Solid Biomass 2004

CONTENTS
1.1 Biomass CHP plants using solid biomass- Comparison of selected European countries.. 4
1.2 Construction year of existing solid biomass CHP plants................................................... 8
1.3 Technologies of existing solid biomass CHP plants.......................................................... 9
1.4 Character of existing solid biomass CHP plants.............................................................. 10
1.5 Electric and thermal power of existing solid biomass CHP plants.................................. 11
1.6 Efficiencies of existing solid biomass CHP plants .......................................................... 14
1.7 Investment costs of existing solid biomass CHP plants................................................... 17
JOHANNEUM RESEARCH Interim Report 19

FIGURES
Figure 1: Number of soild biomass CHP plants.............................................................................. 5
Figure 2: Distribution of plants (total number 122) ........................................................................ 5
Figure 3: Construction years of the CHP plants with solid biomass............................................... 6
Figure 4: Technologies of CHP plants with solid biomass ............................................................. 6
Figure 5: Character of CHP plants with solid biomass ................................................................... 7
Figure 6: Electric power of CHP plants with solid biomass ........................................................... 7
Figure 7: Share of solid biomass fuels used in the CHP plants....................................................... 8
Figure 8: Construction years of the 122 CHP plants with solid biomass........................................ 8
Figure 9: Type of power generation in the 122 CHP plants with solid biomass............................. 9
Figure 10: Fuels of the 122 analysed solid biomass CHP plants .................................................. 10
Figure 11: Character of the 122 CHP plants with solid biomass .................................................. 10
Figure 12: Share of the 122 solid biomass CHP plants with and without co-
firing ...................................................................................................................................... 10
Figure 13: Electric power of the 122 analysed solid biomass CHP plants ................................... 11
Figure 14: Electric and thermal power of the 122 analysed solid biomass CHP
plants ..................................................................................................................................... 12
Figure 15: Electric and thermal of the solid biomass CHP plants with less than
50 MWel ................................................................................................................................. 12
Figure 16: Electric and thermal of the solid biomass CHP plants with less than
5 MWel ................................................................................................................................... 13
Figure 17: Ratio electricity/heat and fuel power for the 122 solid biomass CHP
plants ..................................................................................................................................... 13
Figure 18: Ratio electricity/heat and fuel power for the 122 solid biomass CHP
plants with less than 20 MWfuel)............................................................................................ 14
Figure 19: Electric power and electric efficiency of 122 solid biomass CHP
plants ..................................................................................................................................... 15
Figure 20: Electric power and electric efficiency of solid biomass CHP plants
with an electric power of less than 10 MWel ......................................................................... 15
Figure 21: Electric power and electric efficiency of 122 solid biomass CHP
plants with an electric power of less than 10 MWel .............................................................. 16
with steam turbines................................................................................................................ 16
with steam turbines electric power less than 50 MWel .......................................................... 17
Figure 24: Specific investment costs and electric power of the 122 solid
biomass CHP plants sorted by character of plant.................................................................. 18

biomass CHP plants sorted by character of plant and with an electric
power of less than 10 MWel .................................................................................................. 18
biomass CHP plants sorted by sorted by the different technologies ..................................... 19
biomass CHP plants sorted by sorted by the different technologies and
with an electric power of less than 10 MWel ......................................................................... 19

A detailed analysis is presented concerning 122 biomass CHP plants using solid biomass. The
analysis is presented in terms of fuel, technologies, plant size, construction time as well as
investment costs.
1.1 Biomass CHP plants using solid biomass- Comparison of selected

