses the challenge of not only redefining
the iconic Manhattan skyline, but also influencing the greater
cultural fabric of American society. As an office tower, 4 World
Trade Center (4WTC) serves as a beacon for businesses return-
ing to downtown Manhattan; 250,000 daily commuters pass
through the lower levels on their way to one of 13 subway or
commuter rail lines that surround the tower.
More importantly, the structure pays respect to the tragic his-
tory of the grounds commemorated by the National September
11 Memorial. More than a decade after the devastating attacks
of September 11, 2001, the 72-story, 2.3 million-sq.-ft 4WTC
became the first tower to open on the original 16-acre site.
When it comes to columns, a typical building of this size and
shape contains seven to ten perimeter columns on each side, spaced
at roughly 20-ft to 30-ft intervals. 4WTC has only four columns on
each side. The columns are grouped in pairs with an 80-ft clear span
between them and 20-ft to 45-ft cantilevers at each end, providing
dramatic column-free corners and nearly limitless opportunities for
future tenants to maximize views regardless of office layout.
Beneath 4WTC lies a precarious maze of subway lines, com-
muter circulation and mechanical spaces. In order for the tower to
be built to its intended specifications, these had to be accounted
for and were a major driver of the tower column placements. The
below-grade complexity affected retail column placement as well,
54 MAY 2017
Photos by Joe Woolhead Photography; Leslie E. Robertson Associates
and retail program requirements and vertical transportation needs
demanded additional points of support. To avoid adding columns
all the way to the basement, alternative solutions were explored,
such as the possibility of branching columns or including structure
around other elements. The final design incorporates a massive
split V-column supports the retail entrance while additional steel
structure is built around the elevator and escalators, acting togeth-
er to elegantly meet demanding load path requirements.
Another innovation was sparked by the erection sequence
set forth by the construction manager and local labor officials,
who stipulated that a structural steel frame would be erected
first, followed by encapsulation of the service core in reinforced
concrete. Typically, for steel-concrete buildings outside of New
York City, the concrete core is constructed first with embed
plates and followed by steel floor framing. The engineers be-
hind 4WTC embraced the possibilities of this encapsulation
and adapted it to the perimeter columns.
Again, in the typical construction of perimeter steel columns,
the steel beams and columns are aligned. For the long spans and
cantilever conditions at 4WTC, however, the standard method
would have required a significant moment connection at every
column. To sidestep this dilemma, the decision was made to off-
set the spandrel beam from the columns, allowing the beam to be
continuous and bypass the column uninterrupted. This drastically
reduced the number of moment connections required to support
80-ft clear spans. Splice locations were then chosen at points of low tion that would have been necessary had the erection column been
moment along the length of the spandrel beams. placed at the end of the wall. The shear forces from the link beam
The advantage of this approach was threefold: 1) On each were directed into the concrete by composite action between the
side, it reduced the number of moment connections from eight end of the wall and the erection column. This approach simplified
(one at each face of the four columns) to two; 2) it reduced the the connections, resulting in further savings in time and cost.
required number of spandrel pieces from five to three, result-
ing in more efficient shipping and fewer crane picks; and 3) it For more on this project, Four at the Fore in the April 2015 issue
reduced the size of the remaining moment connections because (www.modernsteel.com).
they were designed for much smaller forces than would have
been required at the face of the columns. Owner
The steel frame also led to efficiency in the link beams em- Silverstein Properties, New York
bedded in the core. Link beams, which connect two very stiff General Contractor
vertical elements (such as elevator cores) are highly stressed el- Tishman Construction Corp., New York
ements. When made of concrete, they are very congested with
Architects
reinforcement, which can also lead to problems with concrete
Maki & Associates, Tokyo
consolidation in construction. In 4WTC, the link beams are
Adamson Associates, New York
made from steel built-up shapes. Steel is much better at resisting
shear forces than concrete, and the steel link beams were much Structural Engineer
smaller than comparable concrete beams would have been. The Leslie E. Robertson Associates, New York
steel link beams were also erected with space left between the Steel Team
top of the beam and the floor above, allowing ductwork and Fabricators
other utilities to be run above the tenant-finished ceiling. MRP, LLC, South Plaineld, N.J.
Another significant technique to reduce construction time was Banker Steel Co., LLC, Lynchburg, Va.
in placing the erection columns to which these link beams were Littell Steel Co., New Brighton, Pennsylvania
connected within the elevator core wall but offsetting them from Metro Iron Corp., Amityville, N.Y.
the end of the wall by 6 ft. This meant that the steel-link-beam-to- Detailer
steel-erection-column connection could be a simple, cost-effective Automated Steel Detailing Associates, Ltd., Toronto
shear tab instead of the highly stressed, expensive moment connec-
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 55
 Risk and
REWARD BY JOHN CROSS, PE
Material selection can have significant short- and long-term impacts
on a buildings insurance rates and resilience.
