Table of Contents

Abstract2
Introduction..3
Objective..4
Theory..5
Procedure.6-7
Apparatus and material7
Results and calculations...8-19
Discussion20-23

Conclusion...24

Recommendation.25

References26

Appendix.27-28

1
Abstract

This experiment is divided into two parts. The purpose of the first part is to observe the flow
pattern by using different paddle and with and without baffle while the purpose of the second part is to
show how the power consumed by a mixer varies with speed and with the inclusion of baffle. Two
medium of liquid is used; water and oil as a medium of single phase liquid mixing. In this experiment,
flat paddle and turbines are used to observe the pattern of water flow. All the impellers are mounted on
the central vertical shaft inside a cylindrical tank and their range of application depends to great extent
upon liquid viscosity. Baffle is also implemented in this experiment in order to observe the different
pattern of moving water in the tank. The function of baffles is to prevent gross vortex behavior when
low-viscosity liquids are agitated in a vertical cylindrical tank with centrally mounted impellers.
Baffles are fitted to the wall of tank or vessel. Therefore, in the first part of this experiment, the flat
paddle blade without baffle produces a flow field with large tangential components of velocity
compared to turbine impeller. After the experiment was done, it was observed that for water without
baffle using flat paddle, The water move very quickly round in a circle at the center of the tank and
faster compared to turbine impeller, the vortex also getting deeper towards the bottom as the angular
speed, rpm was increased. For turbine impeller, the water moves move quickly round in a circle at the
center of the tank. The vortex getting deeper towards the bottom of the tank along the increasing
angular speed. For the water with baffle by using flat paddle and turbine impeller, the water moves in
an uneven circular motion and scattered by the movement of impeller as the angular speed was
increasing. For oil, the flow pattern is the same as the water but as oil is more viscous than water so
the motion of oil flow is slow.

The second part of this experiment is to show how the power consumed by a mixer varies with
speed, types of impeller and with the inclusion of baffles for oil and water. For part that using water as
mixing medium , 30 liter of water was used to fill the tank. For the first part, that is without the
inclusion of baffle, the result obtained for torque value using the turbine impeller were 0.0 Nm for all
angular speed used which were 50 rpm, 100 rpm, 150 rpm, and 200 rpm. The result obtained for
torque value using flat paddle impeller were 1.4 Nm, 3.7 Nm, 5.1 Nm, and 6.8 Nm for different
angular speed which is same as before. The second part is with the inclusion of baffle, the result
obtained for torque value using the turbine impeller were 0.4 Nm, 2.3 Nm, 3.6 Nm, and 5.5 Nm. Next,
the result obtained for torque value using flat paddle impeller were 4.5 Nm, 10.5 Nm, 12.1 Nm, and
16.3 Nm.. For the experiment that use oil as the medium of mixing, firstly, 30 liter of hydraulic oil was
used to fill the tank. For the third part, that is without the inclusion of baffle, the result obtained for
torque value using the turbine impeller were 0.3 Nm, 1.6 Nm, 3.7 Nm, and 4.8 Nm for different

2
angular speed which were 70 rpm, 140 rpm, 210 rpm, and 280 rpm respectively. The result obtained
for torque value using flat paddle impeller were 1.5 Nm, 4.6 Nm, 6.3 Nm, and 11.8 Nm for different
angular speed which is same as before. The fourth part is with the inclusion of baffle, the result
obtained for torque value using the turbine impeller were 0.8 Nm, 2.8 Nm, 4.0 Nm, and 6.3 Nm.
Lastly, the result obtained for torque value using flat paddle impeller were 5.6 Nm, 6.5 Nm, 10.5 Nm,
and 13.7 Nm. For part 1, the graph of water without baffle showed that angular speed constant at 0
rad/s, the power increase. For part 2, the graph of water with baffle, it is shown that the angular speed
increase, power also increase. For part 3 and 4, the graph of oil with baffle and without baffle showed
that the angular speed increase, power increase.

Introduction

Mixing of liquid-liquid system or the solid-liquid system is a complex operation to analyse and subject
to many variables. The degree of the bulk movement and the shear mixing that required in the process
should be consider in order to choice the mixer for the particular application. In order to predict full-
scale requirements, it is usual to model the system and apply dimensional analysis.

There are three conditions must be apply before the dimensional analysis can be used and the first one
is the geometric similarity that define the boundary conditions and the dimensions will have the same
ratio. The second condition is the kinematic similarity that requires velocities at the corresponding
points must have the same ratio with the other corresponding points and for the last condition that
must be apply is the dynamic similarity that requires ratio of forces at the corresponding points must
be equal to other corresponding points.

