Académique Documents
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Advanced Level
Biology
Advanced Subsidiary
Unit 3: Practical Biology and Research Skills
Instructions
Use black ink or ball-point pen.
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Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
Answer allthequestions.
Answer
there may bequestions in the spaces provided
more space than you need.
Information
The total mark for this paper is 40.
usemarks
The for each question are shown in brackets
this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.
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Try toananswer
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Check your answers
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P46622A
2016 Pearson Education Ltd.
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1/2/3/2/2/2/
Answer ALL questions.
1 A student wanted to investigate the effect of alcohol on heart rate. He used water
Ethical
(b) Daphnia were first placed in filtered pond water. After 30 minutes the Daphnia
were split into two groups. The first group was transferred to fresh, filtered pond
Temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Explanation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................................................................................................................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .
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Name one variable, other than temperature, that should be controlled.
(ii)
Describe how this variable could be controlled.
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(2)
Variable
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Explain why Daphnia in the control group were transferred into fresh pond
(iii)
water after 30 minutes.
(2)
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(c) The table below shows the mean heart rate and the standard deviation (SD) for
the alcohol treatment group and the control group.
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(i) Plot a suitable graph to show all the data for the alcohol treatment group. Do
not include the standard deviations. Join the points with ruled, straight lines.
(4)
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(ii) The student concluded that there was no significant effect in the control
group but there was in the alcohol treatment group. With reference to the
data, explain why the student came to this conclusion.
(d) The student now wanted to see if there was any evidence that the data from
Daphnia could help to suggest what effect alcohol has on human heart rate.
The student found the following data in a research paper on the effect of alcohol
(i) Calculate the percentage change in the heart rate of a human after drinking
alcohol.
Show your working.
(3)
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(ii) Taking all the information into account, comment on the suggestion that the
Daphnia heart might be a good model for suggesting the effect of alcohol on
the humanheart.
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(3)
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2 Read the following extract from a students unfinished visit or issue report on
the topic of Przewalskis horses.
2. At present there are fewer than 50 mature individuals in the wild. They are
classified as critically endangered and are at risk of extinction due to:
hybridisation with domestic horses
loss of genetic diversity after being reduced to a very small population
infectious diseases transmitted from domestic horses
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hunting
increased competition from domestic livestock for limited grazing and water.
The entire current population of Przewalskis horses is descended from 13
individuals. It has been estimated that 60% of their unique alleles have been lost.
This loss of genetic diversity has led to:
higher levels of genetic disease, particularly underdeveloped ovaries, making
breeding more difficult
increased chance that less healthy foals will be born, leading to higher infant
mortality rates
increased risk that a disease or virus could have a devastating effect on the
entire population as they are genetically similar.
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3. In addition to the 325 Przewalskis horses that live in reserves or in the wild in
Mongolia, the number of living animals in the International Studbook was 1872
in early 2008. These are mostly in zoos which play a vital role in the breeding
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Australia 79 Czech Rep 215 Great Britain 512 Poland 106 Switzerland 39
4. In order to make sure that the genetic diversity within the captive population
is maintained, and to avoid the inbreeding that leads to genetic diseases, the
zoos attempt to breed only the least related horses. Lost alleles can never be
recovered and so it is necessary to take great care in selectively breeding using
the International Studbook.
5. The annual breeding programme is very successful; 92% of the mares became
pregnant each year. There have also been releases of their offspring into reserves
in Europe. This means they have a much more natural diet of grasses. However,
the climate in Europe is far less harsh than in Mongolia, creating problems for
their reintroduction into the natural habitat.
6. They live naturally in herds consisting of a stallion and several mares. However,
for selective breeding, a stallion and a mare are put in an enclosure together.
The animal is thus deprived of its natural social structure. To keep their genetic
diversity, horses from different parts of the world are mated. This involves flying
them across the world.
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9. Artificial insemination can be used to breed these horses, rather than relying
on sexual intercourse. The procedure involves collecting sperm from the male
selected for breeding, freezing it, and transporting the sperm to the female
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(b) These visit and issue reports are expected to identify economic implications of
the issue being investigated.
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Costs Benefits
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(c) This unfinished report should include a graph.
Explain how you could make a graph of the data in the table in paragraph 3.
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(d) The student found the following graph about inbreeding and the number of
births of Przewalskis horses in zoos.
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0.40 160
number of births
0.35 140
inbred
0.30 120
0.25 100
Inbreeding
coefficient Number of
0.20 80
= amount of births
inbreeding
0.15 60
0.10 40
0.05 20
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0.00 0
1949
1952
1955
1958
1961
1964
1967
1970
1973
1976
1979
1982
1985
1988
1991
1994
1997
2000
2003 Year of birth
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(ii) Write a caption for the graph and suggest where in the report it should be
placed.
(3)
Paragraph number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) The graph was in a scientific paper referred to in the report as follows:
Inbreeding in captive bred Przewalski horses from local populations by A. Wolc,
M. J. Nitka, P. Szablewski and T. Szwaczkowski in vol. 57 of Folia Zool. published in
2008 on pages 300307.
Rewrite the reference in the correct way.
(3)
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(e) Identify and describe two methods of selective breeding mentioned in this report.
(4)
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1. . . . . . ..................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .
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Pearson Education Ltd. will, if notified, be happy to rectify any errors or omissions and include any such rectifications
in future editions.
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