SMK SACRED HEART, SIBU STPM PHYSICS CHAPTER 18 ALTERNATING CURRENT CIRCUITS

1. Circuit with alternating current:

Characteristics Purely resistive circuit (R-circuit) Purely inductive circuit (L-circuit) Purely capacitive circuit (C-circuit)
a) Circuit

b) Voltage V = Vo sin , Vo = peak voltage V = Vo sin , Vo = peak voltage V = Vo sin , Vo = peak voltage
c) Current To maintain I in inductor, V across inductor For a.c. circuit, rate of charges are
I= = is V = -E conserved. Q=CV
I = Io sin Vsupply = Vinductor = I = C
Vo sin = -E , E= I = C
= L
= CVo cos
=
= Io cos
= = Io sin (

I =
I = Io cos
= Io sin (

d) Peak current, Io = Io = = Io = CVo =

Io
e) Resistance / XR = R XL = =2 = Xc = = ==
Reactance

f) Ir.m.s. From I = Io sin , Mean square From XL = From Xc = ,

(Same as Vrms) I2 = sin2 value of
sin2 = Irms = = Irms = = Vrms
=
Ir.m.s. =

g) Phase = 0o = 90o = 90o
difference
h) Instantaneous P = IV P = IV P = IV
power = (Io sin ) (Vo sin ) = (Io cos ) (Vo sin ) = (Io cos ) (Vo sin )
= Io Vo sin2 = Io Vo sin = Io Vo sin
i) Maximum P = I2R Io = P o = I o Vo P o = I o Vo
power = (Io sin )2 R
Po = R Po = R Po = R
= R sin
P o = I o Vo
P = Po sin Po = Po =
Po =
j) Mean power From P = R sin , P=0 P=0
P= P = Vrms Irms (No heat dissipated) (no heat dissipated)
=( )( ) Energy stored, U = LI2 Energy stored, U = CV2

= = 2
= L (Io sin ) = C (Vo sin )2
= Mean energy = 0 Mean energy = 0
Mean square value of sin 2
= Peak energy, Uo = L Peak energy, Uo = C
k) Leading Both are in the same phase Voltage Current
quantity From CIVIL, Capacitor = I leading V ; V leading I = Inductor (L)
l) Phasor
diagram
(let direction of I
lies on X-axis)
SMK SACRED HEART, SIBU STPM PHYSICS CHAPTER 18 ALTERNATING CURRENT CIRCUITS
2. Circuit with alternating current:
Characteristics R-C circuit in series R-L circuit in series R-L-C circuit in series
a) Circuit

b) Phasor
diagram
(let direction of I
lies on X-axis)

c) Voltage V = Vo sin , Vo = peak voltage V = Vo sin , Vo = peak V = Vo sin , Vo = peak voltage

voltage
VR = IR VR = IR VR = IR
Vc =IXc VL =IXL VL =IXL Vc = IXc
Vz = IZ Vz = IZ Vz = IZ
d) Impedance, Z Vz = Vz = Vz =
IZ = IZ = IZ =
Z= Z= Z=
= = =

= = =

e) Current I = Io sin ( I = Io sin ( I = Io sin (

f) Phase = tan-1 ( ) = tan-1 ( ) = tan-1 ( ) = tan-1 ( ) = tan-1 ( ) = tan-1 ( )

difference -1 -1
= tan ( ) = tan ( ) = tan-1 ( )
g) Leading Current Voltage Nil
quantity by
h) Resonance Nil Nil Impedance Z is minimum when f = fr
frequency or when XL = Xc

3. Alternating current 6. Root-mean-square value of an a.c. 8. Reactance

- Current in which the direction of
the current changes or reverses
periodically.
4. Direct current
- Current in which the direction of
the current is always the same
5. Peak value
- Maximum value or amplitude of
the alternating current
- The value of a constanct direct
current which can produce the
same heating power as the
alternating current in a given
resistor.
7. Phasor
- A phasor is a vector of constant
magnitude and rotating in an
anticlockwise direction with a
constant angular velocity
- Opposition to the current by an inductor or
a capacitor in an a.c. circuit
9. Impedance
- The vector sum of the resistance and the
reactance in an a.c. circuit
10. Mean power
- Rate of heat dissipation
11. Instantaneous power
- Power at a particular moment of time