FEBRUARY 2017

Robt. L. Rowan & Assoc., Inc.

Est. 1953

COMPRESSOR FOUNDATION
SOLUTIONS
TURNKEY CIVIL DESIGN TO INSTALLATION
24-HOUR, 4000 PSI TURNAROUND CONCRETE
BASF Construction Products Distribution
+ OR - .001 ADJUSTABLE MOTOR MOUNTS
Adjustable Canister Anchor Bolts

ROWAN REPAIR SOLUTIONS SOLVE:

EXCESSIVE FRAME MOVEMENT
CRACKED GROUT OR CONCRETE
CRACKED CHOCKS OR LOSE SOLE PLATES
BROKEN ANCHOR BOLTS
SOFT FOOT AND COPLANAR ISSUES

713-681-5811 or 800-231-2908
www.rlrowan.com
Engineering position available. Contact us for 2 PD-Hour
Civil/Mechanical Engineer, onsite lunch-and-learn
must have 5+ years of experience. or webinar class on
Please inquire to hr@rlrowan.com. foundations and bolting.
BASF Construction Products Distribution
Working together to provide team solutions to all of your foundation problems.
Happy Valentines
to the heart of
your compressor

www.kbdelta.com
800-632-3994
310-530-1539
Torrance, California USA
info@kbdelta.com sales@kbdelta.com

Metallic Plates|Thermoplastics|Springs|Buttons|Poppets|Kits|Center Bolts|Pins|Lift Washers|O-Rings

 FEBRUARY2017
ON THE COVER
4EGOEKIV4VSPI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34

FEATURES
BP Bets Big On Emerging African Gas Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

WORDS Turbomachinery Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

Editorial Chairman
Joe Kane
Moving Toward The Industrial Internet Of Things . . . . . . . . . . . .12

Publisher Applying API 617, 8th Edition, To Expander-Compressors

Brent Haight With Active Magnetic Bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
Managing Editor
Gas Compression: A Primer On Gas Compression
Angela Jarrell
Equipment & Technology, Chapter Eight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
Associate Editor
Dbora Gonzalez de Galdeano
IN EVERY ISSUE
GRAPHICS
Art Director Contracts & Permits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
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Case Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
ADS In The News . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
VP, Advertising & Business
Development Events Calendar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
Sarah Yildiz
Manager, Advertising & Circulation
Index Of Advertisers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
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SUBSCRIPTIONS Haight Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
Manager, Advertising & Circulation
Kara Kane Lagniappe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
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A MEMBER OF
FEBRUARY CONTRIBUTORS
Uwe Bruckhoff, Brent Haight, B. Henry Henderson, Joe Kane, Yannick Paul,
W. Norm Shade, Jeffrey Smithanik, and Steven B. Todaro
Gas Compression Magazine Volume 2, No. 2 Published 12 issues/year by Third Coast Publishing Group LLC,
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PARTNERED WITH:
 CONTRACTS
& Information is gathered from Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) records and other public documents
permits

and is intended to provide details on construction projects that involve natural gas compression equipment. Every ef-
fort is made to ensure the completeness and accuracy of the information presented; however, project details (including
but not limited to dates, equipment, locations, etc.) are subject to change without notice. Additional information
may be found at http://gascompressionmagazine.com/contracts-permits

PROJECT tion to construct, own, and operate a new natural gas pipeline
PORT ARTHUR LNG, PALNG COMMON W]WXIQ4SVX%VXLYV4MTIPMRITVSTSWIWXSGSRWXVYGXQMPIW
FACILITIES CO., PORT ARTHUR PIPELINE LLC; OQ
SJRI[MRQQ
HMEQIXIVTMTIPMRIETTVS\M-
PORT ARTHUR LIQUEFACTION PROJECT QEXIP]QMPIWOQ
SJZEVMEFPIHMEQIXIVPEXIVEPTMTI-

PLANNED COMPRESSION:
Two Liquefaction Trains; Compressor Stations
PROJECT DETAILS:
Port Arthur LNG LLC and PALNG Common Facilities Com-
pany LLC have jointly requested FERC authorization to site,
construct, and operate a natural gas liquefaction facility and
PMUYIIHREXYVEPKEWI\TSVXQEVMRIERHXVYGOPSEHMRKXIVQMREP
JEGMPMXMIWMR.IJJIVWSR'SYRX]8I\EW97%
The liquefaction project will permit natural gas to be pre-
XVIEXIHPMUYIIHWXSVIHERHPSEHIHSRXSPMUYIIHREXYVEPKEW
(LNG) vessels berthed at the liquefaction projects proposed
QEVMRIJEGMPMXMIWXSFII\TSVXIHXSJSVIMKRQEVOIXW8LIPMUYI-
faction project will include two liquefaction trains with a total
GETEGMX]SJ11GJH8LITVSNIGXEPWSMRGPYHIWGSRWXVYG-
XMSRSJXLVII02+XEROWQEVMRIERHXVYGOPSEHMRKJEGMPMXMIWERH
EPPRIGIWWEV]ERGMPPEV]ERHWYTTSVXJEGMPMXMIW
This project consists of both natural gas liquefaction and LNG
I\TSVXJEGMPMXMIW8LIWIJEGMPMXMIW[MPPVIGIMZIJIIHKEWWYTTP]JVSQ
PMRIWX[SGSQTVIWWSVWXEXMSRWXSXEPMRKLTO;
and associated facilities to deliver up to 2000 MMcf/d of natural
KEWXSXLIPMUYIJEGXMSRTVSNIGX4%40WTVSTSWIHJEGMPMXMIW[MPPFI
PSGEXIHMR3VERKIERH.IJJIVWSR'SYRXMIW8I\EWERH'EQIVSR
4EVMWL0SYMWMERE97%4%40IWXMQEXIWXLITVSTSWIHTMTIPMRI
JEGMPMXMIWGSWXXSFIETTVS\MQEXIP]97QMPPMSR
8LITMTIPMRIJEGMPMXMIW[MPPMRXIVGSRRIGX[MXLI\MWXMRKMRXVEWXEXI
and interstate natural gas pipeline infrastructure to transport do-
QIWXMGREXYVEPKEWEWJIIHKEWWYTTP]XSXLIPMUYIJEGXMSRTVSNIGX
PROJECT
KINDER MORGAN LOUISIANA PIPELINE LLC:
SABINE PASS EXPANSION PROJECT
PLANNED COMPRESSION:
Compressor Station 760
PROJECT DETAILS:
Kinder Morgan Louisiana Pipeline LLC (KMLP) has requested
*)6'EYXLSVM^EXMSRXSGSRWXVYGXERHSTIVEXIW]WXIQQSHMGE-
4SVX%VXLYV 4MTIPMRI 00' 4%40
8LI REXYVEP KEW [MPP FI TVI- XMSRWRIGIWWEV]XSIREFPI/104XSSJJIVHIOEXLIVQW
XVIEXIHPMUYIIHWXSVIHMRJYPPGSRXEMRQIRX02+WXSVEKIXEROW TIVHE]SJVQXVERWTSVXEXMSRWIVZMGIYXMPM^MRKERSVXLXSWSYXL
ERH IZIRXYEPP] XVERWJIVVIH JVSQ XLI 02+ WXSVEKI XEROW SRXS path on KMLPs system; and for permission and approval to
02+ZIWWIPWEXXLIPMUYIJEGXMSRTVSNIGXWQEVMRIJEGMPMX] EFERHSRERHVIQSZIJEGMPMXMIWEXERI\MWXMRKQIXIVWXEXMSRERH
Construction of the liquefaction project is anticipated to begin XLIVITPEGIQIRXSJEPEVKIVQIXIVWXEXMSRSRXLIWEQIWMXI
MR XLI XLMVH UYEVXIV SJ 8LIVI [MPP FI ER ETTVS\MQEXI WM\ 8LITVSTSWIHJEGMPMXMIW[MPPTVSZMHIJSVKEWS[SRERSVXLXS
month lag between the completion dates of the two liquefaction WSYXLTEXLSR/104WW]WXIQXSHIPMZIVREXYVEPKEWJVSQI\MWXMRK
XVEMRW8LIVWXPMUYIJEGXMSRXVEMRMWI\TIGXIHXSFIGSQTPIXIHERH pipeline interconnects to the natural gas liquefaction and LNG
MRWIVZMGIMRXLIVWXUYEVXIVSJERHXLIWIGSRHPMUYIJEGXMSR I\TSVXJEGMPMX]GSRWXVYGXIHERHGYVVIRXP]FIMRKI\TERHIH
ERH
XVEMRGSQTPIXIHERHMRWIVZMGIMRXLIXLMVHUYEVXIVSJ STIVEXIHF]7EFMRI4EWW0MUYIJEGXMSR00'740
EX7EFMRI4EWWMR
According to FERC documents, the following major compo-

nents will be constructed as part of the liquefaction project:
8[S PMUYIJEGXMSR XVEMRW IEGL [MXL MXW S[R JIIH KEW TVI
GSR-
treatment facilities and heavy hydrocarbon removal unit
8LVIIJYPPGSRXEMRQIRX02+WXSVEKIXEROW

%QEVMRIJEGMPMX]MRGPYHMRKX[S02+ZIWWIPQEVMRIFIVXLW
6IJVMKIVERXQEOIYTERHGSRHIRWEXITVSHYGXWXSVEKIERH
GSRWXVYGXMSR
GSRHIRWEXIPSEHMRKVIJVMKIVERXYRPSEHMRKXVYGOJEGMPMXMIW
1EXIVMEPSJSEHMRKJEGMPMX]
GSRWXVYGXMSRERHSTIVEXMSRSJ
'SQFYWXMSRXYVFMRIKIRIVEXSVWJSVIPIGXVMGTS[IV
3XLIVEY\MPMEV]W]WXIQWYXMPMXMIWERHMRJVEWXVYGXYVI
In a related application, PAPL has requested FERC authoriza-
XLIEFERHSRQIRXERHVIQSZEPSJJEGMPMXMIWEXERI\MWXMRK
4 gascompressionmagazine.com | FEBRUARY 2017
'EQIVSR4EVMWL0SYMWMERE740)\TSVX8IVQMREP
8LITVSNIGX[MPPYXMPM^I/104WI\MWXMRKQEMRPMRIERH[MPPVI-
UYMVIGIVXEMRQSHMGEXMSRWXS/104WW]WXIQMRGPYHMRK
struction and operation of delivery point facilities consisting
SJEXETERHPEXIVEPXSGSRRIGXXSXLI740)\TSVX8IVQMREP
QSHMGEXMSRSJXLVIII\MWXMRKHIPMZIV]MRXIVGSRRIGXWXSIREFPI
VIGIMTXSJKEWMREHHMXMSRXSXLIHIPMZIV]SJKEW
and operation of additional compression at a previously cer-
XMGEXIHGSQTVIWWSVWXEXMSR
header pipelines to connect the compressor station to the three
I\MWXMRKTMTIPMRIMRXIVGSRRIGXWXLEX/104TVSTSWIWXSQSHMJ]
ERH
 meter station and the placement of a larger meter station on PROJECT DETAILS:
XLIWEQIWMXI;MXLXLITVSTSWIHQSHMGEXMSRWMRTPEGI/104 4SQIPS 'SRRIGXSV 00' 4SQIPS
 LEW PIH ER ETTPMGEXMSR
[MPPMRGVIEWIVQRSVXLXSWSYXLXVERWTSVXEXMSRGETEGMX]SRMXW [MXL XLI *)6' XS FYMPH S[R STIVEXI ERH QEMRXEMR E 
W]WXIQF]EXPIEWXHIOEXLIVQWTIVHE]JVSQXLII\MWXMRK QMPIOQ
MRQQ
HMEQIXIVREXYVEPKEWTMTIPMRIE
TMTIPMRIMRXIVGSRRIGXWXSXLITVSTSWIHRI[HIPMZIV]TSMRX[MXL RI[LTO;
GSQTVIWWSVWXEXMSRERI[QMPI
740EXXLI740)\TSVX8IVQMREP
 MRHMEQIXIV HMWGLEVKI TMTIPMRI ERH EWWSGMEXIH
8SXEPGSWXJSVXLIRI[/104TVSTSWIHJEGMPMXMIWMWETTVS\M
QEXIP] 97 QMPPMSR8LI XEVKIXIH MRWIVZMGI HEXI JSV XLI
TVSNIGXMW%TVMP
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'7
%YXLSVM^IHMR%TVMP'7MWER%GEHME4EVMWL 4SQIPSMWTVSTSWMRKXSGSRWXVYGXERHSTIVEXIXLI4SQIPS
0SYMWMEREKVIIRIPH GSQTVIWWSV WXEXMSR XS FI GSRWXVYGXIH 'SQTVIWWSV 7XEXMSR RIEV 6SFWXS[R8I\EW8LI WXEXMSR [MPP
EWTEVXSJXLI0EOI'LEVPIW)\TERWMSR4VSNIGX GSRWMWX SJ XLI X[S 'EXIVTMPPEV + REXYVEP KEWVIH GSQ
8LITVSTSWEPEPWSMRGPYHIWMRWXEPPEXMSRERHSTIVEXMSRSJGIV TVIWWSVIRKMRIW[MXL%VMIP.'+GSQTVIWWSVWERIQIVKIRG]
XEMREY\MPMEV]IUYMTQIRXEX'7MRGPYHMRKKEWGSSPMRKJYIP IRKMRI JSV FEGOYT TS[IV WXSVEKI XEROW JSV GSRHIRWEXI IR
KEWLIEXIV\IHVSSJWXSVEKIXEROWPXIVWITEVEXSVWX[SGSQ KMRIPYFISMPERHIRKMRIGSSPERXXVYGOPSEHMRKSTIVEXMSRWJSV
TVIWWSVFYMPHMRKWSRILSYWMRKX[SGSQTVIWWSVYRMXWERHXLI GSRHIRWEXI TVSGIWW JYKMXMZIW TVSGIWW ZIRXMRKFPS[HS[R ERH
SXLIVLSYWMRKSRIGSQTVIWWSVYRMX
ERIQIVKIRG]KIRIVEXSV QEMRXIRERGIWXEVXYTERHWLYXHS[REGXMZMXMIW
EQEWXIVGSRXVSPFYMPHMRKERSJGIE[EVILSYWIEREY\MPMEV] 2EXYVEP KEW [MPP FI XVERWTSVXIH JVSQ XLI XVERWQMWWMSR PMRI
FYMPHMRKERHEQIXIVFYMPHMRK XSXLI4SQIPS'SQTVIWWSV7XEXMSR8LIMRGSQMRKREXYVEPKEW
WXVIEQ[MPPFIVSYXIHXLVSYKLEWITEVEXSV[LIVIER]IRXVEMRIH
PROJECT PMUYMHW [MPP FI GSPPIGXIH ERH WIRX XS XLI TMTIPMRI GSRHIRWEXI
POMELO CONNECTOR LLC: XERO8LIGSRHIRWEXI[MPPFIPSEHIHMRXSEXEROXVYGOJSVVI
POMELO CONNECTOR PROJECT QSZEPJVSQXLIWMXI%JXIVWITEVEXMSRXLIKEW[MPPFIVSYXIHXS
one of two gas compressors.
PLANNED COMPRESSION: 8LI ERXMGMTEXIH MRWIVZMGI HEXI JSV XLI 4SQIPS 'SRRIGXSV
Pomelo Compressor Station 4MTIPMRIMWRSPEXIVXLER3GXSFIV

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 CASE STUDIES
BY STEVEN B. TODARO