European countries
In Figure 1 the number of existing CHP pants in selected European countries is shown. In
Germany exist 47 and in Austria 25 CHP plants with solid biomass. In all countries the CHP
plants without co firing with fossil fuel dominate.
In Figure 2 the share of existing solid biomass CHP plants is given, where again Germany and
Austria are the most dominating countries with a considerable number of CHP plants.
In Figure 3 the construction year of the existing CHP plants with solid biomass are shown.
In Figure 4 the technologies for the solid biomass CHP plants are shown where the steam
cycle systems with steam turbine and steam engine are the most dominating technology. The
reason is, that the steam cycle is more or less the only currently commercially available
technologies for solid biomass CHP.
In Figure 5 the character of the existing CHP plants with solid biomass are shown, where it is
evident, that most of them are commercial plants, but also a considerable number of them has
a demonstration and pilot character. The demonstration and pilot CH plants are mainly
investigating new CHP technologies like organic Rankine cycle, hot air turbine or Stirling
engine.
In Figure 6 the installed electric power of the biomass CHP plants with solid
biomass are shown. Most of the installed electric power is lower than 5
MWel, even a significant number of CHP plants have an electric power of
less than 1 MWel.
In Figure 7 the share of the different solid biomass fuels is shown. The most dominating solid
biomass fuel is wood chips from forestry and saw mill residues, whereas bark, paper sludge
and waste wood is also relevant.

50 47
without cofiring
45
with cofiring
40
35
Number of plants
30
25
25
20
14
15 11
10
10
5 3
1 2
5 1 1 1 1
nd
k
ly
y
nd
ey
d
en
l
ia
ria
ia
K
ce
ga
ar
an
an
U
Ita
ar
en
rk
la
la
an
ed
st
r tu
m
m
lg
nl
er
ol
Tu
Au
ov
en
Fr
Sw
er
Bu
Fi
Po
H
i tz
Sl
D
Sw
Figure 1: Number of soild biomass CHP plants
Switzerland
Italy PortugalSlovenia 9%
Holland 1% 4% Sweden
1%
1% 2%
Turkey
1%
Germany UK
39% 2%
Austria
20%
Denmark Bulgaria
France Finnland 0%
11% 8%
1%
Figure 2: Distribution of plants (total number 122)

50
unknown
45 after 2000
1995-2000
40 before 1995
35
Number of plants
30
25
20
15
10
ly
k
K
y
d
ey
ri a
ia
ce
nd
nd
ia
en
ga
ar
an
an
U
Ita
ar
en
rk
an
la
st
la
ed
rt u
m
m
nl
lg
Tu
Au
ol
er
ov
Fr
en
Sw
er
Fi
Bu
Po
H
itz
Sl
D
Sw
Figure 3: Construction years of the CHP plants with solid biomass
50
Other
45 Gas turbine
Gas engine
40
Hot air engine
35 Stirling engine
Number of plants
Organic rankine cycle

30
Steam engine
25 Steam turbine
20
15
10
0
ly
K
k
ey
a
ria
nd
nd
a
en
ga
ar
an
an
tri
U
Ita
en
rk
an
a
la
la
ed
rtu
m
s
m
nl
lg
ol
Tu
er
Au
ov
Fr
en
Sw
er
Fi
Bu
Po
H
itz
Sl
D
Sw
Figure 4: Technologies of CHP plants with solid biomass

50
45
unknown
40 Commercial plant
Demonstration plant
35
Number of plants
Pilote plant
30 Testing plant
25
20
15
10
ly
ey
y
nd
d
k
ce
ia
en
K
nd
ia
l
ria
ga
an
ar
an
U
Ita
ar
en
rk
an
la
ed
la
st
rtu
m
m
nl
lg
Tu
ol
ov
er
Au
Fr
en
Sw
er
Fi
Bu
Po
H
itz
Sl
G
D
Sw
Figure 5: Character of CHP plants with solid biomass
50
45
<1 1-5
40
5-20 >20
35
Number of plants
unknown
30
25
20
15
10
0
ey
nd
ly
y
K
d
k
ia
ce
ia
n
l
d
ria
ga
an
ar
an
U
Ita
en
ar
rk
an
la
ed
la
st
r tu
m
m
nl
lg
Tu
ol
ov
er
Au
Fr
en
Sw
er
Fi
Bu
Po
H
itz
Sl
G
D
Sw
Figure 6: Electric power of CHP plants with solid biomass