WHY ARE INSURANCE RATES DIFFERENT for simi-
lar buildings framed with different materials?
Because the risks and their associated costs vary depending
upon the framing material being used. A lower rate is the result
of an actuarial study reflecting a lower cost of repair or replace-
ment for a given risk.
And guess what: The insurance rates for structural steel-
framed buildings are less than those for comparable buildings
framed in wood or concrete. For the same building in the same
location constructed with different building materials, current
insurance rates per $100 of value for Builders Risk (a type of
insurance that covers the building during construction) and All
Risk (insurance that covers the building after occupancy) are
lower for structural steel-framed construction than for wood or
concrete. For example, the insurance rates for a building with
a total insurable value of $100 million dollars that is not in a
high-hazard flood or earthquake area will be in the following
ranges (per $100 of value):
John Cross (cross@aisc.org) is an
AISC vice president.
56 MAY 2017
Builders Risk All Risk
During Construction After Occupancy
Wood $0.22 $0.27 $0.20 $0.25
Concrete $0.14 $0.18 $0.13 $0.16
Structural Steel $0.08 $0.12 $0.08 $0.11
While these rates will change based on project location,
risks associated with that location or special features, the gen-
eral trend is the same. Insurance rates are 2.3 times higher for
wood buildingsand 1.5 times higher for concrete buildings
than they are for structural steel buildings. This can translate to
considerable savings over the life of a building. But the impor-
tance of lower insurance rates does not stop there.
Supplanting Sustainability
Discussions regarding the resilience of the built environ-
ment are slowly supplanting the past decades focus on sustain-
ability, and rating systems, codes and standards for green build-
ings are beginning to address resilience in their requirements.
But what is resilience and what is the connection between in-
surance rates and resilience?
Resilience is the ability of an object or system to absorb and
recover from an external shock.
While its a simple concept, it has taken on an increased level
of importance and a broader context for todays design and con-
struction professional. And just like the early discussions of sus-
tainability, resilience has triggered a debate between advocates
of wood, concrete and structural steel regarding which material
is the most resilient.
There is no universally accepted definition of resilience in
the built environment. Discussions may focus on community
resilience, infrastructure resilience, building resilience or the
resilience of societal services. Even within a single category like
building resilience, discussions may focus on the resilience of
the building itself, the resilience of the structural frame or the
resilience of the framing material. The topic can become even
more complex when the scope of what is included in external
shocks or events is discussed.
Natural events such as hurricanes, tornados, wildfires, earth-
quakes, flooding and tsunamis are generally included, yet not
all of these events have the same likelihood of occurrence in ev-
ery community. Events resulting from human activity, includ-
ing arson and terrorism, also need to be considered. In some
cases, technological events with no direct natural or human
cause such as the faulting of an electric grid or the overload-
ing of a communications gateway are included. And finally, the
anticipation of future environmental events such as increased
storm intensity, elevated water levels and increased snow loads
driven by global climate change may also need to be taken into
account. Clearly, any discussion of resilience is a multidimen-
sional challenge combining discrete components, stressors, risk
assessments and future trends.
Natural Events Climate Change
Hurricanes Storm Intensity
Earthquakes Water Levels
Tornados Snow Loads
Wildres
Flooding
Tsunamis
Community Resilience
Infrastructure Resilience of
Building Resilience
Resilience Societal Services
Structural System
Resilience
Material Resilience
Human Activity Technology Impacts
Arson Grid Interruptions
Terrorism Gateway Failures
With so many factors involved, how can the relative resil-
ience of a building best be measured from the perspective of the
selection of a framing material? It might seem that quantifying
that risk and those damages would be difficult. It is not. Insur-
ance companies regularly assess the loss records of buildings
subject to both anticipated and extreme events. It is from those
actuarial studies that insurance rates are set.
This is not a novel concept, as the advocates of resilient de-
sign and construction often compare the dollars invested in a
building for increasing its ability to withstand and recover from
an extreme event to purchasing a prepaid insurance policy on
the building. For a given set of risks, a lower rate for Builders
Risk insurance during construction and All Risk insurance after
occupancy means less damage and a lower cost of repair when
extreme events occur.
Material Resilience
The material selection for a buildings structural framing
system impacts the resilience of the structure by reducing or
raising the cost of the risk associated with the ability of the
structure to absorb and recover from the stress of an extreme
event. Of the materials used for structural framing systems,
structural steel has demonstrated the greatest level of resiliency
relative to extreme events. This is verified by significantly lower
premiums in the current insurance market for structural steel
framing systems when compared to concrete or wood. The rea-
sons for these lower rates and greater resiliency are structural
steels inherent durability, strength, elasticity, non-combusti-
bility and resistance to decomposition, as well as its ability to
resist extreme loads, be rapidly repaired and adapt to changing
structural requirements.
