Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Sound velocity
1 X=A sin t
Epot D x 2
2
D
x
m
Traveling plane waves: y( t ) A cos (t kx )
~ ~
Y
or y( t ) A ei( t kx )
0 in particular
y( t ) A cos (t kx )
X=0: y( t ) A cos t
0
X
t=0: y( x ) A cos kx
Particular state of oscillation Y=const
travels according
d
solves wave equation t kx d const. 0
dt dt
~ ~ i( t kx ) 1 2y 2y
y( t ) A e x v
2
v
2 2 k 2 /
v t x 2
Transverse wave
Longitudinal wave
Standing wave
~ ~
y1 A ei(kx t )
~ ~
y 2 A ei(kx t )
~
ys ~
y1 ~
~
y 2 A ei(kx t ) ei(kx t )
~
A eikx eit e it ~
2 A eikx cos t
s ) 2 A cos kx cos t
ys Re( y%
2 >10-8m
Large wavelength k 0
10-10m
8
Crystal can be viewed as a continuous medium: good for 10 m
Bs 1
Speed of longitudinal wave: v where Bs: bulk modulus with
Bs
(ignoring anisotropy of the crystal)
1
Bs determines elastic deformation energy density U Bs2 compressibility
2
E.g.: Steel
Bs
v Bs=160 109N/m2 160 109 N / m2 m
v 4512
=7860kg/m3 7860 kg / m3 s
< interatomic spacing continuum approach fails
Linear chain:
Fnr D un un1
Fnl D un un1
fixed
Total force driving atom n back to equilibrium
equation of motion n Fn
mu
D
n un1 un1 2un
u
m
n 2 A ei(kna t ) ,
u un1 A ei(kna t )eika , un1 A ei(kna t )eika
2
m
D ika
e eika 2 2 2
D
m
1 cos ka 2
D
m
sin(ka / 2)
D
2 sin(ka / 2)
m
D
2
m
Note: here pictures of transversal waves
although calculation for the longitudinal case
2
Continuum limit of acoustic waves: k 0
D D
sin ka / 2 ka / 2 ... ak v a
m k m
2 k
k k h , here h=1
a
2
i((k h ) na t )
un A ei(k na (k )t ) A ei(k na t ) A e a A ei(k na t )ei2 h n A ei(k na t )
2 1-dim. reciprocal
(k ) (k ) k k h
a lattice vector Gh ei2 h n 1
Region k is called
a a
un (k , (k)) un (k, (k )) first Brillouin zone
Brillouin zones
a
first Brillouin zone 1d:
2
rn n a ex Gh h e
a x
Gh r n 2m where m=hn integer
2
a
1st Brillouin zone
2a
D
2n
Equation of motion for atoms on even positions: u u2n1 u2n1 2u2n
m
D
2n1
Equation of motion for atoms on even positions: u u2n 2 u2n 2u2n1
M
D
D2 D 2 D 2 4 D2 2
4 2 2 4 cos 2 ka M
Mm M m Mm
D D D2
1 cos ka 0
4 2
2 4 2
m M Mm
2 2
sin2 ka
2
2 1 1 1 1
k : D D
2a m M m M
2
1 1 1 1 4 sin2 ka
2 D D
m M m M Mm D D
2 , 2
m M
Atomic Displacement
Optic Mode
B m
k 0
A M
B Acoustic Mode
k 0 1
A
Dispersion curves of 3D crystals
3D crystal: clear separation into longitudinal and transverse mode only possible in
particular symmetry directions
no translations, no rotations
Part of the phonon dispersion relation of diamond
2 fcc sublattices vibrate against one another
However, identical atoms no dipole moment
Longitudinal Optical
Transversal Optical
degenerated
1 1 1
( , , )
(0,0,0) 4 4 4
Longitudinal Acoustic
P=2
degenerated
2x3=6 branches expected
Phonon spectroscopy
momentum energy
k k 0 q Ghkl 0 (q) 0
for photon
phonon scattering
wave 2k 2 2k 0 2
vector l at tic e (q) 0
pr ocal 2Mn 2Mn
i
sc
att Rec vector for neutrons
er incoming wave
ed
wa
ve quasimomentum
k k 0 q Ghkl
0 k
k 0 (q)
q
Triple axis neutron spectrometer
see homework #8