FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATION SYSTEM

1 month ago by Mohammad Saad 0

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GROUP MEMBERS
1 Muhammad Sheraz Kundi
2 Kamran Hayat
3 Muhammad Zeshan Haider

DEDICATION
We would like to dedicate our work to our parents and respected teachers. PAKISTAN is going through a
very black days of power crises in this era of time. The demand is increasing day by day and
production is still there where it was 8 years back. So utilization of every resource is good for country.
So we are dedicating our project to dear country Pakistan.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We express our total submission and eternal gratitude to ALMIGHTY ALLAH, The Most Gracious, The
Most Merciful, without whose mercy and grace, this Endeavour could not been possible even in its
slightest. We bow before our compassionate endowments. Peace Be upon HOLY PROPHET
MUHAMMAD (PBUH) who is ever a torch of guidance and knowledge for humanity as a whole.
Here we mention the name of the persons without whose help we cannot complete the project. First we
are grateful to ours parents for everything they given us.
We express our sincere gratitude to Dr. Jameel Ahmad Chairman Electrical Department .Special
thanks to our supervisor Sir Masood Arian for guidance and valuable suggestion. We are also
grateful to Sir Kashif Imdad for technical guidance.
We will never forget our teachers who gave us support, encouragement and suggestions which had
helped to make right choice at this juncture of life. Thanks to all dear friend that helped us very much.
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ABSTRACT
Nowadays energy and power are the one of the basic necessities regarding this modern world. As the
demand of energy is increasing day by day, so the ultimate solution to deal with these sorts of
problems is just to implement the renewable sources of energy. But these renewable energy sources
must have to be adopted in practical manner by keeping an eye on all aspects regarding the research
work. So then these techniques should be applied in order to get the desired output. In case of our
project we have used the technique of power generation through footsteps as a source of renewable
energy that we can obtained while walking on to the certain arrangements like footpaths, stairs, plate
forms and these systems can be install elsewhere specially in the dense populated areas.
The basic working principle of our project footstep power generation system is based on the
piezoelectric sensor. So in order to implement this foot step power generation system we adjust the
wooden plates above and below the sensors and moveable springs, when we walk on the mat than
automatically force is applied and as a result magnet fixed under the top wooden sheet and moves
into the cavity. As this cavity is fixed at bottom wooden sheet of mat so between the moveable springs
adjusted between the top and bottom sheets
 As a result of completing the above procedure or technique we made ourselves able to design such
compatible system through which we could run our home appliances through AC output. As our main
purpose was to charge the battery through DC output and then by inverting it into AC for normal
common usage.
Thus as a result we have concluded that these types of designs and techniques of power generating
systems are very useful and handy in order to match the supply and demand of energy globally as
well.
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Energy surrounds us in all aspects of life, its up to us weather we use it constructively for the benefit
of mankind or we use it destructively to harm others. Alternative energy resources are not based on
fossils fuels or atom distribution.
The alternatives are
Solar energy
Wind power
Geothermal
Hydroelectric
Nuclear
We are introducing a new way to overcome the increasing demand of energy. We are utilizing human
force and we named it FSGS (Foot Step Generating System).
1.1 Motivation
Man is hunter of energy from the starting of human being. First he started in the form of food i.e. to get
energy from animals and plants. Then man started cultivation of land to get food and he gave a new
trend to energy by training animals for his help in doing job. Demand is always increasing day by day
and year by year so he started to use wind for driving ships in the sea and falling water to turn water
wheel.
1.1.1 Defining the problem
In Pakistan the demand is more than the daily energy produced so we are facing power-cut after
approximate 1 hour and industries are in hell these days. People uses rechargeable batteries (UPS) or
diesel/petrol engine to fulfill their demands. The use of stand by generator is common in industries and
large offices.
1.2 Objective of project
Our aim is to produce energy by a source that has no negative effect on environment and its output
can be used to overcome the crises in Pakistan.
1.3 Principle of project
The principle of project has few steps in it regarding which generate power through footsteps using
piezoelectric sensor. We start with the proper arrangement of electrical components and equipment
which transforms the mechanical energy in to electrical energy.
The second part of piezoelectric sensor is mechanical part, which involves spring connection to piezo,
so by movement of footsteps up and down spring is giving vibration to piezo which generate electrical
power and this power will be in the form of electric current. And these two arrangements electrical and
mechanical combined together which transforms mechanical energy to electrical energy.
When producing power with footsteps on piezo there is some load placed at the end which used power,
then power stored in battery is decreased so more footsteps on spring which vibrate the step and due
to vibration force power generated.
Voltages which produced from piezoelectric sensor is A.C voltages while we need D.C voltages to store
in the battery, so for this purpose rectifier circuit is used. In rectifier circuit we can used either half
wave rectifier or full wave rectifier. Our concern is with full wave rectifier because it gives full value. So
now A.C voltages are converted in to D.C voltages. Now by placing next the battery charger circuit and
battery, battery charger circuit is charging the battery and this D.C voltages is stored in the lead acid
battery of 12 volt.
Lead acid battery of 12 volt which is charged is now further connected to the inverter. As we have D.C
voltages stored in the battery but we need A.C voltages because mostly load need A.C voltages so by
using the inverter circuit which is such designed that it inverts the voltages from battery which is 12
volt D.C to 220 volt A.C voltages.
So this A.C voltage is used in different appliances such as for charging the laptop battery and also to
charge the handset, it can also be used to lightening up the energy savor. If we need more power from
this technique then used more steps for more electric current, and also increase the connection of
piezoelectric sensor which is connected parallel and series combination and by vibrating with the help
of footsteps gives electrical power which is in the form of electric current. Then ability of battery and
inverter should be increased, battery should be of high current and voltages and inverter is such
designed that it convert that electrical power to A.C voltages and also no loss in it, then output power
will be increased and can be used more electrical appliances and also can be used such appliances
which need more electric current.