TORSIONAL TALES
ver the years Ive been called in on a number of coupling
O and/or torsional issues. Torsional analysis is not an area
where I can claim expertise, however. I might have been able
to handle the math in my early years (emphasis on might), but
my early years coincided with the development of personal
computers. Some of you may remember 8086, 8088, and math
coprocessor chips? Most torsional analysis at that time was
VYRSRQEMRJVEQIW%R][E]-ZIFIIRJSVXYREXIXSRHWQEVX
knowledgeable people to handle the heavy lifting and guide me
to solutions.
8LI VWX QIQSVEFPI GEWI [EW E TEMV SJ LT O;

SJJWLSVI HMVIGX GYVVIRX ('
 XVEGXMSR QSXSVHVMZIR VIGMTW -
had inherited the account shortly after the units shipped. A few
weeks after they were put into operation, I got a call from
XLIVSXEXMRKIUYMTQIRXIRKMRIIV8LI]LEHI\TIVMIRGIHERSR
vibration shutdown. On restart there was a distinctive knock.
They shut the unit down and found that the motor shaft had
broken completely inside the coupling hub. The fracture was a
spiral at the shaft surface starting at the keyway. They inspected
the second unit, which had fewer hours, and found a similar
crack that was just getting started.
A torsional analysis had been done but the report didnt ex
actly match the motors. During the construction of the pack
ages, there had been a strike at the motor manufacturing plant.
The motor delay threatened to delay the delivery of the pack
ages, so a decision was made, with the clients concurrence, to
Photo 1. Coupling Hubs Mounted On The Compressor Shaft
(Left) And The Motor Shaft (Right)
an adjacent stage and a corresponding spike in the crank effort
plot. A tweak of the valve selection, an increase in the coupling
element durometer, and instructions to operating personnel to
spearhead and manage failing valves resolved the issue.
8LIJSPPS[MRKMRGMHIRXMWQSVIQIQSVEFPIERHXLI\[EWE
lot more involved. During the Christmas season several years
ago, I received an email followed almost immediately by an ur
gent phone call from an overseas engineering, procurement,
utilize remanufactured motors. The new motors were to have ERH GSRWXVYGXMSR )4'
 GPMIRX8LI] [IVI MR XLI TVIWXEVXYT
SAE 4000 series alloy shafts and the torsional analysis had been WXEKISJEKEWTPERXERHLEHWXEVXIHXLIVWXSJX[SO;
done on that basis. The data sheet from the motor remanufac LT
VTQQSXSVHVMZIRXLVS[GSQTVIWWSVW[MXL
turer indicated SAE 4000 series steel, but testing of the failed the compressor valves removed. A bad knock was noted and
shaft material showed it to be 1000 series steel with a lower
EWWSGMEXIH WXVIRKXL 6IGLIGOMRK XLI EREP]WMW [MXL XLI PS[IV
strength shaft material predicted, to no ones surprise, a fatigue
failure. Rebuilding the motors with higher strength steel shafts
resolved the issue.
Another case that comes to mind was in the early days of the
LMKLLSVWITS[IVERHG]PMRHIVKEWIRKMRIW%TEGOEKIMR
south Texas had failed two sets of elastomeric coupling elements.
Given that there were three identical units and both failures oc
GYVVIHSRXLIWEQIYRMXMX[EWERSFVEMRIVXSPSSOJSVWSQI
HMJJIVIRGI MR XLI TEGOEKI SV MXW STIVEXMSR;I HMHRX RH ER]
HMJJIVIRGIWFYX[IHMHRHXLEXXLIWEQIJVEQIIRHHMWGLEVKI
valve had failed shortly before each coupling failure. The trouble
WSQIZEPZI[EWSRESRIZEPZITIVGSVRIVG]PMRHIVQSYRXIHSR Drawing 1. Original Disk Pack Coupling Cross Section Showing
EQMHHPIXLVS[SJEXLVS[GSQTVIWWSV %TIVJSVQERGIWMQY Flange To Mount To Compressor Hub (Left), Spacer (Center), and
lation of the failing valve scenario showed a high rod load on Motor Hub (Right)

6 gascompressionmagazine.com | FEBRUARY 2017

 (VE[MRK 1SHMIH)PEWXSQIVMG'SYTPMRK'VSWW
'SQTVIWWSV7LEJX
the unit was shut down immediately. An examination of the
coupling showed that the hub had turned a small amount on
the motor shaft.
The units had been purchased prior to my being retained by
XLIGPMIRXWS-HMHRXLEZIEHIXEMPIHHIWMKRPI-EWOIHXLIGPMIRX
to send me the torsional analysis report, coupling drawing, and
QSXSVHEXEPI-LEHZMWMXIHXLIWMXIEGSYTPISJQSRXLWTVMSV
XS XLI RS PSEH VYR ERH LEH XEOIR WSQI TLSXSKVETLW;LMPI
waiting for the requested documents to arrive, I reviewed the
photographs. One photograph (Photo 1) in my set showed the
compressor and motor hubs mounted on the shafts. I hadnt
been focused on the drive arrangement at the time because I
had been more concerned about the elevated process pipe and
XLII\MFPITMTIGPEQTW0SSOMRKEXXLITLSXSKVETL[MXLEXSV-
WMSREPMWWYIMRQMRHXLIVWXXLMRKXLEXWXVYGOQI[EWXLIQS-
tor shaft diameter relative to the compressor shaft diameter.
Not only was the visible motor shaft smaller than the sliver of
visible compressor shaft, but close examination of the motor
hub in the photograph showed that the motor shaft inside the
hub was even smaller.
The requested documents began to arrive. The coupling was
7IGXMSR7LS[MRK0IJXXS6MKLX
,YF *P][LIIP 7TEGIV (SYFPI )PEWXSQIVMG 'SY-
TPMRK,YFERH1SXSV7LEJX
- LEZI E JSVQYPE MR Q] FEK SJ XVMGOW JSV QMRMQYQ QSXSV
shaft diameters for reciprocating compressors. If a motor shaft
meets this criterion, then it generally can be considered a tor-
sionally stiff element. If the motor shaft is smaller, then it should
be analyzed as a torsional spring.
(min = (107 x bhp/rpm).35
For the subject motor, the formula yielded 8.82 in. (224 mm).
The coupling drawing indicated a motor hub inside diameter of
6.30 in. (160 mm). Based on this, the motor shaft should have
been modeled as a torsional spring.
8LIXSVWMSREPLEHFIIRHSRIEWEWYFGSRXVEGXSJXLITEGOEKIV
8LI TEGOEKIV [EW RS PSRKIV MR FYWMRIWW8LI XSVWMSREP EREP]WX
was a respected academic who was on holiday when the incident
EVSWI7IZIVEP[IIOW[SYPHTEWWFIJSVI[I[SYPHKIXEVIWTSRWI
from him. The motor manufacturer was less than supportive.
They were slow to respond and seemed more concerned about
avoiding a warranty claim than addressing the issue.
At this point I recommended, and the EPC client agreed, to
initiate a new torsional analysis to include modeling the motor
WLEJXERHMRMXMEPP]PSSOMRKEXXLIRSPSEHGEWI8LIQSHIPTVIHMGX-
EHMWOTEGOWTEGIVX]TI(VE[MRK
1ER]QERYJEGXYVIVWQEOI IHXLIMWWYIXLEXLEHFIIRSFWIVZIHMRXLIIPH;IXLIRGSR-
variations on this style of coupling, and they are commonly used XMRYIHXS[SVO[MXLXLIEREP]WXERHEGSYTPMRKQERYJEGXYVIVXS
on reciprocating compressors. They are torsionally stiff and re- GSQIYT[MXLEREVVERKIQIRXXLEX[SYPH[SVO[MXLXLII\MWXMRK
quire no maintenance, but are not tolerant of misalignment. QSXSVWERHXLII\MWXMRKWLEJXIRHKET;IREPP]WIXXPIHSRER
The torsional analysis report was thorough. A number of
8S
cases had been analyzed including no load and several differ-
IRXIPIGXVMGEPJEYPXW-XGSRGPYHIHXLEXRS][LIIP[EWVIUYMVIH
and that a 2-phase or 3-phase short circuit would exceed the
maximum dynamic torque rating of the coupling. It recom-
mended that the coupling selection not be changed but that it
be allowed to act as a mechanical fuse in the event of a short
GMVGYMX8LI][LIIPSQMWWMSR[EWRSXWYVTVMWMRKFIGEYWIQER]
6-throw, balanced, opposed compressors dont require them
JSVXSVWMSREPTYVTSWIW7QEPP][LIIPWEVISJXIRMRGPYHIHJSV
use with a barring rig, particularly up in this power range.
Torsional analysis reports tend to be pretty dry reading. I
WIPHSQQEOIMXXLVSYKLEGSQTPIXIVITSVXMRSRIWMXXMRK3RI
of the hard lessons learned is to read the whole report, not
only what it says but also what its missing. This report didnt
contain the motor shaft drawing. The shaft modeling section of
the report contained the following note: The motor is consid-
IVIHEWMRKPIHMWORIKPIGXMRKMXWVSXSVXSVWMSREPWXMJJRIWW3YGL
IPEWXSQIVMGGSYTPMRK[MXLE][LIIPERHEWTEGIV(VE[MRK
stay within the motor manufacturers overhung weight limit, we
WYTTSVXIHQSWXSJXLIQEWWJVSQXLIGSQTVIWWSVWLEJX;IEPWS
MRGVIEWIHXLIWTEGIVPIRKXLTYWLMRKXLIQSXSVLYFERKIFEGO
from the end of the motor shaft for the same reason.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Steven B. Todaro is an independent com-
pression consultant. He holds a BS, En-
gineering degree from the University of
-PPMRSMW ERH E .( HIKVII JVSQ 0S]SPE 9RM-
ZIVWMX] 2I[ 3VPIERW ,I LEW [SVOIH JSV
'EXIVTMPPEV-6(6'LIVGS+IQMRM;IEXL-
IVJSVHERH+EVHRIV(IRZIV,MWGSRWYPXMRK
activities cover all phases of compression, from applications,
FYWMRIWWHIZIPSTQIRXQEVOIXMRKERHIRKMRIIVMRKXSTEGOEK-
ing, testing, commissioning, and troubleshooting. He can be
reached at steven.b.todaro@gmail.com.
gascompressionmagazine.com | FEBRUARY 2017 7
 BP BETS BIG
ON EMERGING
AFRICAN GAS BASIN
BP PARTNERS WITH KOSMOS ENERGY IN MAURITANIA AND SENEGAL
&=&,)26=,)2()6732

P has signed agreements with Kosmos Energy to acquire

B a working interest, including operatorship, of Kosmos Af-
rican exploration blocks in Mauritania and effective working
BLOCK
interest in Kosmos Senegal exploration blocks acreage that
C6
AHMEYIM-2 holds deepwater gas discoveries and exploration prospects
across both countries.
The approximate 12,740 sq.mi. (33,000 km2) of acreage
MAURITANIA TORTUE-1 GSZIVIH MR XLI EKVIIQIRXW MRGPYHIW XLI 8SVXYI IPH IWXM-
SENEGAL mated by Kosmos to contain more than 15 Tcf (4 x 1011 m3)
of discovered gas resources. The total acreage, by Kosmos
GUEMBEUL-1 BLOCK estimates, could contain roughly 50 Tcf (1.4 x 1012 m3) of gas
C12 resource potential and more than 1 billion barrels of liquids
resource potential.
BP will invest nearly US$1 billion, mostly in the form of a
multi-year exploration and development carry, to acquire a
62% interest and operatorship of offshore Blocks C6, C8, C12,
and C13 in Mauritania and an effective 32.49% interest in the
BLOCK MAURITANIA St. Louis Profond and Cayar Profond blocks in Senegal.
C8 8SVIHYGIHIZIPSTQIRXXMQIERHHVMZIGETMXEPIJGMIRG]XLI
BLOCK TORTUE partners plan to process and transport the gas from Tortue at
C13
WEST ERIEVWLSVIPMUYIIHREXYVEPKEW02+ JEGMPMX]8LITVSTSWIH
SENEGAL complex could be expanded in phases to accommodate future
ST. LOUIS
gas discoveries, BP said.
OFFSHORE
Under the terms of the agreements, BP and Kosmos have
PROFOND
also agreed that Kosmos will remain the technical operator
CAYAR for the exploration phase of the project and drill three new
OFFSHORE exploration wells beginning in 2017.
PROFOND In addition to the existing blocks, the companies have agreed
to cooperate in areas of mutual interest in offshore Mauritania,
7IRIKEPERH8LI+EQFME[MXL/SWQSWEGXMRKEWXLII\TPSVE-
tion operator and BP as the development operator.
Atlantic Kosmos is an independent oil and gas exploration and pro-
Ocean duction company focused on frontier and emerging areas
along the Atlantic Margin. Its assets include existing produc-

8 gascompressionmagazine.com | FEBRUARY 2017

 tion and development projects offshore Ghana, large discov- +YIQFIYP7IRIKEP

eries offshore Mauritania and Senegal, as well as exploration 'SQTPIXIH MR  XLI +YIQFIYP I\TPSVEXMSR [IPP IR-
PMGIRWIW[MXLWMKRMGERXL]HVSGEVFSRTSXIRXMEPSJJWLSVI4SV- GSYRXIVIHJXQ
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Western Sahara.
MRXLIYRHIVP]MRK%PFMER-QTSVXERXP]+YIQ-
/SWQSW STIRIH E WMKRMGERX RI[ L]HVSGEVFSR TVSZMRGI
when it discovered a large accumulation of natural gas under
the deep waters offshore Mauritania and Senegal in Africa. In
ERHJXQ
FIYP HIQSRWXVEXIH VIWIVZSMV GSRXMRYMX] EW [IPP EW WXEXMG
TVIWWYVIGSQQYRMGEXMSR[MXLXLI8SVXYI[IPPMRXLI0S[IV
Cenomanian, suggesting a single, large gas accumulation. Guem-
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XSXLIWSYXL
WXERHMRK139
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1MRMIV 71,41
 XLI REXMSREP SMP GSQTERMIW SJ 7IRIKEP ERH %LQI]MQ1EYVMXERME

1EYVMXERMEVIWTIGXMZIP][LMGLWIXWSYXXLITVMRGMTPIWJSVERMR- 8LI%LQI]MQ[IPP[EWHVMPPIHXSEXSXEPHITXLSJ
tergovernmental cooperation agreement for the development JXQ
%WERXMGMTEXIHMRXLI0S[IV'IRSQERMERERH%P-
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QIRXSJXLIIPHXLIVIF]QE\MQM^MRKZEPYIJSVEPPWXEOILSPHIVW

Kosmos completed its appraisal of the Tortue West struc-
XYVIMRIEVP]
GREATER TORTUE EXPLORATION AND APPRAISAL
IPHEVIEJVSQETTVS\MQEXIP]XSWUQMXSOQ
*YVXLIVQSVI XLI [IPP GSRVQIH WMKRMGERX XLMGOIRMRK SJ XLI
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[MXLMR XLI 0S[IV 'IRSQERMER WXEXMG YMH TVIWWYVI GSQQY-
RMGEXMSR FIX[IIR XLI8SVXYI +YIQFIYP ERH%LQI]MQ
8SVXYI1EYVMXERME
[IPPW8LI [IPP IRGSYRXIVIH  JX  Q
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REQIH%LQI]MQ
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 0S[IV'IRSQERMERERHJXQ
MRXLIYRHIVP]MRK%PFMER
SJRIXL]HVSGEVFSRTE]MRLMKLUYEPMX]VIWIVZSMVWERHWMRXLI 8LIWIVIWYPXWHIQSRWXVEXIIPH[MHIVIWIVZSMVGSRXMRYMX]ERH
'IRSQERMERERH%PFMERMRXIVZEPW MRHMGEXI8SVXYI;IWXMWEPEVKIWMQTPIKEWIPH