The modes of flow behaviour exist in a mixer laminar and turbulent flow. Both these flow conditions
may be described dimensionally but for turbulent flow its behaviour is less significant. In particular,
the power number becomes independent of Reynolds number beyond a certain turbulence range. A
further factor to consider is surface waves, which are, describe by the Froude number group. In a
mixer this phenomena is usually function of the height of the vortex, which forms. Arm field have
developed a model mixer, which can be used to predict the power consumption of a full-sized mixer
by equating Reynolds number and Froude number. The effect of placing baffles in the mixer vessel is
also investigated.

3
Objectives

There are some objectives that should be determined in this experiment and the first objective is to
observe the flow patterns that can be achieved by the use of the different impellers with and without
the use of baffles. The second objective is to test the relation between the power against speed with use
of different impellers with and without baffles. Last but not least, to compare the effectiveness of
different impeller configurations running the experiment at different speed either with or without the
uses of the baffles and also to compare the effectiveness of the mixing either at low or high viscosity
of liquids.

4
Theory

An impeller is the rotating component of a centrifugal pump that transfer energy from the motor that
drives the pump to the fluid that being pumped by accelerating the fluid outwards from the centre of
the rotation. The velocity achieved by the impeller is transfers into pressure when the outward
movement of the fluid is confined by the pump casing. Impeller are usually a short cylinders with an
open inlet to accept incoming fluid, vanes to push the fluid radially, and splined centre to accept a
driveshaft. The axial-flow turbines actually give a flow coming off the impeller of approximately 45

5
degree and therefore have a recirculation pattern coming back into the impeller at the hub region of the
blades.

Axial flow impellers include all impellers in which the blade makes an angle of less than 90 degree
with the plane of rotation. Axial flow impellers are usually run at the highest efficiency and the axial
flow impellers have the lowest NPSH requirement. The axial flow impellers normally started with the
discharge valve open therefore the axial flow impellers usually required the highest power requirement
to shut off. Axial flow impellers may also be mounted near the bottom of the cylindrical wall of the
vessel.

Radial flow impellers have blades which are parallel to the axis of the drive shaft. The smaller multi-
blade ones are known as turbines and the ones that is larger, slower-speed impeller with two or four
blades are often called paddles. The diameter of a turbines is normally between 0.3 and 0.6 of the tank
diameter. They should be specified for high head and low flow conditions.

Baffles are usually needed to stop the swirl in a mixing tank and without baffles the tangential velocity
coming from any impeller will causes the entire fluid mass to spin. The straight flat plate of a metal
that run along the straight side of vertically oriented cylindrical tank or vessel were the most common
type of baffles.

There is a tendency for a swirling flow pattern to form in the tank without the baffles regardless the
type of the impellers. A vortex is produced owing to centrifugal force acting on the rotating liquid but
there is a limit to the rotational speed that may be used, since one the vortex reaches the impeller and
the severe air entrainment might be occur. The swirling mass of the liquids normally created an
oscillating in tank that might create a large fluctuating force acting on the mixer.

For baffles tank, for vigorous agitation of thin suspensions, the tank is provided with baffles which flat
vertical strips set radially along the tanks wall. Four baffles are almost always adequate. A common
baffle width is 1:10 to 1:12 of the tanks diameter. Baffles are usually used with the turbine impellers or
the axial flow impellers for the Reynolds number greater than 10,000.

For the Reynolds number between 10-10,000 which is in the transient region, the width of the
baffles have been reduced to the standard width. Partial length baffles have been used if the
circulation pattern is satisfactory in the tank without the baffles and the vortex creates problem and
the length of the baffles extend about 1/3 of the liquid volume.

For the Reynolds number that are less than 10 which is in the region of the laminar flow the
consumption of the power are still the same whether in the present of the baffles or without the baffles.
The flow pattern may be affected by the baffles but not always advantageously. The baffles are usually
placed on or two widths radially in order to allow the fluid to circulate behind the baffles and at the
same time it will produce some axial deflection of flow.

6
Procedure

General Start Up Procedure

1) The power was switch on

2) The tightening screws were fastened.

Experiment 1

1) The general start procedure was performed

2) The tank is filled with 30 litres of water .

3) A flat paddle impeller was attached at the end of the shaft .

