05 OOP IOStreams

Object-Oriented Programming
Lecture 5: I/O Streams

Dr. L H!ng Ph"#ng -- Department of Mathematics, Mechanics and Informatics, VNUH
August 2012
1
Thursday, August 2, 12
Content
Byte streams
Character streams
Buffered streams
Scanning and formatting
I/O from the command line
Data streams
Object streams
2
I/O streams
An I/O stream represents an input source and an output destination.
Different kinds of source and destination:
disk files, devices, other programs, memory arrays.
Different kinds of data:
simple bytes, primitive data types, objects.
I/O streams
A stream is a sequence of data.
A program uses an input stream to read data from a source, one item
at a time.
A program uses an output stream to write data to a destination, one

item at a time.
Byte streams
Programs use byte streams to perform input and output on 8-bit bytes.
There are many byte stream classes.
All of them are descended from InputStream and OutputStream.
File I/O byte streams: FileInputStream and FileOutputStream.
Byte streams
public class CopyBytes {
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
FileInputStream in = null;
FileOutputStream out = null;
try {
in = new FileInputStream("input.txt");
out = new FileOutputStream("output.txt");
int c;
while ((c = in.read()) != -1) {

out.write(c);
}
} finally {
if (in != null) {
in.close();
}
if (out != null) {
out.close();
}
}
}
6
}
Byte streams
A simple loop that reads the input stream
and writes the output stream, one byte at a
time.
Notice that read() returns an int value,

which allow it to use -1 to indicate that it
reaches the end of the stream.
Always close streams: very important!
The finally block guarantees that the

streams will be closed even if an error
occurs.
This helps avoid serious leaks.

7
When not to use byte streams?
CopyBytes represents a kind of low-level I/O that you should avoid.
Because the input.txt contains character data, the best approach is to

use character streams.
Why should talk about byte streams?
Because all other stream types are built on byte streams.
Content
Byte streams
Character streams
Buffered streams
Data streams
Object streams
9
Character streams
The Java platform stores character values using Unicode conventions.
A program that uses character streams automatically adapts to the

local character set (Vietnamese locale, US locales...)
All character stream classes are descended from Reader and Writer.
File I/O character streams: FileReader and FileWriter.
10
Character streams
public class CopyCharacters {
FileReader inputStream = null;
FileWriter outputStream = null;
try {
inputStream = new FileReader("input.txt");
outputStream = new FileWriter("output.txt");
int c;
while ((c = inputStream.read()) != -1) {
outputStream.write(c);
}
} finally {
if (inputStream != null) {
inputStream.close();
}
if (outputStream != null) {
outputStream.close();
}
}
}
11
}
Line-oriented I/O
public class CopyLines {
BufferedReader inputStream = null;
PrintWriter outputStream = null;
try {
inputStream = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("input.txt"));
outputStream = new PrintWriter(new FileWriter("output.txt"));
String l;
while ((l = inputStream.readLine()) != null) {
outputStream.println(l);
}
} finally {
if (inputStream != null) {
inputStream.close();
}
if (outputStream != null) {
outputStream.close();
}
}
}
12
}
Content
Byte streams
Character streams
Buffered streams
Data streams
Object streams
13
Buffered streams
Unbuffered I/O: each read or write request is handled directly by the

underlying operating system.
This makes a program much less efficient since each such request
often triggers disk access, network activity or other expensive
operations.
Buffered I/O is much more efficient:
Read/write data from/to a memory area known as a buffer
The native input/output API is called only when the buffer is

empty or full.
14
Buffered streams
Convert an unbuffered stream into a buffered one using wrapping:

BufferedReader bufferedReader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("input.txt"));
BufferedWriter bufferedWriter = new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter("output.txt"));
There are 4 buffered stream classes used to wrap unbuffered streams:
BufferedInputStream, BufferedOutputStream: buffered byte streams
BufferedReader, BufferedWriter: buffered character streams.
Flushing the buffer manually: invoke method flush().
15
Content
Byte streams
Character streams
Buffered streams
Data streams
Object streams
16
Scanning
Objects of type Scanner are useful for
breaking down formatted input into tokens;
translating individual tokens according to their data types.
17
Breaking input into tokens
A scanner uses white spaces (blanks, tabs, line terminators) to separate tokens.
public class ScanInput {
Scanner s = null;
try {
s = new Scanner(new BufferedReader(new FileReader("input.txt")));
while (s.hasNext()) {
System.out.println(s.next());
}
} finally {
if (s != null) {
s.close();
}
}
}
}
Use regular expressions to specify a different separator: s.useDelimiter(",\\s*");
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Translating individual tokens
Scanner also supports tokens for all of the primitive types.
Numeric values can use thousands separators:
32,767 is an integer value in a US locale.
Example: ScanSum reads a list of doubles and adds them up.
19
Translating individual tokens
public class ScanSum {
Scanner s = null;
double sum = 0;
try {
s = new Scanner(new BufferedReader(new FileReader("usnumbers.txt")));
s.useLocale(Locale.US);
while (s.hasNext()) {
if (s.hasNextDouble()) {
sum += s.nextDouble();
} else { 8.5
s.next(); 32,767
}
3.14159
}
} finally {
1,000,000.1
s.close();
}
System.out.println(sum); The output string is "1032778.74159"
}
} 20
Formatting
Stream objects that implement formatting are instance of either
PrintWriter, a character stream class or
PrintStream, a byte stream class.
These class implement
standard write() methods for simple byte and character output;
a set of methods for converting internal data into formatted output.
21
Formatting
public class Root {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int i = 2;
double r = Math.sqrt(i);
System.out.format("The square root of %d is %f.%n", i, r);
}
}
The square root of 2 is 1.414214.
d formats an integer value as a decimal value.
f formats a floating point value as a decimal value.
n outputs a platform-specific line terminator.
x formats an integer as a hexadecimal value.
s formats any value as a string.
tB formats an integer as a locale-specific month name.
System.out.format("%f, %1$+020.10f %n", Math.PI);
3.141593, +00000003.1415926536
22
Content
Byte streams
Character streams
Buffered streams
Data streams
Object streams
23
A program is often run from the command line and interacts with the user in the
command line environment. Two ways:
through standard streams;
through the Console.
Standard streams: System.in, System.out, System.err.
System.in is a byte stream with no character stream features. To use the standard
input as a character stream, do as follows:
InputStreamReader cin = new InputStreamReader(System.in);
Console: a single, predefined object that has most features provided by the standard
streams. It is particularly useful for secure password entry.
24
Content
Byte streams
Character streams
Buffered streams
Data streams
Object streams
25
Data streams
Data streams support binary I/O of primitive data type values (boolean, char,
byte, short, int, long, float and double) and String values.
All data streams implement either DataInput or DataOutput interface.
Two widely-used implementations: DataInputStream, DataOutputStream.

