Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
ABSTRACT
The excavation of difficult soils by means of an Earth Pressure Balance Machine
(EPBM) creates the potential for a reduced advance rate and increased downtime.
EPBMs typically use soil conditioning to modify soil behavior to reduce abrasion, reduce
cutterhead torque, control water, and ensure control of the spoil passing through the
screw conveyor. Recent research is presented concerning two difficult soils for EPBM
tunneling, which are sticky soils and coarse grained soils with low fines content. Soil
conditioning tests were performed on several samples of difficult soils, which provide
insight into how different polymers and additives can modify soil behavior to improve
the performance of EPBM mining. During testing, the use of high density slurry to
augment soils with low fines content was investigated. Results of investigation and a
review of available literature is presented to help predict the potential for machine
clogging and to help select useful soil conditioning agents in soils with low fines.
INTRODUCTION
The use of soil conditioning agents may be necessary in EPBM tunneling to modify soil
behavior to control face pressure while excavating, to reduce abrasion, reduce cutterhead
torque, control water, and ensure control of the spoil passing through the screw conveyor.
The most difficult soils are those with an insufficient content of fine-grained material or
those that clog the EPBM.
Samples of difficult soils from the Silicon Valley Rapid Transit (SVRT) project in San
Jos, California, and from the North Dorchester Bay Tunnel (NDBT) project in Boston,
Massachusetts, were tested in BASF laboratories in Cleveland, Ohio. The methods of
identifying the difficult soils, the methods of testing and the results are included in this
paper.
CLOGGING SOILS
The excavation of cohesive soils by means of an EPBM creates the potential for adhesion
at the cutterhead, excavation chamber surfaces, in the screw conveyor and in the mucking
system (belt conveyor or muck cars). If enough soil adhesion occurs, transport passages
may become clogged, leading to delays and slower advance rates.
Identifying Clogging Soils
There are at least two methods available for evaluating the clogging potential of cohesive
soil during EPBM tunneling. Each method is examined below:
Analyzing in-situ soil moisture content in relation to Atterberg Limits; including
the adhesion limit (Atterberg, 1974)
Analyzing the relationship between soil consistency and soil plasticity (Thewes,
2004)
Adhesion limit. The adhesion limit test was first described by Atterberg in his 1911
paper (published in English in 1974). Several of the limits described in this paper were
subsequently made into ASTM 4318 and are referred to as Atterberg Limits. The
adhesion limit test was left out of the ASTM standard, but has been used in tunnel
engineering to assess clogging potential. The more common application of adhesion limit
is in the agricultural engineering field for which it was originally developed.
The terms stickiness and adherence are typically given to soil that adheres to metal. The
sticky limit, or adhesion limit, is the lowest water content at which soil adheres to a
nickel spatula when drawn lightly across the soil pastes surface. Atterberg divides the
plasticity range into a sticking plasticity and a non-sticking plasticity. This is illustrated in
Figure 1.
Liquid Limit (LL)
Cooonnnttteeennnttt
C
WaaattteeerrrC
Sticking
Plasticity
Adhesion Limit (AL)
W
IIInnncccrrreeeaaasssiiinnngggW
Non-Sticking
Plasticity
Plastic Limit (PL)
Cooonnnttteeennnttt
Sticking
C
WaaattteeerrrC
Plasticity
AL=38
W
IIInnncccrrreeeaaasssiiinnngggW
c=32% Non-Sticking
Plasticity
PL=26
As c increases, Ic decreases
Soil as received + 7.5% Water 7.5% Water+1.5% R211 7.5% Water+1.5% R211+ FIR 30%
140,000
120,000
100,000
Clay as received
Torque, [Nm]
60,000
40,000
20,000
0
0.001 0.01
Shear Rate, [1/s]
30,000
25,000
Torque, [Nm]
20,000
15,000
Clay, 10% water, 0.5kg SLF30, 0.5kg RS211
Clay, 10% water, 0.5kg SLF30, 0.75kg RS211
Clay, 10% water, 0.5kg SLF30, 1.0kg RS211
10,000
5,000
0
0.001 0.01 0.1 1
Shear Rate, (1/s)
Figure 5 Rheometer testing in Boston Blue Clay with three decades of shear
The results show the value of foam and Rheosoil on the rheology of the clay. Both
lessened the adhesion of the clay and lowered the torque required to move through the
clay as measured by the Rheometer.