Other
Straw
Peat 100%
Bark
90%
Waste wood
Paper sludge
80%
Woodchips (si)
Woodchips (fr) 70%
60%
% fuels used
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
k
K
en
y
ly
ey
l
nd
a
ce
ria
nd
ia
nd
ga
ar
an
ri
U
Ita
rk
an
ed
rla
st
la
a
la
rtu
m
ve
m
lg
Tu
Au
ol
n
en
Fr
Sw
e
o
er
Bu
Fi
Po
H
itz
Sl
D
Sw
Figure 7: Share of solid biomass fuels used in the CHP plants
1.2 Construction year of existing solid biomass CHP plants

In Figure 8 the share of the construction year for the 122 CHP plants with solid biomass are
shown. For nearly 50% of the existing solid biomass plants it was not possible to get
information on the construction year, about of the existing biomass plants were built before
1995 and between 1995 and 2000. 7% of the analysed CHP plants were erected after 2000.
after 2000
1995-2000 7%
20%
before 1995 unknown

24% 49%
Figure 8: Construction years of the 122 CHP plants with solid biomass

1.3 Technologies of existing solid biomass CHP plants
In Figure 9 the technologies for the 122 CHP plants with solid biomass are shown, the steam
turbine with 57% is the most important technologies followed by the steam engine with 19%.
The other technologies are less than 22%, because these technologies are still under
development.
ORC Stirling engine

Steam engine 7% 3%
19%
Gas engine
1%
Gas turbine
9%
Hot air engine

1%
Other
3%
Steam turbine
57%
Figure 9: Type of power generation in the 122 CHP plants with solid biomass
Type of solid biomass fuels of existing CHP plants
In Figure 10 the type of the solid biomass fuel is shown. The wood chips dominate, whereas
38% are wood chips from forestry and 24% are wood chips from saw mill residues. Bark with
8%, waste wood with 5% and paper sludge with 4% are also important biomass fuels used in
CHP applications.
Peat
Bark Straw
3%
9% 2%
Waste wood
5%
Other
15%
Paper sludge
4%
Woodchips (saw
industry)
Woodchips (forest
24%
residues)
38%

Figure 10: Fuels of the 122 analysed solid biomass CHP plants
1.4 Character of existing solid biomass CHP plants

In Figure 11 the character of the 122 CHP plants with biomass are shown. 67% of the existing
plants are commercial plants and 14% are demonstration plants. The rest is 7 pilot plants and
6% testing plants, which mainly are used to collect experience with new CHP technologies
for solid biomass applications.
In Figure 12 it is shown, that 84% of the 122 solid biomass CHP plants have no co firing of
fossil fuels, whereas 16% are co firing installation with fossil fuels, mainly coal.
unknown
6%
Testing plant
6%
Commercial plant
67%
Pilote plant
7%
Demonstration plant
14%
Figure 11: Character of the 122 CHP plants with solid biomass
without co-firing
84%
with co-firing
16%
Figure 12: Share of the 122 solid biomass CHP plants with and without co-firing

1.5 Electric and thermal power of existing solid biomass CHP plants
In Figure 13 the electric power of the 122 analysed solid biomass CHP plants are shown. 35%
have an electric power of less than 1 MWel and 24% have an electric power between 1 and 5
MWel. Only 15% have an electric power of more than 20MWel, this reflects that biomass is
more used in small CHP applications where on important reason is, that the use of the heat is
easier than in bigger applications.
>20MWel
15%
5 - 20MWel
20% unknown
6%
< 1MWel
1 - <5MWel 35%
24%
Figure 13: Electric power of the 122 analysed solid biomass CHP plants
In Figure 14 the electric and thermal power of the 122 solid biomass CHP plants are shown,
where in Figure 15 a selection of plants with less than 50 MWel and in Figure 16 with less
than 5 MWel is given. The range between electric and thermal power is quite big, whereas the
big CHP (> 20 MWel) applications have a comparatively low thermal power than the smaller
CHP (< 5 MWel). But for all CHP biomass plants it can be summarized, that the installed
thermal power is very much depending on the regional or local conditions to satisfy an
existing heat demand.
In Figure 17 the ratio of electric and thermal power is shown in relation to the fuel power, for
more details in Figure 18 this correlation is shown for applications with less than 20 MWfuel.
The ratio of electric and thermal power varies very much for all CHP applications. The ratio
of electric and thermal power seems to be very much depending on the side specific
conditions that are mainly dominated by the possibilities of the use of the heat.