Structural steel is simply more resilient than wood or con-
crete. An AISC white paper, The Impact of Material Selection on
the Resilience of Buildings (which can be found at www.aisc.org/
discover), provides a detailed comparison of the resilient attri-
butes of structural steel to those of wood and concrete.
Framing System Resilience
Structural framing systems can be designed to satisfy build-
ing code requirements using structural steel, concrete or wood.
The central purpose of building code provisions is to provide
short-term human survivability and safety in the event of an
extreme event. The International Building Code, in Section 1604,
even includes enhanced designed requirements and integrity
checks for high-rise buildings in risk category III or IV. In those
cases, structural integrity is evaluated independentlynot in
combination with other effectsand deformations are allowed
as long as failure does not occur. The goal is to provide for the
redistribution of loads in the event of damage. A competent
structural engineer can accomplish this using structural steel,
concrete or wood. But the question isnt whether those design
goals can be accomplished using any of these materials but
rather the efficiency of using a given material in the design, the
cost of the system, the level of additional redundancy gained
by the system and the ease and speed of repair if the system is
damaged in an extreme event.
Keep in mind that a bunker-style solution, necessitating sig-
nificantly increased material quantities, is not an efficient way
to address the design requirements of high-risk buildings. And
structural steel supports a multitude of design approaches and
innovative systems that address the challenge of resilient de-
sign from a technical rather than an increased mass perspec-
tive. Steel provides multiple options for lateral load resistance
in a highly ductile environment that allows adequate member
deformation while still keeping access to critical services in-
tact and operational. Using systems such as specially designed
connections and buckling restrained braces as structural fuses
can allow a structure to withstand an extreme event resulting
from an earthquake, high winds or blast. If damage occurs to
the structural system, these components (the fuses) can be
efficiently removed and replaced, thus returning the structure
to full functionality in a short period of time without major
structure demolition or extensive retrofit.
And unlike mix-dependent concrete or the variability of
wood, structural steel performs in a structurally consistent and
predictable manner. Redundant load paths, due to steels natu-
ral ductility and reserve strength capacity, provide additional
structural capacity and resistance.
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 57
 Building Resilience
The resilience of a framing material
and system contributes directly to the
overall resilience of a building. Over-
all resilience involves assessing not
only the level of damage and the cost
of repairs but also the amount of time
required to return the building to full
functionalitywhich in turn is a func-
tion of the criticality of the services a
building provides. Recovering to full
functionality may require repairing the
58 MAY 2017
structural system, replacing structural
components and temporarily removing
portions the structural frame to gain
access to other building service com-
ponents that may need to be repaired
or replaced.
Unlike concrete framing systems,
which would typically require demoli-
tion and replacement, or wood systems,
which face the challenge of replacing
numerous structural members after
a flood or fire, structural steel can be
strengthened in place, structural members
can be added and beams can be penetrated
to allow the addition of other services. And
this can be done using members that are
readily available through a network of local
steel service centers and fabricators.
Community Resilience
Community resilience is the ability of
the community to withstand the stress of
an extreme event, and is a combination
of infrastructure, building and societal
resilience. Selecting a structural framing
material for a particular building with a
specified level of serviceability may seem
rather distant from the community as a
whole. And it is. Yet building material
selection does contribute to overall com-
munity recovery and performance. This
is probably no more evident than in the
area of waste management.
Extreme events that impact an entire
community rather than just a single build-
ing generate significant amounts of waste,
the majority of which is wood. While some
wood waste is reused or recycled in the
normal construction cycle, it is most likely
that the wood waste resulting from an ex-
treme event will not be suitable for reuse
and will, in fact, be disposed of in a landfill.
Burning or landfilling wood releases green-
house gases into the atmosphere, and burn-
ing also generates particulate matter harm-
ful to human health. In addition, wood and
concrete waste requires sufficient landfill
space to accommodate the increased flow
of waste. Structural steel, on the other hand,
is a fully recyclable material with an active
resale market. It will not end up in land-
fills but rather be returned to steel mills for
transformation into new steel products. In
a nutshell, it will not become a burden as
the community seeks to rebuild.
The Four Rs
Resilience is often discussed in terms
of the four Rs: robustness, resourceful-
ness, recovery and redundancy. And struc-
tural steel buildings rank highly in each of
those categories. It is not surprising that
insurance rates for structural steel build-
ings are less than the rates for compara-
ble wood and concrete framed buildings
facing the same risk levels from extreme
events. Steels potential savings in repair
costs and rapidity reduces the exposure of
the insurance carrier, resulting in lower
rates and overall more cost-effective and
resilient buildings.
 www.aisc.org/nightschool
Class begins June 2017

AISC

Night School
Fundamentals of Stability
for Steel Design
presented by members of of the
Structural Stability Research Council

Monday nights 7:00 p.m. Eastern Time

(90 minutes each)

Behavior and Design of

Compression Members
Behavior and Design of Flexural Members
Stability of Structural Systems
Fundamentals of Bracing Beams
and Columns
And more!

