Instructors Manual

to accompany

Electronic Principles
Seventh Edition

Albert Malvino

David J. Bates
Western Technical College

Prepared by
Patrick Hoppe

Boston Burr Ridge, IL Dubuque, IA Madison, WI New York San Francisco St. Louis
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Contents
PREFACE iv

PART 1 ELECTRONIC PRINCIPLES, SEVENTH EDITION

SOLUTIONS TO TEXT PROBLEMS 1-1

PART 2 EXPERIMENTS MANUAL

DATA FOR EXPERIMENTS AND LABORATORY QUIZZES 2-1

PART 3 TRANSPARENCY MASTERS

TEXT FIGURES AND DATA SHEETS 3-1

iii
Preface
To best serve the needs of the instructor, the solutions or answers for the problems contained in the
Malvino/Bates student text and experiments manual have been combined in this single volume. This
instructors manual has been designed to provide you, the instructor, with a convenient reference
source for answers to both even- and odd- numbered exercises.
The sections of the Instructors Manual for Electronic Principles, Seventh Edition, are as
follows:
1. Solutions to problems in Electronic Principles, Seventh Edition. Here you will find solutions
for all the questions and problems at the end of the textbook chapters. In most cases, complete
worked-out solutions are provided for your convenience.
2. Answers for the experiments manual. This part contains representative data for all
experiments. Also included are the answers to the questions at the end of each experiment.
3. Transparency masters. Included in this section are 33 figures from the student text, along with
manufacturers data sheets for popular devices for use as transparency masters or for
duplication for student use.
Albert Paul Malvino
David J. Bates

iv
 Part 1

Electronic Principles
Seventh Edition
Chapter 1 Introduction give us more insight into how changes in load resistance
affect the load voltage.
SELF-TEST 12. It is usually easy to measure open-circuit voltage and
shorted-load current. By using a load resistor and
1. a 7. b 13. c 19. b measuring voltage under load, it is easy to calculate the
2. c 8. c 14. d 20. c Thevenin or Norton resistance.
3. a 9. b 15. b 21. b
4. b 10. a 16. b 22. b
5. d 11. a 17. a 23. c PROBLEMS
6. d 12. a 18. b 1-1. Given:
V = 12 V
JOB INTERVIEW QUESTIONS RS = 0.1
Note: The text and illustrations cover many of the job interview Solution:
questions in detail. An answer is given to job interview RL = 100RS
questions only when the text has insufficient information. RL = 100(0.1 )
2. It depends on how accurate your calculations need to be. If RL = 10
an accuracy of 1 percent is adequate, you should include Answer: The voltage source will appear stiff for values
the source resistance whenever it is greater than 1 percent of load resistance of 10 .
of the load resistance.
5. Measure the open-load voltage to get the Thevenin voltage 1-2. Given:
VTH. To get the Thevenin resistance, reduce all sources to RLmin = 270
zero and measure the resistance between the AB terminals RLmax = 100 k
to get RTH. If this is not possible, measure the voltage VL
across a load resistor and calculate the load current IL. Then Solution:
divide VTH VL by IL to get RTH. RS < 0.01 RL (Eq. 1-1)
6. The advantage of a 50 voltage source over a 600 RS < 0.01(270 )
voltage source is the ability to be a stiff voltage source to a RS < 2.7
lower value resistance load. The load must be 100 greater Answer: The largest internal resistance the source can
than the internal resistance in order for the voltage source have is 2.7 .
to be considered stiff.
7. The expression cold-cranking amperes refers to the amount 1-3. Given: RS = 50
of current a car battery can deliver in freezing weather Solution:
when it is needed most. What limits actual current is the
Thevenin resistance caused by chemical and physical RL = 100RS
parameters inside the battery, not to mention the quality of RL = 100(50 )
the connections outside. RL = 5 k
8. It means that the load resistance is not large compared to Answer: The function generator will appear stiff for
the Thevenin resistance, so that a large load current exists. values of load resistance of 5 k.
9. Ideal. Because troubles usually produce large changes in 1-4. Given: RS = 0.04
voltage and current, so that the ideal approximation is
adequate for most troubles. Solution:
10. You should infer nothing from a reading that is only RL = 100RS
5 percent from the ideal value. Actual circuit troubles will RL = 100(0.04 )
usually cause large changes in circuit voltages. Small RL = 4
changes can result from component variations that are still
within the allowable tolerance. Answer: The car battery will appear stiff for values of
11. Either may be able to simplify the analysis, save time when load resistance of 4 .
calculating load current for several load resistances, and

1-1
1-5. Given: Solution:
RS = 0.05 RL = 0.01RS (Eq. 1-4)
I=2A RL = 0.01(250 k)
Solution: RL = 2.5 k
V = IR (Ohms law) IL = IT(RS)/(RS + RL)] (Current divider formula)
V = (2 A)(0.05 ) IL = 5 mA[(250 k)/(250 k/(250 k + 10 k)]
V = 0.1 V IL = 4.80 mA
Answer: The voltage drop across the internal resistance Answer: The load current is 4.80 mA, and, no, the
is 0.1 V. current source is not stiff since the load resistance is not
less than or equal to 2.5 k.
1-6. Given:
1-12. Solution:
V=9V
RS = 0.4 VTH = VR2
VR2 = VS[(R2)/(R1 + R2)] (Voltage divider formula)
Solution: VR2 = 36 V[(3 k)/(6 k + 3 k)]
I = V/R (Ohms law) VR2 = 12 V
I = (9 V)/(0.4 ) RTH = [R1R2/R1 + R2] (Parallel resistance formula)
I = 22.5 A RTH = [(6 k)(3 k)/(6 k + 3 k)]
Answer: The load current is 22.5 A. RTH = 2 k
1-7. Given: Answer: The Thevenin voltage is 12 V, and the Thevenin
resistance is 2 k.
IS = 10 mA
RS = 10 M
Solution:
RL = 0.01 RS
RL = 0.01(10 M)
RL = 100 k
Answer: The current source will appear stiff for load
resistance of 100 k.
1-8. Given:
RLmin = 270
RLmax = 100 k
Solution:
RS > 100 RL (Eq. 1-3)
RS > 100(100 k)
RS > 10 M
Answer: The internal resistance of the source is greater
than 10 M.
1-9. Given: RS = 100 k
Solution:
RL = 0.01RS (Eq. 1-4)
RL = 0.01(100 k) (a) Circuit for finding VTH in Prob. 1-12. (b) Circuit for
RL = 1 k finding RTH in Prob. 1-12.
Answer: The maximum load resistance for the current
source to appear stiff is 1 k. 1-13. Given:
1-10. Given: VTH = 12 V
IS = 20 mA RTH = 2 k
RS = 200 k Solution:
RL = 0 I = V/R (Ohms law)
Solution: I = VTH/(RTH + RL)
RL = 0.01RS I0 = 12 V/(2 k + 0 ) = 6 mA
RL = 0.01(200 k) I1k = 12 V/(2 k + 1 k) = 4 mA
RL = 2 k I2k = 12 V/(2 k + 2 k) = 3 mA
I3k = 12 V/(2 k + 3 k) = 2.4 mA
Answer: Since 0 is less than the maximum load I4k = 12 V/(2 k + 4 k) = 2 mA
resistance of 2 k, the current source appears stiff; thus I5k = 12 V/(2 k + 5 k) = 1.7 mA
the current is 20 mA. I6k = 12 V/(2 k + 6 k) = 1.5 mA
1-11. Given: Answers: 0 6 mA; 1 k, 4 mA; 2 k, 3mA; 3 k,
I = 5 mA 2.4 mA; 4 k, 2 mA; 5 k, 1.7 mA; 6 k, 1.5 mA.
RS = 250 k
RL = 10 k
1-2
 Solution:
RN = RTH (Eq. 1-10)
RTH = 10 k
IN = VTH/RTH (Eq. 1-12)
VTH = INRN
VTH = (10 mA)(10 k)
VTH = 100 V
Thevenin equivalent circuit for Prob. 1-13.
Answer: RTH = 10 k, and VTH = 100 V
1-14. Given:
VS = 18 V
R1 = 6 k
R2 = 3 k
Solution:
VTH = VR2
VR2 = VS[(R2)/(R1 + R2)] (Voltage divider formula) Thevenin circuit for Prob. 1-17.
VR2 = 18 V[(3 k)/(6 k + 3 k)]
VR2 = 6 V
1-18. Given (from Prob. 1-12):
RTH = [(R1 R2)/(R1 + R2)] (Parallel resistance formula) VTH = 12 V
RTH = [(6 k 3 k)/(6 k + 3 k)] RTH = 2 k
RTH = 2 k
Solution:
Answer: The Thevenin voltage decreases to 6V, and the
Thevenin resistance is unchanged. RN = RTH (Eq. 1-10)
RN = 2 k
1-15. Given:
IN = VTH/RTH (Eq. 1-12)
VS = 36 V IN = 12 V/2 k
R1 = 12 k IN = 6 mA
R2 = 6 k
Answer: RN = 2 k, and IN = 6 mA
Solution:
VTH = VR2
VR2 = VS[(R2)/(R1 + R2)] (Voltage divider formula)
VR2 = 36 V[(6 k)/(12 k + 6 k)]
VR2 = 12 V
RTH = [(R1R2)/(R1 + R2)] (Parallel resistance formula)
RTH = [(12 k)(6 k)/(12 k + 6 k)]
Norton circuit for Prob. 1-18.
RTH = 4 k
Answer: The Thevenin voltage is unchanged, and the 1-19. Shorted, which would cause load resistor to be
Thevenin resistance doubles. connected across the voltage source seeing all of the
1-16. Given: voltage.
VTH = 12 V 1-20. a. R1 is open, preventing any of the voltage from
RTH = 3 k reaching the load resistor. b. R2 is shorted, making its
voltage drop zero. Since the load resistor is in parallel
Solution: with R2, its voltage drop would also be zero.
RN = RTH 1-21. The battery or interconnecting wiring.
RN = 3 k
1-22. RTH = 2 k
IN = VTH/RTH
Solution:
IN = 15 V/3 k
IN = 4 mA RMeter = 100RTH
RMeter = 100(2 k)
Answer: IN = 4 mA, and RN = 3 k RMeter = 200 k
Answer: The meter will not load down the circuit if the
IN RN
meter impedance is 200 k.
4mA 3k
CRITICAL THINKING
1-23. Given:
Norton circuit for Prob. 1-16. VS = 12 V
IS = 150 A
1-17. Given: Solution:
IN = 10 mA RS = (VS)/(IS)
RN = 10 k RS = (12 V)/(150 A)
RS = 80 m

1-3
 Answer: If an ideal 12 V voltage source is shorted and RTH = 500
provides 150 A, the internal resistance is 80 m. Answer: The value for R1 and R2 is 1 k. Another
1-24. Given: possible solution is R1 = R2 = 4 k. Note: The criteria
VS = 10 V will be satisfied for any resistance value up to 4 k and
VL = 9 V when both resistors are the same value.
RL = 75 1-31. Given:
Solution: VS = 30 V
VS = VRS + VL (Kirchhoffs law) VL = 10 V
VRS = VS VL RL > 1 M
VRS = 10 V 9 V RS < 0.01RL (since the voltage source must be stiff)
VRS = 1 V (Eq. 1-1)

IRS = IL = VL/RL (Ohms law) Solution:

IRS = 9 V/75 RS < 0.01RL
IRS = 120 mA RS < 0.01(1 M)
RS = VRS/IRS (Ohms law) RS < 10 k
RS = 8.33 Since the Thevenin equivalent resistance would be the
series resistance, RTH < 10 k.
RS < 0.01 RL (Eq. 1-1)
8.33 < 0.01(75 ) Assume a value for one of the resistors. Since the
8.33 </ 0.75 Thevenin resistance is limited to 1 k, pick a value less
than 10 k. Assume R2 = 5 k.
Answer: a. The internal resistance (RS) is 8.33 . b. The
source is not stiff since RS </ 0.01 RL. VL = VS[R2/(R1 + R2)] (Voltage divider formula)
R1 = [(VS)(R2)/VL] R2
1-25. Answer: Disconnect the resistor and measure the R1 = [(30 V)(5 k)/(10 V)] 5 k
voltage. R1 = 10 k
1-26. Answer: Disconnect the load resistor, turn the internal RTH = R1R2/(R1 + R2)
voltage and current sources to zero, and measure the RTH = [(10 k)(5 k)]/(10 k + 5 k)
resistance. RTH = 3.33 k
1-27. Answer: Thevenins theorem makes it much easier to Since RTH is one-third of 10 k, we can use R1 and R2
solve problems where there could be many values of a values that are three times larger.
resistor.
Answer:
1-28. Answer: To find the Thevenin voltage, disconnect the
load resistor and measure the voltage. To find the R1 = 30 k
Thevenin resistance, disconnect the battery and the load B2 = 15 k
resistor, short the battery terminals, and measure the Note: The criteria will be satisfied as long as R1 is twice
resistance at the load terminals. R2 and R2 is not greater than 15 k.
1-29. Given: 1-32. Answer: First, measure the voltage across the terminals.
RL = 1 k This is the Thevenin voltage. Next, connect the ammeter
I = 1 mA to the battery terminalsmeasure the current. Next, use
the values above to find the total resistance. Finally,
Solution: subtract the internal resistance of the ammeter from this
RS > 100RL result. This is the Thevenin resistance.
RS > 100(1 k) 1-33. Answer: First, measure the voltage across the terminals.
RL > 100 k This is the Thevenin voltage. Next, connect a resistor
V = IR across the terminals. Next, measure the voltage across
V = (1 mA)(100 k) the resistor. Then, calculate the current through the load
V = 100 V resistor. Then, subtract the load voltage from the
Thevenin voltage. Then, divide the difference voltage by
Answer: A 100 V battery in series with a 100 k the current. The result is the Thevenin resistance.
resistor.
1-34. Solution: Thevenize the circuit. There should be a
1-30. Given: Thevenin voltage of 0.148 V and a resistance of 6 k.
VS = 30 V IL = VTH/(RTH + RL)
VL = 15 V
RTH < 2 k IL = 0.148 V/(6 k + 0)
IL = 24.7 A
Solution: Assume a value for one of the resistors. Since
the Thevenin resistance is limited to 2 k, pick a value IL = 0.148 V/(6 k + 1 k)
less than 2 k. Assume R2 = 1 k. IL = 21.1 A
VL = VS[R2/(R1 + R2)] (Voltage divider formula) IL = 0.148 V/(6 k + 2 k)
R1 = [(VS)(R2)/VL] R2 IL = 18.5 A
R1 = [(30 V)(1 k)/(15 V)] 1 k IL = 0.148 V/(6 k + 3 k)
R1 = 1 k IL = 16.4 A
RTH = (R1R2/R1 + R2)
RTH = [(1 k)(1 k)]/(1 k + 1 k)