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 TURBOMACHINERY SAFETY
INTEGRATED TURBOMACHINERY CONTROL AND MONITORING CAN MEET THE REQUIREMENTS
OF FUNCTIONAL SAFETY STANDARDS AND PRODUCE GREATER OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCIES
BY UWE BRUCKHOFF
he safety of turbomachinery is receiving increased levels
T of attention considering accidents in recent years. Cata-
strophic failures such as turbine over-speeding can result in
physical injuries and fatalities. Also, the loss of any turbine on
which an industrial process depends equates to lost revenue.
Plus, there is the repair or replacement of the failed turbine to
consider. Turbomachinery functional safety also leads to plant
TIVJSVQERGIERHTVSXEFMPMX]
Thankfully, many operators have begun to apply functional
safety methodologies to their turbomachinery, while general
safety standards such as IEC 61511,1 IEC 61508,2 and ANSI/
ISA-84.00.01-20043 are now being used to assist with reducing
the risk of catastrophic accidents. The integration of dedicated
safety functions within turbomachinery control systems is seen
as a way of not only meeting the relevant standards but also
achieving higher plant productivity.
However, care needs to be taken when engineering such in-
tegration. A turbo machine is often controlled by many indi-
vidual components, made by several manufacturers, all within a
10 gascompressionmagazine.com | FEBRUARY 2017
A FlexSILon TMC system controls and pro-
tects the desulfurization plant at the Daqing
Petrochemical Company in China.
Image courtesy of Daqing Petrochemical Company.
complex system. The consequences are elaborate wiring, differ-
ent communication protocols, and greater engineering costs. It
is tempting, therefore, to share hardware, such as sensors, and
even software code between multiple functions. Because there
is no requirement for independent hardware and software for
turbo machines as described in the IEC standards, according to
the new API 670,4 an integrated system could be an alternate
to be considered. The only limitation is to use a 100% safety
integrity level (SIL) 3 controller for an integrated system, for
both safety-critical functions and non-safety-critical functions.
For example, safety-critical control functions might include
speed control, load sharing, and steam distribution. Protection
might come through vibration, axial shift, temperature, and
pressure monitoring functions that could be implemented
in one safety system with its SIL 3 under IEC 61508. Only over-
speed trip (OST) needs to be independent and non-reactive
according to API 670. Using the HIMax system can offer an
integrated SIL 3 turbomachinery control system with a seg-
regated OST module, meeting all international standards.

POINT IN CASE
A safety-focused turbomachinery control (TMC) system
was recently installed at the Daqing Petrochemical Company,
a regional branch of China National Petroleum Corp. (CNPC),
Chinas largest oil and gas producer and supplier. In addition to
GLIQMGEPWERHJIVXMPM^IVWXLIGSQTER]TVSHYGIWVIRIHTVSH-
ucts such as petrol, kerosene, diesel, lube oil, chemical light oil,
fuel oil, and solvent oil. A new desulfurization plant at the Daq-
ing Petrochemical Company is part of Chinas effort to improve
its air quality by reducing the amount of sulfur in fuels for road
vehicles, thereby reducing tailpipe emissions.
To achieve compressor and turbine control for its desul-
furization plant, Daqing Petrochemical selected an integrated
HIMA FlexSILon TMC solution based on a fully redundant
HIMA HIMax platform. In addition to achieving SIL 3, in ac-
cordance with IEC 61508 and IEC 61511, and meeting API 670
standards, the company also wanted hardware that would in-
crease plant availability and remain operational during online
module replacement and online extensions, capabilities that are
inherent in the HIMax system.
HIMaxs architecture allows for integration of safety and
non-safety critical control functions. Self-contained back-
plane modules (the X-MIO 7/6 O1, for example) can per-
form stand-alone functional safety functions. For instance, IEC
61508 SIL 3 and API 670-compliant OST can be implemented
independently of the other safety functions being performed
by the HIMax.
Integrated turbomachinery control and monitoring can meet
the requirements of functional safety standards and produce
Integrated TMC and moni-
toring, as available through
FlexSILon, can meet the
requirements of functional
safety standards and pro-
duce greater operational
IJGMIRGMIW
high cost) of multiple disparate and hard-to-wire solutions.
Where the control of safety-critical functions is concerned,
the goal is without a doubt partitioned integration, which is
achievable by building the system using independent functional
safety building blocks with dedicated hardware and software
elements as appropriate.
REFERENCES
1
IEC 61511-1:2016, Functional Safety Safety Instrumented
Systems for the Process Industry Sector, Part 1: Framework,
(IRMXMSRW 7]WXIQ ,EVH[EVI ERH%TTPMGEXMSR 4VSKVEQQMRK
Requirements (Geneva, Switzerland: International Electro-
technical Commission [IEC], 2016).
2
IEC 61508:2010, Functional Safety of Electrical/Electronic/
Programmable Electronic Safety-Related Systems (Geneva,
Switzerland: International Electrotechnical Commission
[IEC], 2010).
3
ANSI/ISA-84.00.01-2004 Part 1 (IEC 61511-1: Mod), Func-
tional Safety: Safety Instrumented Systems for the Process
-RHYWXV] 7IGXSV  4EVX  *VEQI[SVO (IRMXMSRW 7]WXIQ
Hardware and Software Requirements (Research Triangle
Park, NC: Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society
[ISA], 2004).
4
API Std. 670, Machinery Protection Systems, 5th ed. (Wash-
ington, DC: American Petroleum Institute [API], 2014).
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Uwe Brockhoff is Application Manager at HIMA Group, an in-
dependent provider of solutions for safety-critical applications.
KVIEXIV STIVEXMSREP IJGMIRGMIW [MXLSYX XLI GSQTPI\MX] ERH www.hima.com

gascompressionmagazine.com | FEBRUARY 2017 11


over Energy Automation and Honeywell have announced
D plans for an Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) ecosys-
tem to help energy industrial customers improve the safety,
IJGMIRG]ERHVIPMEFMPMX]SJXLIMVSTIVEXMSRW8LIGSPPEFSVEXMSR
EWTEVXSJXLI,SRI][IPP-2WTMVITVSKVEQ[LMGLFVMRKWXS-
gether a community of technology users and providers (in-
cluding customers, equipment vendors, process licensors, and
Honeywell experts), will jointly develop solutions for myriad
STIVEXMSREPGLEPPIRKIW
(SZIVFVMRKWMXWORS[PIHKIMRGSRHMXMSRQSRMXSVMRKERHEWWIX
STXMQM^EXMSR[LMGLTEMVWRMGIP][MXL,SRI][IPPWGETEFMPMXMIWMR
HEXEGSRWSPMHEXMSRG]FIVWIGYVMX]ERHWSJX[EVIHIZIPSTQIRX
%GGSVHMRKXS(SZIVXLIGSPPEFSVEXMSR[MPPSJJIVEVSFYWX--S8
ecosystem that is designed to help customers solve previously
YRWSPZEFPITVSFPIQW8LIPEVKIVGSRWSPMHEXIHHEXEWIXXLEX[MPP
FI JSVQIH EW E VIWYPX SJ XLMW GSPPEFSVEXMSR [MPP EPPS[ QERY-
facturers to apply higher analytics and achieve more detailed
insights, scale the data as needed to meet the varied needs of
single-site or enterprise-wide operations, and leverage a wider
TSSPSJHEXEI\TIVXWJSVQSRMXSVMRKERHEREP]WMW(SZIVWEMH
We are excited to create an unparalleled partnership
with Honeywell that will leverage our expertise in intelligent
TVSHYGXMZMX]XSSPWERHGSRHMXMSRQSRMXSVMRKWEMH%PM6E^E
TVIWMHIRX(SZIV)RIVK]%YXSQEXMSR;MXLSYVWYTTSVX[I
[MPPLIPT,SRI][IPPW--S8IGSW]WXIQSRFILEPJSJXLIGYW-
tomers to minimize unplanned shutdowns, maximize output,
QMRMQM^I WEJIX] VMWO ERH STXMQM^I WYTTP] GLEMR WXVEXIKMIW
8SKIXLIV [I PSSO JSV[EVH XS SJJIVMRK GYVVIRX ERH JYXYVI
GYWXSQIVW QSVI VSFYWX WSPYXMSRW ERH MQTEGXJYP MQTVSZI-
QIRXWMRXLIMVSTIVEXMSRW
12 gascompressionmagazine.com | FEBRUARY 2017
MOVING
TOWARD
THE INDUSTRIAL
INTERNET OF THINGS
DOVER ENERGY AUTOMATION TO
COLLABORATE WITH HONEYWELL
&=&,)26=,)2()6732
-XMWGPIEVXLEXEVSFYWXIGSW]WXIQMWOI]XSFIMRKEFPIXS
successfully implement an effective IIoT solution for manu-
JEGXYVIVWWEMH%RHVI[,MVHZMGITVIWMHIRXERHKIRIVEPQER-
ager of Honeywell Process Solutions Digital Transformation
FYWMRIWW ,EZMRK HIIT HSQEMR ORS[PIHKI ERH I\TIVMIRGI
EZEMPEFPI EGVSWW E VERKI SJ ETTPMGEXMSRW XS UYMGOP] ERH JYPP]
IZEPYEXIETPERXWRIIHWGERRSXFISZIVWXEXIH(SZIVWHSQEMR
expertise in equipment condition monitoring and asset integ-
VMX] QEREKIQIRX MW [LEX QEOIW XLIQ ER MQTSVXERX TEVXRIV
MR E HMJJIVIRXMEXIH IGSW]WXIQ SJ GSPPEFSVEXSVW XLEX TVSZMHI
I\TIVXMWIJSVSYVGYWXSQIVW
Dover Energy Automation, an operating company within the
(SZIV)RIVK]7IKQIRXSJ(SZIV'SVTWYTTPMIWTVSHYGXWMR-
telligent productivity tools, and related automation software
JSV XLI IRIVK] WIGXSV XLEX IREFPIW SMP ERH KEW STIVEXSVW XS
monitor, predict, and optimize performance to improve pro-
HYGXMZMX] (SZIV )RIVK]%YXSQEXMSRW TVSHYGXW ERH WSPYXMSRW
EVI QEVOIXIH YRHIV QYPXMTPI FVERHW MRGPYHMRK ;MRHVSGOW
monitoring and analytical solutions for rotating and reciprocat-
ing equipment, Quartzdynes downhole pressure transducers,
and the Well Site Automation suite of solutions for onshore
[IPPTIVJSVQERGISTXMQM^EXMSR
Honeywell Process Solutions specializes in automation con-
trol, instrumentation, and services for the oil and gas and other
MRHYWXVMIW4VSGIWW7SPYXMSRWMWTEVXSJ,SRI][IPPW4IVJSVQERGI
1EXIVMEPWERH8IGLRSPSKMIWWXVEXIKMGFYWMRIWWKVSYT[LMGLEPWS
includes Honeywell UOP, a leading international supplier and li-
GIRWSVSJTVSGIWWXIGLRSPSK]GEXEP]WXWEHWSVFIRXWIUYMTQIRX
ERHGSRWYPXMRKWIVZMGIWXSXLITIXVSPIYQVIRMRKTIXVSGLIQM-
GEPERHKEWTVSGIWWMRKMRHYWXVMIW
When it comes to choosing a compressor, a one-size-ts-all solution isnt always the best choice.
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 APPLYING API 617, 8TH EDITION,
TO EXPANDER-COMPRESSORS
WITH ACTIVE MAGNETIC BEARINGS
A DISCUSSION FROM A PRACTICAL, USER-ORIENTED POINT OF VIEW

&=.)**6)=71-8,%2-/%2(=%22-'/4%90

igh-speed expander-compressors are commonplace in the gas pro-

EDITORS NOTE
This paper is based on a tutorial presented at the
44th Turbomachinery and 31st Pump Symposia, Hous-
ton, September 14-17, 2015. The Turbomachinery
Symposium is organized and presented by the Tur-
bomachinery Laboratory, Texas A&M University, Col-
lege Station, Texas, USA.
H cessing industry. In recent years, expander-compressors equipped
with active magnetic bearings (AMBs) have gained wide acceptance and
are now the norm in ethylene plant refrigeration turboexpander appli-
GEXMSRWERHEVIMRGVIEWMRKP]WTIGMIHJSVKEWPMUYMHWITEVEXMSR*YVXLIV
improvements in magnetic bearings are simplifying the technology for
those responsible for the purchasing, commissioning, and maintaining
rotating machines. As well, it is becoming easier to verify that AMB ma-
chines comply with accepted design standards.
The 8th Edition of API 617, released in September 2014, includes a new
ERHSXLIVQEXIVMEPWTIGMGEPP]EHHVIWWMRK%1&
%&398 8,)%98,367
Jeff Smithanik is sr. mechanical engineer with
SKF Magnetic Bearings, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, and
he has worked there for 11 years. He has been in-
volved with many aspects of active magnetic bearing
technology development, including controls and ro-
XSVH]REQMGWMRHMZIVWIIPHWWYGLEWLIEZ]MRHYWXV]
WIQMGSRHYGXSV QERYJEGXYVMRK ERH WGMIRXMG MRWXVY-
ments. He has a BSc in mechanical engineering from
the University of Calgary and an MSc in aerospace
engineering from the University of Maryland. Email:
jeff.smithanik@skf.com
Yannick Paul is a rotor dynamics engineer with SKF
Magnetic Mechatronics (S2M), Saint Marcel, France,
ERHLEW[SVOIH[MXL71MR*VERGIEWEIPHWIVZMGI
engineer (10+ years) commissioning industrial AMB
machines, and recently as a rotor dynamics engineer
(10 years) preparing API 617 design reports and sup-
TSVXMRKGYWXSQIVERH71IPHGSQQMWWMSRMRK=ER-
RMGOLEWE&7GMRIPIGXVMGEPIRKMRIIVMRK )QEMP=ERRMGO
paul@skf.com
14 gascompressionmagazine.com | FEBRUARY 2017
ERRI\4EVX%RRI\)
equipped machinery.1 Unlike previous editions, which included only in-
formative material, this new material provides detailed criteria by which
AMB designers, purchasers, and users can evaluate API compliance of AMB-
IUYMTTIH QEGLMRIW8LIWI HIWMKR EREP]WMW ERH XIWX WTIGMGEXMSRW VIHYGI
the technical complexity of AMB technology for expander-compressor
stakeholders, and contribute to continued growth in the market place. This
article will discuss the application of API 617, 8th Edition, to AMB-equipped
expander-compressors from a practical, user-oriented point of view.
Previous authors have presented excellent and detailed descriptions
of high-speed expander-compressors.2 Other authors have provided a
comprehensive description of general AMB theory and the design, analy-
WMWERHXIWXMRKVIUYMVIQIRXWWTIGMIHMR%4-th Edition.3 Our goal
here is to contribute a practical, hands-on application of criteria in the
RI[%4- WTIGMGEXMSR EW ETTPMIH WTIGMGEPP] XS I\TERHIVGSQTVIWWSVW
This article contains recommendations and observations based on ex-
perience gained through the design, analysis, and commissioning of many
AMB expander-compressors, both prior to and after the publication of
the latest API 617 edition. All references to API 617 will be to the 8th
Edition, unless otherwise indicated.
INTRODUCTION TO ACTIVE MAGNETIC BEARING
EXPANDER-COMPRESSORS
An expander-compressor, also referred to as a turboexpander-compressor
or simply a turboexpander, refers to a machine with a common shaft,
 Machine Characteristic Typical Values
Speed 6 to 70 kRPM
Power 0.2 to 14 MW (0.27 to 18.7 kHP)
Radial AMB diameter 50 to 240 mm (2.0 to 9.5 in.)
Shaft mass 4 to 600 kg (9 to 1320 lb)
Number in operation >550
Table 1: Typical AMB Expander-Compressor Characteristics
with a centrifugal expander wheel on one end, expanding
gas with a temperature of less than 300C (570F), and a
centrifugal compressor wheel on the opposite end. Table 1
provides typical characteristics of AMB expander-compressors
used in gas processing facilities today. More than 550 AMB
expander-compressors have been installed and are in service
as of 2015, in gas processing facilities around the world. A
typical expander-compressor is shown in cross section in Fig-
ure 1. An operational AMB expander-compressor is shown
in Figure 2.
Typically, the compressor impeller (left-hand side in Figure