Theres always a solution in steel.

American Institute of Steel Construction

www.aisc.org 312.670.2400
 First and Last(ing)
IMPRESSIONS BY GEOFF WEISENBERGER
They matternow more than ever.
WE HAVE THE TECHNOLOGY.
We can make it. Better. Stronger. Faster.
For those of us old enough to recall these words from
the opening credits of The Six Million Dollar Man (not me; I
had to catch it in reruns), they might take us back to a time
when we werent flooded with seemingly endless options for
quality TV.
But we are now. How many times has someone said some-
thing like, OMG, you really need to see this show. Dont worry:
You only have seven seasons to catch up on. Just binge-watch it!
Same goes for photos, thanks to social media apps like Instagram.
Anyone can look like a pro. My Instagram feed is an endless wa-
terfall of photos. And the more photos I look at, the more dif-
ficult it is to see something truly new and impressive. Why and
how is this happening? Because we have the technology.
And we increasingly have the technologyand the datain
fabrication shops, job sites and engineering, detailing and ar-
chitectural offices. As we saw at this years NASCC: The Steel
Conference in San Antonio, machines are becoming faster than
ever, robotics are making further inroads into structural fabri-
cation, 3D modeling is becoming more and more precise and
robust, were finding new ways to gather data and there seems
to be a new project delivery method every time we turn around.
Given all of the options out there, making a good first im-
pression is as important as its ever been. As keynote speaker
Carmen Simon expressed in her presentation The Neurosci-
Geoff Weisenberger
(weisenberger@aisc.org)
is the senior editor of
Modern Steel Construction.
60 MAY 2017
ence of Decision Making, its a matter of making yourself im-
possible to ignore in order to get people to move in your favor.
So, how to stand out? NASCC exhibitors all found their
own means of doing so.
Many exhibitors incorporated virtual reality goggles, using
phones, into their exhibits. At Ficeps booth, you could be a
beam, as it was being fabricated, inside a piece of heavy equip-
ment. At Albinas booth, you could visit the companys shop and
see steel members being curved around you.
Detailer Jim Long with J.B. Long makes an effort to stand
out at every show. This year, he wore, well, I guess youd call
it a disco-era leisure suit. And he stayed in character. Another
exhibitor wandering by remarked, Now thats marketing.
For equipment manufacturer Kranendonk, it was about in-
corporating robotics into the fabrication process, still a relative-
ly new practice in the structural steel world, and emphasizing
how the process can evolvee.g., while it might take two hours
to program a robot, wouldnt it be worth it if that robot could
then fabricate 90 tons? This is possible. Now.
For software developer FabSuite, it was a matter of refining
processes and further enhancing data usage to make traceability
even more precise. FabSuites latest version can now track indi-
vidual members through the shop, not just quantities, each with
multiple nametags on it.
Welding equipment maker ESAB has also pushed further
into real-time data collection, introducing real-time moni-
toring of the welding power source via mobile and desktop
devices (called WeldCloud). Shop personnel can now save an
extra trip to the power source since they already know the is-
sue before they get there.
Sherwin-Williams also introduced a new way of doing
things that could alter how fabricators operate: shop-applied
intumescent paint, along with UL-verified software that can
automatically determine the proper coating thickness for a
specific application and factor it into a 3D model. While there
are certainly challenges associated with shop-applied intumes-
cents that need to be addressed, its an example of how many are
looking to push our industry forward.
For JacketPlate, it was about introducing a new take on the
moment frame. The new system for high-seismic applications
uses 3D connection plates and allows plasticity to occur inside
the connection, while the connected members remain elastic.
For crane equipment manufacturer Freedom Tools, it was
about introducing a new, simple way to release loads from a
cranedeveloped by an experienced crane operator looking for
a way to remove one small hassle from the rigging process.
And in the case of software developer Trimble, it wasnt a
matter of one big new thing, but rather many small enhance-
ments to its products, such as enhanced functionality with
Bentley packages and the introduction of more complex geom-
etries into the latest version of Tekla Structures.
The data is there, and it has been, said Mark Allphin with
Trimble Solutions. Its just a matter of finding out how to ac-
cess and share it quickly and accurately. We have very usable
workflows, but many still have reservations when it comes to
trust and contractual issues.
Trust is crucial in the construction businessand it sometimes
appears to be in short supply. A lack of trust often stems from lack
of understanding, and many sessions at The Steel Conference
aimed to bridge those knowledge gaps between the various design
and construction parties. The title of one session is basically the
story of our lives: What Engineers Need to Know About What
Developing Diversity
Workplace diversity and development is an increas-
ingly important topic in the design and construction
industry, and it was the main focus of the Solutions for
Equity in the Workplace session at this years NASCC:
The Steel Conference in San Antonio. Panel presenters
Rose McClure with Simpson Gumpertz and Heger, Inc.,
Babette Freund with Universal Steel of North Carolina
and Heidi Brunette with Steel Fabricators, Inc., dis-
cussed what diversity means in our industry.