Figure 1.1 Footsteps using piezoelectric mat

Figure 1.1 shows that this is the piezoelectric mat by moving on it electrical power is generated. We
are trying to give this kind of idea. This is secure, safe and unique kind of technique.
1.4 Renewable energy resources
Due to global warming and worldwide heating now globe is stirring to renewable energy resources.
Other alternative resources which are using for generating electrical power are very expensive and
either their units are shut down in Pakistan. Maintenance of already existing energy sources caused
huge amount of cost, so much cost is due to the heavy machinery involving in it which need
maintenance and also the labor and engineering work. These existing energy sources are also harmful
for humans, the rays from nuclear generator caused cancer to the nearer city, and hydroelectric
projects caused flood to cities and also damaged the fields. So due to these problems globe is stirring
to renewable energy resources which are fairly low cost, efficient while using, reliable and caused no
uneasiness to human nature. The renewable energy resources such as solar panels, wind turbine, geo
thermal, bio gas etc. they all used natural things for generating electrical power so the danger to
human will be no more as in the case of nuclear energy. The maintenance costs of these plants are
very low. These plants do not contain any heavy machinery for generating electrical power. So when
these plants are out of working or some error in it and it needs maintenance then the maintenance
cost is not so much high and also it dont need labor works because it is not involving any heavy
machinery in it and it only requires engineering work in it. So thats why our project is of renewable
energy resources and we generate electrical power by footsteps and it is fairly low cost and efficient
technique.
1.5 Energy crises in Pakistan
Power is the mainly central basis in support of financial increase of a state. There will be main power
crises that must look Pakistan in future for next two to three years in power, oil and natural gas. Now
Pakistan is suffering energy crises in all most every field. So thats why Pakistan gross domestic
product is low because due to industrial shut down, shut down of local factories as well domestic
factories. Today mostly everything every business is depended upon power. Now power is the
backbone of every country and in Pakistan which is also nuclear country is suffering too much problem
of energy from last five to seven years.
Energy crises in Pakistan have a lot of reasons. Recession is one of them Pakistan is suffering recession
and economic crises from last seven years. Inflation is increased to its higher value, so thats why
investment from foreigner is decreased to great extent. Due to all these problems Pakistan is suffering
the energy crises.
The other reason of short fall is that money not giving to independent power producers. So these
independent power producers not deliver full power and also they mostly shut down their units. And
also money is no giving to oil delivers and oil producers. Money also doesnt give to Pakistan state oil
which delivers oil to power plants. When they dont have money then they dont deliver oil and oil is
necessary for power plant so short fall increases. Pakistan has also loan on it so they dont get any
loan from World Bank. So thats why energy is not producing in the plants and they shut down their
units and our economic growth is decreased. If they dont have power industrial and domestic
structure will be finished.
Further reason of energy crises in Pakistan are not constructed the new dams and new power plants
units. Kala bagh dam is constructed in past not completely but the feasibility report of this dam is
completed and equipment for this dam is also purchased and also it fulfills all our electricity needs but
due to political reasons this dam is not started and its work is stopped so thats why short fall
increases day by day. Huge amount of money is also wasted on this dam while there is no output also
caused a lot of problems. So if we are not constructed new dams and wasting the money then the
short fall increases and energy crises also increases to great extent. So construct new dams to fulfill
the need of energy.
The other reason for energy crises in Pakistan is not maintaining the already build power plants once
the power plant is damaged due to any reason then that unit will be completely shut down. And
burden on other units increase which in turns increase the short fall. Also the staffs dont take care of
power plants. So this is also very bad aspect of energy crises in Pakistan. This can be reduced by
taking proper caring of power plants and maintained at right time. So in this case short fall can be
reduced.
Due to corruption while running the power plants is also increase the energy crises. As the corruption
ratio in Pakistan is very high especially in government sectors. So due to bad management and corrupt
staff as well as illegible officers working in power plants caused energy crises in Pakistan. Miss
management also causes problem while running the power plants. If power plant unit is not turn off
and turn on completely at specific time will increased energy crises and short fall will be increased and
this all happens in Pakistan.
Pakistan is also have very high demand of gas, industries and factories needs gas to great extent but
in Pakistan availability of gas is very low, some of the power plant unit also works on gas but of not
continuous supply of gas some of unit shut down so thats why short fall increases and energy crises
also increases.
Solution: above mention we write all crises in Pakistan about energy so the economy is low so we
should find a way to generate electricity which is cheapest and efficient. If we install our system to
300ft and 2500 men walk through that area four times in a day then we can produce 0.7MegaWatt in a
day. If we need more energy area should increased.
1.6 Footstep power generation resources
There are various resources of power generation through which we can generate the power with
footsteps. It is unique and different type of power generation system it requires a technology and huge
amount of research work that is why this type of generation system is mostly in use of developed
countries.
This type of power generation can be done through various techniques and methods like
piezoelectric sensors, through mechanical arrangement like fly wheel and gear wheel, pedal and
springs type arrangement, staircase energy generating system by rotating the generator, then also by
implementing the faradays law of electromagnetic induction by moving magnet into the coil through
spring system.
Our project is based on piezoelectric sensors we have designed structure like mat where large
number of sensors are placed in series and parallel connection. The springs are placed between the
sheets of sensors and springs have enough tensile strength that they can bear the weight. . This type
of footsteps power generation system are eligible to be installed in crowded places and rural areas
cities in the places like railway stations, airports, footpaths where there is a rush of pedestrians.
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 Purpose
There are few methods to generate electrical energy from footsteps. Gear wheel and fly wheel are
techniques to generate electrical power. This method also work on this principle and in it mechanical
part are used because it is placed on where the number of peoples are more and energy produced by
their movement on the floor.
Power would generated by footsteps of crowd on the floor. Piezo plate scheme is located beneath the
floor then the then there will be sheet covering the piezo plate and also spring will be there for
vibration force on piezo. The piezo plate will be in chunks in the floor. This plate will generate power in
the type of electric current. The power produced by pedestrians can also be used as additional features
such as to lightning up street light or the light that used at that place for pedestrians. So the
pedestrians should give credit the energy which produced by their movement.
2.2 Literature Analysis
To generate electrical power using footsteps one step will be enough at this level to produced electrical
energy.
As studied few methods from which power is generated. Following are the steps of fly and gear wheel
method. As piezo plate is also involves these steps.
First step is by proper arrangement of electrical components and equipment which transforms the
mechanical energy in to electrical energy.
After the arrangement of electrical system which transforms mechanical energy to electrical energy,
then the spring is attached with sheet to piezo so the spring arrangement is done, spring vibrate the
piezo.
When load using the power then this spring is used to vibrate the step by force then power is
produced.
Then the voltage that produced through steps is rectified and after battery charger circuit this D.C
voltage is stored in the lead acid battery of 12 volt.
This lead acid battery is further attached to the inverter. The invert is such designed that it inverts the
voltage from battery which is 12 volt D.C to 230 volt A.C.
So this A.C voltage is used in different appliances such as for charging the laptop battery and also to
charge the handset, it can also be used to lightening up the energy savor. If we need more power from
this technique then used more steps for more electric current and also then ability of battery and
inverter should be increased then output power will be increased.
2.2.1 Uses
The electrical power that is produced by footsteps is mostly suitable at where the numbers of
pedestrians are more and also crowdie places.
The places such as:
Universities
Bus Stands
Arrival and departure of passengers at air ports
Shopping Mall
Food streets
Footpath
Markets
Pedestrian bridges this is the finest purpose of generating power by footsteps. Its cost is very low.
This power then used for lights on bridge, street light, also light used for traffic purpose.
Public places