MWXLIPEVKIVSJXLIX[S[LIIPW+EWS[JSVXLII\TERHIV
MWVEHMEPP]MR[EVHE\MEPP]SYX[EVH+EWS[JSVXLIGSQTVIW-
sor is the opposite axially inward, radially outward.
Compressor Expander
 HVMZMRK E GSQTVIWWSV XLEX TVS-
Figure 1: Typical AMB Expander-Compressor
Figure 2: Operational AMB Expander-Compressor. Note the dif-
fuser cone (far right), white ice-ball surrounding the cold expand-
er volute (right), and the thermal protective blanket around the
hot compressor volute (left).
4LSXSGSYVXIW]SJXLI%XPEW'STGS1E8VIRGL'SVTSVEXMSR
EXPANDER-COMPRESSOR APPLICATIONS
Applications for AMB expander-compressors fall into two
categories: refrigeration/liquefaction processes and pressure
let down energy recovery processes.
REFRIGERATION/LIQUEFACTION PROCESSES
In these applications, the expansion of a gas for refrigera-
tion purposes is the desired output of the machine. By pass-
ing through the expanders inlet guide vanes and impeller, en-
ergy is removed from the process gas, resulting in a lower gas
temperature and pressure. The process gas is a mixture of
hydrocarbons, from which the heavier compounds can liquefy
and drop out during the expansion process. These liquids can
FIVIGSZIVIHERHEVIIMXLIVETVSXEFPIF]TVSHYGXSVXLI
TVMQEV]HIWMVIHSYXTYXSJXLIVIJVMKIVEXMSRTVSGIWW7TIGMG
examples of expander-compressor use for refrigeration are
natural gas liquid separation, ethylene plant refrigeration, and
air separation.
In these applications, the (nearly) isentropic expander re-
places the traditional (isenthalpic) throttling or J/T (Joule-
Thompson) valve. While more complex, the expander is able
to expand the gas to a much lower temperature than a J/T
ZEPZIEGLMIZMRKKVIEXIVIJGMIRG]MRXLIVIJVMKIVEXMSRG]GPI
In refrigeration/liquefaction applications, the compressor is
a convenient load device that can accept the energy being
removed from the process gas. AMBs are particularly suited
for these refrigeration applications because their oil-free na-
ture eliminates the possibility of lube-oil contamination of
cryogenic heat exchangers.
PRESSURE LET DOWN ENERGY RECOVERY PROCESSES
In these applications, the recovery of useful work from
a high-temperature and/or high-pressure gas is the desired
output of the machine. For example, a high-pressure process
gas could be expanded to a lower pressure (which may have
ERGMPPEV] TVSGIWW FIRIXW
vides pressurized air for combustion or some other plant
purpose. A familiar example of this type of machine is an au-
tomotive turbocharger, where the expansion of hot exhaust
gases drives a compressor that provides pressurized engine
combustion air.
HISTORY OF API 617, 8TH EDITION, AND ACTIVE
MAGNETIC BEARINGS
The 6th Edition (February 1995) contains the 1.5-page Ap-
pendix J, Application Considerations for Active Magnetic
Bearings. This was substantially added to in the 7th Edition
(July 2002) to form the 4.5-page Annex 4F, of the same name.
While still an informative annex, this is where we began to
see the detailed requirements for AMB machines take shape.
It was also here that the API 617 committee adopted the
dynamic stability evaluation criteria used in the ISO 14839-3
standard.4 Therefore, the 16-page Annex 1E in the 8th Edition
(September 2014) is the result of nearly 20 years of contribu-
tions from AMB vendors, users, and academicians.
Prior to the 8th Edition, those engineers performing rotor
dynamic analyses and design work for AMB-supported ma-
Continued on page 16
gascompressionmagazine.com | FEBRUARY 2017 15
 Figure 3: API 617 Process Of An Expander-
Compressor

chines applied the lube oil-bearing (LOB) machine-oriented WGVMFIHMR%4-4EVX%RRI\%8LMWHSGYQIRXWTIGMIW

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16 gascompressionmagazine.com | FEBRUARY 2017

 Figure 5: Power, Speed, And Bearing Diameters

Options for the MBC that must be selected at this time include: EP SV RIKSXMEXMSR HIXEMPMRK [LIVI XLI] HS RSX GSQTP] [MXL
'EFPIPIRKXLFIEVMRKERHWIRWSVGEFPIW8LIWIGERFIYT IPIQIRXWSJXLIWXERHEVH
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Continued on page 18
gascompressionmagazine.com | FEBRUARY 2017 17
 Figure 6: Mode Shape Diagram
Figure 7: Undamped Critical Speed Map
%XXLMWWXEKIMRTYXJVSQXLI3)1MWVI-
Figure 8: Campbell Diagram
STABILITY ANALYSIS AND TUNING
The rotor model is then incorporated into a closed-loop
dynamic model including the other system elements (magnet-
ic bearings, position sensors, digital signal processors [DSP],
EQTPMIVWWIEPWIXG
model. The format of this model can vary, but its character-
istics (free-free natural frequencies, mode shapes, etc.) serve
as good criteria with which the OEM and AMB vendor can
compare their models, if separate models are used. With the
AMB component locations (auxiliary bearings, sensors, and
magnetic bearings) added to the model, engineers examine
the modal visibility (discussed below).
The outputs of this analysis step are the mode shape dia-
grams, the free-free Campbell diagram, and the undamped
critical speed map (Figures 6, 7, and 8). For the Campbell dia-
gram and critical speed map, API 617 dictates the frequency
ranges over which they must be plotted. The free-free Camp-
bell diagram is the most useful of these outputs, and is often
used in isolation as a quick check of the separation margin of
XLIVWXFIRHMRKQSHI
Accuracy of the inputs from the machine OEM is impor-
tant at this stage. The base rotor model will exist from the
frame design, but the mass, inertia, and axial center of gravity
data of the wheels will normally be unique to the machine. It
is rare that more than a handful of machines have identical
wheel properties, because wheel properties are customized
for the target process conditions. The dynamic coefficients
of the labyrinth seals can also vary widely from machine to
machine, though these have a smaller overall significance
than the wheels. A common cause of poor agreement be-
tween the rotor dynamic model and field-measured data is
disagreement in the mass of the modeled and real wheels.
18 gascompressionmagazine.com | FEBRUARY 2017
UYMVIHJSVXLIH]REQMGGSIJGMIRXWGVSWWGSYTPMRKERHHMVIGX
stiffness) of the seals and (if applicable) the impellers.
The mathematical relationship between shaft position and
bearing currents, implemented in the MBC, is known as the
bearing tuning, and is also commonly referred to as the con-
trol law or the compensator design. The process of optimiz-
ing bearing tuning for individual machines is generally per-
formed by the AMB vendor.
STIFFNESS VS. STABILITY
The criteria for good bearing tuning are very simple.
*MVWXXLIXYRMRKQYWXTVSZMHIWYJGMIRXWXMJJRIWWERHHEQTMRK
to provide adequate unbalance response. This is discussed
later in this article. API 617 provides stiffness criteria indi-
rectly it provides vibration limits, while the AMB system
can only keep vibration within the criteria by supplying ad-
equate stiffness.
7IGSRHP]XLIGPSWIHPSSTW]WXIQQYWXFIWYJGMIRXP]WXE-
FPI-RWMQTPIXIVQWXLIEQTPMIVWGERFIMRWXVYGXIHXSEGX
aggressively to position excursions (high gain or stiff tuning).
Or, they can be instructed to react in a lazy manner, providing
only small current changes for position variations (low gain
or soft tuning). As a rule, stiffness and stability are mutu-
ally competitive. If bearing tuning is too stiff, a rotor will be
unstable and vibrate against the auxiliary bearings with the
slightest disturbance, or not levitate at all.
Continued on page 20
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 Zone Sensitivity Transfer Stability Description
Function Gain
A <3.0 (9.5 dB) The sensitivity functions of newly
commissioned machines would nor-
mally fall within this zone. Safe to run.
B <4.0 (12 dB) Machines with sensitivity functions
within this zone are normally con-
sidered acceptable for unrestricted
long-term operation.
C <5.0 (14 dB) Machines with sensitivity functions
within this zone are normally con-
sidered unsatisfactory for long-term
continuous operation. Generally, they
may be operated for a limited period
in this condition until a suitable op-
portunity arises for remedial action.
D >5.0 (14 dB) The sensitivity function within this
zone are normally considered to be
WYJGMIRXP] WIZIV IRSYKL XS GEYWI
damage to the machine.
Table 2: ISO 14839-3 Stability Zones
STABILITY CRITERIA
Unlike for stiffness, API 617 provides very clear and direct
criteria for tuning stability. The criteria for system stability
are taken from ISO 14839-3,4 the ISO standard that address-
es the vibration of AMB-equipped machinery. It is convenient
that API used already-accepted criteria rather than establish
a new and competing technique.
The authors do not wish to present a detailed explanation
of the stability criteria here, but refer the interested reader
to API 617, the ISO standard, and Swanson, et al.3 However, a
brief summary of the process follows.
The process by which stability is measured is simple, reli-
able, and is automated in the control software of some MBC
platforms. It involves, as a minimum, calculating (or measuring
HYVMRKGSQQMWWMSRMRK
EWTIGMGXVERWJIVJYRGXMSRORS[REW experience comparatively more mode separation between
the sensitivity transfer function, for each bearing axis, with
the machine at zero rotational speed. The customer may also
specify that the sensitivity transfer function must be mea-
WYVIH[LMPIVSXEXMRK8LIEQTPMGEXMSRSVKEMRSJXLMWXVERW-
fer function must lie below a certain value for the system to
FI GSRWMHIVIH WXEFPI -73 HIRIW JSYVWXEFMPMX] ^SRIW EW
described in Table 2.
Figure 9 illustrates a typical analytical sensitivity transfer
function, calculated for the sample expander-compressor, at
full speed. The three traces correspond to the VW13 (ex-
pander side) and VW24 (compressor side) radial bearings,
and the axial bearing.
In addition to the sensitivity transfer function require-
Figure 9: Calculated Sensitivity Transfer Function
Stability Analysis should be performed. In the experience of
the authors, Level II analysis should be made initially, without
considering the less-detailed Level I.
CLOSED-LOOP TRANSFER FUNCTION
API 617 also requires the calculation of the closed-loop
transfer function. The interested reader should refer to the
previously mentioned references for a detailed description
of the closed-loop transfer function. In short, it is a useful
snapshot of the dynamics of a single axis, and is mainly used
JSVQSHIPZIVMGEXMSRTYVTSWIWEXXLIGSQQMWWMSRMRKWXEKI
%4-EPWSLEWMJWTIGMIHVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVXLIGEPGY-
lation of the open-loop transfer functions, as well as cross-
coupled transfer functions, which allow a designer to explore
the relationships between each of the four radial sensors and
each of the four radial actuators.
A NOTE ABOUT THE BACKWARD FIRST
BENDING MODE
Expander-compressors tend to be quite gyroscopic com-
pared to other machines covered by API 617.This means they
forward and backward modal frequencies as rotation speed
increases. API 617, E.4.8.6.2, requires that all modes within
the running speed (<Nmc [maximum continuous speed]) have
a log decrement greater than 0.1, and greater than 0 for all
modes above 125% of Nmc. In practice, this can be impossible
or require too great of a stiffness compromise to achieve for
XLI FEGO[EVH VWX FIRHMRK QSHI FIGEYWI XLI K]VSWGSTMGW
force this mode to enter the running speed. This is an excep-
tion that would normally be requested by the author.
UNBALANCE RESPONSE ANALYSIS
The unbalance response analysis requirements for AMB
expander-compressors are nearly identical to those of non-
ments, API 617 requires that the closed-loop system modes
have positive log decrements, with a minimum value depend-
ing on the frequency (either above 0, above 0.1, or above a
calculated value between 0 and 0.1). These log decrement
values can only be calculated, and cannot be compared to
measured values at the commissioning stage.
API 617 provides criteria for selecting if a Level I or Level II
20 gascompressionmagazine.com | FEBRUARY 2017
%1& QEGLMRIW VIKEVHMRK EQTPMGEXMSR JEGXSV WITEVEXMSR
margin, etc.), with one exception. The mechanical test vibra-
tion limit (Avl) is three times greater than for LOB machines.
As explained earlier,3 magnetic bearings are less stiff and pro-
vide more damping than LOB systems, and thus transfer less
force to the machine casing as a result of unbalance, for an
equivalent amount of shaft displacement. A larger vibration

limit takes advantage of the unique properties of AMBs with
no compromise to machine safety. Figure 10 shows one of
the typical outputs of an unbalance response analysis.
LOAD ANALYSIS
A rolling element or hydrodynamic bearing, if temporar-
ily overloaded (but not so much as to cause immediate fail-
ure), will continue to operate and support the rotor, but with
shortened life and higher running temperature. In contrast,
an AMB, if overloaded, will no longer constrain the rotor
and will allow it to contact the auxiliary bearings. Because an
overload condition will cause an immediate machine trip, API
GSRXEMRWXLIJSPPS[MRKX[SWTIGMIH%1&JSVGIJEGXSVSJ
safety requirements.
8LI VWX MW XLEX JSV IEGL VEHMEP YRFEPERGI VIWTSRWI GEWI
the factor of safety relative to the maximum-rated dynamic
capacity of the radial bearing shall be 1.5 or greater.
The dynamic capacity of a bearing is frequency-dependent.
If an AMB system has a static capacity of maximum achievable
AMB axis force (Fmax), at low frequencies it will be able to cre-
ate a sinusoidal force on the rotor, with an amplitude of Fmax
(varying between + and Fmax). As the frequency of a sinusoidal
force command increases, the commanded time-rate-of-change
Figure 10: Unbalance Response
Analysis Plot
of the force (dF/dt) will exceed the bearings ability to produce
that force. Above a certain frequency, the bearing system will
create a sinusoidal force, the amplitude of which continuously
decreases with frequency. This transition frequency is seen in
Figure 11 as the point at which the horizontal maximum bear-
ing capacity envelope becomes a slanted line.
The second capacity factor of safety requirement relates to the
maximum static axial bearing capacity. Expander-compressors
are required in API 617 to be equipped with an automatic
thrust equalizing valve. This valve is meant to actively main-
tain a low axial load by venting from or injecting to balancing
chambers in the machine. This valve cannot compensate per-
fectly for thrust loads. Therefore, API 617 requires the axial
magnetic bearing capacity to be two times greater than the
largest anticipated residual loads.
AXIAL ANALYSIS
Just like radial levitation, axial levitation requires feedback
control. It therefore requires a full dynamic stability analysis.
API 617 allows the use of a simple lumped mass model. This
makes the axial analysis and compensator design much sim-
pler than the radial.
BEARING STIFFNESS TRANSFER FUNCTION
In summary, once the above is complete for the simulated
AMB rotor MBC system, the following will have been
validated:
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WXMJJRIWWXLVSYKLXLIYRFEPERGIVIWTSRWIEREP]WMW