The panelists focused on what works and what doesnt
when it comes to attempting to increase equity in the
workplace. Solutions ranged from implementing mentor-
ing and unconscious bias training programs, to encourag-
ing employees to join outside groups and professional
development organizations, to making sure employers
know how to identify and manage employee burnout
in this fast-paced industry. All of the presenters stressed
the importance of building a sense of community in the
workplace, ensuring that everyone in a company has ac-
cess to career guidance and promoting regular commu-
nication with employeesnot just during annual reviews.
Following the panel discussion, the nearly 60 attendees
shared their own experiences and suggestions in round-
table discussions, many echoing the panels observation
that diversity in the workplace is an opportunity to learn
something we dont already know.
Geography can be a hindrance sometimes,
noted one attendee. Hire the best talent in the
world regardless.
Another remarked, The best mentorships happen
organically. Encourage staff to take it into their own
hands to decide where they want to be.
Above all, its important to keep the discussion go-
ing and evolving, noted yet another attendee, saying,
We need to keep the next generation engaged.
Tasha Weiss
Fabricators Can Do. It provided some insight on what steel con-
tractors are capable of, featuring presentations from two bender-
rollers who illustrated how their work involves highly trained and
skilled personneland is certainly not a commodity. Another ses-
sion, AESS: Categorized by Design, was geared toward manag-
ing architects expectations when it comes to defining what was
desired and what was bid when it comes to architecturally exposed
structural steeland how to specify the proper AESS level in or-
der to get what you want. (To view these sessions and others, visit
www.aisc.org/2017nascconline. Sessions will be posted by the
week of May 15 if not before.)
The fundamentals of how steel buildings come together
havent changed. But as we saw at this years show, each compo-
nent in the supply chain is making its own tweaks to continually
improve the processand to stand out. And with any luck and
some serious brainpower, well see even more improvements
and innovations by the next Steel Conference in Baltimore
(April 1113, 2018). Also, this years show set an attendance
record, with nearly 4,600 people making the trip. On top of
that, sessions were watched remotely via more than 1,000 live
streaming connections. And thats data that really stands out
and spells only good things for the steel industry.
Take Two
Twelve leaders from across the structural steel community
were presented with awards at NASCC: The Steel Confer-
ence in March. And one of them came away with two.
Patricia M. Clayton, PhD, an assistant professor with
the University of Texas at Austins Department of Civil,
Architectural and Environmental Engineerings Fergu-
son Structural Engineering Laboratory, is the recipient
of AISCs 2017 Milek Fellowship Award and also an Early
Career Faculty Award.
It is such an honor to be selected for the AISC Milek
Fellowship and the Early Career Faculty Award, said
Clayton. As part of my Milek Fellowship, I look forward
to working with students on research that will promote
the use of replaceable fuse connections for seismically
resilient steel buildings.
Clayton is currently co-principal on six ongoing re-
search projects funded by either the National Science
Foundation or the Texas Department of Transportation
(TxDOT), several of which are focused on structural steel
buildings or bridges, and she received the Milek Award
based on her proposed research focusing on evaluating
the seismic performance and design of steel moment re-
sisting frames (SMRFs) that employ partial-strength fuse-
type connections.
For more on everyone who received awards at this
years show, see the related news item at www.aisc.org.
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 61
 news
IN MEMORIAM
Geoff Kulak, Connections Expert, Dies at 80
Geoffrey L. Kulak, PE, PhD, a professor
emeritus at the University of Alberta and
one of the worlds leading experts on the
behavior of welded and bolted connections,
passed away in March. Kulak also was a rec-
ognized authority on fatigue of fabricated
steel members and member stability.
Geoff was always willing to help the
design and construction community and of-
ten gave lectures for AISC and others, said
Larry Kruth, AISCs vice president of en-
gineering and research. And, of course, he
was a prolific author of papers that helped
to advance the state of the art of steel design
and construction. In 2016, he received an
AISC Lifetime Achievement Award in rec-
ognition of his incredible lifetime of work,
and in 2000 he received an AISC Special
Achievement Award for his contributions to
the Second Edition of the Guide to Design
Criteria for Bolted and Riveted Joints.
Kulak was a professor of civil engineer-
ing for nearly 30 years at the University of
Alberta. He has also been a longtime leader
in the steel industry through active involve-
BRIDGES
NSBA Issues 2018 WSBS Call for Abstracts
The National Steel Bridge Alliance (NSBA),
a division of AISC, invites those involved
in all aspects of steel bridge research, de-
sign and construction to submit an abstract
for consideration at the 2018 World Steel
Bridge Symposium (WSBS), which takes
place April 11-13, 2018 in Baltimore in tan-
dem with NASCC: The Steel Conference.