1-4
 IL = 0.148 V/(6 k + 4 k) d. n-type
IL = 14.8 A e. p-type
IL = 0.148 V/(6 k + 5 k) 2-7. Given:
IL = 13.5 A Barrier potential at 25C is 0.7 V
IL = 0.148 V/(6 k + 6 k) Tmin = 25C
IL = 12.3 A Tmin = 75C
Answer: 0, IL = 24.7 A; 1 k, IL = 21.1 A; 2 k, IL = Solution:
18.5 A; 3 k, IL = 16.4 A; 4 k, IL = 14.8 A; 5 k, V = (2 mV/C)T (Eq. 2-4)
IL = 13.5 A; 6 k, IL = 12.3 A. V = (2 mV/C)(0C 25C)
1-35. Trouble: V = 50 mV
Vnew = Vold + V
1: R1 shorted
Vnew = 0.7 V + 0.05 V
2: R1 open or R2 shorted
Vnew = 0.75 V
3: R3 open
4: R3 shorted V = (2 mV/C)T (Eq. 2-4)
5: R2 open or open at point C V = (2 mV/C)(75C 25C)
6: R4 open or open at point D V = 100 mV
7: Open at point E Vnew = Vold + V
8: R4 shorted Vnew = 0.7 V 0.1 V
Vnew = 0.6 V
Answer: The barrier potential is 0.75 V at 0C and 0.6 V
Chapter Two Semiconductors at 75C.
2-8. Given:
SELF-TEST
IS = 10 nA at 25C
1. d 15. a 29. d 42. b Tmin = 0C 75C
2. a 16. b 30. c 43. b Tmax = 75C
3. b 17. d 31. a 44. c
4. b 18. b 32. a 45. a Solution:
5. d 19. a 33. b 46. c IS(new) = 2(T/10)IS(old) (Eq. 2-5)
6. c 20. a 34. a 47. d IS(new) = 2[(0C 25C)/10]
10 nA
7. b 21. d 35. b 48. a IS(new) = 1.77 nA
8. b 22. a 36. c 49. a
IS(new) = 2(T/10)IS(old) (Eq. 2-5)
9. c 23. a 37. c 50. d
10. a 24. a 38. a 51. c IS(new) = 2[(75C 25C)/10)] 10 nA
11. c 25. d 39. b 52. b IS(new) = 320 nA
12. c 26. b 40. a 53. d Answer: The saturation current is 1.77 nA at 0C and
13. b 27. b 41. b 54. b 320 nA at 75C.
14. b 28. b 2-9. Given:
ISL = 10 nA with a reverse voltage of 10 V
JOB INTERVIEW QUESTIONS New reverse voltage = 100 V
9. Holes do not flow in a conductor. Conductors allow current Solution:
flow by virtue of their single outer-shell electron, which is RSL = VR/ISL
loosely held. When holes reach the end of a semiconductor, RSL = 10 V/10 nA
they are filled by the conductors outer-shell electrons RSL = 1000 M
entering at that point.
11. Because the recombination at the junction allows holes and ISL = VR/RSL
free electrons to flow continuously through the diode. ISL = 100 V/1000 M
ISL = 100 nA
Answer: 100 nA.
PROBLEMS
2-10. Answer: Saturation current is 0.53 A, and surface-
2-1. 2 leakage current is 4.47 A at 25C.
2-2. 3 2-11. Reduce the saturation current, and minimize the RC time
2-3. a. Semiconductor constants.
b. Conductor
c. Semiconductor
d. Conductor Chapter 3 Diode Theory
2-4. 500,000 free electrons
SELF-TEST
2-5. a. 5 mA
b. 5 mA 1. b 7. c 12. b 17. b
c. 5 mA 2. b 8. c 13. a 18. b
3. c 9. a 14. d 19. a
2-6. a. p-type 4. d 10. a 15. a 20. a
b. n-type 5. a 11. b 16. c 21. c
c. p-type 6. b

1-5
 Answer: Solution: The diode would be reversed-based and acting
IL = 19.3 mA as an open. Thus the current would be zero, and the
VL = 19.3 V voltage would be source voltage.
PL = 372 mW Answer:
PD = 13.4 mW VD = 12 V
PT = 386 mW ID = 0 mA
3-15. Given: 3-19. Open
VS = 20 V 3-20. The diode voltage will be 5 V, and it should burn open
VD = 0.7 V the diode.
RL = 2 k
3-21. The diode is shorted, or the resistor is open.
Solution:
3-22. The voltage of 3 V at the junction of R1 and R2 is normal
IL = VL/RL (Ohms law) if it is a voltage divider with nothing in parallel with R2.
IL = 19.3 V/2 k So, the problem is in the parallel branch. A reading of 0
IL = 9.65 mA V at the diode resistor junction indicates either a shorted
Answer: 9.65 mA resistor (not likely) or an open diode. A solder bridge
3-16. Given: could cause the resistor to appear to be shorted.
VS = 12 V 3-23. A reverse diode test reading of 1.8 V indicates a leaky
VD = 0.7 V diode.
RL = 470 3-24. 1N4004
Solution: 3-25. Cathode band. The arrow points toward the band.
VS = VD + VL (Kirchhoffs law) 3-26. The temperature limit is 175C, and the temperature of
12 V = 0.7 V + VL boiling water is 100C. Therefore, the temperature of the
VL = 11.3 V boiling water is less than the maximum temperature and
IL = VL/RL (Ohms law) the diode will not be destroyed.
IL = 11.3 V/470
IL = 24 mA
CRITICAL THINKING
PL = (VL)(IL)
PL = (11.3 V)(24 mA) 3-27. Given:
PL = 271.2 mW 1N914: forward 10 mA at 1 V; reverse 25 nA at 20 V
PD = (VD)(ID) 1N4001: forward 1 A at 1.1 V; reverse 10 A at 50 V
PD = (0.7 V)(24 mA) 1N1185: forward 10 A at 0.95 V; reverse 4.6 mA at
PD = 29.2 mW 100 V

PT = PD + PL Solution:
PT = 29.2 mW + 271.2 mW 1N914 forward:
PT = 300.4 mW R = V/I (Ohms law)
Answer: R = 1 V/10 mA
R = 100
VL = 11.3 V
IL = 24 mA 1N914 reverse:
PL = 271.2 mW R = V/I (Ohms law)
PD = 29.2 mW R = 20 V/25 nA
PT = 300.4 mW R = 800 M

3-17. Given: 1N4001 forward:

R = V/I (Ohms law)
VS = 12 V R = 1.1 V/1 A
VD = 0.7 V R = 1.1
RL = 940
1N4001 reverse:
Solution: R = V/I (Ohms law)
VS = VD + VL (Kirchhoffs law) R = 50 V/10 A
12 V = 0.7 V + VL R = 5 M
VL = 11.3 V 1N1185 forward:
IL = VL/RL (Ohms law) R = V/I (Ohms law)
IL = 11.3 V/940 R = 0.95 V/10 A
IL = 12 mA R = 0.095
Answer: 12 mA 1N1185 reverse:
R = V/I (Ohms law)
3-18. Given: R = 100 V/4.6 mA
VS = 12 V R = 21.7 k
RL = 470

1-8
 Answer: Solution:
1N914: rB = (V2 V1)(I2 I1) (Eq. 3-7)
forward R = 100 rB = (1 V 0.7 V)/(500 mA 0 mA)
reverse R = 800 M rB = 600 m
1N4001: Answer: rB = 600 m
forward R = 1.1 3-31.
reverse R = 5 M 1. IR = ISL + IS
1N1185: 2. 5 A = ISL + IS(old)
forward R = 0.095 3. ISL = 5 A IS(old)
reverse R = 21.7 k 4. 100 A = ISL + IS(new)
3-28. Given: 5. IS(new) = 2(T/10) IS(old) (Eq. 2-6)
Substitute formulas 2 and 5 into formula 4.
VS = 5 V 6. 100 A = 5 A IS(old) + 2(T/10)IS(old)
VD = 0.7 V Put in the temperature values.
ID = 20 mA 7. 100 A = 5 A IS(old) + 2 [(100C 25C)/10]IS(old)
Solution: Move the 5 A to the left side, and simplify the
exponent of 2.
VR = VS VD (Kirchhoffs law) 8. 95 A = IS(old) + 27.5 IS(old)
VR = 5 V 0.7 V Combine like terms.
VR = 4.3 V 9. 95 A = (27.5 1)IS(old)
R = V/I (Ohms law) 10. 95 A = (180.02) IS(old)
R = 4.3 V/20 mA Solve for the variable.
R = 215 11. IS(old) = 95 A/(180.02)
Answer: R = 215 12. IS(old) = 0.53 A

3-29. Given: Using formula 3:

13. ISL = 5 A IS(old)
VD = 0.7 V 14. ISL = 5 A 0.53 A
ID = 10 mA 15. ISL = 4.47 A
R1 = 30 k
Answer: The surface-leakage current is 4.47 A at 25C.
R3 = 5 k
3-32. Given:
Solution: Find the voltage required on the parallel
branch to achieve a diode current of 0.25 mA. R1 = 30 k
R2 = 10 k
VR = IR3 (Ohms law) R3 = 5 k
VR = (0.25 mA)(5 k)
VR = 1.25 V This condition will not occur if the diode is normal. It
V = VR + VD (Kirchhoffs law) can be either opened or shorted. If it is shorted, the
V = 1.25 V + 0.7 V resistance would be 0 . If it is open, it would be the
V = 1.95 V resistance of the resistors.
This is the voltage at the junction of R1 and R2. Next Solution: The circuit would have R1 and R2 in parallel,
find the voltage drop across R1. and the parallel resistance in series with R3.
VR1 = VS V (Kirchhoffs law) R = [(R1)(R2)]/(R1 + R2) (Parallel resistance formula)
VR1 = 12 V 1.95 V R = [(30 k)(10 k)]/(30 k + 10 k)
VR1 = 10.05 V R = 7.5 k
RT = 5 k + 7.5 k
I = V/R (Ohms law) RT = 12.5 k
I = 10.05 V/30 k
I = 335 A Answer: The resistance would be 12.5 k if the diode is
open and 0 if the diode is shorted.
Now that the current through R1 is known, this is the
total current for the parallel branches. The nest step is to 3-33. During normal operation, the 15-V power supply is
find the current through R2. supplying power to the load. The left diode is forward-
biased and allows the 15-V power supply to supply current
I2 = I1 ID (Kirchhoffs law) to the load. The right diode is reversed-based because 15 V
I2 = 335 A 0.25 mA is applied to the cathode and only 12 V is applied to the
I2 = 85 A anode. This blocks the 12-V battery. Once the 15-V power
The next step is to use the voltage and current to supply is lost, the right diode is no longer reversed-biased,
calculate the resistance. and the 12-V battery can supply current to the load. The
left diode will become reverse-biased, preventing any
R2 = V/I2 (Ohms law)
current from going into the 15-V power supply.
R2 = 1.95 V/85 A
3-34. It causes all of them to increase.
R2 = 23 k
3-35. The source voltage does not change, but all other
Answer: R2 = 23 k variables decrease.
3-30. Given: 3-36. I1, I2, and P1. Because the resistance of R2 increased, the
total resistance of the voltage divider increases. This
500 mA at 1 V causes the current in the voltage divider to decrease. This
0 mA at 0.7 V explains the decreasing of the current. Since the voltage
across R1 decreased and I1 decreased, P1 decreases.

1-9
 3-37. VA, VB, VC, I1, I2, P1, P2. Since R is so large, it has no Answer: The peak voltage is 21.2 V, the average
effect on the voltage divider; therefore, the variables voltage is 6.74 V, and the dc voltage is 6.74 V.
associated with the voltage divider do not change. 4-3. Given: Vin = 50 V ac
3-38. VC, I3, P3. The voltage divider is unaffected. The increase
in diode voltage drop will cause the voltage at point C to Solution:
decrease, thus decreasing the current and power. VP = 1.414 Vrms
VP = 1.414 (50 V ac)
VP = 70.7 V
Chapter 4 Diode Circuits Vp(out) = Vp(in) 0.7 V (Eq. 4-4)
SELF-TEST Vp(out) = 70.0 V