WXEXMGERHH]REQMGPSEHGETEGMX]
The expander-compressor OEM, and potentially the ma-
chine end user, will wish to perform their own independent
rotor dynamic analysis. API requires AMB vendors to provide
WYJGMIRXHIXEMPXS3)1WSVIRHYWIVW)4'WXSHSXLMW8LI
AMB vendor will provide the combined transfer function of
XLI GSRXVSPPIV EQTPMIV FIEVMRK ERH WIRWSV8LMW MW TVSZMH-
ed as a bearing stiffness transfer function. This is a transfer
function that characterizes force response at the bearings
to shaft motion at the sensors. An independent analysis can
Figure 11: Radial Force Envelope Analysis Continued on page 22

gascompressionmagazine.com | FEBRUARY 2017 21

 combine the bearing stiffness transfer functions with an inde-
TIRHIRXP]KIRIVEXIHRMXIIPIQIRXVSXSVQSHIPXSWMQYPEXI
the combined rotor/control behavior.
The bearing stiffness transfer function can be provided in
pole/zero, state-space, or frequency-response data formats.
Most usefully, it can be provided in engineering units of stiff-
ness (N/m or lbf/in.) and damping (N-s/m or lbf-s/in.) vs. dis-
turbance frequency.
The bearing stiffness transfer function can be used to verify
the unbalance response, and the response to process loads
and conditions. It cannot, however, be used for stability analy-
sis. The bearing stiffness transfer function simulates a bearing
that, without a feedback loop, has stiffness and damping prop-
erties at each frequency within the analysis range, matching
those of the simulated AMB system.
AUXILIARY BEARING ANALYSIS
The AMB vendor is required to demonstrate, by a basis
agreed upon by the vendor and OEM, that the auxiliary bear-
ings will maintain zero contact between the rotor and sta-
tionary components during a de-levitated coast down. This
analysis will include the effects of ball bearing and damping
VMRKGSQTPMERGIYRFEPERGIERHTVSGIWWJSVGIWVSXSVI\MFMP-
MX]ERHMJWTIGMIHQEKRIXMGFIEVMRKJSVGIW
Minimizing the time required to reach zero speed is critical
for maintaining auxiliary bearing performance.
OTHER ACTIVE MAGNETIC BEARING-
SPECIFIC CONSIDERATIONS
UNDAMPED CRITICAL SPEED MAP APPLICABILITY
The undamped critical speed map (UCSM) is useful in ana-
lyzing LOB systems. The stiffness of hydrodynamic bearings
GLERKIW[MXLXLIWLEJXVSXEXMSRWTIIH[LMGLMRXYVRQSHMIW
the modal frequencies; the UCSM is a useful way to examine
this evolution.
The stiffness and damping of AMBs does not change sig-
RMGERXP][MXLVSXSVWTIIH-XHITIRHWSRXLIJVIUYIRG]SJ
the disturbance encountered, not the frequency of the rotor.
In other words, while the stiffness and damping to synchro-
nous forces changes with rotation frequency, the response
of AMBs to non-synchronous disturbances is independent of
rotation speed.
This fact renders the UCSM less useful for AMB systems
than for LOB systems. In the experience of the authors, this
map is not used by AMB designers or rotor dynamics engi-
neers, and is included in analyses only to comply with API and
provide customers with a familiar plot.
ANALYSIS SOFTWARE
The solver routine software used by AMB vendors, in the
experience of the authors, normally is provided by third par-
ty software companies or groups (XLRotor, XLTRC, Madyn,
university research groups such as ROMAC, etc.). These vali-
dated programs are used as a part of a larger application or
suite of software tools that are tailored to the AMB vendors
WTIGMG EREP]WMW -X WLSYPH FI RSXIH XLEX QSWX GSQQIVGMEP
rotor dynamics software applications now include or are de-
veloping AMB modules.
22 gascompressionmagazine.com | FEBRUARY 2017
Figure 12: Illustrating Rotation About The Rotor Mass Center
MODAL VISIBILITY
In examining the free-free mode shapes, ideally a modal
node will not be co-located with a sensor (low modal vis-
ibility) or a bearing (low modal controllability), and will not
lie between the associated sensor and bearing of an axis. In
the experience of the authors, this is not as critical as has
been reported only a minor separation between modal
RSHIWERHFIEVMRKSVWIRWSVPSGEXMSRWMWWYJGMIRXXSEGLMIZI
good control, assuming other good design practices are used.
Nodes between sensor and bearing locations can also nor-
mally be accommodated in the tuning process, as discussed
by Swanson, et al.3
UNBALANCE FORCE REJECTION CONTROL
API 617 requires that all levitated lateral analysis be done
with unbalance force rejection control disabled. This is a
commonly used technique that instructs the MBC to NOT
react to synchronous rotor displacements. The MBC is in-
structed to ignore the rotor imbalance. This results in al-
lowing the rotor to rotate about its mass center (Figure 12)
rather than trying to force it to rotate about its geometric
center. This greatly reduces or eliminates the synchronous
vibrations sensed by the bearing housings. This also reduces
XLIEQTPMIVIJJSVXF]GLERKMRKMXWSYXTYXGYVVIRXWJVSQWM-
nusoids at the rotation frequency, to DC values, which vary
only with process loads. In practice, enabling unbalance force
rejection can either slightly increase the synchronous posi-
tion response, or, in the majority of cases, reduce the position
response, depending on the machine speed, bearing tuning,
and dynamics of the system.
*SVTISTPIIRGSYRXIVMRKXLMWXIGLRSPSK]JSVXLIVWXXMQI
it is a remarkable experience to feel a high-speed industrial
machine operating with the casing vibration as a result of the
imbalance reduced to zero.
CONSTRUCTION, COMMISSIONING, AND TESTING
Figure 13 summarizes the commissioning process for an
AMB expander-compressor. Two similar test campaigns are
used for each machine. For the purposes of this paper, they

Figure 13: Commissioning And Testing Summary
XSGSR-
are referred to as the factory accep-
tance test (FAT) and the site accep-
tance test (SAT). A major advantage of
AMB technology is the built-in machine
intelligence (sensing and computation),
[LMGLWYTTSVXWXLIEYXSQEXIHZIVMGE-
tion of API 617 compliance.
CONSTRUCTION
AMB hardware supplied by the AMB
vendor to the expander-compressor
OEM includes:
hydraulic or thermal expansion. They ei-
XLIV GER FI MRWXEPPIH MR E RMWLIH WXEXI
SVRMWLQEGLMRIHSRXLIVSXSV[LMGL-
ever the OEM prefers. It is critical to
avoid damage to the rotor sensor target
surfaces. If a sensor surface is clamped in
a lathes three-jaw chuck, even using ma-
chined soft-jaws, it can easily be perma-
RIRXP]HIIGXIHSVWGVEXGLIHMRHYGMRKE
strong three-time position and current
response when rotating. The pressure
housings, volutes, wheels, pressure sen-
sors, piping, and all other non-AMB-
related equipment are provided by the
expander-compressor OEM.
After construction, the OEM will
install the machine into either a test
loop (prior to the FAT) or the end
user process loop (SAT). The test loop
can be as simple as an evacuated pipe
loop, or as accurate as a fully pressur-
ized test loop with an inert process
gas. Junction boxes typically lie be-
tween the machine and the MBC. It is
the responsibility of the OEM (or end
YWIVXIGLRMGMERWMJMRXLIIPH
nect the cables, junction boxes, and
MBC properly.
PHYSICAL TESTS (FAT AND SAT)
Once constructed, a number of physi-
cal tests are performed. These include:
Wire and Insulation Checks: Us-
ing a multimeter and insulation tes-
ter, the resistance, inductance, and
isolation to ground are checked
Continued on page 26
X[S WXEXSV GEVXVMHKIW GSRXEMRMRK
the radial and axial bearings, speed
and position sensors, and auxiliary
bearings and housings)
VSXSV GEVXVMHKIW [MXL XLI FIEVMRK
and sensor targets
EY\MPMEV]FIEVMRKPERHMRKWPIIZIW
1&' ERH MXW STXMSRW ERH GYWXSQ-
izations
IRHYWIVGEFPIWXIWXGEFPIWSTXMSREP

These components (excluding the
end user cables) are standard items,
with a lead time dictated by the pur-
chasing agreement in place between
the AMB vendor, OEM, and end user.
The base rotor, usually including the
E\MEP FIEVMRK ERKI MW VIXEMRIH MR XLI
machine OEMs scope of supply. There
is nothing proprietary about the base
rotor that would require it to be made
by the AMB vendor as long as the
QEXIVMEP MW EW WTIGMIH MX MW WMQTP] E
machined item. Also, it contains the
critical and highly controlled features
for wheel attachment, which OEMs
prefer to have in their scope of supply.
The rotor cartridges and auxiliary
bearing landing sleeves are installed onto
the rotor by the OEM, through either

gascompressionmagazine.com | FEBRUARY 2017 23

Metallic Plates|Thermoplastics|Springs|Buttons|Poppets|Kits|Center Bolts|Pins|Lift Washers|O-Rings

www.kbdelta.com
800-632-3994
Torrance, California USA
www.kbdelta.com
800-632-3994
info@kbdelta.com
sales@kbdelta.com

Figure 14: Sensor Calibration Result
for each wire pair. This process is important to identify
mislabeled or mis-wired connections.
MBC Cable Customizations: If required, the MBC is
customized for cable length.
Interlock, Alarm, and Communication Checks: Prior
to levitation and rotation, the machine protection inter-
PSGOW QYWX FI GSRRIGXIH ERH ZIVMIH MR XIVQW SJ FSXL
hardware and software operation. Bypass valves, tem-
perature and pressure sensors, automatic thrust equal-
izers, and many other sensors and actuators must have
their control and command links established and tested,
as with any industrial rotating machine. The AMB position
alarms must also be checked at this stage.
Initial Levitation: The rotor must be levitated for the
next steps. If the Revision A bearing tuning, created dur-
ing the rotor dynamic analysis, cannot achieve stable
PIZMXEXMSRMXQYWXFIEHNYWXIH-JXLIQSHIPHMJJIVWWMKRM-
cantly from the physical system (because a wheel mass is
different or a wheel is poorly attached, etc.), there can
sometimes emerge a high-frequency ring on the rotor.
By reducing the overall gain of the tuning, and adding or
QSZMRKKEMRVIHYGXMSRXYRMRKPXIVWYWMRKWSJX[EVIXSSPW
stable levitation is achieved.
Position Sensor Calibration/Sensitivity and Clearance
Checks: This allows the clearance to the auxiliary bear-
ings to be examined as an automated or manual process.
This is done by moving the rotor within the auxiliary
bearing clearance, looking for signs of contact with the
bearings, and adjusting the levitation set point to place
the rotor in the middle of its clearances. A characteristic
example of a calibration output is shown in Figure 14.
MODEL VERIFICATION (FAT AND SAT)
API 617 requires that, once levitated, the dynamic model
FI ZIVMIH EKEMRWX XLI TL]WMGEP QEGLMRI8LMW GER FI HSRI
F] SRI SJ X[S QIXLSHW8LI VWX MW XLI YRFEPERGIH VSXSV
quiring machine disassembly and risk of damage. Also, the ex-
pander-compressor ought not to be rotated until the tuning
MWUYEPMIHERHQSHIPZEPMHEXIH%WEVIWYPXMRXLII\TIVMIRGI
SJ XLI EYXLSVW XLI 966:8 MW VEVIP] MJ IZIV YRHIVXEOIR JSV
expander-compressor model validation.
8LISXLIVQSHIPZIVMGEXMSRSTXMSRKMZIRF]%4-MWXLI
transfer function-based procedure (TFBP). This requires that
closed-loop transfer functions, measured on each machine
levitation axis, be compared to those generated from the
rotor dynamic model, while levitated and non-rotating. The
standard provides criteria within which the measured and
modeled closed-loop transfer functions must match, up to
125% of Nmc. Modern MBC platforms can collect the data
necessary for this validation automatically.
8LI WXERHEVH EPWS MRGPYHIWMJ WTIGMIH GPEYWIW EPPS[MRK
the purchaser to require the measurement of at-speed trans-
fer functions (measured while rotating) and cross-coupled
transfer functions. These are the transfer functions between
each of the four radial sensors and each of the four radial
actuators. Only the TFBP is applicable to the axial axis.
API 617 requires that the model be updated to match the
IPHQIEWYVIQIRXW8LMWQIERWEHNYWXMRKXLIQSHIPFIEVMRK
tuning to match that entered into the MBC, and then adjust-
ing the rotor and/or associated system subcomponents until
the closed-loop transfer functions match to within the speci-
IHGVMXIVME8LMWMWHMWGYWWIHJYVXLIVMRXLIRI\XWIGXMSR
STABILITY CHECK (FAT AND SAT)
3RGIXLIQSHIPLEWFIIRZIVMIHXSXLIWEXMWJEGXMSRSJXLI
AMB vendor and purchaser, the tuning stability is checked. At
both the analysis and commissioning stages, tuning stability
is evaluated by comparing the sensitivity transfer function of
each bearing axis to API/ISO criteria. At the analysis stage,
the modeled sensitivity transfer function is used; at the com-
missioning stage, the measured transfer functions are used.
For the radial bearing axes, the peak magnitude of the sensi-
tivity transfer functions must fall within zone A, below 3.0 in
absolute terms. For the axial axis, this value may fall within
zone A or B, below 4.0. Modern MBC platforms can measure
these transfer functions automatically.
%1& ZIRHSV IPH WIVZMGI XIGLRMGMERW X]TMGEPP] LEZI EHHM-
VIWTSRWIZIVMGEXMSRXIWX966:8
8LMWMRZSPZIWQIEWYVMRK
multiple unbalance case responses running the machine
over its speed range with controlled amounts and locations
of imbalance. This is a time-consuming process, normally re- Figure 15: Measured And Modeled Closed-Loop Transfer Function

26 gascompressionmagazine.com | FEBRUARY 2017

 Figure 17: Maximum Position Response, 17 kRPM

Figure 16: Measured Sensitivity Transfer Function

tional tests (for example, recording a position step response

XIWX RSXWTIGMIHMR%4-XLEXXLI]TIVJSVQXSJYVXLIVGLEV-
EGXIVM^IXLIGPSWIHPSSTWXEFMPMX]SJXLIPIZMXEXMSRW]WXIQ%4-
EPPS[WE\MEPQSHIWHSQMREXIHF]XLITVSTIVXMIWSJEI\-
MFPI GSYTPMRK XS FI I\GPYHIH MR FSXL XLI QSHIP ZIVMGEXMSR
ERHXLIWIRWMXMZMX]EREP]WMW*MKYVIWLS[WEGSQTEVMWSRSJ
QSHIPIHERHQIEWYVIHGPSWIHPSSTXVERWJIVJYRGXMSRW[LMPI
*MKYVIWLS[WEQIEWYVIHWIRWMXMZMX]XVERWJIVJYRGXMSR