All abstracts should be limited to 500
words or less. Each abstract will be peer-
reviewed and acceptance for WSBS will
be based on content, available space and
UNIVERSITY PROGRAMS
Student Steel Bridge Season Kicks Off
The 2017 ASCE/AISC National Stu-
dent Steel Bridge Competition (NSSBC)
is underway. The season kicked off in
March with the first regional competition
at the University of Texas at El Paso. Sev-
enteen more regional competitions will
follow this spring, culminating with the
national competition over Memorial Day
weekend, May 2627 at Oregon State
University in Corvallis, Ore.
62 MAY 2017
ment in the Research Council on Structural
Connections (RCSC) and AISC activities.
For more than two decades, he served as an
officer of RCSC in several different posi-
tions, and he has written and presented nu-
merous RCSC and AISC seminars on bolt-
ing that have been received as both practical
and understandable. He has also published
extensively on the subject and is the author
of AISC Design Guide 17: High Strength
BoltsA Primer for Structural Engineers.
overall program balance.
To submit an abstract, please complete
the online abstract submission form by
June 2, 2017 at 5:00 PM U.S. Eastern Time
(visit www.asic.org/nsba for a link to the
form). Submitters will be contacted in late
June. Please send a separate copy of any
abstracts containing charts, images or text
formatting essential for the review process
via email to abstracts@steelbridges.org
in a PDF file; you must still complete the
online submission form.
Now in its 26th year, the program brings
together more than 200 engineering student
teams from across North America to show-
case their skills and teamwork and prepares
them for real-world bridge design. Bridge
rankings are based on the categories of con-
struction speed, stiffness, lightness, economy,
display and efficiency. For more about the
competition, visit www.aisc.org/nssbc or
www.nssbc.info.
People and Firms
McLaren Engineering Group
is expanding to a new office
in downtown Orlando to bet-
ter serve its Florida clients.
The full-service engineering
firm has doubled the size of
its previous Orlando location.
The company also recently cel-
ebrated its 40th anniversary at
its corporate headquarters in
West Nyack, N.Y.
Dewberry, a privately held
professional services fir m,
announced that Augusto
Molina, PE, has joined the
companys New York ofce as
the bridge structures depart-
ment manager and will
manage bridge structures
services in the New York met-
ropolitan area. In addition,
Leon Ostrovsky, PE, has been
named a senior project man-
ager with the companys civil
transportation group.
Raymond Monson, PE, has
joined Pennoni as a senior
engineer in the Nationwide
Structural Steel and Metals
Inspection and Testing Group
and will be based in the com-
panys Clearwater, Fla., ofce.
A registered professional engi-
neer and certified welding
engineer, Monson has more
than 35 years of engineering,
fabrication and construction
experience.
Tuna Yelkikanat, PE, a senior
associate with The Harman
Group, has been promoted
to director of the firm's New
York office and is responsi-
ble for the management of
ongoing New York and New
Jersey projects as well as the
development of new clients
in the area.

SAFETY
AISC Announces 2016 Safety Award Winners
More than 80 structural steel facilities
are being honored with AISC Safety
Awards for their excellent records of
safety performance in 2016. Awards are
given in the categories of Fabricator
and Erector and include the Safety
Award of HonorAISCs top safety
award, presented for a perfect safety re-
cord of no disabling injuriesas well as
the Safety Certificate of Merit and Safe-
ty Certificate of Commendation.
AISCs annual Safety Awards pro-
gram recognizes excellent records of
safety performance, and we commend
these facilities for their effective acci-
dent prevention programs, said Tom
Schlafly, AISCs director of safety. Pe-
riodic recognition of safety in the work-
place has been demonstrated to provide
worker incentive and a reminder of the
importance of safe practices. This is our
53rd year of recognizing the importance
of safety and the fact that a good record
of safety is an indicator of dedicated
management and skilled workers.
All AISC full fabricator members and
erector associate members are eligible
and asked to participate, and data for the
program is solicited annually. In order
to facilitate data collection and to make
statistics meaningful in terms famil-
iar to safety professionals, the program
uses data that companies also report to
OSHA. The program recognizes perfor-
mance measured in terms of Days Away,
Restricted or Transferred Rate (DART).
The DART is a measure of the number
of recordable lost work cases per 200,000
man hours worked. Only the number of
cases (not days) that are required to be
reported on the OSHA 300A form and
that cause a lost work day as defined by
OSHA are reported to AISC along with
the hours worked in the year. AISC Safe-
ty Awards are given for perfect records
(Honor, DART=0), excellent records
(Merit, 0<DART1) and commendable
records (Commendation, 1<DART2).
For more information about the pro-
gram as well as safety resources available
to the fabricated and erected structural
steel industry, please visit www.aisc.org/
safety. Here are the winners:
Fabricator Category Honor Awards
2-K Steel Products, Inc.
Able Steel Fabricators, Inc.
Anderson Steel Supply, Inc.
Aristeo
B & B Welding Company, Inc.