1. b 8. c 14. a 20. c Since the average and the dc values are the same:
2. a 9. c 15. b 21. a Vdc = 0.318 V (Eq. 4-2)
3. b 10. d 16. a 22. b Vdc = 0.318 (70.0 V)
4. c 11. b 17. d 23. a Vdc = 22.3 V
5. c 12. b 18. c 24. c Answer: The peak voltage is 70.0 V, the average voltage
6. b 13. c 19. c 25. c is 22.3 V, and the dc voltage is 22.3 V.
7. b 4-4. Given: Vin = 15 V ac
Solution:
JOB INTERVIEW QUESTIONS
VP = 1.414 Vrms
7. The LC type is preferable when tighter regulation is required VP = 1.414 (15 V ac)
and (or) power cannot be wasted. Examples include VP = 21.2 V
transmitters, lab test equipment, and military gear when cost
Vp(out) = Vp(in) 0.7 V (Eq. 4-4)
is not of primary concern. The LC filter ideally dissipates no
Vp(out) = 20.5 V
power. In reality, the inductor losses result in some heal.
The less costly RC filter consumes power in the resistor. Since the average and the DC values are the same:
8. A full-wave rectifier is made up of two back-to-back half- Vdc = 0.318 V (Eq. 4-2)
wave rectifiers. Vdc = 0.318 (20.5 V)
9. When you need a high dc output voltage from the power Vdc = 6.52 V
supply, but a step-up transformer is neither available nor
practical in the design. Answer: The peak voltage is 20.5 V, the average
11. Because a transformer with a high turns ratio produces a few voltage is 6.52 V, and the dc voltage is 6.52 V.
thousand volts, which means more insulation and expense.
13. There is probably a short in the circuit that caused
excessive current through the resistor. You have to look at Output waveform for Probs. 4-1 and 4-3. Waveform is
the schematic diagram and test the different components negative for Probs. 4-2 and 4-4.
and wiring to try to locate the real trouble.
4-5. Given:
PROBLEMS Turns ratio = N1/N2 = 6:1 = 6
4-1. Given: Vin = 50 V ac V1 = 120 Vrms
Solution: Solution:
VP = 1.414 Vrms V2 = V1/(N1/N2) (Eq. 4-5)
VP = 1.414 (50 V ac) V2 = 120 Vrms/6
VP = 70.7 V V2 = 20 Vrms
Vp(out) = Vp(in) (Eq. 4-1) VP = (1.414) (Vrms)
Vp(out) = 70.7 V VP = (1.414) (20 Vrms)
Since the average and the dc values are the same: VP = 28.28 VP
Vdc = 0.318 VP (Eq. 4-2) Answer: The secondary voltage is 20 Vrms or 28.28 VP.
Vdc = 0.318 (70.7 V) 4-6. Given:
Vdc = 22.5 V Turns ratio = N1/N2 =1:12 = 0.083333
Answer: The peak voltage is 70.7 V, the average voltage V1 = 120 V ac
is 22.5 V, and the dc voltage is 22.5 V. Solution:
4-2. Given: Vin = 15 V ac V2 = V1/(N1/N2) (Eq. 4-5)
Solution: V2 = 120 V ac/0.083333
VP = 1.414 Vrms V2 = 1440 V ac
VP = 1.414 (15 V ac) VP = 1.414 Vrms
VP = 21.2 V VP = 1.414 (1440 V ac)
Vp(out) = Vp(in) (Eq. 4-1) VP = 2036.16 V
Vp(out) = 21.2 V Answer: The secondary rms voltage is 1440 V ac, and
Since the average and the dc values are the same: the peak voltage is 2036.16 V.
Vdc = 0.318 Vp (Eq. 4-2) 4-7. Given:
Vdc = 0.318 (21.2 V)
Turns ratio = N1/N2 = 8 : 1 = 8
Vdc = 6.74 V
V1 = 120 V ac (rms)
1-10
 Solution: V2 = 120 V ac/7
V2 = V1/(N1/N2) (Eq. 4-5) V2 = 17.14 V ac
V2 = 120 V ac/8 VP = 1.414 Vrms
V2 = 15 V ac VP = 1.414 (17.14 V ac)
VP = 1.414 Vrms VP = 24.24 V
VP = 1.414 (15 V ac) VP(in) = 0.5 VP
VP = 21.21 V VP(in) = 0.5(24.24 V)
Vp(out) = Vp(in) (Eq. 4-1) VP(in) = 12.12 V
Vp(out) = 21.21 V Vp(out) = Vp(in) (Eq. 4-1)
Vdc = 0.318 VP (Eq. 4-2) Vp(out) = 12.12 V
Vdc = 0.318 (21.21 V) Since the average and the dc values are the same:
Vdc = 6.74 V Vdc = 0.636 Vp (Eq. 4-6)
Answer: The peak voltage is 21.21 V, and the dc voltage Vdc = 0.636 (12.12 V)
is 6.74 V. Vdc = 7.71 V
4-8. Given: Answer: The peak output voltage is 12.12 V, and the dc
Turns ratio = N1/N2 = 8:1 = 8 and average values are 7.71 V.
V1 = 120 V ac (rms) 4-11. Given:
Solution: Turns ratio = N1/N2 = 7:1 = 7
V2 = V1/(N1/N2) (Eq. 4-5) V1 = 120 V ac
V2 = 120 V ac/8 Solution:
V2 = 15 V ac V2 = V1/(N1/N2) (Eq. 4-5)
VP = 1.414 Vrms V2 = 120 V ac/7
VP = 1.414 (15 V ac) V2 = 17.14 V ac
VP = 21.21 V VP = 1.414 Vrms
Vp(out) = Vp(in) 0.7 V (Eq. 4-4) VP = 1.414 (17.14 V ac)
Vp(out) = 20.51 V VP = 24.24 V
Vdc = 0.318 VP (Eq. 4-2) VP(in) = 0.5 VP
Vdc = 0.318 (20.51 V) VP(in) = 0.5(24.24 V)
Vdc = 6.52 V VP(in) = 12.12 V
Answer: The peak voltage is 20.51 V, and the dc voltage Vp(out) = Vp(in) 0.7 V (Eq. 4-4)
is 6.52 V. Vp(out) = 11.42 V
4-9. Given: Since the average and the dc values are the same:
Turns ratio = N1/N2 = 4:1 = 4 Vdc = 0.636 VP (Eq. 4-6)
V1 = 120 Vrms Vdc = 0.636 (11.42 V)
Solution: Vdc = 7.26 V

V2 = V1/(N1/N2) (Eq. 4-5) Answer: The peak output voltage is 11.42 V, and the dc
V2 = 120 Vrms/4 and average values are 7.26 V.
V2 = 30 Vrms 4-12. Given:
Since it is a center-tapped transformer, each half of the Turns ratio = N1/N2 = 8:1 = 8
secondary is half of the total secondary voltage. V1 = 120 V ac
Vupper = V2 Solution:
Vupper = (30 Vrms) V2 = V1/(N1/N2) (Eq. 4-5)
Vupper = 15 Vrms V2 = 120 V ac/8
Vlower = VP V2 = 15 V ac
Vlower = (30 Vrms) VP(in) = 1.414 Vrms
Vlower = 15 Vrms VP(in) = 1.414 (15 V ac)
VP = (1.414) (Vrms) VP(in) = 21.21 V
VP = (1.414) (15 Vrms) Vp(out) = Vp(in) (Eq. 4-1)
VP = 21.21 VP Vp(out) = 21.21 V
Answer: Each half of the secondary has an rms voltage Since the average and the dc values are the same:
of 15 V and a peak voltage of 21.21 V.
Vdc = 0.636 Vp (Eq. 4-6)
4-10. Given: Vdc = 0.636 (21.21 V)
Turns ratio = N1/N2 = 7:1 = 7 Vdc = 13.49 V
V1 = 120 V ac Answer: The peak output voltage is 21.21 V, and the dc
Solution: and average values are 13.49 V.
V2 = V1/(N1/N2) (Eq. 4-5)

1-11
 4-13. Given: Vout = 500 mV
Turns ratio = N1/N2 = 8:1 = 8 Answer: The ripple voltage would be 500 mV.
V1 = 120 V ac 4-16. Given:
Solution: Vin = 14 V
V2 = V1/(N1/N2) (Eq. 4-5) XL = 2 k
V2 = 120 V ac/8 XC = 50
V2 = 15 V ac Solution:
VP(in) = 1.414 Vrms Vout = (XC/XL)Vin (Eq. 4-9)
VP(in) = 1.414 (15 V ac) Vout = (50 /2 k)(14 V)
VP(in) = 21.21 V Vout = 350 mV
Vp(out) = Vp(in) 1.4 V (Eq. 4-8) Answer: The ripple voltage would be 350 mV.
Vp(out) = 19.81 V
4-17. Given:
Since the average and the dc values are the same:
Turns ratio = N1/N2 = 8:1 = 8
Vdc = 0.636 Vp (Eq. 4-6) V1 = 120 V ac
Vdc = 0.636 (19.81 V) RL = 10 k
Vdc = 12.60 V C = 47 F
Answer: The peak output voltage is 19.81 V, and the dc fin = 60 Hz
and average values are 12.60 V. Solution:
V2 = V1/(N1/N2) (Eq. 4-5)
V2 = 120 V ac/8
Output waveform for Probs. 4-10 to 4-13. V2 = 15 V ac
VP = 1.414 V2
4-14. Given: VP = 1.414 (15 V ac)
Turns ratio = N1/N2 = 8:1 = 8 VP = 21.2 V (This is the dc output voltage due to the
V1(max) = 125 V ac capacitor input filter.)
V1(min) = 102 V ac
I = V/R (Ohms law)
Solution: I = 21.2 V/10 k
V2(max) = V1(max)/(N1/N2) (Eq. 4-5) I = 2.12 mA
V2(max) = 125 V ac/8 fout = fin (Eq. 4-3)
V2(max) = 15.63 V ac fout = 60 Hz
V2(min) = V1(min)/(N1/N2) (Eq. 4-5) VR = I/(fC) (Eq. 4-10)
V2(min) = 105 V ac/8 VR = (2.12 mA)/[(60 Hz)(47 F)]
V2(min) = 13.13 V ac VR = 752 mV
VP(in)max = 1.414 V2(max) Answer: The dc output voltage is 21.2 V with a 752 mV
VP(in)max = 1.414 (15.63 V ac) pp ripple.
VP(in)max = 22.10 V
VP(in)min = 1.414 V2(min)
VP(in)min = 1.414 (13.13 V ac)
VP(in)min = 18.57 V Output waveform for Prob. 4-17.
Vp(out)max = Vp(in)max (Eq. 4-1)
Vp(out)max = 22.10 V 4-18. Given:
Vp(out)min = Vp(in)min (Eq. 4-1) Turns ratio = N1/N2 = 7:1 = 7
Vp(out)min = 18.57 V V1 = 120 V ac
Vdc(max) = 0.636 Vp(out)max (Eq. 4-6) RL = 2.2 k
Vdc = 0.636 (22.10 V) C = 68 F
Vdc = 14.06 V fin = 60 Hz

Vdc(min) = 0.636 Vp(out)min (Eq. 4-6) Solution:

Vdc = 0.636 (18.57 V) V2 = V1/(N1/N2) (Eq. 4-5)
Vdc = 11.81 V V2 = 120 V ac/7
Answer: The maximum dc output voltage is 14.06 V, V2 = 17.14 V ac
and the minimum is 11.81 V. VP = 1.414 Vrms
4-15. Given: VP = 1.414 (17.14 V ac)
VP = 24.24 V
Vin = 20 V
XL = 1 k VP(in) = 0.5 VP
XC = 25 VP(in) = 0.5(24.24 V)
VP(in) = 12.12 V
Solution:
Vp(out) = Vp(in) (Eq. 4-1)
Vout = (XC/XL)Vin (Eq. 4-9) Vp(out) = 12.12 V (This is the dc output voltage due to the
Vout = (25 /1 k)(20 V) capacitor input filter.)

1-12
 I = V/R (Ohms law) V2 = 105 V ac/9
I = 12.12 V/2.2 k V2 = 11.67 V ac
I = 5.51 mA VP = 1.414 Vrms
fout = 2fin (Eq. 4-7) VP = 1.414 (11.67 V ac)
fout = 2(60 Hz) VP = 16.50 V
fout = 120 Hz
Vp(out) = VP (Eq. 4-1)
VR = I/(fC) (Eq. 4-10) Vp(out) = 16.50 V (This is the dc output voltage due to the
VR = (5.51 mA)/[(120 Hz)(68 F)] capacitor input filter.)
VR = 675 mV
4-23. Given: VP = 18.85 VP from Prob. 4-21
Answer: The dc output voltage is 12.12 V, with a 675 mV
pp ripple. Solution:
4-19. Answer: PIV = VP (Eq. 4-13)
PIV = 18.85 V
VR = I/(fC) (Eq. 4-10)
If the capacitance is cut in half, the denominator is cut in Answer: The peak inverse voltage is 18.85 V.
half and the ripple voltage will double. 4-24. Given:
4-20. Answer: Turns ratio = N1/N2 = 3:1 = 3
VR = I/(fC) (Eq. 4-10) V1 = 120 Vrms
If the resistance is reduced to 500 , the current Solution:
increases by a factor of 20; thus the numerator is
increased by a factor of 20 and the ripple voltage goes V2 = V1/(N1/N2) (Eq. 4-5)
up by a factor of 20. V2 = 120 Vrms/3
V2 = 40 Vrms
4-21. Given:
VP = (1.414) (Vrms)
Turns ratio = N1/N2 = 9:1 = 9 VP = (1.414) (40 Vrms)
V1 = 120 V ac VP = 56.56 VP
RL = 1 k
C = 470 F PIV = VP (Eq. 4-13)
fin = 60 Hz PIV = 56.56 V
Solution: Answer: The peak inverse voltage is 56.56 V.
V2 = V1/(N1/N2) (Eq. 4-5) 4-25. Solution:
V2 = 120 V ac/9 From the information on p. 114.
V2 = 13.33 V ac a. Secondary output is 12.6 V ac.
VP = 1.414 Vrms VP = 1.414 Vrms
VP = 1.414 (13.33 V ac) VP = 1.414 (12.6 V ac)
VP = 18.85 V VP = 17.8 V
b. Vdc = 17.8 V
Vp(out) = Vp (Eq. 4-1) c. I = V/R (Ohms law)
Vp(out) = 18.85 V (This is the dc output voltage due to the Idc = 17.8 V ac/1 k
capacitor input filter.) Idc = 17.8 mA
I = V/R (Ohms law) Rated current is 1.5 A.
I = 18.85 V/1 k Answer: The peak output voltage is 17.8 V, and the dc
I = 18.85 mA output voltage is 17.8 V. It is not operating at rated
fout = 2fin (Eq. 4-7) current, and thus the secondary voltage will be higher.
fout = 2(60 Hz) 4-26. Given:
fout = 120 Hz
Assume Pin = Pout
VR = I/(fC) (Eq. 4-10) Vdc = 17.8 V from Prob. 4-25
VR = (18.85 mA)/[(120 Hz)(470 F)] Idc = 17.8 mA from Prob. 4-25
VR = 334 mV
Solution:
Answer: The dc output voltage is 18.85 V, with a 334 mV
pp ripple. Pout = Idc Vdc
Pout = (17.8 mA)(17.8 V)
Pout = 317 mW
Pin = 317 mW
Pin = V1Ipri
Output waveform for Probs. 4-18 and 4-21. Ipri = Pin/V1
Ipri = 317 mW/120 V
4-22. Given: Ipri = 2.64 mA
Turns ratio = N1/N2 = 9:1 = 9 Answer: The primary current would be 2.64 mA.
V1 = 105 V ac
RL = 1 k 4-27. Given:
C = 470 F VDC = 21.2 V from Prob. 4-17
fin = 60 Hz VDC = 12.12 V from Prob. 4-18
Solution: Solution:
V2 = V1/(N1/N2) (Eq. 4-5) Fig. 4-40(a)
1-13
 Idiode = V/R Solution:
Idiode = (2.12 V)/(10 k) Voltage at the cathode is found by using the voltage
Idiode = 2.12 mA divider formula.
Fig. 4-40(b) Vbias = [R1/(R1 + R2)]Vdc (Eq. 4-18)
I = V/R Vbias = [1 k/(1 k + 6.8 k)]15 V
I = (12.12 V)/(2.2 k) Vbias = 1.92 V
I = 5.5 mA The clipping voltage is the voltage at the cathode and
Idiode = 0.5 I the diode voltage drop.
Idiode = (0.5)/(5.5 mA) Vclip = 1.92 V + 0.7 V
Idiode = 2.75 mA Vclip = 2.62 V
Answer: The average diode current in Fig. 4-40(a) is Answer: Since it is a positive clipper, the positive
212 A and the current in Fig. 4-40(b) is 2.75 mA. voltage is limited to 2.62 V and the negative to 20 V.
4-28 Given: Idc = 18.85 mA from Prob. 4-21
Solution:
Idiode = (0.5)Idc
Idiode = (0.5)(18.85 mA) Output waveform for Prob. 4-36.
Idiode = 9.43 mA
4-37. Answer: The output will always be limited to 2.62 V.
4-29 Given: Vp(out) = 18.85 V from Prob. 4-21
4-38. Answer: Since this is a positive clamper, the maximum
Solution: Without the filter capacitor to maintain the negative voltage will be 0.7 V and the maximum
voltage at peak, the dc voltage is calculated the same positive will be 29.3 V.
way it would be done if the filter was not there.
Vdc = 0.636 VP
Vdc = 0.636(18.85 V)
Vdc = 11.99 V
Answer: The dc voltage is 11.99 V. Output waveform for Prob. 4-38.
4-30. Answer: With one diode open, one path for current flow
is unavailable. The output will look similar to a half- 4-39. Answer: Since this is a negative clamper, the maximum
wave rectifier with a capacitor input filter. The dc positive voltage will be 0.7 V and the maximum
voltage should not change from the original 18.85 V, but negative will be 59.3 V.
the ripple will increase to approximately double because
the frequency drops from 120 to 60 Hz.
4-31. Answer: Since an electrolytic capacitor is polarity-
sensitive, if it is put in backward, it will be destroyed
and the power supply will act as if it did not have a Output waveform for Prob. 4-39.
filter.
4-32. Answer: VP will remain the same, DC output equals VP, 4.40. Answer: The output will be 2VP or Vpp, which is 40 V. If
Vripple = 0 V. the second approximation is used, the maximum for the
clamp will be 39.3 V instead of 40 V, and since there is
4-33. Answer: Since this is a positive clipper, the maximum
positive will be the diodes forward voltage, and all the also a diode voltage drop, the output would be 38.6 V.
negative will be passed through. Maximum positive is
0.7 V, and maximum negative is 50 V.