4) The angular speed was set up to 50 rpm , 100 rpm , 150 rpm , 200 rpm .

5) The flow pattern of the water was observed at every angular speed and the torque was
recorded

6) Step 4 and 5 was repeated by replacing the flat paddle impeller and turbine impeller

7) Step 3 and 5 was also repeated by replacing baffles inside the tank with each flat paddle
impeller and the turbine impeller .

8) The angular speed , force , and power consumed for each speed were calculated .

Experiment 2

1) The general start up procedure was performed .

2) The tank was filled with 30 ml of hydraulic oil

3) A flat paddle impeller was attached at the end of the shaft

4) The angular speed impeller was set up to 70 rpm , 140 rpm , 210 rpm and 280 rpm .

5) The flow pattern of the oil was observed at every angular speeds and the torque was recorded .

6) Step 4 and 5 was repeated by replacing the flat paddle impeller with the turbine impeller .

7
7) Step 3 and 5 was also repeated by replacing baffles inside the tank with each flat paddle
impeller and turbine impeller .

8) The angular speed , force and power consumed for each speed were calculated.

General Shut Down .

1) Liquid inside the tank was removed through the outlet valve.

2) The tank was washed and rinsed several times until no oil residue left in the tank .

3) The impeller was removed , washed and placed at the right place after used it

4) The power was shut down

Apparatus and Materials

Fluid mixing apparatus

8
 Force
indicator
Speed
controller
Flat

Screw Tank

Turbine

Baf
es

Water

Coagulant

Plastic pellets

RESULT AND CALCULATIONS

Experiment 1 : Observing the flow patterns by the using of different types of impellers

with and without the use of baffles in water.

i. Water flow pattern without baffle inside the tank

9
Table. Flow patterns of water without baffles inside the tank at 200 rpm

Types of impeller Flow pattern Observations

The water moves move quickly round in a circle

at the center of the tank. The vortex getting
Turbine
deeper towards the bottom of the tank as the
impeller angular speed, rpm was increased up to 200
rpm.

The water move very quickly round in a circle

at the center of the tank and faster compared to
turbine impeller, the vortex also getting deeper
towards the bottom as the angular speed, rpm

Flat paddle was increased up to 200 rpm.

impeller

ii. Water flow pattern with baffle inside the tank

Table. Flow patterns of water with baffles inside the tank at 200 rpm

Types of impeller Flow pattern Observations

10
 The water moves in an uneven circular
motion and shakes slightly by the
movement of impeller as the angular speed,
Turbine impeller rpm was increased to 200 rpm.

The water also moves in an uneven circular

motion and scattered by the movement of
impeller as the angular speed, rpm was
increased up to 200 rpm.

Flat paddle impeller

11
Experiment 2: Power consumed by the mixer varies with speed, types of impeller and with

the inclusion of baffles.

Angular
Type of Angular Torque
speed, Force (N) Power (W)
impeller speed (rpm) (N.m)
(rad/s)
50 5.24 0.00 0.00 0.00
Turbine 0.00 0.00 0.00
100 10.47
impeller 150 15.71 0.00 0.00 0.00
200 20.94 0.00 0.00 0.00
50 5.24 12.73 1.4 7.336
Flat paddle 100 10.47 33.64 3.7 38.739
impeller 150 15.71 46.36 5.1 80.121
200 20.94 61.82 6.8 142.392
i. Water without baffle inside tank

Table. Result for water without baffle inside the tank

Power against speed without bafe using w ater

142.39

80.12

38.74

7.34

0 0 0 0

Graph 1. Power against speed without baffle by using water

Sample calculations

12
Torque arm (r) = 0.11 m

2
Angular speed () = r . p.mx =rad /s
60

Turbine impeller

Angular speed: 50 rpm Angular speed: 100 rpm

Angular speed () = 5.24 rad/s Angular speed () = 10.47 rad/s
Force (F) = Torque radius Force (F) = Torque / radius
= 0 / 0.11 m = 0 / 0.11 m
=0N =0N
Power (W) = Torque (T) x Angular speed, Power (W) = Torque (T) x Angular speed,
= 0 x 5.24 rad/s = 0 x 10.47 rad/s
=0W =0W

Angular speed: 150 rpm Angular speed: 200 rpm

Angular speed () = 15.71 rad/s Angular speed () = 20.94 rad/s
Force (F) = Torque / radius Force (F) = Torque / radius
= 0 / 0.11 m = 0/ 0.11 m
= 23.64 N = 28.18 N
Power (W) = Torque (T) x Angular speed, Power (W) = Torque (T) x Angular speed,
= 0 x 15.71 rad/s = 0 x 20.94 rad/s
=0W =0W