These all are the places where just planting of system cost matter and as this cost is fairly low so
unlimited input and high power will produce.
2.2.2 Aspects
Main feature of footstep power generation through piezoelectric is that electrical power produced by
transforming mechanical energy to electrical energy of the movement of people on the floor where
piezo plate is placed.
A further aspect of piezoelectric power generation system is that it is safe and secure to use, still this
system is working, make no problem and no discomfort for the people, and it is totally risk free
method.
Footstep power generation through piezoelectric have mechanical part as well as electrical part but
this system has not so many losses, also this system is not damaged completely by any sort of thing
and this system has very low cost of equipments and components so if system is damaged then the
cost of the system is very low, this is also the feature of footstep power generating system through
piezoelectric. This system also has the capability to store the electrical power in storage battery.
This system generate electricity to lightening up the lights used in streets, also for traffic purpose, sign
boards of roads, the power which will be left behind is given to national grid for electricity purpose.
This system footstep power generating system through footstep is cheap, efficient and reliable
method.
upcoming extent
Now globe is stirring to the renewable resources due to the worldwide heating so this project footstep
power generation through piezoelectric has a vast extent. Other renewable resources are also used
such as solar sterling plant, bio gas, wind turbine etc. but if contrast with footstep power generation
through piezoelectric sensor is fairly low cost means to say inexpensive, useful, efficient and reliable
than these renewable resources.
2.3 Block diagram