Output waveform for Prob. 4-40.

4-41. Given:
Output waveform for Prob. 4-33. Turns ratio = N1/N2 = 1:10 = 0.1
V1 = 120 V ac
4-34. Answer: Since this is a negative clipper, the maximum Solution:
negative will be the diodes forward voltage, and all the
positive will be passed through. The maximum positive V2 = V1/(N1/N2) (Eq. 4-5)
is 24 V, and the maximum negative is 0.7 V. V2 = 120 V ac/0.1
V2 = 1200 V ac
VP = 1.414 Vrms
VP = 1.414 (1200 V ac)
VP = 1696.8 V
Output waveform for Prob. 4-34.
Since it is a doubler, the output is 2VP.
4-35. Answer: The limit in either direction is two diode Vout = 2VP
voltage drops. Maximum positive is 1.4 V, and Vout = 2 (1696.8 V)
maximum negative is 1.4 V. Vout = 3393.6 V
4-36. Given: Answer: The output voltage will be 3393.6 V.
DC voltage 15 V 4-42. Given:
R1 = 1 k Turns ratio = N1/N2 = 1:5 = 0.2
R2 = 6.8 k V1 = 120 V ac
1-14
 Solution: I = V/R (Ohms law)
V2 = V1/(N1/N2) (Eq. 4-5) I = 21.21 V/4.7
V2 = 120 V ac/0.2 I = 4.51 A
V2 = 600 V ac Answer: The maximum surge current will be 4.51 A.
VP = 1.414 Vrms 4-47. Answer: The signal is a sine wave, and thus the shape of
VP = 1.414 (600 V ac) the curve is a function of sine. The formula for the
VP = 848.4 V instantaneous voltage at any point on the curve is V =
Since it is a tripler, the output is 3VP. Vpsin. Using this formula, calculate the values for each
Vout = 3VP point on the curve, add all 180 of the 1 points together
Vout = 3 (848.4 V) and divide by 180.
Vout = 2545.2 V 4-48. Given:
Answer: The output voltage will be 2545.2 V. Turns ratio = N1/N2 = 8:1 = 8
4-43. Given: V1 = 120 V ac

Turns ratio = N1/N2 = 1:7 = 0.143 Solution:

V1 = 120 V ac V2 = V1/(N1/N2) (Eq. 4-5)
Solution: V2 = 120 V ac/8
V2 = 15 V ac
V2 = V1/(N1/N2) (Eq. 4-5)
V2 = 120 V ac/0.143 VP = 1.414 Vrms
V2 = 839.2 V ac VP = 1.414 (15 V ac)
VP = 21.21 V
VP = 1.414 Vrms
VP = 1.414 (839.2 V ac) With the switch in the shown position, it is a bridge
VP = 1186.6 V rectifier with a capacitor input filter. Thus the output
voltage would be 21.21 V.
Since it is a quadrupler, the output is 4VP.
Vout = 4VP With the switch in the other position, it is a full-wave
Vout = 4(1186.6 V) rectifier with a capacitor input filter. Since it is a center-
Vout = 4746.4 V tapped transformer, the peak voltage is half.

Answer: The output voltage will be 4746.4 V. VP = 10.6 VP

The output would be 10.6 V.
Answer: With the switch in the shown position, 21.21 V;
CRITICAL THINKING with the switch in the other position, 10.6 V.
4-44. Answer: If one of the diodes shorts, it will provide a low 4-49. Answer: Both capacitors will charge to approximately
resistance path to either blow a fuse or damage the other 56 mV with opposite polarities. Vout will equal 56 mV
diodes. 56 mV. Vout will equal zero volts.
4-45. Given: 4-50. Fault 1Since the load voltage is 0.636 of the peak
Turns ratio = N1/N2 = 8: 1 = 8 voltage, the capacitor input filter is not doing its job;
V1 = 120 V ac thus the capacitor is bad.
Solution: Fault 2Since the load voltage dropped a little and the
ripple doubled, one of the diodes is open; this causes
V2 = V1/(N1/N2) (Eq. 4-5) the frequence of the ripple to drop to half, which in
V2 = 120 V ac/8 turn causes the ripple to double.
V2 = 15 V ac Fault 3Since V1 is zero, the fuse must be blown. Since
VP = 1.414 Vrms the load resistance is zero, the load resistor is shorted.
VP = 1.414 (15 V ac) This caused the excessive current in the secondary,
VP = 21.21 V which fed back to the primary and blew the fuse.
Fault 4Since V2 is good and all other voltages are bad,
Since each resistor is in the same current path and both the transformer and fuse are good. R and C are good:
have the same value, they equally divide the voltage. thus either all four diodes opened (not likely) or there
Since they both have a capacitor input filter, they divide is an open in the ground circuit.
the peak voltage. Fault 5Since V1 is zero, the fuse must be blown.
Answer: Each power supply has 10.6 V, but the load Fault 6The load resistor is open. No current is drawn,
connected to the right side of the bridge is a positive and thus there is no ripple.
10.6 V and the load connected to the left side is a Fault 7Since V1 is good and V2 is bad, the transformer
negative 10.6 V. is the problem.
4-46. Given: Fault 8Since V1 is zero, the fuse must be blown. Since
the capacitor reads zero, the capacitor is shorted. This
VP = 21.21 VP from Prob. 4-1 caused the excessive current in the secondary, which
R = 4.7 fed back to the primary and blew the fuse.
Solution: The maximum surge current would be all of Fault 9Since the load voltage is 0.636 of the peak
the peak voltage dropped across the resistor. voltage, the capacitor input filter is not doing its job
and thus the capacitor is bad.

1-15
Chapter 5 Special-Purpose Diodes RS = 470
RL = 15 k
SELF-TEST Solution:
1. d 9. c 17. c 25. b VL = [RL/(RS + RL)]VS (Voltage divider formula)
2. b 10. b 18. c 26. d VL = [1.5 k/(470 + 1.5 k)]24 V
3. b 11. c 19. b 27. a VL = 18.27 V
4. a 12. a 20. b 28. c
Answer: The load voltage is 18.27 V.
5. a 13. b 21. a 29. b
6. c 14. d 22. c 30. b 5-5. Given:
7. c 15. d 23. c 31. d VS = 24 V
8. a 16. a 24. c 32. a VZ = 15 V
RS = 470
JOB INTERVIEW QUESTIONS RL = 1.5 k
Solution:
3. The zener regulation is dropping out of regulation during
worst-case conditions of low line voltage and high load IS = (VS VZ)/RS (Eq. 5-3)
current. IS = (24 V 15 V)/470
4. The LED is connected backward, or the LED current is IS = 19.15 mA
excessive either because the series resistor is too small or IL = VL/RL (Eq. 5-5, Ohms law)
the driving voltage is too high. IL = 15 V/1.5 k
5. The basic idea is that a varactor is a voltage-controlled IL = 10 mA
capacitance. By using a varactor as part of an LC tank
circuit, we can control the resonant frequency with a dc IZ = IS IL (Eq. 5-6, Kirchhoffs current law)
voltage. IZ = 19.15 mA 10 mA
6. To provide a high degree of electrical isolation between IZ = 9.15 mA
input and output circuits. Answer: The series current is 19.15 mA, the zener
7. The cathode lead is shorter than the anode lead. Also, the current is 9.15 mA, and the load current is 10 mA.
flat side of the dome package is the cathode.
5-6. Given:
VS = 24 V
PROBLEMS VZ = 15 V
5-1. Given: RS = 470 5%
VS = 24 V RS(max) = 493.5
VZ = 15 V RS(min) = 446.5
RS = 470 RL = 1.5 k
RL(max) = 1.575 k
Solution: RL(min) = 1.425 k
IS = IZ = (VS VZ)/RS (Eq. 5-3) Solution: Looking at Eq. (5-6), the maximum zener
IS = IZ = (24 V 15 V)/)470 ) current would occur at a maximum series current and a
IS = IZ = 19.1 mA minimum load current. To achieve these conditions, the
Answer: The zener current is 19.1 mA. series resistance would have to be minimum and the
5-2. Given: load resistance would have to be maximum.
VS = 40 V IS = (VS VZ)/RS(min) (Eq. 5-3)
VZ = 15 V IS = (24 V 15 V)/446.5
RS = 470 IS = 20.16 mA
Solution: IL = VL/RL(max) (Eq. 5-5. Ohms law)
IS = IZ = (VS VZ)/RS (Eq. 5-3) IL = 15 V/1.575 k
IZ = (40 V 15 V)/470 IL = 9.52 mA
IZ = 53.2 mA IZ = IS IL (Eq. 5-6, Kirchhoffs current law)
Answer: The maximum zener current is 53.2 mA. IZ = 20.16 mA 9.52 mA
IZ = 10.64 mA
5-3. Given:
VS = 24 V Answer: The maximum zener current is 10.64 mA.
VZ = 15 V 5-7. Given:
RS = 470 5% VS = 24 V to 40 V
RS(max) = 493.5 VZ = 15 V
RS(min) = 446.5 RS = 470
Solution: Solution: Maximum current will occur at maximum
IS = IZ(max) = (VS VZ)/RS(min) (Eq. 5-3) voltage.
IS = IZ = (24 V 15 V)/(446.5 )
IS = (VS VZ)/RS (Eq. 5-3)
IS = IZ = 20.16 mA
IS = (40 V 15 V)/470
Answer: The maximum zener current is 20.16mA. IS = 53.2 mA
5-4. Given: IL = VL/RL (Eq. 5-5, Ohms law)
VS = 24 V IL = 15 V/1.5 k
VZ = 15 V IL = 10 mA
1-16
 IZ = IS IL (Eq. 5.6, Kirchhoffs current law) 5-11. Given:
IZ = 53.2 mA 10 mA VS = 21.5 to 25 V
IZ = 43.2 mA RS = 470
Answer: The maximum zener current is 43.2 mA. RZ = 14
5-8. Given: VZ = 15 V
VS = 24 V Solution:
VZ = 12 V IS = (VS VZ)/RS (Eq. 5-3)
RS = 470 IS = (25 V 15 V)/470
RL = 1.5 k IS = 21.28 mA
Solution: IL = VL/RL (Eq. 5-5, Ohms law)
VL = VZ = 12 V IL = 15 V/1.5 k
IL = 10 mA
IS = (VS VZ)/RS (Eq. 5-3)
IS = (24 V 12 V)/470 IZ = IS IL (Eq. 5-6, Kirchhoffs current law)
IS = 25.5 mA IZ = 21.28 mA 10 mA
IZ = 11.28 mA
IL = VL/RL (Eq. 5-5, Ohms law)
IL = 12 V/1.5 k VL = IZRZ (Eq. 5-7)
IL = 8 mA VL = (11.28 mA)(14 )
VL = 157.9 mV
IZ = IS IL (Eq. 5-6, Kirchhoffs current law)
IZ = 25.5 mA 8 mA IS = (VS VZ)/RS (Eq. 5-3)
IZ = 17.5 mA IS = (21.5 V 15 V)/470
IS = 13.83 mA
Answer: The load voltage is 12 V and the zener current
is 17.5 mA. IL = VL/RL (Eq. 5-5, Ohms law)
IL = 15 V/1.5 k
5-9. Given: IL = 10 mA
VS = 20 V IZ = IS IL (Eq. 5-6, Kirchhoffs current law)
VZ = 12 V IZ = 13.83 mA 10 mA
RS = 330 IZ = 3.83 mA
RL = 1 k
VL = IZRZ (Eq. 5-7)
Solution: VL = (3.83 mA)(14)
VL = VZ = 12 V VL = 53.6 mV
IS = (VS VZ)/RS (Eq. 5-3) Answer: The load voltage changes from 15.054 V when
IS = (20 V 12 V)/330 the supply is 21.5 V, to 15.158 V when the supply is
IS = 24.24 mA 25 V.
IL = VL/RL (Eq. 5-5, Ohms law) 5-12. Given:
IL = 12 V/1 k VS = 24 V
IL = 12 mA RS = 470
IZ = IS IL (Eq. 5-6, Kirchhoffs current law) RL = 1.5 k
IZ = 24.24 mA 12 mA VZ = 15 V
IZ = 12.24 mA Solution: The regulation is lost once the load voltage
Answer: The load voltage is 12 V, and the zener current drops below 15 V.
is 12.24 mA. VL = [(RL)/(RS + RL)]VS (Voltage divider formula)
VS = VL/[RL/(RS + RL)]
RS
VS = 15 V[(1.5 k)/(470 + 1.5 k)]
VS = 19.7 V
330 RL
Answer: The regulation will be lost when the source
20 V 12 V 1 k
voltage drops below 19.7 V.
5-13. Given:
Zener regulator for Prob. 5-9. VS = 20 to 26 V
RS = 470
5-10. Given: RL = 500 to 1.5 k
VZ = 15 V
RS = 470
RZ = 14 Solution: The regulation is lost once the load voltage
VR(in) = 1 Vpp drops below 15 V.
Solution: IL = VL/RL (Eq. 5-5, Ohms law)
RZ IL = 15 V/1.5 k
VR (out) = RS
VR (in) (Eq. 5-8)
RS(max) = [(VS(min)/VZ) 1]RL(min) (Eq. 5-9)
VR(out) = (14 /470 )/1 Vpp RS(max) = [(20 V/15 V) 1]500
VR(out) = 29.8 mVpp RS(max) = 167
Answer: The ripple voltage across the load resistor is
29.8 mVpp.