Flat paddle impeller

Angular speed: 50 rpm Angular speed: 100 rpm

Angular speed () = 5.24 rad/s Angular speed () = 10.47 rad/s
Force (F) = Torque radius Force (F) = Torque / radius
= 1.4 / 0.11 m = 3.7 / 0.11 m
= 12.73 N = 33.64 N
Power (W) = Torque (T) x Angular speed, Power (W) = Torque (T) x Angular speed,
= 1.4 x 5.24 rad/s = 3.7 x 10.47 rad/s
= 7.336 W = 38.739 W

13
 Angular speed: 150 rpm Angular speed: 200 rpm
Angular speed () = 15.71 rad/s Angular speed () = 20.94 rad/s
Force (F) = Torque / radius Force (F) = Torque / radius
= 5.1 / 0.11 m = 6.8 / 0.11 m
= 46.36 N = 61.82 N
Power (W) = Torque (T) x Angular speed, Power (W) = Torque (T) x Angular speed,
= 5.1 x 15.71 rad/s = 6.8 x 20.94 rad/s
= 80.121 W = 142.392 W

ii. Water with baffle inside tank

Table. Result for water with baffle inside the tank

Angular
Type of Angular Torque
speed, Force (N) Power (W)
impeller speed (rpm) (N.m)
(rad/s)
50 5.24 3.64 0.4 2.096
Turbine 10.47
100 20.91 2.3 24.081
impeller 150 15.71 32.73 3.6 56.556
200 20.94 50.00 5.5 115.170
50 5.24 12.73 4.5 23.580
Flat paddle 100 10.47 33.64 10.5 109.935
impeller 150 15.71 46.36 12.1 190.091
200 20.94 61.82 16.3 341.322

14
 Power against speed with bafe using water

341.32

190.09

109.94
115.17

23.58 56.56
24.08
2.1

Graph 2. Power against speed with baffle by using water

Sample calculations

Turbine impeller

Angular speed: 50 rpm Angular speed: 100 rpm

Angular speed () = 5.24 rad/s Angular speed () = 10.47 rad/s
Force (F) = Torque radius Force (F) = Torque / radius
= 0.4 / 0.11 m = 2.3 / 0.11 m
= 3.64 N = 20.91 N
Power (W) = Torque (T) x Angular speed, Power (W) = Torque (T) x Angular speed,
= 0.4 x 5.24 rad/s = 2.3 x 10.47 rad/s
= 2.096 W = 24.081 W

Angular speed: 150 rpm Angular speed: 200 rpm

Angular speed () = 15.71 rad/s Angular speed () = 20.94 rad/s
Force (F) = Torque / radius Force (F) = Torque / radius
= 3.6 / 0.11 m = 5.5 / 0.11 m
= 32.73 N = 50.00 N
Power (W) = Torque (T) x Angular speed, Power (W) = Torque (T) x Angular speed,
= 3.6 x 15.71 rad/s = 5.5 x 20.94 rad/s

15
= 56.556 W = 115.170 W

Flat paddle impeller

Angular speed: 50 rpm Angular speed: 100 rpm

Angular speed () = 5.24 rad/s Angular speed () = 10.47 rad/s
Force (F) = Torque radius Force (F) = Torque / radius
= 4.5 / 0.11 m = 10.5 / 0.11 m
= 40.91 N = 95.45 N
Power (W) = Torque (T) x Angular speed, Power (W) = Torque (T) x Angular speed,
= 4.5 x 5.24 rad/s = 10.5 x 10.47 rad/s
= 23.580 W = 109.935 W

Angular speed: 150 rpm Angular speed: 200 rpm

Angular speed () = 15.71 rad/s Angular speed () = 20.94 rad/s
Force (F) = Torque / radius Force (F) = Torque / radius
= 12.1 / 0.11 m = 16.3 / 0.11 m
= 110.00 N = 148.18 N
Power (W) = Torque (T) x Angular speed, Power (W) = Torque (T) x Angular speed,
= 12.1 x 15.71 rad/s = 16.3 x 20.94 rad/s
= 190.091 W = 341.322 W

iii. Oil without baffle inside tank

Table. Result for oil without baffle in the tank

16
 Angular
Type of Angular Torque
speed, Force (N) Power (W)
impeller speed (rpm) (N.m)
(rad/s)
70 7.33 2.73 0.3 2.199
Turbine
140 14.67 14.55 1.6 23.472
impeller 210 22.00 33.64 3.7 81.400
280 29.33 43.64 4.8 140.784
70 7.33 13.64 1.5 10.995
Flat paddle 140 14.67 41.82 4.6 67.482
impeller 210 22.00 57.28 6.3 138.600
280 29.33 107.28 11.8 346.094

