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Research Article
Micro Structural Comparison of Friction Stir
Weldment and Shielded Metal Arc Welding in
API-X65 Pipe Line
Amin Shahinfar*1, Afshin Habibi Eftekhar1, Asghar Habibi Eftekhar1, Hadi Eskandari2
1
Department of Metallurgy, Behbahan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Behbahan, Iran
2
Petroleum university of Technology, Abadan Institute of Technology, Abadan, Iran
Abstract
The study was conducted to investigate the microstructure and microhardness properties of the friction stir
welded zones and shielded metal arc welded. Microstructural analysis of the weld was carried out using
optical microscopy. Under FSW process base metal microstructure fully changed. Different heat inputs
were obtained using a fix travel (welding) speed in combination with several spindle speeds. Heat input
during welding process had a significant influence on the microstructure and mechanical proprieties in the
various weld regions.it can be concluded that with decrease in heat input the bainitic structure in the hard
zone becomes finer and so hard zone hardness increase.
Keywords: Friction stir welding, heat input, shielded metal arc welding, microhardness
I. Introduction
X65 steels have been used more frequently over the last few decades. These steels are replacing
the previous generation of steels in numerous industries because of weight and cost savings due
to improved strength, toughness, and weldability. The weldability of X65 steels is improved by
the reduced carbon content. Enhanced strength and toughness are derived primarily from a finer
grain size. A fine grain size in X65 steels is achieved through thermo-mechanically controlled
processing (TMCP) and limited alloying additions. TMCP is the deliberate use of controlled
rolling and accelerated cooling in the fabrication of HSLA steels. Controlling the extent of
deformation and the temperature of deformation during steel processing can produce a desired
microstructure with superior characteristics (Rashid 1980, Basu et al 2005).
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Tables
TABLE 1. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION (WT. %) OF API X65 PIPE LINE STEEL USED IN THIS
INVESTIGATION
P V Cu Cr Fe Mo Ni Si Mn C
0.022 0.055 0.26 0.15 ball 0.06 0.35 0.2 1.43 O.081
TABLE 2. SHIELDED METAL ARC WELDING PARAMETERS AND AVERAGE HEAT INPUT VALUE FOR
X65 PIPE LINE
Sample Welding voltage (V) (A) current HI(KJ/mm)
speed(mm/s)
1 1.87 12 90 1.5
TABLE 3. FRICTION STIR WELDING PARAMETERS AND AVERAGE HEAT INPUT VALUE FOR EACH
PROCESS PARAMETER OF X65 PIPE LINE
sample tool Welding Tool Advanced per Rotational Spindle Pre HI(KJ/mm)
speed(rpm) tilting revolution(mm/min) speed(rpm) torque(N/m) heat(c)
(degree)
2 Carbide 350 0.5 50 350 90 100 0.065
tungsten
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Fig. 1 . A) Schematic illustration of FSW process and B) Geometry of carbide tungsten tool
[L. Wei,T.W,2009, L. Wei,2011 ]
Fig. 2. Grain structures of the base metal. A) Optical image B) SEM image
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Fig .3. a) Nugget zone in SMAW process and b) stir zone in friction stir welding c) hard zone
region in FSW
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Fig .4. weld zone microstructures at various heat input a) sheilded metal arc wilding (sample1) with 1.5
KJ/mm HI b) sample (2) microstructure under 350 rpm rotiotional speed with 0.065 KJ/mm HI and c)
sample (2) microstructure under 550 rpm rotational speed with 0.112 KJ/mm HI.
Fig. 5. Effect of rotational speed on the cross section of the FSW samples a) cross section of the
weld with 55o rpm rotational speed (sample 3) b) cross section of the weld with 35o rpm
rotational speed (sample 2).
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Fig .6. Microhardness profiles a) change microhardness profiles of friction stir welding under
350 and 550 rpm rotational speed (sample 2 and 3) b) shielded metal arc welding microhardness
profiles
References
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23 May 1980.
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R. Priestner and A. K. Ibraheem, "Processing of steel for ultrafine ferrite grain structures,"
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Patchett, B. M., Bringas, J. E., and Thomas, R. D. The Metals Blue Book, pp. 18, 19.
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