1-17
 Answer: The regulator will fail since the series resistor is PZ = VI
greater than the maximum series resistance. For this PZ = (15 V)(9.15 mA)
regulator to work properly, the series resistor should be PZ = 137.3 mW
167 or less. Answer: The power dissipation of the series resistor is
5-14. Given: 172.4 mW. The power dissipation of the load resistor
VS = 18 to 25 V is 150 mW. The power dissipation of the zener diode is
RS = 470 137.3 mW.
IL = 1 to 25 mA 5-19. Given: VZ = 15 V 5%. The tolerance is in note 1 on the
VZ = 15 V data sheet.
Solution: Solution:
RS (max) = S I(min) R
V VZ
(Eq. 5-10) (15 V)(0.05) = 0.75 V
L (max) L (min)
RS(max) = [(18 V 15V)/25 mA 15 V + 0.75 V = 15.75 V
RS(max) = 120 15 V 0.75 V = 14.25 V

Answer: Yes, the regulator will fail since the series Answer: The minimum voltage of 14.25 V and the
resistance is greater than the maximum series resistance. maximum voltage is 15.75 V.
For this regulator to work properly, the series resistor 5-20. Given:
should be 120 or less. T = 100C
5-15. Given: Solution:
VS = 24 V 100C 50C = 50C
RS = 470 Derating factor 6.67 mW/C
VZ = 15 V
Answer: P = 667 mW
Solution:
5-21. Given:
RS(max) = [(VS(min)/VZ) 1]RL(min) (Eq. 5-9)
RL(min) = RS(max)/[(VS(min)/VZ) 1] VS = 24 V
RL(min) = 470 /[(24 V/15 V) 1] RS = 470
RL(min) = 783 RL = 1.5 k
RZ = 15 V
Answer: The minimum load resistance is 783 .
Solutions:
5-16. Given:
a. With the diode in parallel with the load, the load
VZ = 10 V resistor is also effectively shorted and the output
IZ = 20 mA voltage would be 0 V.
Solution: b. With the diode open, the load resistor and the series
PZ = VZIZ (Eq. 5-11) resistor form a voltage divider:
PZ = (10 V)(20 mA) VL = [RL/(RS + RL)]VS (Voltage divider formula)
PZ = 0.2 W VL = [1.5 k/(470 + 1.5 k)]24 V
VL = 18.27 V
Answer: The power dissipation is 0.2 W. c. With the series resistor open, no voltage reaches the
5-17. Given: load; thus the output voltage would be 0 V.
d. The voltage drop across a short is 0 V.
VZ = 20 V
IZ = 5 mA Answers:
Solution: a. 0V
b. 18.27 V
P Z = V Z IZ (Eq. 5-11) c. 0V
PZ = (20 V)(5 mA) d. 0V
PZ = 0.1 W
5-22. Answer: From the previous problem, the only trouble
Answer: The power dissipation is 0.1 W. that caused this symptom is an open zener diode.
5-18. Given: 5-23. Answer: Check the series resistor. If it is shorted, it
VS = 24 V could damage the diode. If it had been operating
RS = 470 correctly, the output voltage should have been 18.3 V.
RL = 1.5 k 5-24. Answers:
VZ = 15 V
IS = 19.15 mA (from Prob. 5-5) a. If the V130LA2 is open, it will remove the over
IL = 10 mA (from Prob. 5-5) voltage protection and the LED will remain lit.
VZ = 9.15 mA (from Prob. 5-5) b. If the ground is opened, there is no path for current
and thus the LED will not be lit.
Solution: c. If the filler capacitor is open, the voltage will have
P = I2R more ripple but the LED should remain lit.
PS = (19.15 mA)2(470) d. If the filter capacitor is shorted, the voltage across all
PS = 172.4 mW devices in parallel with it will be zero; thus the LED
P = I2R will not be lit.
PL = (10 mA)2(1.5 k) e. If the 1N5314 is open, it will have no effect on the
PL = 150 mW LED.

1-18
 f. If the 1N5314 is shorted, the voltage across all RZ = 14
devices in parallel with it will be zero; thus the LED VZ = 15 V
will not be lit. RL = 1 k to 10 k
5-25. Given: IS = 19.15 mA (from Prob. 5-29)
VS = 15 V Solution:
VD = 2 V IL(max) = VL/RL(min) (Eq. 5-5, Ohms law)
RS = 2.2 k IL(max) = 15 V/1 k
Solution: IL(max) = 15 mA

IS = (VS VD)/RS (Eq. 5-13) IL(min) = VL/RL(max) (Eq. 5-5, Ohms law)
IS = (15 V 2 V)/2.2 k IL(min) = 15 V/10 k
IS = 5.91 mA IL(min) = 1.5 mA

Answer: The diode current is 5.91 mA. IZ(min) = IS IL(max) (Eq. 5-6, Kirchhoffs current law)
IZ(min) = 19.15 mA 15 mA
5-26. Given: IZ(min) = 4.15 mA
VS = 40 V. IZ(max) = IS IL(min) (Eq. 5-6, Kirchhoffs current law)
VD = 2 V IZ(max) = 19.15 mA 1.5 mA
RS = 2.2 k IZ(max) = 17.65 mA
Solution: VL(min) = IZ(min)RZ
IS = (VS VD)/RS (Eq. 5-13) VL(min) = (4.15 mA)(14 )
IS = (40 V 2 V)/2.2 k VL(min) = 58.1 mV
IS = 17.27 mA VL(max) = IZ(max)RZ
Answer: The diode current is 17.27 mA. VL(max) = (17.65 mA)(14 )
VL(max) = 247.1 mV
5-27. Given:
VL(min) = 15.058 V
VS = 15 V VL(max) = 15.247 V
VD = 2 V
RS = 1 k Answer: The minimum load voltage would be 15.06 V
and the maximum voltage would be 15.25 V.
Solution:
5-31. Given:
IS = (VS VD)/RS (Eq. 5-13)
IS = (15 V 2 V)/1 k VS = 20 V
IS = 13 mA VZ = 6.8 V
VL = 6.8 V
Answer: The diode current is 13 mA. IL = 30 mA
5-28. Answer: From Prob. 5-27, the resistor value will be 1 k. Solution:
RS(max) = [(VS(min) VZ)/IL(max)] (Eq. 5-10)
CRITICAL THINKING RS(max) = [(20 V 6.8 V)/30 mA]
RS(max) = 440
5-29. Given:
RS(min) = [(VS VZ)/IZM]
VS = 24 V RS(min) = [(20 V 6.8 V)/55 mA]
RS = 470 RS(min) = 240
RZ = 14
VZ = 15 V Answer: Any similar design as long as the zener voltage
is 6.8 V and the series resistance is less than 440 , to
Solution: provide the desired maximum output current, and
IS = (VS VZ)/RS (Eq. 5-3) greater than 240 , if a 1N957B is used to prevent
IS = (24 15)/470 overcurrent if it becomes unloaded. The load resistance
IS = 19.15 mA does not need to be specified because, as a power
IL = VL/RL (Eq. 5-5, Ohms law) supply, the load resistance can vary. The only load
IL = 15 V/1.5 k parameter that is necessary is maximum current, and it is
IL = 10 mA given.
IZ = IS IL (Eq. 5-6, Kirchhoffs current law)
IZ = 19.15 mA 10 mA
IZ = 9.15 mA
VL = IZRZ (Eq. 5-7)
VL = (9.15 mA)(14 )
VL = 128.1 mV
VL = 15.128 V or approximately 15.13 V Zener regulator for Prob. 5-31.
Answer: The load voltage would be 15.13 V.
5-32. Given: VLED = 1.5 to 2 V
5-30. Given:
ILED = 20 mA
VS = 24 V
VS = 5 V
RS = 470
Imax = 140 mA

1-19
 Solution: Answer: The maximum ripple voltage will be 0.438 V.
RS = [(VS VLED(min))/ILED] 5-35. Given:
RS = [(5 V 1.5 V)/20 mA] VS = 6 V ac
RS = 175 VD = 0.25 V
Answer: Same as Fig. 5-20 with resistor values of 175 , Solution:
which limits each branch to a maximum of 20 mA and a VP(in) = 1.414 Vrms
total of 140 mA. VP(in) = 1.414 (6 V ac)
5-33. Given: VP(in) = 8.48 V
Vline = 115 V ac 10% VP(out) = VP(in) 0.5 V (Eq. 4-8; the 1.4 was changed
VSec = 12.6 V ac to reflect using Schottky diodes)
R2 = 560 5% VP(out) = 7.98 V
RZ = 7 Answer: The voltage at the filter capacitor is 7.98 V.
VZ = 5.1 V 5% 5-36. Troubles:
Solution: To find the maximum zener current, the 1. Open RS, since there is voltage at A and no voltage at
maximum secondary voltage, the minimum zener B; also could be a short from B or C to ground.
voltage, and the minimum resistance of R2 must be 2. Open between B and D or an open at E. Since the
found. If the line voltage varies by 10 percent, the voltages at B and C are 14.2 V, which is the voltage
secondary voltage should also vary by 10 percent. that would be present if the circuit were just a voltage
VSec(max) = VSec + VSec (10%) divider with no zener diode, suspect something in the
VSec(max) = 12.6 V ac + 12.6 V ac (10%) diode circuit. Since the diode is good, it is either an
VSec(max) = 13.86 V ac open between B and D or an open at E.
3. The zener is open. Since the voltages at B and C are
VP = 1.414 V ac
14.2 V, which is the voltage that would be present if
VP = 1.414 (13.86 V ac)
the circuit were just a voltage divider with no zener
VP = 19.6 V
diode, suspect something in the diode circuit. Since
VZ = 5.1 V 5% the diode reads an open, it is bad.
VZ = 5.1 V [(5.1 V) (5%)] 4. RS shorted, which caused the zener to open. With all
VZ = 4.85 V the voltages at 18 V, the problem could be an open in
R2 = 560 5% the return path. But the zener is open, and the most
R2 = 560 [(560 ) (5%)] likely cause of that is overcurrent. The only device that
R2 = 532 could short and cause the zener to burn open is RS.
5-37. Troubles:
The circuit can be visualized as a series circuit with a
19.6 V power supply, a 532 R2, a 7 RZ, and a 4.85 V 5. Open at A. Since all the voltages are zero, the power
zener diode. must not be getting to the circuit.
6. Open RL, an open between B and C, or an open
IS = (VS VZ)/RS + RZ) (Eq. 5-13) between RL and ground. To solve this problem, the
IS = (19.6 V 4.85 V)/(532 + 7 ) second approximation must be used. With the load
IS = 27.37 mA resistor operating normally, only part of the total
Answer: The maximum diode current is 27.37 mA. current flows through the zener, which causes the 0.3-
V increase from its nominal voltage. But when the load
5-34. Given:
resistor opens, all the total current flows through the
VSec = 12.6 V ac diode, causing the voltage drop across the internal
VD = 0.7 V resistance to increase to 0.5 V.
I1N5314 = 4.7 mA 7. Open at E. Since the voltages at B, C, and D are 14.2
ILED = 15.6 mA V, which is the voltage that would be present if the
IZ = 21.7 mA circuit were just a voltage divider with no zener diode,
C = 1000 F 20% suspect something in the diode circuit. Since the diode
fin = 60 Hz reads OK, that only leaves an open in the return path.
Solution: The dc load current is the sum of all of the 8. The zener is shorted or a short from B, C, or D to
loads. ground. Since the voltages at B, C, and D are 0, and A
is 18 V, this could be caused by an open RS or a short
I = I1N5314 + ILED + IZ from B, C, or D to ground. Since the diode reads 0 ,
I = 4.7 mA + 15.6 mA + 21.7 mA it confirms that the fault is a short.
I = 42 mA
fout = 2fin (Eq. 4-7)
fout = 2(60 Hz) Chapter 6 Bipolar Transistors
fout = 120 Hz
SELF-TEST
The minimum capacitance will give the maximum ripple.
1. b 9. b 17. d 25. a
C = 1000 F 20% 2. a 10. a 18. b 26. c
C = 1000 F 1000 F (20%) 3. d 11. a 19. a 27. d
C = 800 F 4. a 12. b 20. a 28. c
VR = I/(fC) (Eq. 4-10) 5. c 13. d 21. b 29. a
VR = 42 mA/(120 Hz)(800 F) 6. a 14. b 22. b 30. a
VR = 0.438 V 7. b 15. a 23. b
8. b 16. b 24. c
1-20
JOB INTERVIEW QUESTIONS 6-7. Given:
6. A transistor or semiconductor curve tracer. VBB = 10 V
7. Since there is almost zero power dissipation at saturation RB = 470 k 5%
and cutoff, I would expect that the maximum power VBE = 0.7 V
dissipation is in the middle of the load line. Solution:
10. Common emitter. The minimum resistance will yield the maximum
current.
PROBLEMS RB = 470 k 5%
6-1. Given: RB = 470 k 470 k(5%)
RB = 446.5 k
IE = 10 mA
IB = [(VBB VBE)/RB] (Eq. 6-6)
IC = 9.95 mA
IB = [(10 V 0.7 V)/446.5 k]
Solution: IB = 20.83 A
IE = IC + IB (Eq. 6-1) Answer: The base current is 20.83 A.
IB = IE IC 6-8. Given:
IB = 10 mA 9.95 mA
IB = 0.05 mA IC = 6 mA
RC = 1.5 k
Answer: The base current is 0.05 mA. VCC = 20 V
6-2. Given: Solution:
IC = 10 mA VCE = VCC ICRC
IB = 0.1 mA VCE = 20 V (6 mA)(1.5 k)
Solution: VCE = 11 V
Answer: The collector to emitter voltage is 11 V.
dc = IC/IB
dc = 10 mA/0.1 mA 6-9. Given:
dc = 100 IC = 100 mA
Answer: The current gain is 100. VCE = 3.5 V
6-3. Given: Solution:
PD = VCEIC (Eq. 6-8)
IB = 30 A
PD = (3.5 V)(100 mA)
dc = 150
PD = 350 mW
Solution: Answer: The power dissipation is 350 mW.
IC = dcIB 6-10. Given:
IC = 150(30 A)
IC = 4.5 mA VBB = 10 V
RB = 470 k
Answer: The collector current is 4.5 mA. VBE = 0.7 V (second approximation)
6-4. Given: VBE = 0 V (ideal)
RC = 820
IC = 100 mA VCC = 10 V
dc = 65 dc = 200
Solution: Solution:
IB = IC/dc (Eq. 6-5) Ideal
IB = 100 mA/65 IB = [(VBB VBE)/RB] (Eq. 6-6)
IB = 1.54 mA IB = [(10 V 0 V)/470 k]
IE = IB + IC IB = 21.28 A
IE = 1.54 mA + 100 mA
IC = dcIB
Answer: The emitter current is 101.54 mA. IC = 200(21.28 A)
6-5. Given: IC = 4.26 mA
VBB = 10 V VCE = VCC ICRC
RB = 470 k VCE = 10 V (4.26 mA)(820 )
VBE = 0.7 V VCE = 6.5 V
PD = VCEIC
Solution:
PD = (6.5 V)(4.26 mA)
IB = [(VBB VBE)/RB] (Eq. 6-6) PD = 27.69 mW
IB = [(10 V 0.7 V)/470 k] 2nd Approximation
IB = 19.8 A
IB = [(VBB VBE)/RB] (Eq. 6-6)
Answer: The base current is 19.8 A. IB = [(10V 0.7 V)/470 k]
6-6. Answer: The base current is unaffected by the current IB = 19.8 A
gain since 9.3 V/470 k always equals 19.8 A. The IC = dcIB
current gain will affect the collector current in this IC = 200(19.8 A)
circuit. IC = 3.96 mA