250
200
Thermal power [MW th]
150
100
50
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Electric power [MW el]
Figure 14: Electric and thermal power of the 122 analysed solid biomass CHP plants
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Figure 15: Electric and thermal of the solid biomass CHP plants with less than 50 MWel

50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Figure 16: Electric and thermal of the solid biomass CHP plants with less than 5 MWel
1,0
0,9
0,8
Ratio electricity/heat [-]
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0,0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Fuel power [MW fuel]
Figure 17: Ratio electricity/heat and fuel power for the 122 solid biomass CHP plants

1,0
0,9
0,8
Ratio electricity/heat [-]
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0,0
0 5 10 15 20
Fuel power [MW fuel]
Figure 18: Ratio electricity/heat and fuel power for the 122 solid biomass CHP plants with
less than 20 MWfuel)
1.6 Efficiencies of existing solid biomass CHP plants

In Figure 19 the electric efficiency of the 122 solid biomass CHP plants is shown compared to
electric power. In general it can be concluded that the electric efficiency is increasing with the
electric power, and small CHP applications have a relatively low electric efficiency. In big Co
firing CHP plant very high efficiencies are possible depending on the fossil fuel used as main
energy carrier.
In Figure 20 the electric efficiency is shown for biomass CHP applications with an electric
power of less than 10 MWel. Compared to bigger application the electric efficiency of steam
turbine is lower but it is still higher than applications with steam engines. Gas turbines and
gas engine, that are driven with wood gas from gasification, seem to have a reasonable high
efficiency in small scale biomass CHP applications.
In Figure 21 the electric efficiency is shown for biomass CHP applications with an electric
power of less than 1 MWel. The electric efficiency of small CHP applications is very much
depending on the technology and configuration used, therefore relatively high electric
efficiencies above 20% and relatively low efficiencies below 10% are possible. Some small
scale CHP applications are mainly designed to satisfy an existing heat demand where the
production of electricity is only a positive side effect.
In Figure 22 the electric, thermal and total efficiency of the 122 solid biomass CHP plant are
shown in dependence of the electric power, and in Figure 23 for CHP plants with less than
50MWel. As mentioned above the electric efficiency is increasing with an increasing total
electric power, whereas the thermal efficiency is decreasing with increasing electric power,
because the amount of heat produced could not be used totally. Therefore the total efficiency,
the sum of electric and thermal efficiency is decreasing over the size of the CHP plant,
because big parts of the produced heat must be given to the environment, because there is no
economic reasonable use of the total heat produced in the region around the CHP location;
long transportation of heat is not very economic. In general small CHP applications are more
common to satisfy a predefined heat demand and are therefore often driven by the heat

demand. The big CHP plants are more oriented to produce electricity and the use of some heat
is a so called positive side effect. The operation of big CHP plants is more electricity
oriented.
Stirling engine Steam turbine Steam screw-type engine Steam engine Organic rankine cycle Hot air engine Gas turbine Gas engine
45
40
35
30
El. efficiency [%]
25
20
15
10
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
El. power [MW el]
Figure 19: Electric power and electric efficiency of 122 solid biomass CHP plants
45Stirling engine Steam turbine Steam screw-type engine Steam engine Organic rankine cycle Hot air engine Gas turbine Gas engine
40
35
30
El. efficiency [%]
25
20
15
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
El. power [MW el]
Figure 20: Electric power and electric efficiency of solid biomass CHP plants with an electric
power of less than 10 MWel