Power against speed without bafe using oil

346.09

138.6
140.78

67.48
81.4

11
23.47
2.2

Graph 3. Power against speed without baffle by using oil

17
Sample calculations

Turbine impeller

Angular speed: 70 rpm Angular speed: 140 rpm

Angular speed () = 7.33 rad/s Angular speed () = 14.67 rad/s
Force (F) = Torque radius Force (F) = Torque / radius
= 0.3 / 0.11 m = 1.6 / 0.11 m
= 2.73 N = 14.55 N
Power (W) = Torque (T) x Angular speed, Power (W) = Torque (T) x Angular speed,
= 0.3 x 7.33 rad/s = 1.6 x 14.67 rad/s
= 2.199 W = 23.472 W

Angular speed: 210 rpm Angular speed: 280 rpm

Angular speed () = 22.00 rad/s Angular speed () = 29.33 rad/s
Force (F) = Torque / radius Force (F) = Torque / radius
= 3.7 / 0.11 m = 4.8 / 0.11 m
= 33.64 N = 43.64 N
Power (W) = Torque (T) x Angular speed, Power (W) = Torque (T) x Angular speed,
= 3.7 x 22.00 rad/s = 4.8 x 29.33 rad/s
= 81.400 W = 140.784 W

Flat paddle impeller

Angular speed: 70 rpm Angular speed: 140 rpm

Angular speed () = 7.33 rad/s Angular speed () = 14.67 rad/s
Force (F) = Torque radius Force (F) = Torque / radius
= 1.5 / 0.11 m = 4.6 / 0.11 m
= 13.64 N = 41.82 N
Power (W) = Torque (T) x Angular speed, Power (W) = Torque (T) x Angular speed,
= 1.5 x 7.33 rad/s = 4.6 x 14.67 rad/s
= 10.995 W = 67.482 W

18
 Angular speed: 210 rpm Angular speed: 280 rpm
Angular speed () = 22.00 rad/s Angular speed () = 29.33 rad/s
Force (F) = Torque / radius Force (F) = Torque / radius
= 6.3 / 0.11 m = 11.8 / 0.11 m
= 57.28 N = 107.28 N
Power (W) = Torque (T) x Angular speed, Power (W) = Torque (T) x Angular speed,
= 6.3 x 22.00 rad/s = 11.8 x 29.33 rad/s
= 138.600 W = 346.094 W

Angular
Type of Angular Torque
speed, Force (N) Power (W)
impeller speed (rpm) (N.m)
(rad/s)
70 7.33 7.28 0.8 5.864
Turbine
140 14.67 25.45 2.8 41.076
impeller 210 22.00 36.36 4.0 88.000
280 29.33 57.27 6.3 184.779
70 7.33 50.91 5.6 41.048
Flat paddle 140 14.67 59.09 6.5 95.355
impeller 210 22.00 95.45 10.5 231.000
280 29.33 124.55 13.7 401.821
iv. Oil with baffle inside tank

Table. Result for oil with baffle in the tank

19
 Power against speed with bafe using oil

401.82

231
184.78

95.36 88

41.05 41.08
5.86

Graph 4. Power against speed with baffle by using oil

Sample calculations

Turbine impeller

Angular speed: 70 rpm Angular speed: 140 rpm

Angular speed () = 7.33 rad/s Angular speed () = 14.67 rad/s
Force (F) = Torque radius Force (F) = Torque / radius
= 0.8 / 0.11 m = 2.8 / 0.11 m
= 7.28 N = 25.45 N
Power (W) = Torque (T) x Angular speed, Power (W) = Torque (T) x Angular speed,
= 0.8 x 7.33 rad/s = 2.8 x 14.67 rad/s
= 5.864 W = 41.076 W

20
 Angular speed: 210 rpm Angular speed: 280 rpm
Angular speed () = 22.00 rad/s Angular speed () = 29.33 rad/s
Force (F) = Torque / radius Force (F) = Torque / radius
= 4.0 / 0.11 m = 6.3 / 0.11 m
= 36.36 N = 57.27 N
Power (W) = Torque (T) x Angular speed, Power (W) = Torque (T) x Angular speed,
= 4.0 x 22.00 rad/s = 6.3 x 29.33 rad/s
= 88.000 W = 184.779 W