1-21
 VCE = VCC ICRC IB = [(12 V 0)/680 k]
VCE = 10 V (3.96 mA)(820 ) IB = 17.6 A (ideal)
VCE = 6.75 V IB = [(12 V 0.7 V)/680 k]
PD = VCEIC IB = 16.6 A (second approximation)
PD = (6.75 V)(3.96 mA) IC = dcIB (Eq. 6-4)
PD = 26.73 mW IC = 175(17.6 A)
Answer: The ideal collector-emitter voltage is 6.5 V and IC = 3.08 mA (ideal)
power dissipation is 27.69 mW. The second IC = 175(16.6 A)
approximation collector-emitter voltage is 6.75 V and IC = 2.91 mA (second approximation)
the power dissipation is 26.73 mW.
VCE = VCC ICRC (Eq. 6-7)
6-11. Given: VCE = 12 V (3.08 mA)(1.5 k)
VBB = 5 V VCE = 7.38 V (ideal)
RB = 330 k VCE = 12 V (2.91 mA)(1.5 k)
VBE = 0.7 V (second approximation) VCE = 7.64 V (second approximation)
VBE = 0 V (ideal)
RC = 1.2 k PD = VCEIC (Eq. 6-8)
VCC = 15 V PD = (7.38 V)(3.08 mA)
dc = 150 PD = 22.73 mW (ideal)
Solution: PD = (7.64 V)(2.91 mA)
PD = 22.23 mW (second approximation)
Ideal
IB = [(VBB VBE)/RB] (Eq. 6-6) Answer: The ideal collector-emitter voltage is 7.38 V,
IB = [(5 V 0 V)/330 k] and power dissipation is 22.73 mW. The second
IB = 15.15 A approximation collector-emitter voltage is 7.64 V, and
power dissipation is 22.23 mW.
IC = dcIB
IC = 150(15.15 A) 6-13. Answer: From the maximum ratings section, 55 to
IC = 2.27 mA + 150C.
VCE = VCC ICRC 6-14. Answer: From the on characteristics section, 70.
VCE = 15 V (2.27 mA)(1.2 k) 6-15. Given:
VCE = 12.28 V
PD(max) = 1 W
PD = VCEIC IC = 120 mA
PD = (12.28 V)(2.27 mA) VCE = 10 V
PD = 27.88 mW
Solution:
2nd Approximation
PD = VCEIC (Eq. 6-8)
IB = [(VBB VBE)/RB] (Eq. 6-6) PD = (10 V)(120 mA)
IB = [(5 V 0.7 V)/330 k] PD = 1.2 W
IB = 13.3 A
Answer: The power dissipation has exceeded the
IC = dcIB maximum rating, and the transistors power rating is
IC = 150(13.03 A) damaged and possibly destroyed.
IC = 1.96 mA
6-16. Given:
VCE = VCC ICRC
VCE = 15 V (1.96 mA)(1.2 k) PD = 625 mW
VCE = 12.65 V Temperature = 65C
PD = VCEIC Solution:
PD = (12.65 V)(1.96 mA) T = 65C 25C
PD = 24.79 mW T = 40C
Answer: The ideal collector-emitter voltage is 12.28 V P = T (derating factor)
and power dissipation is 27.88 mW. The second P = 40C(2.8 mW/C)
approximation collector-emitter voltage is 12.65 V, and P = 112 mW
power dissipation is 24.79 mW. PD(max) = 350 mW 112 mW
6-12. Given: PD(max) = 238 mW
VBB = 12 V Answer: The transistor is operating outside of its limits;
RB = 680 k the power rating is affected.
VBE = 0.7 V (second approximation) 6-17. a. Increase: With the base resistor shorted, the base-
VBE = 0 (ideal) emitter junction will have excessive current and will
RC = 1.5 k open, stopping all conduction. Thus source voltage is
VCC = 12 V read from collector to emitter.
dc = 175 b. Increase: With the base resistor open, the transistor
Solution: goes into cutoff and source voltage is read from
IB = [(VBB VBE)/RB] (Eq. 6-6) collector to emitter.

1-22
 PD = VCEIC JOB INTERVIEW QUESTIONS
IC = PD/VCE
IC = 280 mW/10 V 7. An increase in temperature almost always increases the
IC = 28 mA current gain.
10. High leakage current, low breakdown voltage, and low
Answer: The maximum collector current is 28 mA. current gain.
6-23. Given: 12. If in cutoff, VCE will be approximately equal to VCC. If in
saturation, VCE is usually less than 1 V, typically 0.1 to
VBB = 10 V 0.2 V for a small-signal transistor.
RB = 470 k 13. One with large RC.
VBE = 0.7 V (second approximation)
RC = 820
VCC = 10 V PROBLEMS
dc = 200 7-1. Answer: = 30
Solution: 7-2. Answer: = 85
IB = [(VBB VBE)/RB] (Eq. 6-6) 7-3. Given:
IB = [(10 V 0.7 V)/470 k]
IB = 19.8 A VCC = 20 V
VBB = 10 V
IC = dcIB RB = 1 M
IC = 200(19.8 A) RC = 3.3 k
IC = 3.96 mA
Solution:
Answer: The LED current is 3.96 mA.
IC(Sat) = VCC/RC (Eq. 7-2)
6-24. Answer: VCE(Sat) = 0.3 V IC(Sat) = 20 V/3.3 k
6-25. Answer: An increase in VBB causes the base current to IC(Sat) = 6.06 mA
increase, and, since the transistor is controlled by base VCE(cutoff) = VCC (Eq. 7-3)
current, all other dependent variables increase except VCE(cutoff) = 20 V
VCE, which decreases because of the transistor being
Answer: The collector current at saturation is 6.06 mA,
further into conduction.
and the collector-emitter voltage at cutoff is 20 V. The
6-26. Answer: The increase in VCC had no effect on the base load line would connect these points.
circuit, which means that it also had no effect on IC and
7-4. Given:
the voltage drop across the collector resistor. The
increase did increase VCE and the power dissipation VCC = 25 V
across the transistor. VBB = 10 V
RB = 1 M
6-27. Answer: IC, IB, and all power dissipations decreased. The RC = 3.3 k
power dissipations decreased because of the drop in
current (P = IV). The base current decreased because the Solution:
voltage drop across it did not change and the resistance IC(Sat) = VCC/RC (Eq. 7-2)
increased (I = V/R). The collector current decreased IC(Sat) = 25 V/3.3 k
because the base current decreased (IC = IBdc). IC(Sat) = 7.58 mA
6-28. Answer: VA, VB, VD, IB, IC, and PB show no change. VA Answer: The load line moves futher away from the origin.
and VD do not change since the power supply voltages 7-5. Given:
did not change. IB, VB, and PB do not change because the
collector resistance does not affect the base circuit. IC VCC = 20 V
does not change because IB did not change. VBB = 10 V
RB = 1 M
6-29. Answer: The only variable to decrease is VC. With an RC = 4.7 k
increase in dc, the same base current will cause a
greater collector current, which will create a greater Solution:
voltage drop across the collector resistor. This leaves IC(Sat) = VCC/RC (Eq. 7-2)
less voltage to drop across the transistor. IC(Sat) = 20 V/4.7 k
IC(Sat) = 4.25 mA
VCE(cutoff) = VCC
Chapter 7 Transistor Fundamentals VCE(cutoff) = 20 V
Answer: The left side of the load line would move down
SELF-TEST while the right side remains at the same point.
1. a 9. b 17. d 25. a 7-6. Given:
2. b 10. a 18. c 26. c VCC = 20 V
3. d 11. b 19. b 27. a VBB = 10 V
4. d 12. c 20. b 28. b RB = 2 M
5. c 13. d 21. b 29. a RC = 4.7 k
6. c 14. c 22. d 30. d
7. a 15. a 23. b 31. c Solution:
8. c 16. b 24. a IC(Sat) = VCC/RC (Eq. 7-2)
IC(Sat) = 20 V/3.3 k
IC(Sat) = 6.06 mA

1-24
7-46. Given: VD = 6.8 V
VCC = 10 V VBE = 0.7 V
VBB = 5 V Solution: With the left transistor in cutoff, the base circuit
RE = 100 for the right transistor would consist of the zener diode
VBE = 0.7 V and the resistor, and the base voltage would be 6.8 V.
Solution: VE = VBB VBE (Eq. 7-7)
VE = VBB VBE(1) VBE(2) (Eq. 7-7) VE = 6.8 V 0.7
VE = 5 V 0.7 V 0.7 V VE = 6.1 V
VE = 3.6 V IE = VE/RE (Ohms law)
IE = VE/RE (Ohms law) IE = 6.1 V/270
IE = 3.6 V/100 IE = 22.6 mA
IE = 36 mA ID = IE = 22.6 mA
IE IC Answer: The diode current is 22.6 mA.
IC = 36 mA 7-50. Given:
Answer: The collector current is 36 mA. VCC = 10 V
7-47. Given: RC = 2 k

IC = 36 mA (from the previous problem) Solution:

dc(1) = 100 IC(Sat) = VCC/RC (Eq. 7-2)
dc(2) = 50 IC(Sat) = 10 V/2 k
Solution: The overall current gain is dc(1)dc(2); thus the IC(Sat) = 5 mA
overall current gain is (100)(50) = 5000. Answer: The maximum possible current through the
IB = IC/dc (Eq. 6-5) transistor is 5 mA.
IB = 36 mA/5000 7-51. Given:
IB = 7.2 A RC = 2 k
Answer: The base current of the first transistor is 7.2 A. VRC = 2 V
7-48. Given: RE = 430

VBB(1) = 0 V Solution:
VBB(2) = 10 V IC = VRC/RC (Ohms law)
VCC = 10 V IC = 2 V/2 k
RC = 240 IC = 1 mA
RB = 2.4 k ILED = 1 mA (from the graph)
RE = 270 ILED = IC = IE
VD = 5 V
VBE = 0.7 V IE = 1 mA
VE = IERE
Solution: With the left transistor in cutoff, it is VE = (1 mA)(430 )
essentially an open. Thus the base circuit for the right VE = 430 mV
transistor would consist of the zener and the resistor, and
the base voltage would be 5 V. VBB = VE + VBE (Eq. 7-8)
VBB = 0.43 V + 0.7 V
VE = VBB VBE (Eq. 7-7) VBB = 1.13 V
VE = 5 V 0.7 V
VE = 4.3 V Answer: The base voltage is 1.13 V.
IE = VE/RE (Ohms law) 7-52. Given:
IE = 4.3 V/270 VBB = 3 V
IE = 15.93 mA
VBE = 0.7 V
IE IC = ID
Answer: Since the collector-base junction is a diode like
ID = 15.93 mA the emitter-base junction, the internal impedance of the
With the left transistor conducting, assume an ideal voltmeter will complete the circuit to ground and
transistor. The collector voltage would be 0 V, which the collector-base diode will forward-bias. Thus the
would cause the right transistor to cutoff. Therefore, voltage will be a diode voltage drop less than the base
there would be no collector current and no diode current. voltage, or 2.3 V.
Answer: With VBB at 0 V, the diode current is 15.93 mA, 7-53. Given:
and with VBB at 10 V, the diode current is 0 mA. RB = 1 M
7-49. Given: VBB = 10 V
RC = Open
VCC = 10 V
VBB = 0 V Solution:
RB = 2.4 k VCE = VBB
RC = 240 VCE = 0.7 V
RE = 270
Answer: The collector to ground voltage is approximately
0.7 V.