6922-2+8)787*%8%2(7%8  Figure 18: Bearing Current Spectrum

;MXL XLI TL]WMGEP GLIGOW GSQTPIXI XLI TVSGIWW SV XIWX
PSST GSRRIGXIH ERH XLI XYRMRK WXEFMPMX] ERH QSHIP ZIVMIH
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GEP VYR XIWX MW XLI ZEPMHEXMSR SJ XLI I\TERHIV ERH GSQTVIW-
WSVTIVJSVQERGI-RXIVQWSJXLI%1&W]WXIQVYRRMRKXIWXW
EVITVMQEVMP]XSIRWYVIXLEXXLIVIWMHYEPMQFEPERGIERHTVS-
GIWWPSEHWHSRSXVIWYPXMRTSWMXMSRI\GYVWMSRWI\GIIHMRKXLI
EPEVQPMQMXW4SWMXMSREPEVQPMQMXWEVIRSVQEPP]WIXEXFIX[IIR
 ERH SJXLIQIGLERMGEPGPIEVERGIXLIRSQMREPVEHMEP
HMWXERGI FIX[IIR XLI VSXSV PERHMRK WPIIZI ERH XLI EY\MPMEV]
FIEVMRKMRRIVVEGI 8LIWIEVIRSVQEPP]PEVKIVXLERXLI%ZPZM-
FVEXMSRPMQMXWIXF]%4-8LIWTIGMIH%ZP[LMPIVYRRMRKMW
XLIWEQIEWMWYWIHEXXLIEREP]WMWWXEKI
*MKYVIW  XLVSYKL  WLS[ X]TMGEP QIEWYVIQIRXW XEOIR XS Figure 19: Unbalance Response
ZEPMHEXI XLI TSWMXMSR TIVJSVQERGI SJ ER I\TERHIVGSQTVIWWSV
2SXIXLEXXLIWIXLVIIKYVIW[IVIGSPPIGXIHSREQSXSVHVMZIR UYMVIQSHMGEXMSRXSXLIFIEVMRKXYRMRK8LIQENSVWSYVGIW
GSQTVIWWSVWMRGIXLIWQSSXLWTIIHGSRXVSPGVIEXIWEFIXXIVMP- SJ*%8XS7%8HMJJIVIRGIWEVIRSXIHFIPS[
PYWXVEXMZII\EQTPISJXLIQIEWYVIHYRFEPERGIVIWTSRWITPSX:IVM- *SV WMQTPMGMX] XLI XIWX PSST YWIH HYVMRK XLI *%8 MW RSV-
GEXMSRXLEXXLIETTPMIHJSVGIWEVI[MXLMRXLIFIEVMRKGETEGMX]JEG- QEPP]RSXPPIH[MXLL]HVSGEVFSRKEW8LIVIJSVIXLIGSSPMRK
XSVSJWEJIX]GERFISFWIVZIHMREWTIGXVYQTPSXSJXLIQIEWYVIH IJJIGXWSJXLITVSGIWWKEWSRXLIQEKRIXMGFIEVMRKWERHXLIMV
FIEVMRKGYVVIRXWEWWLS[RMR*MKYVIXLIPMQMXWEVIQYGLLMKLIV VIWYPXMRK WXIEH]WXEXI XIQTIVEXYVI GER ZEV] JVSQ *%8 XS
XLERXLIWGEPISJXLITPSXERHRSXWIIR -JEW]WXIQMWIUYMTTIH 7%8(MJJIVIRGIWMRXLIQSYRXMRKSJXLIQEGLMRIGERPIEHXS
[MXLYRFEPERGIJSVGIVINIGXMSREXPIEWXX[SVYRWXSJYPPWTIIHEVI ZEVMEXMSRMRXLIQIEWYVIHXVERWJIVJYRGXMSRWERHGERVIUYMVI
RSVQEPP]HSRISRI[MXLSYXERHSRI[MXLVINIGXMSRIREFPIH QSHMGEXMSRW XS XLI FIEVMRK XYRMRK (MJJIVIRGIW MR GEFPI
PIRKXLFIX[IIRXLI*%8XIWXGEFPIWERH7%8NSFGEFPIWGER
438)28-%0(-**)6)2')7&)8;))2*%8%2(7%8 PIEH XS WQEPP ZEVMEXMSRW MR XLI QIEWYVIH XVERWJIV JYRGXMSRW
(MJJIVIRGIW MR XIWX GSRHMXMSRW FIX[IIR XLI *%8 ERH 7%8 ERHWIRWSVWIRWMXMZMXMIW*MREPP]GEVIJYPGLIGOMRKSJXLI[MVMRK
GER PIEH XS GLERKIW MR SFWIVZIH TIVJSVQERGI ERH GER VI- Continued on page 28

gascompressionmagazine.com | FEBRUARY 2017 27


 YTHEXMRK XLI EREP]XMGEP QSHIP MW RSX RSVQEP-
 XLI FIEVMRK W]WXIQ MW WYJGMIRXP]
XLIFIEVMRKW]WXIQMWWYJGMIRXP]WXMJJXSEGGSQ-
Figure 20: Position (Peak-Peak) And Speed Response Of A Touch
and Go Test
is required at both the FAT and SAT to ensure no errors have
been made during interconnection.
AUXILIARY BEARING VALIDATION
API 617 requires that the AMB system have some means
for verifying the operability of the auxiliary bearings that
does not require machine disassembly. One aspect of this is
the clearance check if the clearances to the auxiliary bear-
ing have changed dramatically, barring a sensor malfunction,
it normally means that damage has occurred to the bearing
race or balls.
Another technique is known as a touch and go (Figure
20), in which the rotor, while rotating at an agreed-upon
ever, if traditional, manual techniques are used (proportional,
MRXIKVEPHIVMZEXMZI?4-(AEYKQIRXIH[MXLVWXERHWIGSRH
SVHIV PXIVW
ly necessary or useful. Further documentation updates of
the rotor dynamics report are of limited utility. This model
matching does not contribute to the two key AMB-related
TIVJSVQERGI GVMXIVME 
WXEFPIERH
modate process conditions.
For example, it is common for two machines, with (by de-
sign) identical housings and impellers, supplied with identical
bearing tuning, to have transfer function differences exceed-
ing the API 617 model/measurement matching criteria, but
for both to meet the stability and performance criteria. Many
expander-compressor end users will purchase a spare rotat-
ing assembly (SRA). It is also common for the primary rotor
and SRA, as a result of the unavoidable manufacturing toler-
ances, to have differences exceeding the API matching cri-
teria, when installed in the same machine, even though they
are built to be identical. If the bearing tuning must be modi-
IHRSVQEPP]ZIV]WPMKLXP]XLIRWMKRMGERXXMQIMWVIUYMVIHXS
update the rotor dynamics report to have two rotor mod-
els, two bearing tunings, and all of the new modeled transfer
functions, etc.
Housing natural frequencies can also cause departures be-
tween modeled and measured transfer functions. These can
vary slightly (but exceeding the API limits) from machine to
machine, or even between installations of an individual ma-
GLMRI8LI]GER[MXLHMJGYPX]ERHI\TIRWIFIQSHIPIHTSWX
installation, but accurately predicting them is not feasible, and
not necessary, especially for expander-compressors. Expand-
er-compressor manufacturers generally ensure mounting is
WYJGMIRXP] VMKMH XS GEYWI LSYWMRK QSHIW XS FI QEREKIEFPI
Engineers skilled in tuning AMB systems will be able to iden-
tify unacceptable housing modes, and make a request for im-
WTIIHMWHIPIZMXEXIHF]MRLMFMXMRKXLIEQTPMIVWJSVI\EQ-
ple), and then re-levitated. In this test, the position response
and speed can be monitored, and based on previous tests and
jointly agreed-upon criteria, the status of the auxiliary bear-
ings can be estimated.This test also validates the ability of the
control system and bearing tuning to recover from the upset
condition of rotating on the auxiliary bearings, and validates
that the auxiliary bearing damping system prevents destruc-
tive whirl from becoming established. A full coast down test
MWWSQIXMQIWWTIGMIHEJXIV[LMGLXLIEY\MPMEV]FIEVMRKWEVI
normally replaced to ensure a system with the maximum life
possible remains in operation.
A NOTE ON MODEL VALIDATION
Model validation is useful for identifying major mechani-
cal errors, such as a wrong or improperly attached impeller
wheel. Gross discrepancies should be investigated and un-
derstood prior to beginning bearing tuning efforts. However,
spending effort (and money) to accurately match the mod-
eled and measured transfer functions can, in many cases, be
of limited commercial or technical value. If the AMB vendor
proved machine mounting. This occurs during OEM testing
more commonly, when the machine may be only temporarily
QSYRXIH9RPIWWWTIGMIHF]XLITYVGLEWIVSVYRPIWWQSHIP
based tuning is used, the utility of spending large amounts of
XMQI SR QSHIP ZEPMHEXMSR ERH LEVQSRM^MRK HIWMKR ERH IPH
measurement reports should be carefully considered.
CONCLUSIONS
Annex 1E of the 8th Edition of API 617 is a welcome and
valuable addition to the standard, and will support the ex-
panded use of AMB expander-compressors. Some of its
strong points are:
-XHIZIPSTWGSQQSRXIVQMRSPSK]
-XPIZIVEKIWXLI-73WXEFMPMX]GVMXIVMEVEXLIVXLER
establishing new norms.
-X VIEGLIW E KSSH FEPERGI FIX[IIR QERHEXSV] VIUYMVI-
QIRXWERHMJWTIGMIHIPIQIRXW
-XETTVSTVMEXIP]I\TERHWXLIZMFVEXMSRPMQMXWXSFIETTPMIH
to AMB machines.
-XGSRXEMRWXLIEGGYQYPEXIHI\TIVMIRGISJ%1&HIZIPST-
ers, machine builders, and end users.
YWIWQSHIPFEWIHXYRMRKXIGLRMUYIWXLI,MRRMX]QIXLSH -X FYMPHW JYVXLIV GSRHIRGI MR TSXIRXMEP TYVGLEWIVW SJ
for example), then the model must be very accurate; how- AMB expander-compressors.

28 gascompressionmagazine.com | FEBRUARY 2017

 Based on the experience with expander-compressors, the
authors wish to also make the following comments regarding
the new Annex:
8LI WXVSRK VIUYMVIQIRX JSV QSHIP ZEPMHEXMSR ERH VI
GEPGYPEXMSR SJ EREP]XMGEP VIWYPXW YWMRK IPH XYRMRK WLSYPH
FI EWWIWWIH F] XLI YWIV XS YRHIVWXERH XLI FIRIX XLI]
would realize from a potentially time-consuming exercise
SJQSHIPZEPMHEXMSR
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PSKHIG"MWRSXEP[E]WJIEWMFPIJSVXLIVWXFEGO[EVH
FIRHMRKQSHI
-RGVIEWIHKYMHERGISVGVMXIVMEVIKEVHMRKFIEVMRKGSSPMRK
VIUYMVIQIRXW[SYPHFI[IPGSQIERHYWIJYP

APPENDIX A: COMPONENTS OF AN ACTIVE

MAGNETIC BEARING SYSTEM
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8LITVMRGMTPIWERHHIXEMPWSJ%1&XIGLRSPSK]LEZIFIIR[IPP
described in many sources3,5ERH[MPPRSXFIGSZIVIHMRHIXEMP
LIVI8STVSZMHIGSRXI\XJSVXLIVIEHIVWRSXJEQMPMEV[MXL%1&
XIGLRSPSK]XLIJSPPS[MRKFVMIJHIWGVMTXMSRMWTVSZMHIH

1%+2)8-'&)%6-2+'3286300)6
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UYMVIHXSEGLMIZIPIZMXEXMSRMRXLIQIGLERMGEPW]WXIQ8LIWI
MRGPYHI FIEVMRK EQTPMIVW WIRWSV HVMZI IPIGXVSRMGW ERH E
GSQTYXEXMSRHIZMGIX]TMGEPP]ELMKLWTIIHHMKMXEPWMKREPTVS-
GIWWSV (74
 [LMGL I\IGYXIW XLI JIIHFEGO GSRXVSP PSST EX
XLILIEVXSJQEKRIXMGPIZMXEXMSR8LI1&'EPWSGSRXEMRWRIG-
IWWEV] ERH STXMSREP WYTTSVX IUYMTQIRX WYGL EW%' XS ('
TS[IVGSRZIVXIVWGSRHMXMSRQSRMXSVMRKSVHEXEPSKKMRKHI-
ZMGIW&2'FVIEOSYXFSEVHWJSVWMKREPEGGIWWFEGOYTTS[IV
FEXXIVMIWSVE947
KVSYRHJEYPXQSRMXSVWGSQQYRMGEXMSRW
links, interlock inputs and outputs, temperature monitoring
VIWMWXERGIXIQTIVEXYVIHIXIGXSV?68(A
MRTYXWIXG
%1& ZIRHSVW GPEWWMJ] XLIMV 1&'W MR XIVQW SJ XLIMV QSWX
MQTSVXERX JIEXYVI  XLI ZSPXEKI ERH GYVVIRX HIPMZIVIH F]
XLIMVTS[IVEQTPMIVWXSXLIQEKRIXMGFIEVMRKW%WEQTPMIV
TS[IVMRGVIEWIWXLIGETEFMPMX]SJER1&'XSEGGSQQSHEXI
LMKLIV WTIIHW LIEZMIV VSXSVW ERH KVIEXIV H]REQMG JSVGIW
MRGVIEWIW *SV%1& I\TERHIVGSQTVIWWSVW X]TMGEP EQTPMIV INCREASE PERFORMANCE
ZSPXEKIWVERKIJVSQXS:[LMPIGYVVIRXWVERKIJVSQ
XS% EXTEND RUNTIME
6%(-%01%+2)8-'&)%6-2+7 ON-SITE SERVICIABILITY
8;3*396%'89%8367)%',

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TVSGIWWPSEHW)EGLFIEVMRKVIJIVVIHXSEWEWXEXSVGSRWMWXW
of four separate actuators spaced at 90 degrees around the
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FIEVMRKE\MW
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steel, similar to a transformer core, with coils of magnet wire
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eddy currents in the stator magnetic core in the presence of
GLERKMRKY\HIRWMX]ERHKVIEXP]MRGVIEWIXLIH]REQMGTIV-
JSVQERGISJXLIVEHMEPFIEVMRK
WWW.ZAHROOFVALVES.COM
Continued on page 30 SALES@ZAHROOFVALVES.COM
+1 713.554.2678