Both the foam and clay dispersant technologies were utilized in the NDBT.
Case Histories
Analyzing empirical data from completed EPBM tunnel drives is one of the most
valuable methods to evaluate the usefulness of the adhesion limit and the Thewes method
to predict clogging.
Although the Thewes paper does not specifically describe its application to EPBMs, there
is limited other published empirical data found in this regard. Langmaack (2007) applies
the Thewes paper to the soil data from the Toulouse Metro Line B EPBM drive
completed in France in 2007. During the EPBM drive on this project the machine
experience significant clogging even working in dry ground conditions under compressed
air. The difficult soil, Toulouse molasses, plots in the medium to high clogging risk
zones. By the addition of water, foam and an anti-clay agent to the soil mix, the project
was able to stay on track by reducing clay clogging problems.
The Beacon Hill Project, recently under construction, was a tunnel excavated by EPBM
primarily in glacial till. During this project, adhesion limit tests were performed along
with Atterberg Limits and the Natural Moisture Content (NMC). Each test plotted the
NMC between the plastic limit and the adhesion limit, and below the liquid limit. Based
on this data alone, the clay at its NMC is not prone to sticking in the manner the test was
done. The project Geotechnical Baseline Report (GBR) baselined 25% of all very stiff to
hard clay soils to be sticky clays based on the designers related tunneling experience and
the owners allocation of risk rather than the adhesion test results alone. Although it was
not considered at the time of writing the GBR, the Thewes method does indicate a high
potential of clogging for some soils in the tunnel drive. When construction took place,
EPBM clogging was apparent during the Beacon Hill drives, lending credibility to the
Thewes method. Clay adhesion was reported in the cutterhead, screw and muck
conveyance equipment along with other surfaces the clay came into contact with.
Until more soil properties, including adhesion limit, from a large database of past tunnel
projects can be interpreted into meaningful relationships to predict EPBM clogging, the
tunnel engineers tools are limited. The Thewes method is one tool that does provide a
relationship between soil properties and case histories of TBM clogging. While this
method was originally developed based on slurry TBM experience, the basic principles
making this method valid for assessing slurry TBM drives are also valid for EPBM
drives. EPBM case histories from Beacon Hill and Toulouse Metro appear to confirm
this.
Figure 6 Photos of foam only soils conditioning on BASF sand sample with low
fines
Sand & Gravels 0 to 25 mm. The mixture of sand and gravel has <5% fines and required
the addition of HDLS. Figure 7 illustrates the change in the soil with the associated soil
conditioning.
Figure 7 Photos of soils conditioning on BASF mixture of sand and gravel with low
fines
The addition of foam to the sand and gravel mixture improves the consistency of the
materials but it remained porous. The addition of the HDLS improved the consistency
and appearance of the mixture and produced excellent rheological properties. The
addition of the polymer modified the rheology of the mixture by decreasing the slump,
thus improving the soil structuring for EPBM excavation.
This laboratory testing was performed and reported as part of a study for the NDBT
project where the EPBM was designed to incorporate the addition of fines to the face
using HDLS. Although fully equipped, the need to incorporate the HDLS never occurred.
To further illustrate the ability of added fines to improve a coarse soil, Langmaack (2000)
cites laboratory tests on a porous soil from Boulevard Peripherique Nord de Lyon
(BPNL). The addition of a clayey silt and polymer to the sample decreased the
permeability of the soil.
Laboratory testing on SVRT low fines soil. The SVRT low fines sample, with an initial
sample moisture content of 13% and a degree of saturation of 100% prior to soil
conditioning treatment, was mixed using a Kol Mixall mixer. The sample possessed a 7.5
inch slump. No significant separation of water from soil solids was observed during this
slump test. Figure 8 illustrates the sequence of testing.
FIR 30%+50ml P2+HDLS, 6.5 slump FIR 30%+65ml P2+LS slurry, 6.5 slump