Flat paddle impeller

Angular speed: 70 rpm Angular speed: 140 rpm

Angular speed () = 7.33 rad/s Angular speed () = 14.67 rad/s
Force (F) = Torque radius Force (F) = Torque / radius
= 5.6 / 0.11 m = 6.5 / 0.11 m
= 50.91 N = 59.09 N
Power (W) = Torque (T) x Angular speed, Power (W) = Torque (T) x Angular speed,
= 5.6 x 7.33 rad/s = 6.5 x 14.67 rad/s
= 41.048 W = 95.355 W

Angular speed: 210 rpm Angular speed: 280 rpm

Angular speed () = 22.00 rad/s Angular speed () = 29.33 rad/s
Force (F) = Torque / radius Force (F) = Torque / radius
= 10.5 / 0.11 m = 13.7 / 0.11 m
= 95.45 N = 124.55 N
Power (W) = Torque (T) x Angular speed, Power (W) = Torque (T) x Angular speed,
= 10.5 x 22.00 rad/s = 13.7 x 29.33 rad/s
= 231.000 W = 401.821 W

DISCUSSION

The objectives or purposes for this fluid mixing experiment are to observe the flow patterns of
two fluids with different viscosity and to study how power affect the force, torque, angular

21
speed and flow pattern by changing the speed of mixer. For this experiment, the materials
used are hydraulic oil and water while for the apparatus is flat paddle impeller, turbine
impeller and baffle.

For the first part of the experiment which is observation on the flow patterns by using
different types of impellers with and without the use of baffle in water. This observation is
done with water simply just because when dealing with hydraulic oil the flows are quite hard
to be observed due to the how opaque the hydraulic oil is. Compared with that, water surely is
quite easy to be observed and thus from the results section we can simply see the flow
patterns of water with different type of impellers and the presence of baffle. The flow pattern
of the water when turbine and flat impeller are used is even and mostly moving quickly at the
centre of the tank. But to compare the flow it is much more faster when the flat paddle is used
this is because the surface area of this paddle has much more contact with the water compared
to the turbine impeller. For the next comparison, the water move very unevenly and splattered
all over the tank. This observation is made when baffle is added and thus we can simply said
that by having baffle installed, it simply make the water move in uneven condition and it is
very hard to observe the vortex as well. This is because baffles are needed to stop swirl in
mixing tank so that is probably why no swirling is observed when baffles are installed.
Without baffles it will cause the entire liquid mass to spin and it may look good to see the
vortex all the way down the impeller, but the truth is that is the worst kind of mixing. There is
very little shear and particles only goes around the vortex. That is why depends on situation,
adding baffles probably result into a good mixing process.

Part 2 of the experiment is calculating the power consumed by mixer with different speed,
types of impellers used and the inclusion of baffles. Same from before, flat plat impeller and
turbine impeller are used. The angular speed is set to 50, 100, 150 and 200 rpm which give
5.24, 10.47, 15.71 and 20.94 rad/s respectively. The values of angular speed in rad/s are

2
obtained by the formula, r . p . m x 60 . Torque readings are obtained and the force and

power are later calculated. First of all, water without baffles inside the mixing tank. For
turbine impeller, the readings are all zero for all different angular speeds thus resulting to zero
for all the readings of force and power. For flat paddle impeller the readings for the torques
are obtained and recorded. For 50 rpm, the torque reading is 1.4 Nm. For 100 rpm, 150 rpm
and 200 rpm the torque readings are 3.7, 5.1 and 6.8 Nm respectively. To calculate force, the

22
torque value is divided by radius which the radius is 0.11 m. While, the power is calculated by
having the torque value multiplied by the respective angular speed. So for 50 rpm angular
speed, the force is 12.73 N and the power is 7.336 W. For 100 rpm angular speed, the force is
33.64 N and the power is 38.739W. For 150 rpm angular speed, the force is 46.36 N and the
power is 80.121 W. And lastly, for 50 rpm angular speed, the force is 61.82 N and the power
is 142.392 W. By the results and calculations made we can deduce that the torque, force and
power increase with increasing angular speed. We can also clearly see the deduction made
from the plotted graph of power against the speed. The power is increasing with increasing
angular speed for the flat paddle impeller. But for the turbine impeller, increasing the angular
speed did not have any effect on the power consumption as the powers are all zero for all the
angular speed.