DataOutputStream out = new DataOutputStream(new BufferedOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(dataFile)));
out.writeDouble(price);
out.writeInt(unit);
out.writeUTF(desc);
DataInputStream in = new DataInputStream(new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream(dataFile)));
double price = in.readDouble();

int unit = in.readInt();
String desc = in.readUTF();
26
Content
Byte streams
Character streams
Buffered streams
Data streams
Object streams
27
Object streams
Object streams support I/O of objects. Classes support serialization of their
objects if they implement the interface Serializable.
The object stream classes: ObjectInputStream, ObjectOutputStream.
These classes implements ObjectInput and ObjectOutput, which are

subinterfaces of DataInput and DataOutput.
This means that all the primitive data I/O methods supported by data
streams are also implemented in object streams.
ObjectOutputStream out = null; ObjectInputStream in = null;
out = new ObjectOutputStream(new in = new ObjectInputStream(new

BufferedOutputStream( BufferedInputStream(
new FileOutputStream(dataFile))); new FileInputStream(dataFile)))
out.writeObject(Calendar.getInstance()); Calendar date = (Calendar) in.readObject();

28
Exercises
Exercises 1. Write a program which creates a Deck object representing

a deck of cards (cf. previous exercises). Then:
Shuffles (randomly) the deck;
Saves the deck into a text file, each cards in a line;
Loads the file and restores the deck.
29
Exercises
Exercise 2. Write a class Student which represents a student whose

fields are id (int), name (String), mark (double).
Creates n students (n > 4) whose data are read from the standard
input;
Saves the students to a binary file using data streams;
Loads the saved file to restore and print the students to the
standard output.
Exercises 3. Same as Exercises 2 but using object streams to save and

load data instead of data streams.
30

05 OOP IOStreams

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Object-Oriented Programming

Lecture 5: I/O Streams

Scanning and formatting

I/O from the command line

An I/O stream represents an input source and an output destination.

Different kinds of source and destination:

disk files, devices, other programs, memory arrays.

Different kinds of data:

simple bytes, primitive data types, objects.

A stream is a sequence of data.

A program uses an output stream to write data to a destination, one

There are many byte stream classes.

All of them are descended from InputStream and OutputStream.

File I/O byte streams: FileInputStream and FileOutputStream.

while ((c = in.read()) != -1) {

Notice that read() returns an int value,

Always close streams: very important!

The finally block guarantees that the

This helps avoid serious leaks.

CopyBytes represents a kind of low-level I/O that you should avoid.

Because the input.txt contains character data, the best approach is to

Why should talk about byte streams?

Because all other stream types are built on byte streams.

Scanning and formatting

I/O from the command line

The Java platform stores character values using Unicode conventions.

A program that uses character streams automatically adapts to the

File I/O character streams: FileReader and FileWriter.

Scanning and formatting

I/O from the command line

Unbuffered I/O: each read or write request is handled directly by the

Buffered I/O is much more efficient:

Read/write data from/to a memory area known as a buffer

The native input/output API is called only when the buffer is

Convert an unbuffered stream into a buffered one using wrapping:

There are 4 buffered stream classes used to wrap unbuffered streams:

BufferedInputStream, BufferedOutputStream: buffered byte streams

BufferedReader, BufferedWriter: buffered character streams.

Flushing the buffer manually: invoke method flush().

Scanning and formatting

I/O from the command line

Objects of type Scanner are useful for

breaking down formatted input into tokens;

translating individual tokens according to their data types.

Scanner also supports tokens for all of the primitive types.

Numeric values can use thousands separators:

32,767 is an integer value in a US locale.

Example: ScanSum reads a list of doubles and adds them up.

Stream objects that implement formatting are instance of either

PrintWriter, a character stream class or

PrintStream, a byte stream class.

These class implement

standard write() methods for simple byte and character output;

a set of methods for converting internal data into formatted output.

System.out.format("%f, %1$+020.10f %n", Math.PI);

Scanning and formatting

I/O from the command line

through standard streams;

through the Console.

Standard streams: System.in, System.out, System.err.

InputStreamReader cin = new InputStreamReader(System.in);

Scanning and formatting

I/O from the command line

All data streams implement either DataInput or DataOutput interface.