Figure A1: Radial And Axial AMB And Sensor Elements
In some AMB designs, permanent magnets are used to
GVIEXIFMEWY\MRXLIWXEXSVWERHVIHYGIXLIHIQERHSRXLI
FIEVMRKGSMPWFYXJYPPIPIGXVSQEKRIXMGPIZMXEXMSRMWF]JEVXLI
Figure A2: Typical AMB Expander-Compressor Radial And Axial Air
Gaps (mm)
FIEVMRKWXEXSVWETSWMXMSRWIRWSVIPIQIRXERHXLIMVEWWSGM
EXIHVSXSVIPIQIRXW
%9<-0-%6=&)%6-2+7
8LIWIEVIVSPPMRKIPIQIRXFIEVMRKWRSVQEPP]ERKYPEVGSRXEGX
XIGLRSPSK]QSWXGSQQSRP]YWIHMRI\TERHIVGSQTVIWWSVW FEPP FIEVMRKW %'&&
 [LMGL WYTTSVX XLI WLEJX [LIR MX MW RSX
8LI VEHMEP FIEVMRKW GSRWMHIVIH LIVIMR EVILIXIVSTSPEV PIZMXEXIHF]XLI%1&WHYVMRKERYTWIXIZIRXIK1&'JEMPYVI
FIEVMRKW QIERMRK ER] TSMRX SR XLI VSXSV MRXIVEGXMRK [MXL FIEVMRKSZIVPSEHGSRHMXMSRIXG
SV[LIRXLIQEGLMRIMWRSX
XLI FIEVMRK WXEXSV [MPP WII QYPXMTPI QEKRIXMG TSPEVMX] VI MR STIVEXMSR8LIWI FIEVMRKW EVI TVIPSEHIH XS TVIZIRX HVEK
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WTIIH WIRWSV *MKYVI% MW ER MPPYWXVEXMSR SJ VEHMEP ERH E\MEP
30 gascompressionmagazine.com | FEBRUARY 2017
SYXIV FIEVMRK VEGI OMRIXMG IRIVK]
LIEX8LMW IRIVK] VIQSZEP JVSQ XLI VSXSV XVERWPEXMSREP QS
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fully select the housing materials used in the machine frame
sizes. Both non-magnetic (austenitic) and magnetic (martens-
MXMG
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around bearings and sensors.
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ERH EY\MPMEV] FIEVMRK EVI MRGSVTSVEXIH MRXS E VIQSZEFPI
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VEXII\TERHIVWMHIERHGSQTVIWWSVWMHIGEVXVMHKIW

ROTOR Figure A3: AMB Axis Naming Convention Gaps (mm)

8LIVSXEXMRKEWWIQFP]GSRWMWXWSJXLII\TERHIVERHGSQ-
TVIWWSVMQTIPPIVWSV[LIIPW&IX[IIRXLI[LIIPWEVIEPPSJ E\MW PIZMXEXMRK ZIVXMGEPP] ERH SRI LSVM^SRXEPP]8LI X]TMGEP
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XIQW8LIVSXSVMWGSRWXVYGXIHSJEWLEJX[MXLEGIRXVEPERKI  )\TERHIV6EHMEP&IEVMRK:TVSRSYRGIH:SRIXLVII

MRXIKVEPSVEXXEGLIH
JSVXLIE\MEPFIEVMRKXSTYPPYTSRERH  ;TVSRSYRGIH;SRIXLVII

laminated sections beneath the radial bearing stators. While  'SQTVIWWSV6EHMEP&IEVMRK:TVSRSYRGIH:X[SJSYV

PEQMREXMSRWMRXLIVEHMEPWXEXSVGSVIMRGVIEWIH]REQMGTIVJSV-    ;TVSRSYRGIH;X[SJSYV

mance, they are necessary on the rotor to not only increase  %\MEP&IEVMRK>TVSRSYRGIH>SRIX[S

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GLMRIWQIERMRKXLI]STIVEXIFIPS[XLIVSXSVJMVWXJPI\MFPI
mode frequency.
CABLES
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TVIWWSV MW EGLMIZIH F] X[S GYWXSQ MRHYWXVMEP GEFPIW TIV
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signals. As length increases, these cables can be a significant
TSVXMSR SJ XLI SZIVEPP W]WXIQ GSWX ERH GER VIEGL YT XS
%RRI\)SJ4EVX
APPENDIX B: ADVANTAGES OF ACTIVE
MAGNETIC BEARINGS
IN EXPANDER-COMPRESSORS
Maintenance/Reliability: ;MXL XLIMV ^IVSGSRXEGX WYT-
TSVX%1&WEVIEGGITXIHEWXLIPS[IWXQEMRXIRERGILMKLIWX
VIPMEFMPMX]FIEVMRKWSPYXMSREZEMPEFPI[LIRYWIH[MXLMRXLIMV
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EXXIRXMSRSRETVSTIVP]STIVEXMRKQEGLMRI
QJX
MRPIRKXLHITIRHMRKSRXLI1&'ERHGEFPI
technology used.
It is common for a machine to be tested at the OEM fac-
tory with a standard set of short test cables, and commis-
sioned at the end user site with long, custom cables.
MAGNETIC BEARING AXIS CONVENTIONS
%1&I\TERHIVGSQTVIWWSVWEVIZIE\MWQEKRIXMGPIZM-
XEXMSRQEGLMRIW[MXLEGXMZIPIZMXEXMSRGSRXVSPEPSRKSRIE\MEP
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GPIERMRKHITIRHMRKSRWMXIEMVUYEPMX]ERHFEGOYTFEXXIVMIW
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QEMRXIRERGI MXIQW )PIGXVSRMG GSQTSRIRX HIKVEHEXMSR ERH
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eliminates the maintenance required on the entire oil sys-
XEXMSREFSYXXLIE\MEPE\MWGSRXVSPPIHF]XLISTIVEXMSRSJXLI XIQERHEPPSJXLIEWWSGMEXIHWIRWSVWPIZIPXIQTIVEXYVIERH
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ZEPZIWTMTMRKERHPXIVW
8LI E\MEP E\MW MW VIJIVVIH XS EW XLI > E\MW -RWXIEH SJ ER Zero Contamination: Particularly in the case of cryo-
<= LSVM^SRXEPZIVXMGEP GSRKYVEXMSR EW RSXIH FYX RSX KIRMGW]WXIQWYWIHMRIXL]PIRITPERXWXLIEFWIRGISJPYFVM-
WTIGMIH
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E HMEKSREP 
 GSRKYVEXMSR VIJIVVIH XS EW: ERH; I\GLERKIV GSPH FS\
 -X MW [IPP ORS[R XLEX SRGI JSYPIH MX
following the right-hand rule (V rotates into W with the MW EPQSWX MQTSWWMFPI XS GSQTPIXIP] HIGSRXEQMREXI QSHIVR
VMKLX LERH KVEWTMRK > XLYQF MW TSWMXMZI >
8LMW EPPS[W LIEXI\GLERKIVW
FSXLVEHMEPE\IWXS[SVOEKEMRWXKVEZMX]VEXLIVXLERSRI Continued on page 32

gascompressionmagazine.com | FEBRUARY 2017 31

 Figure B1: LOB vs. AMB Compres-
sor Installation Size.
Photo courtesy of GE.
Reduced Footprint, Mass: While magnetic bearings typi-
cally require a slightly larger envelope in the expander-com-
pressor itself, the overall machine footprint and mass are
much smaller because of the absence of an oil skid. This is il-
lustrated in Figure B1, which is an aerial view comparison of
the footprints of comparable LOB and AMB high-speed mo-
tor-compressor units. While not an expander-compressor,
this example is still illustrative. This footprint reduction is
especially critical offshore. The reduced mass also decreases
the crane and transport requirements, and in some cases,
allows AMB units to be installed on an elevated mezzanine
instead of directly on the ground.
Better Condition Monitoring, Diagnostics: AMB ex-
pander-compressors have built-in vibration, bearing load,
speed, and temperature sensing that can provide valuable
reliability information when the MBC is connected to online
condition monitoring software.
Reduced Case Vibration: Using a control technique
known as unbalance force rejection control (also known as
auto-balancing or vibration control) the synchronous vibra-
tion induced on the machine by the unbalance forces of ro-
tation can be eliminated. This is achieved by allowing the ro-
tor to rotate about its mass center, rather than its geometric
center (Figure 12).
Environment: The elimination of oil reduces the chance
SJSMPWTMPPWSVPIEOW-XMQTSVXERXP]VIHYGIWXLIVIVMWOSJXIR
VIHYGMRK XLI GSWX SJ MRWYVERGI ERH GSHIVIUYMVIH VI WYT-
TVIWWMSRW]WXIQW%1&FIEVMRKWEVILMKLP]IJGMIRXTVSHYG-
ing roughly one-tenth of the bearing losses of LOB systems.
Reduction of Seals: AMB expander-compressors typical-
ly have a labyrinth seal behind each impeller, to prevent very
cold or very hot gases entering the bearing cavities. They
do not, however, normally require dry gas seals, as a result
of the submersion of the bearings in the process gas, saving
cost and complexity.
Automated Verification of API 617 Criteria: MBCs
are capable of automating the collection of data and re-
32 gascompressionmagazine.com | FEBRUARY 2017
porting against API 617 requirements. This improves the
speed of acceptance testing and simplifies the performance
evaluation.
REFERENCES
1
API Std. 617, Axial and Centrifugal Compressors and Ex-
pander-Compressors, 8th ed. (Washington, DC: American
Petroleum Institute [API], 2014).
2
Jumonville, J., A Tutorial on Cryogenic Turboexpanders,
Proceedings of the 39th Turbomachinery Symposium, Tu-
torial 10 (College Station, TX: Turbomachinery Laboratory,
Texas A&M University, 2010), p. 147-154.
3
Swanson, E., Masala, A., Hawkins, L., A New Active Magnetic
Bearing Requirements for Compressors in API 617 Eighth
Edition, Proceedings of the 43rd Turbomachinery Sympo-
sium, Tutorial 10 (College Station, TX: Turbomachinery Labo-
ratory, Texas A&M University, 2014).
4
ISO 14839-3:2006, Mechanical Vibration Vibration of Ro-
tating Machinery Equipped with Active Magnetic Bearings
Part 3: Evaluation of Stability Margin (Geneva, Switzerland:
International Standards Organization [ISO], 2006).
5
Schweitzer, G., Maslen, E.H., eds., Magnetic Bearings: Theory,
Design and Application to Rotating Machinery (Berlin, Germany;
Springer-Verlag, 2009).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors wish to acknowledge the support and assis-
XERGISJ.SWITL0MPPEVHSJXLI%XPEW'STGS1E8VIRGL'SQ-
pany in preparing this tutorial and paper. They also wish to
acknowledge Robert Fischer of the ExxonMobil Company
for acting as the Turbomachinery Symposium monitor for
this tutorial. Finally, they wish to thank Damien Diepdale,
Bertrand Barbey, Blair Martin, Robert Gates, Christopher
Howe, Alexis Steer, Shawn Gibson, and Frederic Ponson of
SKF for their contributions. For additional information or
answers to questions, contact the authors directly through
their email addresses.
 PACKAGER
PROFILE:
ALEGACY EQUIPMENT
Waller, Texas, USA
Phone: 832-916-3700
Email: info@alegacy.biz
Website: www.alegacy.biz
Year Founded: 2013
Number of Employees: 60+
Geographic Territory: USA
COMPANY OFFICERS:
Will Reyes, Managing Partner
Bob Nickles, Principal
Bo Pierce, Principal
JEFVMGEXMSRWLSTFPEWXERHTEMRXGIPPWERHSJGIWTEGI
BY BRENT HAIGHT
TYPE OF COMPRESSION: Reciprocating
TYPES OF DRIVERS: Reciprocating Engine, Electric Motor
CAPACITY RANGE:
100 hp min. (74 kW min.)
10,000 hp max. (7460 kW max.)
SERVICES OFFERED:
Fabrication and packaging of new gas compression equipment;
revamping the gas compression package; upgrading gas compres-
sion equipment
Located in Waller, Texas, USA, Alegacys 20-acre (8-ha) campus
includes a 60,000-sq.ft. (5574-m2) assembly shop, a 30,000-sq.ft.
(2787-m2

rom its humble beginnings, operating from a
F Holiday
H lid IInn EExpress hhotel,
t l Al
Alegacy hhas grown iinto
t
a world-class packager of gas compression equipment. Found-
ed in 2013, Alegacy specializes in the fabrication and packaging
of engine and electric motor-driven reciprocating compression
equipment from 100 to 10,000 hp (74 to 7460 kW). To date,
the company has packaged natural gas compressors and re-
lated equipment in excess of US$250 million.
3YVIEVP]HE]W[IVIZIV]LYQFPMRKFYXEPWSPPIH[MXLXLI
purpose of wanting to build a legacy, said Bob Nickles. Nick-
les, along with Bo Pierce, serve as principals of Alegacy. We
keep customer needs at the center of everything we do and
maintain a responsibly managed growth environment. Today,
Alegacy is located on a 20-acre (8-ha) campus in Waller, Texas,
USA, complete with a 60,000-sq.ft. (5574-m2) assembly shop, a
30,000-sq.ft. (2787-m2) fabrication shop, blast and paint cells,
SJGIWTEGIERHVSSQXSI\TERH
The total square footage under roof is 100,000 sq.ft.
(9290 m2), said Nickles. When we designed this campus,
we started with a clean sheet of paper. We decided where
the road was going to be, the building heights, the building
widths, placement of the paint shop every aspect was
well thought out before we began construction. The as-
sembly shop was purpose-built around a Caterpillar 3516/
Ariel JGT4 compressor package. The bay doors, the crane
capacity everything was designed to accommodate large-
horsepower gas compression.
Alegacys focus is the fa fabrication and packaging of skid-
mounted natural gas co compression equipment. While it
also offers package rev revamp and upgrade services, its
business model is cleaclear: We build it and ship it. Thats
MXWEMH2MGOPIW;IHSRX[ERXXSFIXLIIIX;I
MXWEMH2MGOPIW;I
think that those who comingle in that environment
are kind of competing
comp against their own custom-
ers and will create an identity crisis at some point.
Our focus ha has always been the compressor
package, said Nickles. When we began, we
focused exclusively
exclus on building units for com-
TVIWWSVIIXWWYGLEW97%'SQTVIWWMSRERH
TVIWWSVIIXW
Kodiak Gas Services,
Ser among others. Today, we
also build product fo for end users such as Anadarko,
Plains All American Pipe Pipeline, Rice Energy Inc., and more.
;IZI FIIR MRZSPZIH MR WSQI
projects
j t with ith companies
WS
like H
i lik
VWXKIRIVEXMSR MRRSZEXMZI
HICOR and Mission West Inc., for
example. We have already built the prototype unit for HICOR
XLEXMWMRIPHXIWXRS[;ILEZIERSXLIVIQIVKMRKXIGLRSPSK]
project in development with Mission West. The prototype unit
is scheduled to be built in Q2-2017. We are absolutely looking
for emerging technologies, improvements, and strategic devel-
opments. We want to build the next generation of products,
not just whats in our portfolio today.
Having weathered the unprecedented market challenges of
2016, Nickles sees a brighter forecast for Alegacy in 2017.
We saw the market shrink in 2016 over 2015, but thanks
to one extremely strong customer, Kodiak Gas Services, we
only retracted about 20% year-over-year. Given everything that
has happened within the industry last year, we are thrilled with
that number. Our crystal ball for 2017 is far more bold. Our
conservative forecast is that we will more than double last year.
Orders are already coming in.
Nickles attributes the success of Alegacy to a company-
wide attention to detail lead by Managing Partner Will Reyes.
Our attention to detail separates us in the marketplace,
said Nickles. Its not something you see on a resume. Its not
something you see in a bio. You begin to see it the moment
you see the equipment lined up in our yard, the moment you
WIIXLIGPIERIHERHFYJJIHWLSTSSVWXLIQSQIRX]SYWII
the quality of our work. We take great pride in every aspect
of what we do.
gascompressionmagazine.com | FEBRUARY 2017 35
 Dont replace.
IN THE NEWS
MA
T S R A H M ST R
M
ATLAS COPCO NAMES NEW
PRESIDENT & CEO
The Board of Directors of Atlas Cop-
co AB has appointed Mats Rahmstrm
as the new president and CEO of Atlas
Copco AB. Effective April 27, Rahm-
strm will replace Ronnie Leten, who
has requested to leave his position after
having managed Atlas Copco success-
fully for eight years.
Rahmstrm, currently senior execu-
tive vice president and president of the
Industrial Technique business area, began
his Atlas Copco career in 1988. He held
positions in sales, service, marketing, and
36 gascompressionmagazine.com | FEBRUARY 2017
general management within Industrial
8IGLRMUYI HYVMRK XLI VWX  ]IEVW &I-
X[IIRERHLILIPHTSWMXMSRW
as general manager for customer centers
in Sweden, Canada, and then in the Unit-
ed Kingdom. Before he took on his cur-
VIRXTSWMXMSRMRLI[EWTVIWMHIRXSJ
the Tools and Assembly Systems General
Industry division within Atlas Copcos In-
dustrial Technique. He has an MBA from
the Henley Management College in the
United Kingdom. Rahmstrm will be the
12th president and CEO since the com-
pany was established in 1873.
B&W ACQUIRES UNIVERSAL
ACOUSTIC & EMISSIONS
TECHNOLOGIES INC.
Babcock & Wilcox Enterprises Inc.
(B&W) has acquired Universal Acoustic
& Emission Technologies Inc. (Universal
AET), a Wisconsin-based provider of cus-
tom-engineered acoustic, emission, and
PXVEXMSRWSPYXMSRW
Universal AET is a bolt-on acquisition
for B&W MEGTEC and will be included
in B&Ws Industrial operating segment.
The new company will be named Bab-
cock & Wilcox Universal and will operate
under the trade name B&W Universal.
B&W MEGTEC is a global supplier of
environmental control technologies and
engineered products tailored to meet
customers manufacturing process re-
quirements. The companys key technol-
SKMIWMRGPYHIS\MHM^IVWJEFVMGPXIVW[IX
and dry electrostatic precipitators, sol-
vent recovery systems, scrubbers, selec-
tive catalytic and selective non-catalytic
reduction (SCR/SNCR) products, and
distillation equipment.
Universal AET solutions target mid-
stream natural gas pipeline, natural gas
power generation, general industrial, and
other end markets. Universal AET em-
TPS]WETTVS\MQEXIP]TISTPIQEMRP]MR
the United States and Mexico. Universal
AETs product offering includes gas tur-
bine inlet and exhaust systems, custom
WMPIRGIVWPXIVWERHGYWXSQIRGPSWYVIW
Rebuild.
The Altronic Flashguard 2.0 Secondary Spark Plug Lead System
gives you the ability to fully rebuild spark plug leads in the eld.
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HOERBIGER Engine Solutions