Figure 2.1 Footstep general block diagram

2.3.1 Components / parts

Piezoelectric sensor mat
Battery charger circuit
Lead Acid Battery
Inverter
Load
2.3.1.1 Timber Pieces
We made timber pieces for footsteps on which force will apply. In footstep power generation through
piezoelectric sensor project designing a plate consist of piezo which is connected in series and parallel
arrangement. There are three timber pieces each has width and length of 1ft.
2.3.1.2 Springs
Spring is used on the top of each piezo sensor, while applying force on spring it gives vibration to piezo
and power produced in the form of electric current.
 CHAPTER 3
DESCRIPTION
3.1 Introduction
We mostly relay on our hydro source which is not as much enough as we required or maybe our
country is not utilizing it in a good manner so it is primary need of the country that power may produce
by any source so that they can fulfill the need of the people and industries as well because without
providing power to industries we are not able to make people happy. To start new large projects first
we need lot of money i.e. nuclear power, hydro need much more money. Lot of energy is wasted daily
coming from some natural sources. The idea of this project live behind that human walking is a natural
process which cant be stopped, so why we waste it knowing the fact that this energy is useful for
producing energy. We can use it in highly populated country like china but also in our country in which
energy crises are headline of the day. We are erasing this problem on cheap and small projects
implementation.
If by the grace of ALLAH we become successful in the project then human energy that is wasted all the
day in all life could be made useful for mankind. The best implementation of this idea will be at railway
stations, crowded malls, universities, colleges, schools, government offices and areas with large crowd
daily.
In this project we are producing electricity by simply walking or running or by vehicles which is non
conventional source of energy and at this stage non-conventional energy is very needed for our
country. We can make it possible through mechanical design or through electrically. We are using piezo
electric sensor to do it. Some researchers also win this game by coil and magnet arrangement but we
are not discussing it because it not our job, it is totally mechanically. In this some people make stair-
case arrangement.
This project converts the vibration energy in to electrical energy. The control mechanism carries the
piezo electric sensor, current controller and 12V, 1.2Amp lead acid dc rechargeable battery and an
inverter is used to drive AC/DC loads. The battery is connected to the inverter. This inverter is used to
convert the 12 Volt D.C to the 220 Volt A.C. This 220 Volt A.C voltage is used to activate the loads. We
are using conventional battery charging unit also for giving supply to the circuitry.
3.2 Sensor
A sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into waveform which can be
read by an observer. Like mercury which shows the temperature of the body by the liquid expansion.
Sensors are calibrated by a scale which is easy for observer.
3.3 Piezo Electric Sensors
A device which measures the force, pressure, strain and vibration and converts it into electrical signals
is known as piezo electric sensor. These materials exhibit a property known as piezo electric effect in
which force or vibration is produced an electric field is created which causes a potential difference
across these materials and hence current start flowing through it.
Piezoelectricity is from Greek word which means pressure electricity. There are many crystals like Lead
Zirconate Titanate that produce electric charges when pressure is applied on them or they vibrate
when subjected to potential difference. The amount of charges depends upon the frequency of
vibration. AC voltage vibrates the piezo electric material at the same frequency at which we are
providing AC.
 Quartz is the best example of piezo material. The materials with ABO3 have the strong property of
piezo electricity, where A denotes large divalent ion (lead) while B is for small tetravalent ion
(titanium).
Piezoelectric technology rises due to set of inherent advantages i.e.
High modulus of elasticity ( N/)
Piezo material is very rugged
Have very high natural frequency
Linear over amplitude
Insensitive to EM radiation (can be used in every conditions )
No effect of radiations
Tourmaline is stable at high temperature also (even sensor works at 1000C)
As piezo material is sensitive to pressure, some are also sensitive to temperature they are
called as pyroelectrical.

Figure 3.1 Piezo sensor

The piezoelectric sensor shown in figure 3.2 is of tourmaline material. It is very effective for daily
usage because it can bear high temperature; it is rough and is linear over amplitude. The material with
no centre of symmetry then it will exhibit the property of piezoelectricity.
3.3.1 Geometry
Everyone thinks that a simple material having ordinary crystal has a property of producing electrical
spike, what it has that make him doing such a wonderful job. Questions arises in mind that
What make it different from other materials?
Are any free electrons present in its atom?
Is this material exhibit the property of magnet and coil?
The answer to these questions is present in the structure of the piezoelectric material. The answer to
why an electric spike produces when subjected to pressure lives behind its structure of crystal.
Most piezoelectric material is ionic salts containing cat ions and anions, these ions form a unit cell. The
crystal of piezoelectric material contains three dimensional array of unit cell. The unit cell has a
positive charge centre and negative charge centre. If these centre are at same place i.e. centre
coincide then there will be no electrical dipole and hence no spike. But if their centres do not coincide
then the electrical spike value will be according to the magnitude of charges and distance of positive
 and negative charges. There are symmetric and asymmetric unit cell and vibration or strain causes
every unit cell to distort but the symmetric cells centre will continue to coincide after stress. In case of
asymmetric cell, force will cause the centre of positive and negative changes which will create
electrical voltage. There are 32 unit cells from which 20 have piezoelectric property because they are
asymmetric.
3.3.1.1 Constant of piezoelectricity
It is defined as the ratio of strain (pressure/length) over applied electric field i.e.
d = 3.1
Its units are

i.e. meter per volts.

