Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
THE IMMUNE
SYSTEM AND
DISEASE
Chapter 17 pp 449-468
There are 4 sections, each containing a different style of question:
TOTAL 58 MARKS
1. Discuss the benefits and dangers of immunization against bacterial and viral infections.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(Total 4 marks)
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(Total 4 marks)
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(Total 4 marks)
2
Section B: STRUCTURED FACTUAL RECALL
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1 )
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 4 marks)
5. Explain why antibiotics are used to treat bacterial but not viral diseases.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(Total 2 marks)
3
Section C: MULTIPLE CHOICE
(Draw circles in pencil around the letters A, B, C or D to indicate the best answers)
6. What name is given to the molecules that bind to foreign proteins that enter the body?
A. Antigens
B. Antibodies
C. Allergens
D. Antibiotics
(Total 1 mark)
7. Which factors related to mucous membranes protect the body against microbes?
I. Production of lysozyme
A. I and II only
D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)
4
10. Which sequence of events correctly describes the destruction of pathogens in body tissues
by phagocytic leucocytes?
11. Why are there many different types of lymphocyte in the body?
A. Each type can recognize one specific antibody and produces a specific antigen against it.
B. Each type can recognize one specific antigen and produces a specific antibody against it.
5
15. Which is not true of active immunity?
16. Colostrum, the first milk produced by the mother after giving birth, also contains antibodies that can
be absorbed into the babys blood. What type of immunity is the baby acquiring from its mother?
A. Passive
B. Antigen
C. Active
D. Artificial
(Total 1 mark)
A. Isolate B-cells producing specific antibody inject antigens into animal fuse B-cells with
tumour cells harvest monoclonal antibodies.
B. Inject antigens into animal isolate B-cells producing specific antibody fuse B-cells with
tumour cells harvest monoclonal antibodies.
C. Isolate B-cells producing specific antibody fuse B-cells with tumour cells inject antigens
into animal harvest monoclonal antibodies.
D. Inject antigens into animal fuse cultured B-cells with tumour cells isolate B-cells
producing specific antibody harvest monoclonal antibodies.
(Total 1 mark)
18. Some infectious diseases are treated by injecting the patient with antibodies after they have been
exposed to the disease.
6
19. Which of the following explains clonal selection?
20. Which of the following represents the correct sequence of events when the body is responding to a
bacterial infection?
A. I, II, III
B. I, III, II
C. III, II, I
D. II, III, I
(Total 1 mark)
I. Tumour cells
III. Macrophages
A. II only
B. I and II only
D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)
A. Fibrin
B. Fibrinogen
C. Hemoglobin
D. Thrombin
(Total 1 mark)
7
23. Which curve shows the response of the immune system to a vaccine, followed by an
infection?
A . B.
L evel of L evel of
a n tib o d y a n tib o d y
T im e T im e
V I V I
C . D .
L evel of L evel of
a n tib o d y a n tib o d y
T im e T im e
V I V I
V = V a c c in a tio n I = In fe c tio n
(Total 1 mark)
A. Antibiotics stimulate the immune system against bacteria but not viruses
25. Which types of cells in the immune system destroy body cells that have been infected by viruses?
A. Activated B-cells
B. Cytotoxic T-cells
C. Phagocytic macrophages
26. Which type of cell is responsible for secondary immune responses to a pathogen?
A. Cytotoxic T-cells
B. Phagocytes
C. Macrophages
D. Memory cells
(Total 1 mark)
8
27. What is required to form a blood clot?
I. Platelets
III. Antibodies
IV. Fibrinogen
A. I and II only
C. I, II and IV only
28. A number of chemicals have been shown to cause tissue damage due to the production of free
radicals. Free radicals are chemicals, such as superoxides and peroxides, which can react to damage
DNA and lipids. Antioxidants produced by our body, such as reduced glutathione, combine with free
radicals and decrease tissue damage. Reduced glutathione reacts with free radicals and in the process
is converted to oxidized glutathione.
Recently dietary antioxidants such as lignins, have also been shown to protect against tissue damage.
Flaxseed is known to contain lignins but its antioxidant effects have yet to be evaluated. Research
was done to see if flaxseed could help prevent damage to the liver by tetrachloromethane.
Metabolism of tetrachloromethane by the liver leads to the formation of free radicals. Rats were
pretreated by oral injection with flaxseed extract (+) or corn oil () (control) for three days and then
injected with buffered saline solution (control) or tetrachloromethane. The glutathione levels were
then measured.
5 o x id iz e d g lu ta th io n e
4 re d u c e d g lu ta th io n e
G lu ta th io n e c o n te n t / 3
n m o l m g - 1 liv e r tis s u e 2
P re -tre a tm e n t w ith 0
fla x s e e d e x tra c t + +
C o n tro l T e tra c h lo ro m e th a n e
9
(a) (i) State the reduced glutathione content of liver tissue injected with
tetrachloromethane with no flaxseed pretreatment.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Calculate the total glutathione content (oxidized + reduced) in liver tissue treated with
flaxseed extract but not injected with tetrachloromethane.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) Describe the effect of tetrachloromethane injection on total glutathione and reduced
glutathione content in liver tissue without flaxseed pretreatment.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) Predict, using the data, the effect of using flaxseed extract in protecting liver tissue from
damage due to tetrachloromethane.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
10
29. Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease caused by elevated serum cholesterol levels resulting in
deposition of lipids in arteries. Diet modification, weight reduction and exercise are initially prescribed
to alleviate high cholesterol levels. Due to health and possibly genetic reasons, these attempts may be
unsuccessful. Drugs may then be prescribed to lower cholesterol production. One of the enzymes that
can be competitively inhibited by these drugs is involved in the pathway for the synthesis of bile and
steroid hormones.
The safety and effectiveness of a new member of a family of drugs called statins was investigated.
The effect of the drug on the blood serum levels of cholesterol, low density lipoproteins (high levels
are unhealthy), high density lipoproteins (high levels are healthy) and triglycerides (high levels are
unhealthy) are shown below.
0 (placebo) 4 4 3 10
10 29 39 6 19
20 33 43 9 26
40 37 50 6 29
[Source: adapted from Parke-Davis, (2000), Lipitor (Atorvastatin Calcium) tablets, Spec #0155G247,
page 4, Parke-Davis, New York, www.216.86.213.73/2pdfs/0494lipitor.pdf]
(a) State the dose that was most effective in raising the level of high density lipoproteins in the
treated groups.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) Distinguish the effect of dose size on low density lipoproteins and high density lipoproteins.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
11
(e) Suggest one possible physiological side effect when taking statins for atherosclerosis.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
30. The diagrams show the death rate in January from influenza in Canada and the United Kingdom
(UK). Canada is a very large, sparsely populated country. The United Kingdom is a densely
populated island.
C anada
1 0 0 0 0 0 in h a b ita n ts
20
D e a th ra te fro m
15
in fu e n z a p e r
10
5
0
Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan
1951 1953 1955 1957 1959 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971
W in te r s e a s o n
U n ite d K in g d o m
1 0 0 0 0 0 in h a b ita n ts
80
D e a th ra te fro m
60
in fu e n z a p e r
40
20
0
Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan
1951 1953 1955 1957 1959 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971
W in te r s e a s o n
[Source: G Vihoud, et al., (2006), Emerging Infectious Diseases, 12, (4), pages 661668]
(a) (i) Identify the year in which there were no observed deaths from influenza in either
country.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Calculate the total number of deaths from influenza in 1968 in Canada assuming the
population size was 19.8 million.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) Compare the death rates between Canada and the United Kingdom between 1953 and 1963.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 5 marks)
12
13