Cianbro Corporation, Baltimore, MD
Cianbro Corporation,
Georgetown, MA
Cianbro Fabrication &
Coating Corporation
Cooper Steel
Cubic Designs, Inc.
Custom Metals,
a Division of Lexicon, Inc.
Dave Steel Company, Inc.
DeAngelis Iron Work, Inc.
Delta Steel, Inc.
Douglas Steel Fabricating Corp.
Eddy's Welding, Inc.
Erection & Welding
Contractors, LLC
EW Corporation
Fiedeldey Steel Fabricators, Inc.
G2 Metal Fab, Inc.
Gibson Industrial, Inc.
GT Grandstands, Inc.
Hallmark Iron Works, Inc.
Highway Systems Incorporated
Hillsdale Fabricators,
J.S. Alberici Construction
Indiana Bridge, Inc.
J.R. Hoe and Sons
Jon Edwards Steel
K & T Steel Corporation
Larwel Industries
McCombs Steel Company, Inc.
NOVA Group, Inc.
Padgett, Inc.
Phoenix Fabrication & Supply, Inc.
PKM Steel Service, Inc.
Redd Iron, Inc.
Reliance Steel, Inc.
Rochester Rigging & Erectors, Inc.
Scott Steel Services, Inc.
Shepard Steel Company, Inc.
Shickel Corporation
Steel Fabricators of Monroe, LLC
Structural Systems, Inc.
Stud Welding, Inc.
Summit Metal Fabricators
Superior Rigging & Erecting
Company, Inc.
news
The Arthur Louis Steel Company
The Haskell Company
Tipton Structural Fabrication
Trinity Fabricators, Inc.
Erector Category Honor Awards
B & B Welding Company, Inc.
Barker Steel Construction, Inc.
Cooper Steel
Delta Steel, Inc.
Erection & Welding
Contractors, LLC
EW Corporation
Hallmark Iron Works, Inc.
Jon Edwards Steel
JPW Structural Contracting, Inc.
National Steel City, LLC
North Alabama Fabricating Co., Inc.
Padgett, Inc.
Peterson Beckner Industries, Inc.
Reliance Steel, Inc.
Stinger Bridge & Iron
Summit Metal Fabricators
Tubal-Cain Industries, Inc.
Western Steel Erectors, Inc.
Fabricator Category Merit Awards
Chief Industries, Inc., d.b.a.,
Arrowhead Steel Fabricators
Environmental Air Systems, LLC
Tubal-Cain Industries, Inc.
Erector Category Merit Awards
Aristeo
Midwest Steel, Inc.
Olson Steel
Superior Rigging & Erecting
Company, Inc.
Fabricator Category Commendation
Ben Hur Steel Worx, LLC
Ford Steel, LLC
JPW Structural Contracting, Inc.
Olson Steel
Prospect Steel,
a Division of Lexicon, Inc.
Stinger Bridge & Iron
Erector Category Commendation
Ben Hur Steel Worx, LLC
CSE, Inc.
Hillsdale Fabricators,
J.S. Alberici Construction
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 63
 letters
On the Contrary
While I agree with much of the
February article Specific Instructions
to the Contrary (available at www.
modernsteel.com), I would like to
point out two problems related to my
interpretation of this article's position
relative to item 3.1 of the AISC Code
of Standard Practice (ANSI/AISC 303).
First, the following quotes from the
article imply that the authors are sug-
gesting that the International Building
Code (IBC) could govern commercial
agreements, such as the completeness
of the drawings at certain stages of
procurement: the requirements in
Section 3.1 of the Code are specific, clear,
complete and suitable as writtenso
much so that they are specifically refer-
enced in the IBC and dont violate use these early drawings, and engag-
the building code or break the law.
The purpose of the IBC is clearly stat-
ed its Chapter 1 as: [A] 101.3 Intent.
The purpose of this code is to establish
the minimum requirements to provide a
reasonable level of safety, public health
and general welfare through structural
strength Chapter 1 goes on to state:
"[A] 102.4.2 Provisions in Referenced
Codes and Standards. Where the extent
of the reference to a referenced code or
standard includes subject matter that is
within the scope of this code
Per these statements, the IBC is clear-
ly intended to result in a reasonable level
of safety, not to dictate any of the con-
tractual or commercial requirements.
Secondly, alternate delivery methods
such as design-build, guaranteed maxi-
Hindsight is 20/20
The Live to Innovate business article in
the February issue, which cherry-picked
anecdotal stories, is simply misleading.
One has to look at all the options, and
consider the outcomes, which include:
1. Firms that innovated but got something
wrong. Innovation can involve a lot of
risk. For example, the molybdenum
battery industry had issues with fires
and, despite overcoming this problem,
never recovered.
2. Firms that innovated, but just a tad
too slowly. Alexander Graham Bell
was not the only one pursuing the
telephone; many others were but got
little or no return for their efforts.
