2.

2 Weldability of steels
[Q2.2-1]
Answer the following questions regarding the carbon equivalent in arc welding of steels.

(1) What does the carbon equivalent mean?

(2) How is the carbon equivalent used in the prediction of problems in welding?

[Q2 .2-2]

List the following three steels with different chemical compositions, in the order of higher hardenability of
heat affected zone due to welding, and also give the reason.

(a) 0.15%C, 0.45%Si, 1.20%Mn

(b) 0.17%C, 0.40%Si, 0.90%Mn
(c) 0.13%C, 0.48%Si,
1.50%Mn (3) (4)
(1)
(2) (5)

[Q2 .2-3]
The figure schematically shows the microstructure of the
weld of a low carbon steel. Fill the names of the five
regions as described by 1 to 5 in the figure in the
parentheses of column A. Choose a right sentence that
describes the characteristics of each region from column C
and describe its mark in the parenthesis of column B.

[Column A] [Column B]

(1) ( ) [ ]
(2) ( ) [ ]
(3) ( ) [ ]
(4) ( ) [ ]
(5) ( ) [ ]
[Column C]
(a) Zone where grains are coarsened and the material is liable to harden.
(b) Zone where pearlites are spheroidized.
(c) Zone where the material is molten and solidified and has a solidification structure.
(d) Zone where the material is not affected by heat and is not transformed.
(e) Zone of fine grains made by transformation and recrystallization.

[Q2 .2-4]
Schematically draw the hardness distribution in the cross section of the arc welded joint of SM490 steel.
Describe the reason why the maximum hardness of the heat affected zone is used as a measure for
evaluating weldability and how it is used. Also describe three main factors affecting the maximum
hardness.
 Hardness distribution along line A-A

A A

Weld metal
Base metal

Heat Affected Zone

[Q2 .2-
5]
Answer the following questions regarding a low alloy, high strength steel:
(1) There are two types of low alloy, high strength steel: thermal refining steel and non-thermal
refining steel. What is the thermal refining steel?

(2) Describe a simple test method for evaluating notch toughness and three factors affecting
notch toughness.

Test method :
Factor 1 :
2:
3:
(3) Schematically draw the distribution of notch toughness in the weld of a high strength steel made
by one pass, groove welding in the figure below.

Toughness

Location 2
[Q2 .2-6]
The properties of high strength steel weld are largely influenced by the cooling rate in welding. What
factors are determining this cooling rate?

[Q2 .2-7]

The figure below shows a continuous cooling transformation diagram (CCT diagram) for welding of high
strength steel. Answer the following questions related to the CCT diagram:

(1) Suppose that the cooling condition at a certain position in the welding heat affected zone is shown by
curve B in the figure when the high strength steel is welded by arc welding without preheating. What
are the microstructure and hardness at the position?

(2) In which direction does the cooling condition curve B move, toward curve C or curve A, if the steel
is preheated to 150followed by arc welding in the same conditions as (1)? Describe two effects
preheating gives to the weld.

(3) The property of the heat affected zone is significantly affected by the cooling conditions such as cooling
rate and cooling time. At which temperature or in which temperature range is the cooling rate generally
evaluated? Choose the relevant one and circle its alphabet.

[Temperature for evaluating the cooling rate]

(a) 350C
(b) 540C
(c) 740C
(d) 940C
Ferrite Pearlite
[Temperature range for Bainite
Temperature
evaluating the cooling
rate]
Martensite
(a) 500C -200C
(b) 800C-500C
(c)1 1 00C-800C
(d)1400C-1100C Time

[Q2 .2-8]
Select two (2) terms among followings and explain the meaning of them respectively.

(a) Cooling time t8/5

(b) Weld heat input
(c) Bond embrittlement

[Q2 .2-9]

Choose the relevant one and circle its alphabet.

(1) Hardness of weld heat affected zone in a low carbon steel shows the highest value at the area of;

3
(a) coarse grained zone
(b) mixed grained zone

4
 (c) fine grained zone
(d) spherical pearlite zone.

(2) The maximum hardness in the welded joint of high strength steels is
proportional to; (a) Chromium equivalent
(b) Nickel equivalent
(c) Carbon equivalent
(d) Chemical equivalent

(3) Notch toughness of weld heat affected zone in high strength steels deteriorates remarkably at the area of;

(a) coarse grained zone (b)

mixed grained zone (c)fine
grained zone
(d) spherical pearlite zone.
(4) Notch toughness of weld heat affected zone in high strength steels becomes worse with an increase of;
(a) contents of alloying elements of welding consumables

(b) humidity of welding environment

(c) welding heat input
(d) restraint intensity of weld
and also of ;

(a) thickness of plates

(b) preheating and interpass temperature (c)
bead width
(d) reinforcement height of bead

[Q2.2-14]

Describe the equation to determine the heat input in welding. Then calculate the heat input in case of using
the following welding parameters for SAW.
Welding current (I) : 600 Amp.
Arc voltage (E): 36 volt.

Welding speed (v): 60 cm / minute

[Q2.2-1 5]

The control of heat input is one of the important items in the welding of quenched and tempered
high strength steel. Calculate the minimum welding speed (cm/min) in submerged arc welding
required for obtaining the maximum heat input of 48 kJ/cm with the welding current, 800A and arc
voltage, 40V, showing the formula used.

4
2.3 Welding consumables for steels
[Q2.3-1]
Give five function of the coating of covered electrode for SMAW.

[Q2 .3-2]
Give the differences in use between the low hydrogen (basic) type electrode and the acidic type electrode
(for example, ilmenite type electrode).

[Q2 .3-5]
Give two (2) welding defects which are influenced by hydrogen, and two (2) main sources of hydrogen in
MMA welding (SMAW).

[Q2 .3-8]
Compared with single layer welding in case of SMAW or MAG welding, multi-layer welding has more ductile
weld metal and better notch toughness (impact value).

[Q2 .3-9]
Describe the features of flux cored wire, comparing with solid wire for CO 2 gas shielded arc welding.

[Q2.3-1 0]
Solid wire for CO2 gas shielded arc welding has higher content of certain elements than the cored wire of
covered electrode for S MAW. Mention two of these elements and the reason for their higher content in
CO2 welding wire.