Quartz (SI) has d = 3
It will change its thickness up to 3nm when kilovolts are applied across its faces.
3.3.1.2 Electromechanical coupling constant
Electromechanical coupling constant K, this constant shows the conversion of electrical energy to
mechanical energy or vice versa, so we can check the piezo electric effect by this constant also.
3.3.1.3 Materials
There are many materials which has the property of piezo electricity i.e.
Quartz SI
Ammonium dihydrogenphosphate ADPN
Potassium sodium tartrate KNa
Rochelle salt
Except quartz all others have strong piezo electric effect and are used in low cost project because their
strength is weak.
3.3.2 Working of piezoelectric sensor
This effect is due to its geometry which contains a unit cell. The unit cell of piezoelectric material has a
cubic shape which contain positive charges at all its ends as shown in figure 3.3(a). In this figure we
are discussing only those materials which has asymmetric nature because otherwise no voltage spike
will produce and no working will be there. We actually want to produce electric charges or field from
movement of charges so it is our prime objective to produce voltage and current. Now we are going
towards working principle
Let suppose we have a unit cell of tourmaline which contain positive anions and negative cat ions, in
its unit cell. Some piezo electric materials have positive charge at the centre and negative charges at
corner of figure 3.3(a) and some piezo materials have negative at the centre and positive charges at
corner of cubic cell of figure 3.3(a). We are using materials having positive charge at the centre and
negative charges surrounding them. A small positive particle is present at the centre which is denoted
as black dot in the center of crystal as shown in figure 3.3(a).

Figure 3.2(a) Internal structure of piezo

Initially no pressure is applied on the unit cell so positive charge is at centre and length between
positive and negative is same. When stress, pressure or vibration is applied to material then the
spacing between the positive and negative charge increases which cause a voltage to produce and we
will sense it by any device or we will use it for our benefit or power requirements. The Figure 2(b)
shows the unit cell after stress is applied
 Figure 3.2(b) Internal structure of piezo

Its clear in above picture that the positive charge has been misplaces from its original position which
means the spacing between them changes. Space change shows the voltage spike which means its
comfortable to use them as power generation.
3.3.3 Usage of piezoelectric sensor
Due to his property it canbe used in many applications i.e.
Piezoelectric sensors is perfect contrivance for the measurement of various processes. They are used
for eminence assertion, progression manage and for research and development in many different
industries. It was only in the 1950s that the piezoelectric effect on track for industrial usage. Since
then it can be regarded as a grown-up technology with an stupendous steadfastness. It has been
fruitfully used in various applcations such as
Medical
Aerospace
In nuclear instrumentation
Touch pads of cell phones
Power generations
In Toys
In microphone and ultrasound detector
Convert oscillations of diaphragm(caused by wave) into electrical signal
Iginition devices
Electronics lighter
Iginition system for gas stoves

Figure 3.4 shows the block explanation of a single piezoelectric sensor which is used to convert force or
pressure into electrical spike. As clear from figure that when pressure from up or down is applied on
the sensor then analog voltmeter or galvanometer shows the deflection of few volts. If vibration is
severed then it may give spike up to 15V or in some case 30 V. This single has very low power rating
because its current is low so we combined them to make desired output. The working of this sensor is
easily understood by the block diagram in figure 3.4.

Figure 3.3 Piezo voltage checking

3.4 Already developed systems
 Fly wheel and gear arrangement
Stair case and faradays law arrangement
Rack & Pinion and chain Sprocket arrangement

3.5 Proposed system

Our proposed system contains following parts
Piezo electric sensor
Full-wave bridge rectifier
Battery charger unit
12 V, 1.2 Amp Lead battery
Inverter
Transformer
AC loads
DC loads
We are using piezo sensor of tourmaline material shown in figure 3.2, the output of this single sensor
was not as much as we need so make a series and parallel combinations of piezo electric sensor. But
making this become a challenge because it involve mechanical design also like to press all piezo
sensors together we need springs and wooden sheets. So the parts of piezo electric sensor are
3.5.1 Piezo electric sensor
1. 1. Wooden sheet

Figure 3.4 wooden sheet

Instead of making tiles we use wooden sheets like shown in above figure (taken by camera) for the
purpose of stepping. All four sides of two sheets are connected by nut and bolt. Piezo sensors are
placed on the bottom plate on which holes of diameter 0.5mm less than piezo diameter are drilled. 80
piezo sensors like shown in figure3.2 are placed on the lower plate which upper plate also has holes of
diameter equal to diameter of spring. These spring are unguided and are placed on the piezo to
provide stress them so that they vibrate and we get the required output.
There will be third plate on these two plates on which we place step or drive the tire of vehicle so that
it can press the bundles of spring which would cause the piezo to presses and we would get required
output.
Actually we make three same sets of plates which are as similar to tiles of floor so that by simply
walking on them we get the required output.