Find a distributor near you at www.altronic-llc.com

Universal AET expands our industrial XSVIWSPZIMHIRXMIHKETWERHI\IGYXMRK WTSRWMFPIJSVVYRRMRKXLISJGIERH[MPP

environmental portfolio into noise abate-
ment, introduces us to new end markets
and customers, and gives us another
avenue to serve natural gas power gen-
eration customers, said B&W Chairman
and CEO E. James Ferland. This acquisi-
tion aligns with our strategy to grow our
industrial market exposure and continue
to increase our non-coal revenue base.
Headquartered in Charlotte, North
Carolina, USA, Babcock & Wilcox is a
global provider of energy and environ-
mental technologies and services.
SEALCO ACHIEVES AS9100C/ISO
9001:2008 CERTIFICATION
Seal Company Enterprises Inc. (SEALCO)
has achieved AS9100C/ISO 9001:2008
GIVXMGEXMSRW %7'-73 
standards specify Quality Management
System (QMS) requirements focused on
an organizations ability to meet and im-
prove upon customer satisfaction and
quality requirements. As part of the cer-
XMGEXMSR TVSGIWW 7)%0'3 IWXEFPMWLIH
its own QMS. By identifying areas for im-
provement, creating recommendations
against these recommendations, SEAL-
CO is ensuring that it has the processes
necessary to consistently improve qual-
MX]SREVIKYPEVUYERXMEFPIERHHIQSR-
strable basis, the company said.
Achieving AS9100C/ISO 9001:2008
GIVXMGEXMSR MW E XIVVMG QMPIWXSRI JSV
both Seal Company and our customers,
said David Oldham, president of SEALCO.
8LIGIVXMGEXMSRTVSGIWWVIUYMVIHEPSX
of hard work over a 19-month period
and demonstrates Seal Companys con-
tinued commitment to our customers
and our quality.
Headquartered in Tulsa, Oklahoma,
USA, SEALCO is a global manufactur-
er and distributor of gaskets, seals, O-
rings, and related sealing products used
throughout myriad industries, including
gas compression, oil and gas, and power
generation.
GUSTOMSC NAMES NEW
GENERAL MANAGER
GustoMSC has named Dr. Alberto
Morandi as general manager of its
,SYWXSR 97% SJGI ,I [MPP FI VI-
act as point of contact for the compa-
nys US clients.
We are very fortunate to have Al-
berto join us because, with his valuable
expertise and experience, we continue
to strengthen our position in offering
services to our US client base, said Nils
van Nood, CEO of GustoMSC.
Dr. Morandi holds a PhD from the
University of Glasgow in reliability of
marine structures and an MSc in na-
val architecture from the University of
So Paulo. He is a chartered engineer
in the UK and a professional engineer
in the state of Texas, contributing to
technical committees and developing
international standards and industry
practices.
Headquartered in The Netherlands,
GustoMSC is an independent design
and engineering company serving the
offshore oil and gas market. With this
appointment, GustoMSC aims to further
ensure close working relations with its
local clients and to facilitate easy access
to the technical expertise of its head-
quarters, the company said.

gascompressionmagazine.com | FEBRUARY 2017 37

 G A S C O M P R E S S I O N:

A PRIMER ON GAS COMPRESSION EQUIPMENT & TECHNOLOGY

BY W. NORM SHADE, PE

8 Process and Refinery

Compression Applications

C H A P T E R

A basic introduction to gas compression,

intended for operators, maintenance
technicians, supervisors, engineers, stu-
dents, and others who want to gain a fun-
damental understanding of gas compres-
sor rating, application, analysis, and control.

The following is an excerpt from the forthcoming book, Gas Compression: A Primer On Gas Compression Equipment & Technology. Each
month, Gas Compression Magazine will publish approximately one chapter. At a later date, it is planned that all the individual chapters
and sections will be combined into a comprehensive text book that will include sample problems and even some homework assignments.
 Part I:
Introduction to Compression: Compressor Types and Applications

8
CHAPTER

Process and Refinery Compression Applications

s introduced in Chapter 6 and symbolized in Figure

A 6.1 (see December 2016 Gas Compression Magazine,
p. 37), the oil and natural gas industry is generally catego-
rized into three segments: upstream, midstream, and down-
stream. Each segment has unique requirements. Chapter 6
discussed the most common upstream compression appli-
cations in some detail. Continuing down the supply stream,
the midstream sector of the oil and gas industry covers
the processing, storing, marketing, and transportation of
crude oil, natural gas, and natural gas liquids. Chapter 7 (see
January 2017 Gas Compression Magazine, p. 12) discussed
several midstream natural gas compression applications, *MKYVI7MQTPMIH,]HVSGEVFSR4VSGIWWMRK-RHYWXV]*PS[GLEVX
including gas processing, process refrigeration, gas pipeline
transmission, and gas storage and withdrawal. Chapter 8 will as hydrocarbon processing, it generally uses feedstocks of
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The downstream sector of the oil and gas industry includes begun by processes called cracking, hydrocracking, or catalytic
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valuable products such as fuels, lubricants, and petrochemicals, chemical compounds into smaller compounds. As the lighter
including fertilizers, rubbers, and polymers. Often referred to components or compounds of fuel oil and gasoline are ex-

*MKYVI6IRIVMIWERHGLIQ-
ical process facilities typically
use dozens of compressors to
pressurize various gas streams
throughout the sprawling pro-
cess complex.

gascompressionmagazine.com | FEBRUARY 2017 39

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KEWGSQTVIWWMSRQEKE^MRIGSQ`FEBRUARY 41
2017
NOTABLE DATES & INDUSTRY ANNOUNCEMENTS

EVENTS CALENDAR | February August

February
GAS/ELECTRIC PARTNERSHIP
Houston, Texas, USA
February 8 9
www.gaselectricpartnership.com
GULF SOUTH ROTATING
MACHINERY SYMPOSIUM
Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
April 24 26
www.gsrms.org

March May
CORROSION 2017
New Orleans, Louisiana, USA EASTERN GAS COMPRESSION
March 26 30 ROUNDTABLE
www.nacecorrosion.org Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
May 23 25
www.egcr.org

April
GASTECH CONFERENCE & EXHIBITION
Tokyo, Japan
June
April 4 7 GLOBAL PETROLEUM
www.gastechevent.com Calgary, Canada
June 13 15
PIPELINE & ENERGY EXPO www.globalpetroleumshow.com
Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
April 4 7 POWER-GEN EUROPE
www.pipelineenergyexpo.com Cologne, Germany
June 27 29
www.powergeneurope.com
GPA MIDSTREAM ASSOCIATION
CONVENTION
San Antonio, Texas, USA
April 9 12
www.gpaconvention.org/register August
POWER-GEN NATURAL GAS
GCA EXPO & CONFERENCE Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
Galveston, Texas, USA August 15 17
April 23 26 www.power-gennaturalgas.com
www.gascompressor.org/meetings

gascompressionmagazine.com | FEBRUARY 2017 43

 INDEX OF ADVERTISERS
FEBRUARY

ACI Services, Inc. 9 FW Murphy Fourth Cover

Altronic 3637 Gulf South Rotating

Machinery Symposium 45
Ariel 13
KB Delta
ARMCO Compressor Products Corp. 3 Compressor Valve Parts, Mfg. 1, 2425, Third Cover
AXH Air-Coolers 23 Robt. L. Rowan & Assocs., Inc. Second Cover
CPI 5 Zahroof Valves 29
FLSmidth Inc. 19

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Have a posting or announcement 'LERKMRK]SYVEHHVIWW#

you would like to run in our 6IRI[MRK]SYVWYFWGVMTXMSR#
GPEWWMIHWIGXMSR# 7[MXGLMRKXSTVMRXSVHMKMXEP#

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Or syildiz@thirdcoastpublishing.net
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materials or have our design team create
one for you free of charge.

44 gascompressionmagazine.com | FEBRUARY 2017

GULF SOUTH ROTATING MACHINERY SYMPOSIUM 2017
April 2426, 2017
Crowne Plaza Executive Center
Baton Rouge, Louisiana

GSRMS Training Institute Technical and Short Courses From 416 Hours

Tutorials PresentedIndustry Standards, Innovations and Practices

Networking OpportunitiesConnect With Colleagues and Potential Customers

Trade ShowLeading Vendors In The Industry

Visit www.gsrms.org for conference details and registration information

Follow us on Twitter @GSRMS2017 and
Facebook- Gulf South Rotating Machinery Symposium

GSRMSGulf South Rotating Machinery Symposium

LSU Continuing Education, 2146 Pleasant Hall, Baton Rouge, LA. 70803
Phone: 225-578-4853 Email: gsrms@outreach.lsu.edu
 HAIGHT
REPORT BRENT HAIGHT, PUBLISHER
bhaight@thirdcoastpublishing.net
EPA EYES NATURAL GAS
PROCESSING FACILITIES
T he US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has pro-
posed a rule that would require natural gas processing
plants to publicly report toxins that are being released into
the environment. The move is in response to a 2012 petition
by 19 environment and open-government groups requesting
that the EPA exercise its discretionary Toxics Release Inven-
tory (TRI) sector addition authority to add the oil and gas
extraction industrial sector to the scope of industrial sectors
covered by the reporting requirements of the TRI. The group
PIHEPE[WYMXEKEMRWXXLI)4%MR.ERYEV]XSGSQTIPXLI
EKIRG]XSVIWTSRHXSMXWMRMXMEPTIXMXMSR[LMGLMXREPP]HMHMR
3GXSFIV[LIRMXEKVIIHXSGSQQIRGI[MXLXLIRIGIW-
sary rulemaking process to propose adding natural gas pro-
GIWWMRKJEGMPMXMIWXSXLIWGSTISJXLI86--R.ERYEV]XLI)4%
unveiled its proposal.
The EPA is proposing to add natural gas processing facilities
to the scope of the industrial sectors covered by the reporting
requirements of section 313 of the Emergency Planning and
Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA), commonly known as
the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) and section 6607 of the Pol-
lution Prevention Act (PPA).
According to the proposal, adding these facilities would
meaningfully increase the information available to the public on
releases and other waste management of listed chemicals from
the natural gas processing sector.
%VITSVXGMXIHF]XLI)4%IWXMQEXIWXLIVIEVI
natural gas process facilities in the United States. According
to the EPA, more than half of these plants would meet the
TRIs chemical reporting thresholds for 21 different toxic
GLIQMGEPW MRGPYHMRK FIR^IRI L]HVSKIR WYPHI RLI\ERI
and methanol.
46 gascompressionmagazine.com | FEBRUARY 2017
Not included in the EPAs proposal are well sites, compres-
sor stations, pipelines, and other smaller facilities that employ
fewer than 10 people.
Some natural gas processing facilities are already subject to
TRI reporting requirements. For example, facilities that primar-
ily recover sulfur from natural gas are part of a manufactur-
ing sector that was originally subjected to reporting by the US
Congress.The proposal presented by the EPA last month would
expand coverage to all natural gas processing facilities that re-
GIMZIERHVIRIREXYVEPKEW%GGSVHMRKXSXLI)4%)RXMXMIWTS-
tentially regulated by this proposed action are those facilities
that primarily engage in the recovery of liquid hydrocarbons
JVSQ SMP ERH KEW IPH KEWIW MRGPYHMRK JEGMPMXMIW XLEX IRKEKI MR
sulfur recovery from natural gas, as well as those which manu-
facture, process, or otherwise use chemicals listed at 40 CFR
ERHQIIXXLIVITSVXMRKVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ)4'6%WIGXMSR
313, 42 U.S.C. 11023, and PPA section 6607, 42 U.S.C. 13106.
According to the EPA, adding these facilities to the TRI would
increase the publicly available information on chemical releases,
while furthering the goals of section 313 of the Emergency
Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act.
The EPA estimates that the proposal, industry-wide, would
GSWXYTXS97QMPPMSRJSVXLIVWX]IEVSJVITSVXMRKERH
up to US$7.3 million for each reporting year thereafter.
While environmentalists are celebrating the move, analysts
are quick to point out that the future of the EPA proposal re-
mains uncertain. Sitting atop the list of potential challenges to
the proposal: The new political administration in Washington,
DC, brings a whole different approach to government, affec-
tively presenting the biggest wild card any analyst, lobbyist, or
industry insider has ever tried to predict.
 COMING
OMIN

MARCH

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Gas Compression Magazine en espaol is the ONLY

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800-632-3994
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 FOCUSED ON YOUR NEEDS

With the sale of Enovation Controls, FW Murphy Production Controls

ISCONTINUINGTHELEGACYSTARTEDBY&RANK7h0ATv-URPHYMORETHANYEARSAGO
Our same traditions of customer focus, innovative ideas and reliable products carry on as we
CONTINUETOSERVETHE/IL'AS0RODUCTIONAND.ATURAL'AS#OMPRESSION-ARKETS
ISTYOU
%XPERIENCEDTRUSTED&7-URPHYPERSONNELAREONHANDREADYTOASSISTYOU
FW Murphy Production Controls remains dedicated to designing and delivering
ivering
New Addres
RELIABLEPRODUCTSTHATMEETYOURSPECIlCNEEDS
s
NEW NAME
1612021 rev.1-17

SAME FOLKS
5417 S. 122nd E. Ave., Tulsa, OK 74146

www.fwmurphy.com