Next is water with baffle inside the mixing tank which also uses turbine and flat paddle
impeller. Different from before, using turbine impeller does give values for the torque
readings. For 50 rpm, the torque is 0.4 Nm. For 100 rpm, 150 rpm and 200 rpm the torque
readings are 2.3, 3.6 and 5.5 Nm respectively. Same as before the way to obtained the force
and torque are the same where for calculating force, the ratio of torque and radius is
calculated and the radius is still constant from before, 0.11m. While, the power is calculated
by having the torque value multiplied by the respective angular speed. So for 50 rpm angular
speed, the force is 3.64 N and the power is 2.096 W. For 100 rpm angular speed, the force is
20.91 N and the power is 24.081 W. For 150 rpm angular speed, the force is 32.73 N and the
power is 56.556 W. And lastly, for 200 rpm angular speed, the force is 50 N and the power is
115.170 W. The increasing of angular speeds resulted to increasing of torque, therefore
increasing the force and the power. For flat paddle impeller the readings for the torques are
obtained and recorded. For 50 rpm, the torque reading is 4.5 Nm. For 100 rpm, 150 rpm and
200 rpm the torque readings are 10.5, 12.1 and 16.3 Nm respectively. To calculate force, the
torque value is divided by radius which the radius is 0.11 m. The force for 50, 100, 150 and
200 rpm are 40.91, 95.45, 110, 148.18 N respectively. For the power for 50, 100, 150 and 200
rpm are 23.58, 109.935, 190.091 and 341.322 W. From the result and calculation we can say
that increasing the angular speed again resulted to increment of torque, force and the power.
To compare between the reading when using turbine and flat paddle impeller, we can say that
the readings are higher using the flat paddle impeller. We can also see the difference from the
plotted graph of power against the angular speed. As the angular speed increase, the power
will increase ass well for both of the impellers.

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Hydraulic oil is the next medium that we have used and the procedures are all the same as the
water part. But the difference is that the angular speeds are set to 70, 140, 210 and 280 rpm
instead of having it to be set to 50, 150, 200 and 250 rpm. First is mixing of hydraulic oil
without baffle. We started the steps using the turbine impeller first, same as for water. For 70
rpm, the torque is 0.3 Nm. For 140 rpm, 210 rpm and 280 rpm the torque readings are 1.6, 3.7
and 4.8 Nm respectively. Again the force is calculated by calculating the ration of torque and
the radius, 0.11m. The power is also calculated by multiplying torque with the angular speed.
Keep at mind that all the values for the angular speed so be converted first to rad/s in order to
calculate the power. So the calculations are showed on the result and calculations part. For 70,
140, 210 and 280 rpm, the force are 2.73, 14.55, 33.64 and 43.64 N respectively. For power of
70, 140, 210 and 280 rpm, the values are 2.199, 23.472, 81.4 and 140.784 W respectively.
Next we use flat plat impeller and the same steps are applied. For 70 rpm, the torque is 1.5
Nm. For 140 rpm, 210 rpm and 280 rpm the torque readings are 4.6, 6.3 and 11.8 Nm
respectively. The force and power are also calculated for all different angular speed. For 70,
140, 210 and 280 rpm, the force are 13.64, 41.82, 57.28 and 107.28 N respectively. For power
of 70, 140, 210 and 280 rpm, the values are 10.995, 67.482, 138.6 and 346.094 W
respectively. Graph of power against angular speed is plotted and we can say that when the
angular speed is increasing, the torque and force also increase therefore also increasing the
force. But to compare with these two impellers clearly we can say that flat paddle impellers
need more power compare to turbine impellers. This is probably due to a much known
disadvantage of flat paddle impellers that is it has high power consumptions.

Proceeding to the next one, we have hydraulic oil with baffle in the mixing tank. We again
start by using the turbine impeller. . For 70 rpm, the torque is 0.8 Nm. For 140 rpm, 210 rpm
and 280 rpm the torque readings are 2.8, 4.0 and 6.3 Nm respectively. The force and the
power are also calculated. For 70, 140, 210 and 280 rpm, the force are 7.28, 25.45, 36.36 and
57.27 N respectively. For power of 70, 140, 210 and 280 rpm, the values are 5.864, 41.076, 88
and 184.779 W respectively. Next, we change the turbine impeller with the flat paddle
impeller and the steps are repeated and result and calculation are made. For 70 rpm, the torque
is 5.6 Nm. For 140 rpm, 210 rpm and 280 rpm the torque readings are 6.5, 10.5 and 13.7 Nm
respectively. The force and the power are also calculated. For 70, 140, 210 and 280 rpm, the
force are 50.91, 59.09, 95.45 and 124.55 N respectively. For power of 70, 140, 210 and 280
rpm, the values are 41.048, 95.355, 231 and 401.821 W respectively. The graph is plotted and

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the same conclusion can be made where increasing the angular speed will increasing the
torque and therefore increasing the power.