64 MAY 2017
mum price (GMP), fast-track (or phased
delivery), design assist and numerous
other alternate delivery methods all
attempt to benefit the owner by deliver-
ing projects faster than the more tradi-
tional design-bid-build method.
With any of these alternate delivery
methods, steel contractors are selected
based upon schematic level (or earlier)
drawings that bear very little resem-
blance to the complete drawings defined
by AISC Code Section 3.1. These pre-
liminary drawings are supplemented by
narratives, tonnage charts, allowances
and example details, plus extensive
pre-bid instructions and discussions.
Working with steel contractors experi-
enced in alternate delivery methods that
ing all parties in the extensive discus-
sions, can successfully engage them long
before the drawings are allowed to reach
the level of completeness contemplated
by Section 3.1. The final released for
detailing or released for construction
drawings for these fast-tracked projects
should be the only drawings (or models)
that are considered by 3.1.
An overly strict interpretation of
this particular portion of this other-
wise well-written article could poten-
tially be misused to restrict commercial
arrangements in fast-track projects. If
you believe that I have interpreted this
portion of your article differently than
intended, I would be happy to discuss.
W. Steven Hofmeister, SE, PE
Managing Principal, Thornton Tomasetti
3. Firms that innovated and the market
just wasnt ready for the innovation.
An example of this is the Edsel car,
which, at its time, was very innovative,
with a more aerodynamic design, but
rejected by consumers.
4. Firms that innovated but not in the
game-changing areas. Many firms
have innovated, but been leapfrogged
by a novel concept. Blockbuster Video
got caught by Netflix, but could you
really have expected Blockbusters
management to anticipate this devel-
opment and take the lead in it?
5. The firms that have continued focus-
ing on their core strengths and are still
Response from AISC president
Charles J. Carter, SE, PE, PhD:
Thank you for sharing your concerns
and compliments, Steve. With regret
and respect, I disagree.
I believe that the IBC does intend
to specify the information require-
ments noted in the article. Chapter
1 in the 2015 IBC in general, and
requirements in Sections 107.2.1 and
Section 1603.1 in particular, seem to
me to be directly relevant. This is not
new with IBC incorporation of the
2016 AISC reference standards in the
2018 revision, and is not even new in
the IBC. The predecessor model codes
also had similar requirements.
Section 3.1 in the AISC Code pro-
vides the information necessary for the
work to be performed by the steel fab-
ricator, and that does not change with
project delivery method (Section 3.6
also is relevant to your specific point).
The language in Section 3.1 in the Code
is intentionally written to allow for the
schematic and conceptual approaches
that are used early in alternate meth-
ods of project delivery. The Code also
recognizes that such approaches often
have revisions as the completed project
changes from the schematic informa-
tion, and provides for equitable adjust-
ments to the contract to account for
such changes.
We will certainly talk further, and I
look forward to it.
doing well. Woolworths' decline may
have resulted more from their forget-
ting this than from a lack of innova-
tion. They diversified into speciality
stores including Footlocker and, some
believe, did not focus enough attention
on their core business at the time.
6. Firms that have a good idea, but fail to
promote it in the right way. There are
likely many thousands of these, most
unknown but to the people involved.
Innovation can reap big returns or can
spell disaster. Knowing which will happen
and looking forward is the tough part; it is
easier to look back and pick the winners.
Ralph Watts, P.Eng.
 marketplace & employment
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Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 65
 structurally MAN OF
sound REAL STEEL

WITH ALL DUE RESPECT TO SUPERMAN, Man of Steel is the real deal.
The sculpture, which won this years AISC SteelDay Sculpture competition by garnering the most votes at NASCC:
The Steel Conference in San Antonio in March, is actually made of steel.
Man of Steel was designed and fabricated by Victor Velazquez, an employee with AISC member Universal Steel of North
Carolina (USNC) and a talented artist who turns scrap into art.
This piece of art is just one of many that Victor has created, noted Babette Freund, president of USNC and an AISC board
member. The concept was a culmination of many ideas from his imagination. We are very fortunate to have an artisan like
Victor working with us at USNC.
Victor used, among other things, washers, springs, small wrenches, bolts, chains, round bar and flat bar to bring Man of Steel
to life. Once the man was complete, he added the hard hat and the accessories, then tacked the assembly to a base, which he
also created. It took Victor approximately one week to fabricate the sculpture, using only a welding machine.
Man of Steel was one of five finalist sculptures on display at the Henry B. Gonzalez Convention Center in San Antonio,
where attendees voted for their favorite. The only rules for the competition, now in its sixth year, are that: (1) entrants
must be AISC full or associate members; (2) the sculptures must fit into a 2-ft by 2-ft by 2-ft box; and (3) they must be
made entirely of steel. Nine sculptures were entered into the competition this year, and you can view all of them via AISCs
Facebook page, www.facebook.com/aiscdotorg (go to the 2016 Steel Sculpture Competition photo album).

66 MAY 2017
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