35Stirling engine Steam turbine Steam screw-type engine Steam engine Organic rankine cycle Hot air engine Gas turbine Gas engine
30
25
El. efficiency [%]
20
15
10
0
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1
El. power [MW el]
Figure 21: Electric power and electric efficiency of 122 solid biomass CHP plants with an
electric power of less than 10 MWel
el. efficiency th. efficiency total efficiency Linear (el. efficiency) Linear (total efficiency) Linear (th. efficiency)
100
90
80
El. efficiency [%]
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
El. power [MW el]
Figure 22: Electric power and electric efficiency of solid biomass CHP plants with steam
turbines

el. efficiency th. efficiency total efficiency Linear (total efficiency) Linear (th. efficiency) Linear (el. efficiency)
100
90
80
El. efficiency [%]
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
El. power [MW el]
Figure 23: Electric power and electric efficiency of solid biomass CHP plants with steam
turbines electric power less than 50 MWel
1.7 Investment costs of existing solid biomass CHP plants

In Figure 24, Figure 25, Figure 26 and Figure 27 the specific investment costs are shown in
relation to the installed electric power of the 122 solid biomass CHP plants, which are sorted
by the character of the plant, the technologies and the electric power installed. The specific
investment cost decrease with an increasing installed electric power. Of course commercial
CHP plants have in general lower specific costs than demonstration and pilot plants. For CHP
applications above 2 MWel the steam cycle with a steam turbine seems to have the lowest
specific investment cost. For applications below 2 MWel future results of ongoing
demonstration and pilot projects will bring information, what might be low-cost technologies
for small scale solid biomass CHP applications.

Pilote plant Demonstration plant Commercial plant
Spec. investment [Mio /MW el] 25
20
15
10
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
El. power [MW el]
Figure 24: Specific investment costs and electric power of the 122 solid biomass CHP plants
sorted by character of plant
25 Pilote plant Demonstration plant Commercial plant average commercial plant

Spec. investment [Mio /MW el]
20
15
10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
El. power [MW el]
sorted by character of plant and with an electric power of less than 10 MWel

25 Steam turbine Steam engine Organic rankine cycle Hot air engine Gas engine
Spec. Investment [Mio /MW el]
20
15
10
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
El. power [MW el]
sorted by sorted by the different technologies
25 Steam turbine Steam engine Organic rankine cycle

Hot air engine Gas engine average steam turbine
Spec. Investment [Mio /MW el]
20
15
10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
El. power [MW el]
sorted by sorted by the different technologies and with an electric power of less than 10 MWel

Solid Biomass 2004

Transféré par

Informations du document

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Solid Biomass 2004

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

CONTENTS

JOHANNEUM RESEARCH Interim Report 19

JOHANNEUM RESEARCH Interim Report 19

JOHANNEUM RESEARCH Interim Report 19

1.1 Biomass CHP plants using solid biomass- Comparison of selected

JOHANNEUM RESEARCH Interim Report 19

Figure 2: Distribution of plants (total number 122)

JOHANNEUM RESEARCH Interim Report 19

Organic rankine cycle

Figure 4: Technologies of CHP plants with solid biomass

JOHANNEUM RESEARCH Interim Report 19

Figure 6: Electric power of CHP plants with solid biomass

JOHANNEUM RESEARCH Interim Report 19

1.2 Construction year of existing solid biomass CHP plants

before 1995 unknown

JOHANNEUM RESEARCH Interim Report 19

ORC Stirling engine

Hot air engine

JOHANNEUM RESEARCH Interim Report 19

1.4 Character of existing solid biomass CHP plants

JOHANNEUM RESEARCH Interim Report 19

JOHANNEUM RESEARCH Interim Report 19

JOHANNEUM RESEARCH Interim Report 19

JOHANNEUM RESEARCH Interim Report 19

1.6 Efficiencies of existing solid biomass CHP plants

JOHANNEUM RESEARCH Interim Report 19

JOHANNEUM RESEARCH Interim Report 19

JOHANNEUM RESEARCH Interim Report 19

1.7 Investment costs of existing solid biomass CHP plants

JOHANNEUM RESEARCH Interim Report 19

25 Pilote plant Demonstration plant Commercial plant average commercial plant

JOHANNEUM RESEARCH Interim Report 19

25 Steam turbine Steam engine Organic rankine cycle

JOHANNEUM RESEARCH Interim Report 19

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi