Introduction to Cementing

Additives
 Well Conditions
Mud Removal
Friction Pressure
Mixability
Pumpability

Permeable Well Control

formations
Over Pressure
Weak Formations

Temperature Lost Circulation

Heat Retrogression Foamers Foam

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 Well Conditions
ADDITIVE CATEGORY
PROBLEM SLURRY PARAMETER
SOLUTIONS
WELL CONTROL EXTENTERS
OVER PRESSURE DENSITY
WEAK FORMATION WEIGHTINGAGENTS
ACCELERATORS
TEMPERATURE THICKENINGTIME
RETARDERS
FLUIDSTABILITY
PERMEABLE FORMATIONS FLAC
FLUIDLOSS CONTROL
MUDREMOVAL DISPERSANTS
FRICTION PRESSURE RHEOLOGY
MIXABILITY/PUMPABILITY GELLINGAGENTS
PLUGGING
LCM
LOST CIRCULATION BRIDGINGPROPERTIES
DENSITY EXTENTERS
HEAT RETROGRESSION HYDRATION PRODUCT Silica

STABILIZEDFOAM FOAMINGAGENTS AND

FOAMERS
CAPABILITY STABILIZERS

FOAM FOAMINGTENDENCY ANTI-FOAM

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 Cementing Additives
Accelerators and Retarders Dispersants
Change thickening time Improve mud removal
Alter rate of compressive Improve mixability
strength development
Reduced water slurries
Extenders
Reduce friction pressure
Reduce slurry density (Low Ty and Pv)
Increase slurry yield Fluid Loss Control
Weighting Agents Lost Circulation Material
Increase slurry density (LCM)

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 Speciality Additives
Antifoam/ defoamer agents
Bonding agents
Expansive additives
Gas migration control additives, etc.
Thixotropic systems

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 Antifoam Agents
What cause foam?
Properties of materials
Poor wetting of solid particles
Why use antifoam agents?
Prevent slurry gelation/ prevent poor hydration
Prevent pump cavitation
Allow true slurry density to be mixed and pumped
Properties of antifoam
Insoluble in the foaming fluid
Have more surface active than foaming fluid

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 Antifoam Agents
Mechanism of action
Spread on foam surface with lower surface tenstion
Enter foam reducing film and causing rupture
Types of antifoam agents
Polyglycol ethers Solid: D046 (0.20 lb/sk)
Liquid: D047 (0.05 - 0.07 gal/sk)
Silocones Liquid: D175 (0.01 - 0.05 gal/sk)
Liquid: M045 (0.05 gal/sk)
Liquid: D144, obsolete-replaced by D175

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 Conductor pipe
Prevents washing out under rig
Short rig downtime
Quick setting cement -rapid
development of compressive
strength
Accelerated slurries, e.g.
Neat Cement+NaCl (D44) 3-5%
Neat Cement+CaCl2 (S1) 2-4%
Neat Cement+Sea Water
Cemented with Stab-in or just
driven

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 Accelerators
Shorten stage I and II, accelerate stages III and
IV hydration of main cement phases is
increased plus change in C-S-H structure
Offset retarding effects of other additives
I II III IV V

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 Accelerators
S001 (CaCl2-solid) 1 - 4 % BWOC
Check purity: S001 = 77% CaCl2 purity
Exothermic reaction
D044 (NaCl) <10 % BWOW
Sea Water
Check consistency near river mouths
D077 (CaCl2-liquid) 0.2 - 0.4 gal/sk
ARCTIC SET for Low temperature

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 D044 Sodium Chloride
Not very efficient at accelerator
Act as accelerator <10% BWOW
Prefer range 3-5% BWOW
Slurry consistency (hr)
Time to reach 100 Bc

136F (58C)
6

154F(68C)
4
179F (81C)
2 210F (99C)

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
NaCl IN MIX WATER (% BWOW)

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 Surface Casing
Unconsolidated zones
Low temperatures
Deep water offshore
Large volume of slurry
Light weight slurries
12.8 ppg Extended lead + 15.8 ppg
neat tail
Prehydrated bentonite 2-3%
Neat Cement+0.5-1% S1
2/3 lead, 1/3 tail annulus height

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 Slurry Density
Changing
Lighter of Heavier
slurry density Less Water
More Water*
Absorbent Neat Cement Heavy Materia
Light Material 15.6 ppg Class A Dispersant
15.8 ppg Class G
16.4 ppg Class H
Lower Density Higher Density