1. 2. Springs

Figure 3.5 Spring

We are using spring to make our sensor works because we are using 80 piezo sensors so we cannot
press them simultaneously by foot, we tried much to get rid of these springs but we were not able to
get good output without these springs so we are using spring of much tensile strength so that they can
bear the weight of a person and also has not much compressive force so that first we have to provide
enough force to overcome spring force.
1. 3. Piezo
These are piezo sensors which are in amount of 80 and are on the lower plate and a spring from the
upper plate is place on this piezo which is compressed by the third plate on which we step. These piezo
plates are pasted on the lower plate which a hole of diameter slightly less than the diameter of the
piezo sensor as shown above.
1. 4. Rectifier
The piezo sensor produces AC spikes so we have to rectify it before sending to battery because battery
stores only DC. We tried half wave rectification by simple diode but we cannot get output because
already current was very low by clipping one cycle the power rating becomes half and hence we are in
loss. Then we tried full-wave bridge rectifier and got the result. But the problem was that we have to
connect bridge rectifier with every piezo sensor which was a challenge but we made it.
Battery charger circuit
To charge a battery we need a charge controller which is important part of electronics portion of our
project and will be discussed clearly later as we will start electronics chapter. LM 338 and LM 358 are
ICs used in this circuit.
Battery
We are using Lead Acid battery of 12 V and current of 1.2 Amp. We want to store charges so that we
can use the power generated by foot step not only in busy hour but also in other part of the day.
Inverter
Inverter is used to run AC loads and we are storing in battery which stores DC but our load is AC so we
use inverter. TIP 122 and TIP 127 are main ICs of our circuit.

Transformer
Transformer is part of inverter. We are using center tape transformer of 12+12 V / 220 V.

CHAPTER 4
BATTERY CHARGER CONTROL CIRCUITRY
We have arrangement of piezo sensors so that we want to control charging and discharging of the
battery. In other words we want to protect the battery from over charging effects which could damage
the battery.
Actually we used 12V Lead acid battery in this project. We set specific voltages for battery charging
and after indication of full battery; there is cut-off system to remove the battery from charging
circuitry.
4.1 Schematic diagram
Figure 4.1 Schematic diagram of battery charger circuit
4.1.1 List of components
LM358
Capacitor 100n
Potentiometer 5k
Resistor 10k
Transistor 2N2219
Capacitor 100u
Zener diode 1N5233B
LM338
LED
Resistor 4.7k
4.1.2 Working principle of LM358

Figure 4.2 LM358 pin configuration

This IC contains dual low noise amplifiers which operate on single power supply.
It is a versatile, rugged workhorse with a thousand uses, from amplifying signal from variety of
transducers or any other op-amp function.
4.1.2.1 Features
It has large DC voltage gain up to 100dB.
Its response bandwidth is up to 1MHz (temperature compensated).
Its supply assortment is broad,
1. For single supply 3VDC to 32vDC
2. For double supply 1.5VDC to 16VDC
Its input offset voltage and current is low
4.1.2.2 Applications
All conventional op-amp circuits.
Transducers amplifier.
4.1.3 Capacitor
There are basically two types of capacitors

1. 1. Polar capacitor
2. 2. Non-polar capacitor

Polar capacitors are that capacitors who have proper polarity mean positive and negative terminals. In
other words we can say that they have embedded polarity as shown in figure 4.3 and they have effect
on circuitry of their terminals but in case of non-polar capacitors dont have specific positive and
negative terminals as shown in figure 4.4, we can connect them in circuit without taking any care of
terminals.
4.1.4 Transistor
Transistor is basically a semiconductor device consist of three layers either two p- and one n-type layer
or one n- and two p-type layers called pnp and npn transistor respectively.

4.1.4.1 Types of transistor

There are basically three types (configurations) of bipolar transistor,
1. Common base configuration
2. Common collector configuration
3. Common emitter configuration
Each configuration has its own properties and results used in different kinds of circuits according to the
requirement. While field effect transistor, terminals are gate, drain and source. Voltage at gate is
resolute by current among drain and source.
4.1.4.2 Transistor as switch
When the transistor is biased in the saturation or cut-off region then it can be used as switch.

Figure 4.5 Characteristic graph of transistor

In cutoff mode transistor is fully off and its working state of affairs are zero base current, zero collector
current and maximum collector to emitter voltage.
4.1.4.3 Advantages

Figure 4.6 Vacuum tube, transistor and integrated circuits

More trustworthy
Lesser in volume
Less power utilization
Lower voltages
Less heat
More strong
4.1.4.4 Limitations
Transistor has limited power handling capabilities.
In use temperature range of transistor is kept usually 50-60 degree Celsius.
The least signal that can be functional to transistor is restricted by the interior noise ended by the
transistor.
The minimum collector current have to be bigger than the saturation current Ico, which is noticeably
less than 100 microamperes in the majority junction types.

4.1.5 Zener diode

Figure 4.7 Zener diode

4.1.5.1 Working principle
The zener region of figure 4.8 is shown below. The attribute drops in an almost straight down method
at a reverse bias potential denoted by Vz. The reality that arch drops down and away from the
horizontal axis before up and away for the positive voltage Vf area reveals that the current in the zener
region has a path reverse tothat of a forward biased diode.
Figure 4.8 Characteristic graph of zener diode
The minor gradient to the curve in the zener region reveals that there is an intensity of resistance to
be connected with the zener diode in conduction mode.

4.1.6 Working principle of LM338

It is positive voltage regulator of 12V.

It has capability to supply current of 5A.
4.1.6.1 Features
Output is short-circuited sheltered
Thermal regulation
Modifiable yield along to 1.2V
Current limit stable with temperature
4.1.6.2 Applications
Adjustable power supplies
Battery charger circuits
Constant current regulators

4.2 How does it work???

For battery charging we use positive voltage regulator of 12V. We are using voltage divider at adjust
pin of the regulator, by using this we adjust 14V for battery charging. Then we use LM358 as
comparator configuration.
When battery will charge up to 14V then comparator circuit will active and battery charging will cutoff
through transistor which will act like switch here.
In comparator circuit we use a zener diode of 5.1V as a reference and second signal of 5.3V. As the
battery will fully charged then comparator circuit will activate and will cut off the battery from
charging.

CHAPTER 5
BATTERY
Battery consists of electrochemical cells to store electricity house in a single unit. In battery stored
chemical energy is transformed into electrical energy. Some batteries are used once and some of them
are rechargeable. Large batteries also provide stand by operation i.e. mobile, laptops etc.
5.1 Types of batteries
Mainly batteries are divided into two categories
1. Primary batteries
2. Secondary batteries
5.1.1 Primary batteries
Primary batteries can produce current immediately on meeting. Disposable batteries are planned to be
used once and useless. These are most usually used in handy devices that have low current drain, are
only used occasionally, or are used well away from a different power source, such as in alarm and
communication circuits where other electric power is only occasionally available. Disposable primary
cells cannot be constantly recharged, since the chemical reactions are not easily reversible and active
materials may not return to their original forms. Battery manufacturers propose against attempting
recharging primary cells.

5.1.2 Secondary batteries

These batteries are charged before use. Charging is done by applying current which reverse the
chemical reaction that take place for the period of use. The devices which are used to charge this type
of batteries which provide rated value of current known as charger.
The oldest form of rechargeable battery is the lead-acid battery. This battery is prominent in that it
consists of a liquid in an unsealed pot requiring that the battery be kept standing and the area be well
ventilated to make certain safe spreading of the hydrogen gas formed by these batteries throughout
overcharging. The lead-acid battery is also very heavy for the amount of electrical energy it can supply.
Although, its low built-up cost and its high flow current levels make its use common.

5.1.3 Battery used in project

We use 12V, 1.2ah lead acid battery.

CHAPTER 6
INVERTER
Inverter is a combination of such components which converts DC signal into AC signal.
In this project we designed inverter which consists of following parts
1. Sine wave oscillator
2. Drive circuitry
3. Transformer
6.1 Sine wave oscillator
We designed this oscillator such that it gives us pure sinusoidal wave form. That wave form has 10Vp-p
of frequency 50Hz. In this oscillator we can vary the frequency according to our own requirement but
up to some extent.
6.1.1 Schematic diagram
6.1.2 PCB Layout
6.1.3 Components
Battery
LM358N
Capacitor 1u
Zener diode 1N5223B
Resistor 330k
Potentiometer 50k
Resistor 10k
Capacitor 5p
Resistor 51ohm
Potentiometer 1k
Capacitor 470n
Resistor 100k
6.2 Drive circuitry
The output comes from sine wave oscillator is given to the drive circuitry which consist of TIP122 and
TIP127. By using these two components we increase the overall current of that wave form.
6.2.1 Schematic diagram

Figure 6.4 Drive circuitry of inverter

6.2.2 Components
Resistor 4.7k
TIP 122
TIP 127

6.2.2.1 Working of TIP122

Figure 6.5 TIP122 pin configuration
Its base current is 120mA, its mean that it works only for positive cycle of the wave.
When it becomes active it behaves like short circuit.
At negative cycle voltage appear across collector.
6.2.2.2 Working of TIP127

Its base current is -120mA, its mean that it works only for negative cycle of the wave.
When it becomes active it behaves like short circuit.
At positive cycle voltage appear across collector.
6.3 Transformer
Transformer is a device which is used to step up and step down the voltages according to our own
requirement without changing frequency.
6.3.1 Working principle
Transformer has two types of winding as shown in figure 6.5
1. Primary winding
2. Secondary winding
Mainly transformer work on the principle of mutual induction
6.3.1.1 Mutual induction
When alternating current pass through the primary winding then it produces the changing flux due to
the production of magnetic field in the primary winding. As the amplitude of current increases, flux will
increase. Then this changing flux will pass through the secondary winding of the transformer due to
which current will induce in the secondary winding. This whole process is known as mutual induction.
The voltage induced across the secondary is due to Faradays law of electromagnetic induction, which
states that Rate of change of flux linkage is equal to the induced emf.
E=N - 6.1
Where E is the induced emf and N is the number of turns in equation 1.
6.3.2 Centre tapped Transformer
We use centre tap transformer as shown in figure 6.6 in the project of following rating
Voltage 12+12V to 220V
Current 1.2 Amperes

Figure 6.8 Centre tapped transformer

A centre tapped transformer works when a magnetic field is generated about the winding as
alternating current passes during it. Alternating current occurs when a secondary winding is come
within the magnetic field producing an alternating current inside this winding. Within the primary
winding, alternating current induces an alternating magnetic flux. The flux flows in the region of the
ferromagnetic core as it varies direction with each cycle. Another alternating current is then created in
every turn of the secondary windings by the alternating flux in the core. In our project we use this
transformer to transform 12V to 220V.