So, throughout conducting the experiment, we might encounter some errors that definitely
have affected our results. One of them is probably due to inaccurate ways of handling the
experiment. We might have performed a certain steps in a wrong ways. The major cause that
can cause error is probably when reading the torque values. This is because the top of the
impeller where it is connected to a motor is very sensitive. Even a little pressure can change
the values of the torque. And the torque readings are quite hard to reach constant and we
might have read the values before it get to constant. Other than that, setting the angular speed
also might cause a great error to our results. This is because sometimes the reading of the
angular speeds is not constant. Other than that, we might do not clean the tank properly after
using hydraulic oil. This is because we performed the hydraulic oil first and then followed by
the water. This probably will affect the readings of the torque of the water.

CONCLUSION

The objectives for this fluid mixing experiment are to observe the flow patterns of two fluids
with different viscosity and to study how power affect the force, torque, angular speed and
flow pattern by changing the speed of mixer. The first part of the experiment which is to
observe the flow patterns of the two different fluids, but we only managed to observed the
flow pattern of water. And to summarize it when having baffle in the mixing tank, the flows
are more uneven and the water is all splattered through the inside of the tank. Having the

25
baffle removed resulted to more even and circular flows of the water. Swirling occurs as well
as the vortex. But having vortex is one of a way to deduce that it is not a good mixing. This is
because there is very little shear and particles only goes around the vortex. So, depending on
the situation, sometimes when you are handling a low viscosity fluid such as water, you will
most likely need baffles to achieve good mixing process. However, when you are mixing high
viscosity medium, baffles may be not required because there may be enough resistance for the
mixer to impose all of its torque on the fluid. Next is to study how power affects the force,
torque, angular speed and flow pattern by changing the speed of mixer. From both water and
hydraulic oil, flat paddle impellers does gives much more higher values of torque to resulting
to higher power consumption as well. This is due to that one of flat paddle disadvantages is
that it does consume a high amount if power compared to the turbine. But flat paddle
impellers do work excellent when dealing with heavy duty mixing at low speed. For turbine, it
works better when dealing with lower viscosity medium such as water. Comparing with the
inclusion of baffles in mixing, having baffles does increase the values of torque, force and
power for both turbine and flat paddle impellers and water and hydraulic oil. But for a certain
conditions where the swirling of fluid during mixing happens, it is advisable to have baffles
installed to reduce the swirling and thus improve the mixing quality. It is also better for less
viscous medium to have baffles when mixing. So generally, increasing the angular speed will
increase the torque thus increasing the force and power. This relation works for both of water
and hydraulic oil, with turbine or flat plate impellers and with and without the baffles. We can
conclude by saying this experiment is a success because the two objectives are achieved.

Recommendation

- The machine need to be change as the value of torque shown is not accurate .

- To prevent any accident from happening, seal the impeller at the end of the shaft and
also seal tothe tank properly.

- For each impeller, attached them to the base of the bush level carefully so that it will
not get offduring the experiment.

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 - Wear gloves to avoid leaking of oil and easier to do a job when handling the
experiment

References

1. Frank M.W, Fluid Mechanics ninth edition, McGraw-Hill.2005

2. Warren M, Peter H and Julian C.S, Unit operation of Chemical Engineering, 4th edition,
Mcgraw Hill Book Company. 2002

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3. Sanaz Barar Pour, Gregory Bernoit Norca, Solid-liquid and liquid-liquid mixing laboratory
for Chemical Engineering Undergraduates (2007)<
https://www.academia.edu/21048796/Solid-Liquid_and_Liquid-
Liquid_Mixing_Laboratory_for_Chemical_Engineering_Undergraduates>, 4 October 2016
4. Hugo A. Jakobsen ,Chemical Reactor Modelling, Chapter 7 : Agitation and Fluid Mixing
Technology (page 809-881), Second Edition 2014

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