1-30
 7-54. Given: 4. Emitter-feedback bias and collector-feedback bias. They
VCC = 15 V were developed in an attempt to stabilize the Q point
VBB = 0 V and 15 V against transistor replacement and temperature changes.
IC(Sat) = 5 mA 6. No. Saturation and cutoff.
Solution: 7. Changes in current gain will change the collector current.
The base resistors should be made smaller to satisfy the
IC(Sat) = VCC/RC (Eq. 7-2) condition described in the text.
RC = VCC/IC(Sat) 10. The circuit will be highly sensitive to changes in current gain.
RC = 15 V/5 mA
RC = 3 k
PROBLEMS
RB = (VBB VBE)/IB
RB = (15 V 0.7)/476 A 8-1. Given:
RB = 30 k R1 = 10 k
Answer: RC = 3 k, RB = 30 k R2 = 2.2 k
7-55. Given: RC = 3.6 k
RE = 1 k
VCC = 10 V VCC = 25 V
VBB = 1.8 V VBE = 0.7 V
VCE = 6.6 V
RE = 1 k Solution:
Solution: VBB = [R2/(R1 + R2)]VCC (Eq. 8-1)
VBB = [2.2 k/(10 k + 2.2 k)]25 V
IE = IC = (VBB VBE)/RE
VBB = 4.51 V
IE = IC = (1.8 V 0.7 V)/1 k
IE = IC = 1.1 mA VE = VBB VBE (Eq. 8-2)
VE = IERE VE = 4.51 V 0.7 V
VE = (1.1 mA)(1 k) VE = 3.81 V
VE = 1.1 V IE = VE/RE (Eq. 8-3)
VRC = VCC VE VCE IE = 3.81 V/1 k
VRC = 10 V 1.1 V 6.6V IE = 3.81 mA
VRC = 2.3 V IC IE (Eq. 8-4)
RC = VRC/IC VC = VCC ICRC (Eq. 8-5)
RC = 2.3 V/1.1 mA VC = 25 V (3.81 mA)(3.6 k)
RC = 2 k VC = 11.28 V
Answer: RC = 2 k Answer: The emitter voltage is 3.81 V, and the collector
7-56. Answer: Since VBB increases, the transistors VB and VE values voltage is 11.28V.
will increase along with an increase in all currents. VC will 8-2. Given:
decrease because of an increased voltage drop across RC. R1 = 10 k
7-57. Answer: The increase in collector supply voltage causes R2 = 2.2 k
an increase in collector voltage because the collector RC = 2.7 k
current remains constant. Thus the voltage drop across RE = 1 k
the collector resistor remains constant and the collector VCC = 15 V
voltage has to increase. VBE = 0.7 V
7-58. Answer: All of the currents decrease. Since the emitter
voltage remains constant, the increase in emitter Solution:
resistance causes a decrease in emitter current. Since the VBB = [R2/(R1 + R2)]VCC (Eq. 8-1)
collector current is approximately the same as the VBB = [2.2 k/(10 k + 2.2 k)]15 V
emitter current, it also decreases. The base current is VBB = 2.7 V
related to the collector current by dc and also decreases. VE = VBB VBE (Eq. 8-2)
7-59. Answer: VB, VE, IE, IC and IB show no change. Since the VE = 2.7 V 0.7 V
base voltage did not change, VB and VE will not change. VE = 2.0 V
Since these voltages do not change, none of the currents
IE = VE/R3 (Eq. 8-3)
change. VC will decrease since the voltage drop across
IE = 2.0 V/1 k
RC will increase.
IE = 2 mA
IC IE (Eq. 8-4)
Chapter 8 Transistor Biasing VC = VCC ICRC (Eq. 8-5)
SELF-TEST VC = 15 V (2 mA)(2.7 k)
VC = 9.59 V
1. d 9. c 17. b 24. b
2. a 10. a 18. a 25. b Answer: The emitter voltage is 2.0 V, and the collector
3. a 11. b 19. d 26. c voltage is 9.59 V.
4. d 12. a 20. a 27. b 8-3. Given:
5. b 13. c 21. c 28. c
6. b 14. c 22. a 29. a R1 = 330 k
7. b 15. c 23. d 30. d R2 = 100 k
8. a 16. a RC = 150 k
RE = 51 k
JOB INTERVIEW QUESTIONS VCC = 10 V
2. The collector current changes only slightly, if at all. VBE = 0.7 V
1-31
 Solution: IE(min) = VE(min)/RE(max) (Eq. 8-3)
VBB = [R2/(R1 + R2)]VCC (Eq. 8-1) IE(min) = 1.45 V/53.55 k
VBB = [100 k/(330 k + 100 k)]10 V IE(min) = 27.08 A
VBB = 2.33 V IC IE (Eq. 8-4)
VE = VBB VBE (Eq. 8-2) VC(max) = VCC IC(min)RC(min) (Eq. 8-5)
VE = 2.33 V 0.7 V VC(max) = 10 V (27.08 A)(142.5 k)
VE = 1.63 V VC(max) = 6.14 V
IE = VE/RE (Eq. 8-3) VC(min) = VCC IC(max)RC(max) (Eq. 8-5)
IE = 1.63 V/51 k VC(min) = 10 V (37.36 A)(157.5 k)
IE = 31.96 A VC(min) = 4.12 V
IC IE (Eq. 8-4) Answer: The lowest collector voltage is 4.12 V, and the
highest collector voltage is 6.14 V.
VC = VCC ICRC (Eq. 8-5)
VC = 10 V (31.96 A)(150 k) 8-6. Given:
VC = 5.21 V R1 = 150
Answer: The emitter voltage is 1.63 V, and the collector R2 = 33
voltage is 5.21 V. RC = 39
RE = 10
8-4. Given: VCC = 12 V 10%
R1 = 150 VBE = 0.7 V
R2 = 33 Solution:
RC = 39
RE = 10 VBB(max) = [R2/(R1 + R2)]VCC(max) (Eq. 8-1)
VCC = 12 V VBB(max) = [33 /(150 + 33 )]13.2 V
VBE = 0.7 V VBB(max) = 2.38 V
Solution: VE(max) = VBB(max) VBE (Eq. 8-2)
VE(max) = 2.38 V 0.7 V
VBB = [R2/(R1 + R2)]VCC (Eq. 8-1) VE(max) = 1.68 V
VBB = [33 /(150 + 33 )]12 V
IE(max) = VE(max)/RE (Eq. 8-3)
VBB = 2.16 V
IE(max) = 1.68 V/10
VE = VBB VBE (Eq. 8-2) IE(max) = 168 mA
VE = 2.16 V 0.7 V VBB(min) = [R2/(R1 + R2)]VCC(min) (Eq. 8-1)
VE = 1.46 V VBB(min) = [33 /(150 + 33 )]10.8 V
IE = VE/RE (Eq. 8-3) VBB(min) = 1.95 V
IE = 1.46 V/10 = 146 mA VE(min) = VBB(min) VBE (Eq. 8-2)
IC IE (Eq. 8-4) VE(min) = 1.95 V 0.7 V
VC = VCC ICRC (Eq. 8-5) VE(min) = 1.25 V
VC = 12 V (146 mA)(39 ) IE(min) = VE(min)/RE (Eq. 8-3)
VC = 6.3 V IE(min) = 1.25 V/10
Answer: The emitter voltage is 1.46 V. The collector IE(min) = 125 mA
voltage is 6.3 V. IC IE (Eq. 8-4)
8-5. Given: VC(max) = VCC(max) IC(min)RC (Eq. 8-5)
R1 = 330 k 5% VC(max) = 13.2 V (125 mA)(39 )
R2 = 100 k 5% VC(max) = 8.33 V
RC = 150 k 5% VC(min) = VCC(min) IC(max)RC (Eq. 8-5)
RE = 51 k 5% VC(min) = 10.8 V (168 mA)(39 )
VCC = 10 V VC(min) = 4.25 V
VBE = 0.7 V Answer: The lowest collector voltage is 4.25 V and the
Solution: highest collector voltage is 8.33 V.
VBB(max) = [R2(max)/(R1(min) + R2(max))]VCC (Eq. 8-1) 8-7. Given:
VBB(max) = [105 k/(313.5 k + 105 k)]10 V R1 = 10 k
VBB(max) = 2.51 V R2 = 2.2 k
VBB(min) = [R2(min)/(R1(max) + R2(min))]VCC (Eq. 8-1) RC = 3.6 k
VBB(min) = [95 k/346.5 k + 95 k)]10 V RE = 1 k
VBB(min) = 2.15 V VCC = 25 V
VBE = 0.7 V
VE(max) = VBB(max) VBB (Eq. 8-2)
VBB = 4.51 V (from Prob. 8-1)
VE(max) = 2.51 V 0.7 V
VE = 3.81 V (from Prob. 8-1)
VE(max) = 1.81 V
IE = IC = 3.81 mA (from Prob. 8-1)
VE(min) = VBB(min) VBE (Eq. 8-2) VC = 11.28 V (from Prob. 8-1)
VE(min) = 2.15 V 0.7 V
Solution:
VE(min) = 1.45 V
VCE = VC VE (Eq. 8-6)
IE(max) = VE(max)/RE(min) (Eq. 8-3)
VCE = 11.28 V 3.81 V
IE(max) = 1.81 V/48.45 k
VCE = 7.47 V
IE(max) = 37.36 A
Answer: The Q point is IC = 3.81 mA, and VCE = 7.47 V.
1-32
8-8. Given: IC IE (Eq. 8-4)
R1 = 10 k VC = VCC ICRC (Eq. 8-5)
R2 = 2.2 k VC = 12 V (146 mA)(39 )
RC = 2.7 k VC = 6.3 V
RE = 1 k VCE = VC VE (Eq. 8-6)
VCC = 15 V VCE = 6.3 V 1.46 V
VBE = 0.7 V VCE = 4.85 V
Solution: Answer: The Q point is IC = 146 mA, and VCE = 4.85 V.
VBB = [R2/(R1 + R2)]VCC (Eq. 8-1) 8-11. Given:
VBB = [2.2 k/(10 + 2.2 k)]15 V
VBB = 2.7 V R1 = 330 k 5%
R2 = 100 k 5%
VE = VBB VBE (Eq. 8-2) RC = 150 k 5%
VE = 2.7 V 0.7 V RE = 51 k 5%
VE = 2.0 V VCC = 10 V
IE = VE/RE (Eq. 8-3) VBE = 0.7 V
IE = 2.0 V/1 Solution:
IE = 2 mA
VBB(max) = [R2(max)/(R1(min) + R2(max))]VCC (Eq. 8-1)
IC IE (Eq. 8-4) VBB(max) = [105 k/(313.5 k + 105 k)]10 V
VC = VCC ICRC (Eq. 8-5) VBB(max) = 2.51 V
VC = 15 V (2 mA)(2.7 ) VBB(min) = [R2(min)/(R1(max) + R2(min))]VCC (Eq. 8-1)
VC = 9.59 V VBB(min) = [95 k/(346.5 k + 95 k)]10 V
VCE = VC VE (Eq. 8-6) VBB(min) = 2.15 V
VCE = 9.59 V 2.0 V VE(max) = VBB(max) VBE (Eq. 8-2)
VCE = 7.59 V VE(max) = 2.51 V 0.7 V
Answer: The Q point is IC = 2 mA, and VCE = 7.59 V. VE(max) = 1.81 V
8-9. Given: VE(min) = VBB(min) VBE (Eq. 8-2)
R1 = 330 k VE(min) = 2.15 V 0.7 V
R2 = 100 k VE(min) = 1.45 V
RC = 150 k IE(max) = VE(max)/RE(min) (Eq. 8-3)
RE = 51 k IE(max) = 1.81 V/48.45 k
VCC = 10 V IE(max) = 37.36 A
VBE = 0.7 V IE(min) = VE(min)/RE(max) (Eq. 8-3)
VBB = 2.33 V (from Prob. 8-3) IE(min) = 1.45 V/53.55 k
VE = 1.63 V (from Prob. 8-3) IE(min) = 27.08 A
IE = IC = 31.96 A (from Prob. 8-3)
VC = 5.21 V (from Prob. 8-3) IC IE (Eq. 8-4)
Solution: Answer: The lowest collector current is 27.08 A, and
the highest collector current is 37.36 A.
VCE = VC VE (Eq. 8-6)
VCE = 5.21 V 1.63 V 8-12. Given:
VCE = 3.58 V R1 = 150
Answer: The Q point is IC = 31.96 A, and VCE = 3.58 V. R2 = 33
RC = 39
8-10. Given: RE = 10
R1 = 150 VCC = 12 V 10%
R2 = 33 VBE = 0.7 V
RC = 39 Solution:
RE = 10
VCC = 12 V VBB(max) = [R2/(R1 + R2)]VCC(max) (Eq. 8-1)
VBE = 0.7 V VBB(max) = [33 /(150 + 33 )]13.2 V
VBB(max) = 2.38 V
Solution:
VE(max) = VBB(max) VBE (Eq. 8-2)
VBB = [R2/(R1 + R2)]VCC (Eq. 8-1) VE(max) = 2.38 V 0.7 V
VBB = [33 /(150 + 33 )]12 V VE(max) = 1.68 V
VBB = 2.16 V
IE(max) = VE(max)/RE (Eq. 8-3)
VE = VBB VBE (Eq. 8-2) IE(max) = 1.68 V/10
VE = 2.16 V 0.7 V IE(max) = 168 mA
VE = 1.46 V
VBB(min) = [R2/(R1 + R2)]VCC(min) (Eq. 8-1)
IE = VE/RE (Eq. 8-3) VBB(min) = [33 /(150 + 33 )]10.8 V
IE = 1.46 V/10 VBB(min) = 1.95 V
IE = 146 mA