*D124 is an exception as an extender as is foam cement

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 Classification of Extenders
Water based extenders
Water
D020, D128 Clays (Bentonite):-check viscosity
D075, D079 Chemical extenders (Sodium silicates):- need Ca+
+ to work
Low density solids
D035, D056, D061, D602 Pozzalans (Fly ashes)
D042, D024 Kolite and Gilsonite
D072 Expanded perlite
D154, D155 Microsilica
Very low density materials
Nitrogen Foam Cement:- need stabilizer
D124 (LITEFIL) Ceramic microspheres, 5000 psi max

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 Cement Extenders
Extender or Slurry Density (lb/gal)
Lightweight System 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Bentonite 11.2 15
LITEPOZ 3 D35 12 14.7
LITEPOZ 7 D61 10.8 13.6
TXI Cement D911 12 14.
Trinity Lite-Wate Cement 11.9 13.2
D49 7
11 14.
Diacel D D56 5
10.6 13.
Expanded Perlite D72 12 8 1
Gilsonite D24 5
15
12
KOLITE D42 11 14.5
Sodium Metasilicate D79 11.5 14.5
Sodium Silicate D75 9 12
LITEFIL D124 6 15
Foamed Cement 11 15
17 Microsilica D154 / D155
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 Bentonitic Extenders
Bentonite Clays

Beneficiated Non-treated
(Peptized)
Montmorillonite Attapugite
D020: Fresh waterD128: Sea Water
General properties
Water based extender Economical and widely availab
SG = 2.65 Decrease compressive strengt
Increase permeability
Dry blended or pre-hydrated
Concentration 0 - 20% BWOCViscosify slurries (lots of solids

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 Intermediate Casings
Workable sections
13 3/8 over 3000 feet deep
Often 2-stage cementing
Low cost
Extended lead and neat tail,
e.g.
Prehydrated bentonite 2-3 %
D075 0.28 gal/sk + 1% S1
15.8 ppg tail
All slurries to be retarded.
Can have some fluid loss
control

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 Hydration of Cement
I II III IV V

min h days
r

I. PRE - INDUCTION PERIOD

II. INDUCTION PERIOD
III. ACCELERATION PERIOD
IV. DECELERATION PERIOD
V. DIFFUSION PERIOD
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 Stages 1: Pre-Induction
Stage 2: Induction Period
Al OH Ca Si
Ca SO4

Seconds

ETTRINGITE

Hours
C - S - H Gel

Protective layers stops reactions - Pumping time

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 Retardation of Cement Slurries
Applications
Intermediate and production strings
Squeeze and cement plugs
High temperature and depth

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 Mechanism of Retardation
Factors affecting mechanism of action
Chemical nature of retarder
Chemical composition of cement
Theories of mechanism of action
Adsorption
Precipitation
Nucleation
Complexation

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 Retarders
Possible negative effects on slurries
Gelation
Dispersion
Increased fluid loss
Incompatibility
Slow the development of compressive strength
(D028*)
*During obsolescence plan

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 Chemical Classes of Retarders
Lignosulfonates D013, D081, D800, D801
Hydroxycarboxylic acids D110
Organic Salts D177
Inorganic compounds D093
Cellulose derivatives D008*
Blend retarders D028*, D150, D121, D161
Sugar is also a cement retarder
* During obsolescence plan

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 Cement Retarders
BHCT o
F Fresh Sea
Retarder 100 200 300 37%
400
D13/D81 100 140 X
NaCl X
D13/D81 with 100 185 X X
Dispersant 125 250 X X X
D800/D801 250 31 X X X
D800/D801 with D93/L10 0
175 30 X X
D110 0 X X
300 37
5
D110 with D93/L10 220 X X X
30
D28/D150 0 X X X
300 350
D28/D150 with D121 300 400 X X X
D28/D150 with D93 140 220 X X
25
D177 0 X X
25 450
D161 0

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 Fluid Loss in Cement Slurries
Definition
Filtrate (aqueous solution) lost to the formation
Filter cake deposited at formation face
Cement particles left in annulus
Why cement slurry loses water
Differential pressure
Permeable medium (formation)
Water/cement ratio ? Hydration needs

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 Fluid Loss in Cement Slurries
Fluid loss stages
Dynamic fluid loss
Static fluid loss
Effect of Fluid loss on slurry properties
Thickening time and yield point versus water
concentration
Damage to some formations by filtrate
Gas migration through thick filter cake and
through poor quality cement

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 Effect of Fluid Loss on Slurry
Properties
REDUCED INCREASED
Slurry yield Hydrostatic (psi/ft)
Free Water Slurry density
Thickening Time Plastic viscosity
Settling Yield point
Bulk Shrinkage Compressive Strength
Mud Removal Efficiency
Bonding

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 Thickening Time versus Density
Thickening Time (min) 160

TH
I CK
EN

Yield Value
IN
G
TI
ME

E
YIELD VALU
40

15.6 Slurry Density (ppg) 16.4

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 Mechanisms of Fluid Loss Control
Reduce cement filter cake permeability
Particulate materials to fill voids
Polymer particles to plug pores
Polymer film over cement particles/ pores
Change cement particle distribution with dispersants
Increase viscosity of aqueous phase
Addition of water soluble polymers
Also reduce filter cake permeability
Effect small compared to permeability reduction

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 Dispersants with FLACs
Mechanism of action
Disperse cement grains and improve packing
reduce permeability
Flocculate with salt plugging action
WITHOUT DISPERSANT WITH DISPERSANT
FILTER CAKE

RANDOM PACKINGORDERED PACKING

LOW PERMEABILITY
HIGH PERMEABILITY
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 Acceptable Fluid Loss Limits
Typical Values: (API test, 1000 psi)
Prevent of gas channeling 30 - 50 ml/30 min
Liner cementing < 50 ml/30 min
Casing cementing 200 - 300 ml/30 min
Horizontal well cementing < 50 ml/30 min
Squeeze Cementing
Formation with K < 1 md 200 ml/30 min
Formation with 1<K<100 md 100 - 200 ml/30 min
Formation with K>100 md 35 - 100 ml/30 min
High density slurried < 50 ml/30 min

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 Production Casings
Isolate production zones
Small diameter casing
Cost less important
Good bonding
Usually has fluid loss control
Low friction pressures
Mud removal is important
Slurry at 15.8 ppg or more
All slurries to be retarded

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 Dispersants
Cement slurry rheology
Volume of particles/ total volume
Inter-particle interactions
Aqueous phase rheology
Change with dispersants
Why dispersants?
Reduce viscosity and yield point
Turbulent flow easier to achieve (Clients like slurry in turbulent for
liner)
Reduce friction pressures
Improve cement slurry mixability (lower Ty)
Reduced water slurried (density up to 18 lb/gal)
Improve efficiency of fluid loss control additives

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 Types of Dispersants
Sodium Polynapthalene SulfonateD065, D080
Aromative polymer D065A,
D080A
Lignin Derivative D121
Formaldehyde family D145A
Organic polymer D604M, D604AM

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 Dispersant Action
SO3
C2SH- +Ca+ -03S

CEMENT POLY

C2SH- +Ca+ -03S

DISPERSANT SO3
MOLECULE
Amount of dispersant adsorbed depends on concentration
Cement grain surfaces become uniformly negatively
Alike signs repel one another - dispersion

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 Slurry Density
Changing
Lighter of Heavier
slurry density Less Water
More Water*
Absorbent Neat Cement Heavy Materia
Light Material 15.6 ppg Class A Dispersant
15.8 ppg Class G
16.4 ppg Class H
Lower Density Higher Density

*D124 is an exception as an extender as is foam cement

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 Weighting Agents
Re quirements
High Specific gravity
Compatible particle size and distribution (settling)
Low water adsorption (efficiency)
Availability and acceptable cost
Purity and consistency of product
Inert

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Commonly Used Weighting Agents

Additional Water
CODE AGENT SG
gal/lb
D031 Barite 4.22 0.0240
D076 Hematite 4.95 0.0023
D907 Cement 3.2 0.0529
D157 Mn3O4Mg tetraoxide 4.7- 4.9

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 Strength Retrogression
Above 230 deg F BHST unstabilized cement will
undergo:
A reduction in strength
An increase in permeability
Due to structural change in C-S-H gel
Prevented by the addition of 30 - 40% BWOC
silica reduces C/S ratio of C-S-H gel

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 D030 Cement Silica & D066 Silica
NAME
Flour
D030CEMENT SILICA D066SILICA FLOUR
Particle Size
70- 200 >200
US Mesh
~10% +12%
Add. Water
1.12gal/sk 1.34gal/sk
Specific gravity 2.63 2.63
Applications
High density Preferred Alternative
Low density Alternative Preferred
Settling problems Alternative Preferred
Mixing problems
Preferred Alternative
(Rheology)
Use above 300deg F Alternative Preferred

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 Anti Setting Additives
Anti Setting Additives reduce
Free water
Sedimentation
Slurry instability
Compatible with all Cementing products and cement
No significant effects on slurry properties, except
rheology
Temperature range: up to 300 deg F
Antisettling Agent D153: 0.1 - 1.5 % BWOC
Liquid Antisettling Agent D162: 0.005 - 0.025 gal/sk

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