CHAPTER 7
RECTIFIER
Rectification is the process in which input signal is being clipped or removed after passing through the
arrangement of diodes. This process is known as rectification.
There are two types of rectification
1. Half wave rectification
2. Full wave rectification

7.1 Half wave rectification

In this process half wave of the input signal is clipped after passing through the diodes as shown in
figure 7.1

Figure 7.1 Half wave rectification

As we see in the figure 7.1 that only negative cycle of the input signal is eliminated thats why we call
this process half wave rectification.

7.2 Full wave rectification

In this process full wave of the input signal is moved toward positive side after passing through the
diodes as shown in figure 7.2

Figure 7.2 Full wave rectification

As we see in whole input signal is diverted into positive side of the voltage.
In our project we use full wave rectifier after each piezoelectric sensor. Because sensor give us AC
spikes so we use full wave rectifier to covert the AC voltage to DC voltage. We did this transformation
of voltage for storage purpose in the battery because battery can store only DC voltages.

CHAPTER 8
CALCULATIONS
8.1 Newton second law of motion
Newtons 2nd law is defined as
The acceleration of an object produce by force is directly proportional to magnitude of the force, in
the same direction as the net force and inversely proportional to mass of the body.
Mathematically
F = ma - 8.1
Where
F = force exerted
m = weight of body
a = 9.8 m/
The unit of force is N which is equal to
N = kg
8.2 Einstein Mass-Energy equivalence
If mass of any object is multiplied to the square of speed of light will give us energy of that object
because the speed of light is very large number and multiplied by itself, this equation point out how a
small amount of matter can release a huge amount of energy, as in a nuclear reaction.
Mathematically
 E = m 8.2
The unit of energy is joule which is equal to
J = kg
J = kg
J = N-m
As
N = kg
8.3 Calculation
Power estimation is found by some calculation i.e. first we have to find the magnitude of force that is
exerted by human foot on the ground because without it we cannot find the power output. From a
research there is a supposition that while walking human exert force which is 1-1.5 times of his body
weight. Now assuming that the average weight of a student is 80 KG (including men and women with
their books, laptops, bags etc), the force can be calculated as
F = 80 9.8
F = 784 N
So approximately we take it 800N. To convert it into work done or energy we will use
J = N-m
We will find the displacement and then the answer will be in J/step. So now need to convert it into
KWh as we know
1 kWh = 3.6 J
Finally we can find the units produced from one person and we can easily find the total output of the
day or semester.

Two companies already are working on this

1. Power leap
2. Sustainable dance club
3. Pavegen
Assume
Force exerted is 1.3 times weight
Acceleration of gravity value 9.8 m/sec^2
Weight of one person is 80 KG (including everything)
Tiles displacement 0.01m
Each tile has 50% efficiency
Total distance in which tiles are installed is 250 ft
1.5 ft stride between the steps

F = 1.3
F = 1019.2 N
Now find energy per step by multiplying this energy by the displacement of tile i.e.
Energy = 1019.2
Energy = 10.192
The efficiency of each tile is 50% so energy will be
Energy = 5.096
As we have approximated that the distance at which if we have installed our system is 250 ft and
stride is 5 then
Total energy = 5.096
Total energy = 254.8 J
Now convert this energy to total units produced by a single person i.e.
Units produced = 254.8 J
Units produced = 0.0000707 KWh
This is the units produced by a single person i.e.
Units produced by a person = 0.0000707
Let the total numbers of people include students, faculty, lab staff and works are 2500 and they passes
through that area 4 times in a day so
Units produced in a day = 0.0000707 10,000
Units produced in a day = 0.707 kWh
So this is the calculation of our project per day. This states that if we install in a gallery of our campus
which has 250ft length and if total numbers of persons visit it more than one in a day then the
numbers of units produced will be 0.707 kWh in a day.
We can increase it by increasing the number of tiles i.e. increasing area to 400 or 500 ft and at that
spot at which maximum number of people visits more than once in a day.

8.4 Results

Units produced in a day on the assumption we take 0.707 kWh

Units produced in a week on the assumption that
working days are 5 3.535 kWh
Units produced in a semester on the assumption that
there are 17 weeks in a semester 60.095 kWh
Table 8.1 Footstep power generation calculations
These are the calculation on the bases of 250ft length of area in which we install the system and 2500
people visits it approximately 4 times in a day.

REFERENCES
1. Electronic devices and circuit theory by Robert L.Boylestad and Louis Nashlsky
2. Knight, Jones, & Field, College Physics (2007) p. 815
3. Energy harvesting http://www.scribd.com/footstep-power-generation-system.html 3/7/2013
4. How it works: Science and technology (third edition) volume 13 by Marshall Caven Dish
5. Nilsson J Thorstensson, a ground reaction forces at different speeds of human walking and
running. Act Physiologica Scandinavica. Vol 136
3. Bedford, B. D.; Haft, R. G. et al. (1963). Ideology of Inverter Circuits. City New York and John
Wiley and Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-96134-46.
4. Standard Reference Designations for Electrical and Electronics Parts and Equipments: IEEE
200-1975