1-33
 VE(min) = VBB(min) VBE (Eq. 8-2) 8-16. a. Increase: If R1 increases, VB decreases, VE decreases,
VE(min) = 1.95 V 0.7 V IE decreases, IC decreases, the voltage drop across RC
VE(min) = 1.25 V decreases, and VC increases.
IE(min) = VE(min)/RE (Eq. 8-3) b. Increase: If R2 decreases, VB decreases, VE decreases,
IE(min) = 1.25 V/10 IE decreases, IC decreases, the voltage drop across RC
IE(min) = 125 mA decreases, and VC increases.
c. Increase: RE increases, IE decreases, IC decreases, the
Answer: The lowest collector current 125 mA, and the voltage drop across RC decreases, and VC increases.
highest collector current is 168 mA. d. Increases: RC decreases, the voltage drop across RC
8-13. Given: decreases, and VC increases.
e. Increases: If VCC increases and the voltage drop
RB = 10 k across RC does not change, VC increases.
RC = 4.7 k f. Remain the same: dc does not affect IC. Therefore the
RE = 10 k voltage drop across RC does not change, nor does VC.
VCC = 12 V 8-17. a. Decreases: If R1 increases, VB increases, VE increases,
VEE = 12 V IE decreases, IC decreases, the voltage drop across the
Solution: collector resistor decreases, and VC decreases.
IE = (0.7 V VEE)/RE b. Increases: If R2 increases, VB decreases, VE decreases,
IE = [0.7 V (12 V)]/10 k IE increases, IC increases, the voltage drop across the
IE = 1.13 mA collector resistor increases, and VC increases.
c. Decreases: RE increases, IE decreases, IC decreases,
VC = VCC ICRC the voltage drop across the collector resistor
VC = 12 V (1.13 mA)(4.7 k) decreases, and VC decreases.
VC = 6.69 V d. Increase: IC remains the same, RC increases, the
Answer: The emitter current is 1.13 mA, and the voltage drop across the collector resistor increases,
collector voltage is 6.69 V. and VC increases.
e. Increase: Since VBE does not increase in proportion to
8-14. Given: the increase in voltage supply, as do VB and VCC, the
RB = 20 k voltage drop across the emitter resistor increases,
RC = 9.4 k causing IE to increase. This causes the voltage drop
RE = 20 k across the collector resistor to increase and VC to
VCC = 12 V increase.
VEE = 12 V f. Remain the same: dc does not affect IC. Therefore the
Solution: voltage drop across RC does not change, nor does VC.
8-18. a. The approximate collector voltage is 12 V when R1 is
IE = (0.7 V VEE)RE open due to no collector current.
IE = [0.7 V (12 V)]/20 k b. The approximate collector voltage is 2.93 V when R2
IE = 565 A is open, the transistor is in saturation. CEB can be
VC = VCC ICRC approximated as a short.
VC = 12 V (565 A)(9.4 k) c. The approximate collector voltage is 12 V when RE is
VC = 6.69 V open due to no collector current.
d. The approximate collector voltage is 0.39 V when RC
Answer: The emitter current is 565 A, and the collector is open. The collector current is zero, therefore the
voltage is 6.69 V. base current is equal to the emitter current. The
8-15. Given: circuit becomes a voltage divider of 150 and 33
RB = 10 k 5% driving 10 through the base-emitter diode.
RC = 4.7 k 5% Thevenize the base voltage divider to get a VTH =
RE = 10 k 5% 2.16 V and a RTH = 27 V . This Thevenin circuit has
VCC = 12 V a load of 10 and a diode. Now solve for a current
VEE = 12 V of 39.57 mA, which leads to an emitter voltage of
395 mV.
Solution: e. The approximate collector voltage is 12 V when the
IE(max) = (0.7 V VEE)/RE(min) (Eq. 8-14) collector-emitter is open due to no collector current.
IE(max) = [0.7 V (12 V)]/9.5 k 8-19. a. If R1 is open, the base voltage increases to 10 V and
IE(max) = 1.19 mA the transistor cuts off. Therefore, the collector voltage
is zero.
VC(max) = VCC IC(min)RC(min) (Eq. 8-15) b. If R2 is open, the transistor goes into saturation, similar
VC(max) = 12 V (1.08 mA)(4465 k) to the preceding problem. Again, you can approximate
VC(max) = 7.18 V the saturated transistor as a CEB short; that is, all three
IE(min) = (0.7 V VEE)/RE(max) (Eq. 8-14) terminals shorted. Then, 10 k is in parallel with
IE(min) = [0.7 V (12 V)]/10.5 k 3.6 k, which is 2.65 k. This is in series with 1 k
IE(min) = 1.08 mA and 10 V. The series current is 10 V divided by 3.65
VC(min) = VCC IC(max)RC(max) (Eq. 8-15) k, or 2.74 mA. Multiply by 2.65 k to get 7.57 V,
VC(min) = 12 V (1.19 mA)(4935 k) the approximate value of collector voltage.
VC(min) = 6.13 V c. With RE open, there is no collector current and the
collector voltage is zero.
Answer: The maximum collector voltage is 7.18 V. The d. With RC open, the transistor has no collector current.
minimum collector voltage is 6.13 V. Similar to the preceding problem, the circuit becomes
a voltage divider driving the emitter resistor through
1-34
 the base-emitter diode. The Thevenin voltage and V2 = 1.8 V (from Prob. 8-20)
resistance facing the base-emitter diode are 1.8 V and VRE = 1.1 V (from Prob. 8-20)
1.8 k. The current through the emitter resistor is IE = 1.1 mA (from Prob. 8-20)
(1.8 V 0.7 V) divided by (1.8 k + 1 k), or VC = 3.96 V (from Prob. 8-20)
0.393 mA. Multiply by 1 k to get 0.393 V for the Solution: Because of the voltage divider, there will always
voltage across the emitter resistor. Subtract this from be a 1.1-V drop across RE, and at saturation VCE = 0 V.
10 V to gel 9.6 V at the emitter node. Subtract 0.7 V This leaves 8.9 V across RC at saturation.
to get 8.9 V at the base node. Add 0.7 V to get the
voltage at the collector node. The final answer is IC = 8.9 V/Rc
therefore 9.4 V at the collector when RC is open. If IC = 8.9 V/3.6 k
you dont believe it, build the circuit and measure the IC = 2.47 mA
collector voltage with the collector resistor open. At cutoff, the maximum possible voltage across VCE is
e. When the collector-emitter terminals are open, there 8.9 V.
is no collector current and the collector voltage is
zero. Answer: The saturation current is 2.47 mA, and the
collector-emitter cutoff voltage is 8.9 V.
8-20. Given:
8-23. Given:
R1 = 10 k
R2 = 2.2 k R1 = 10 k
RE = 1 k R2 = 2.2 k
RC = 3.6 k RE = 1 k
VCC = 10 V RC = 3.6 k
VBE = 0.7 V VCC = 10 V
VBE = 0.7 V
Solution:
Solution:
V2 = [R2/(R1 + R2)]VCC
V2 = [2.2 k/(10 k + 2.2 k)]10 V VBB = [R2/(R1 + R2)]VCC
V2 = 1.8 V VBB = [2.2 k/(10 k + 2.2 k)] 10 V
VBB = 1.8 V
VRE = V2 0.7 V
VRE = 1.8 V 0.7 V VE = V2 + 0.7 V
VRE = 1.1 V VE = 1.8 V + 0.7 V
VE = 1.1 V
IE = VRE/RE
IE = 1.1 V/1 k IE = VE/RE
IE = 1.1 mA IE = 1.1 V/1 k
IE = 1.1 mA
IC IE (Eq. 8-4)
IC IE (Eq. 8-4)
VC = ICRC
VC = (1.1 mA)(3.6 k) VC = VCC + ICRC
VC = 3.96 V VC = 10 V + (1.1 mA)(3.6 k)
VC = 6.04 V
Answer: The collector voltage is 3.96 V.
Answer: The collector voltage is 6.04 V, and the
8-21. Given: emitter voltage is 1.1 V.
R1 = 10 k
R2 = 2.2 k
RE = 1 k CRITICAL THINKING
RC = 3.6 k 8-24. The circuit is no longer considered stiff or independent
VCC = 10 V of Beta. The base current is not small as compared to the
VBE = 0.7 V voltage divider current.
V2 = 1.8 V (from Prob. 8-20)
VRE = 1.1 V (from Prob. 8-20) 8-25. The maximum power dissipation of the 2N3904 is
IE = 1.1 mA (from Prob. 8-20) 625 mW. The transistor is dissipating 705 mW. The
VC = 3.96 V (from Prob. 8-20) transistor will probably overheat and fail.
Solution: 8-26. As long as the voltmeter has a high enough input
resistance, it should read approximately 4.83 V.
VCE = VCC VC VRE
VCE = 10 V 3.96 V 1.1 V 8-27. Increase the power supply value, short R1.
VCE = 4.94 V 8-28. Connect an ammeter between the power supply and the
Answer: The collector-emitter voltage is 4.94 V since circuit. Measure VR1 and VC, then calculate and add their
the collector is less positive than the emitter. respective currents.

8-22. Given: 8-29. Given: (for Q1):

R1 = 10 k R1 = 1.8 k
R2 = 2.2 k R2 = 300
RE = 1 k RE = 240
RC = 3.6 k RC = 1 k
VCC = 10 V VCC = 15 V
VBE = 0.7 V VBE = 0.7 V

1-35
 Solution: 8-30. Given:
VBB = [R2/(R1 + R2)]VCC (Eq. 8-1) R1 = 10 k
VBB = [300 /(1.8 k + 300 )]15 V RE = 1 k
VBB = 2.14 V RC = 8.2 k
VE = VBB 0.7 V (Eq. 8-2) VCC = 20 V
VE = 2.14 V 0.7 V VD = 0.7 V
VE = 1.44 V Solution:
IE = VE/RE (Eq. 8-3) VBB = 3(VD)
IE = 1.44 V/240 VBB = 3(0.7 V)
IE = 6 mA VBB = 2.1 V
IC IE (Eq. 8-4) VE = VBB 0.7 V (Eq. 8-2)
VC = VCC ICRC (Eq. 8-5) VE = 2.1 V 0.7 V
VC = 15 V (6 mA)(1 k) VE = 1.4 V
VC = 9.0 V IE = VE/RE (Eq. 8-3)
Given (for Q2): IE = 1.4 V/1 k
IE = 1.4 mA
R1 = 910
R2 = 150 IC IE (Eq. 8-4)
RE = 120 VC = VCC ICRC (Eq. 8-5)
RC = 510 VC = 20 V (1.4 mA)(8.2 k)
VCC = 15 V VC = 8.52 V
VBE = 0.7 V Answer: The emitter current is 1.4 mA, and the collector
Solution: voltage is 8.52 V.
VBB = [R2/(R1 + R2)]VCC (Eq. 8-1) 8-31. Given:
VBB = [150 /(910 + 150 )]15 V VBB(1) = 2 V
VBB = 2.12 V RE(1) = 200
VE = VBB 0.7 V (Eq. 8-2) RC(1) = 1 k
VE = 2.12 V 0.7 V RE(2) = 1 k
VE = 1.42 V VCC = 16 V
IE = VE/RE (Eq. 8-3) Solution:
IE = 1.42 V/120 VE(1) = VBB(1) 0.7 V (Eq. 8-2)
IE = 11.83 mA VE(1) = 2.0 V 0.7 V
IC IE (Eq. 8-4) VE(1) = 1.3 V
VC = VCC ICRC (Eq. 8-5) IE(1) = VE/RE (Eq. 8-3)
VC = 15 V (11.83 mA)(510 ) IE(1) = 1.3 V/200
VC = 8.97 V IE(1) = 6.5 mA
Given (for Q3): IC IE (Eq. 8-4)
R1 = 1 k VC(1) = VCC ICRC (Eq. 8-5)
R2 = 180 VC(1) = 16 V (6.5 mA)(1 k)
RE = 150 VC(1) = 9.5 V
RC = 620 VC(1) = VBB(2)
VCC = 15 V
VBE = 0.7 V VE(2) = VBB(2) 0.7 V (Eq. 8-2)
VE(2) = 9.5 V 0.7 V
Solution: VE(2) = 8.8 V
VBB = [R2/(R1 + R2)]VCC (Eq. 8-1) Answer: The output voltage is 8.8 V.
VBB = [180 /(1 k + 180 )]15 V
VBB = 2.29 V 8-32. Given:
VE = VBB 0.7 V (Eq. 8-2) R1 = 620
VE = 2.29 V 0.7 V R2 = 680
VE = 1.59 V RE = 200
VCC = 12 V
IE = VE/RE (Eq. 8-3) VBE = 0.7 V
IE = 1.59 V/150
IE = 10.6 mA Solution:
IC IE (Eq. 8-4) V2 = [R2/(R1 + R2)]VCC
V2 = [680 /(620 + 680 )]12 V
VC = VCC ICRC (Eq. 8-5) V2 = 6.28 V
VC = 15 V (10.6 mA)(620 )
VC = 8.43 V VRE = V2 0.7 V
VRE = 6.28 V 0.7 V
Answer: The collector voltage for Q1 is 9.0 V, for Q2 is VRE = 5.58 V
8.97 V, and for Q3 is 8.43 V.
IE = VRE/RE (Eq. 8-3)
IE = 5.58 V/200

1-36
 IE = 27.9 mA 8-40. Answer:
ILED IE Trouble 9: Since the base voltage is 1.1 V, it appears
Answer: The LED current is 27.9 mA. that the voltage divider is working but not properly. The
emitter voltage is 0.7 V less than the base, so the
8-33. Given: emitter-base junction is working. If RC is open, the meter
R1 = 620 would complete the circuit and give a low voltage
RE = 200 reading. The trouble is an open RC.
VCC = 12 V Trouble 10: This is very similar to trouble 9 except that
VBE = 0.7 V the collector voltage is 10 V. Since source voltage is
VZ = 6.2 V read above an open, the trouble is an open collector-base
Solution: junction.
VRE = VZ 0.7 V 8-41. Answer:
VRE = 6.2 V 0.7 V Trouble 11: Since all the voltages are 0 V, the power
VRE = 5.5 V supply is not working.
IE = VRE/RE (Eq. 8-3) Trouble 12: With the emitter voltage at 0 V and the base
IE = 5.5 V/200 voltage at 1.83 V, the emitter-base diode of the transistor
IE = 27.5 mA is open.
ILED IE
Answer: The LED current is 27.5 mA.
8-34. Given:
Chapter 9 AC Models
RE = 51 k SELF-TEST
R1 = 3.3R2; this ratio is necessary to prevent moving the 1. a 7. b 12. d 17. c
Q point. Assume dc = 100 2. b 8. b 13. b 18. b
Solution: 3. c 9. c 14. b 19. b
4. c 10. c 15. d 20. c
R1||R2 < 0.01 dcRE (Eq. 8-9)
R1||R2 = 0.01(100)(51 k) 5. a 11. b 16. b 21. a
R1||R2 = 51 k 6. d
Since R2 is the smaller of the two resistors, make it 51 k.
Then the parallel resistance will not be higher than 51 JOB INTERVIEW QUESTIONS
k, which satisfies the requirement. 7. To permit the output voltage to swing over the largest
R1 = 3.3R2 possible voltage when the input signal is large enough to
R1 = 3.3(51 k) produce a maximum output.
R1 = 168.3 k 8. Models provide mathematical and logical insight into the
operation of a device. The two common transistor models
Answer: R1 maximum of 168.3 k, R2 maximum of 51 k, are the T and the .
and the ratio between them 3.3:1. 11. It would become zero because there is no collector current.
8-35. Answer: With VB at 10 V and R2 is good, the trouble is
R1 shorted.
PROBLEMS
8-36. Answer: Since VB is 0.7 V and VE is 0 V, the trouble is
RE is shorted. 9-1. Given:
C = 47 F
8-37. Answer:
R = 10 k
Trouble 3: Since VC is 10 V and VE is 1.1 V, the
Solution:
transistor is good. Therefore the trouble is RC, which is
shorted. XC = 1/(2fC)
XC < 0.1R (Eq. 9-1)
Trouble 4: Since all the voltages are the same, the
1/(2fC) = 0.1R
trouble is that all the transistor terminals are shorted
1/(2C) = (0.1R)f
together.
f = 1/{[2(47F)][0.1(10 k)]}
8-38. Answer: f = 3.39 Hz
Trouble 5: Since VB is 0 V, it is either R1 open or R2 Answer: The lowest frequency where good coupling
shorted. R2 is OK, so the trouble is R1 open. exists is 3.39 Hz.
Trouble 6: R2 is open. 9-2. Given:
8-39. Answer: C = 47 F
R = 1 k
Trouble 7: Since VC is 10 V, there is an open below it or
a short above it. A shorted RC would not affect VB; Solution:
therefore there must be an open below it. If the transistor XC = 1/(2fC)
is open, VB would be 0 V; therefore the trouble is an XC < 0.1R (Eq. 9-1)
open RE. 1/(2fC) = 0.1R
Trouble 8: R2 is shorted. 1/(2C) = (0.1R)f
f = 1/{[2(47 F)][0.1(1 k)]}
f = 33.9 Hz

1-37
 VE = VBB VBE 9-15. Given:
VE = 2.7 V 0.7 V IE = 2.13 mA (from Prob. 9-10)
VE = 2.0 V
Solution:
IE = VE/RE (Eq. 8-3)
re = 25 mV/IE (Eq. 9-10)
IE = 2.0 V/940
IE = 2.128 mA re = 25 mV/2.13 mA
re = 11.7
ie(pp) < 0.1 IEQ (Eq. 9-6)
ie(pp)max = 0.1 (2.13 mA) Answer: The ac resistance of the emitter diode is 11.7 .
ie(pp)max = 213 A 9-16. Given:
Answer: The maximum ac emitter current for small re = 5.88 (from Prob. 9-14)
signal operation is 213 A. = 200
9-11. Given: Solution:
ic = 15 mA Zin(base) = re (Eq. 9-11)
ib = 100 A Zin(base) = 200 (5.88 )
Zin(base) = 1.18 k
Solutions:
Answer: The input impedance to the base is 1.18 k.
= ic/ib (Eq. 9-8)
= 15 mA/100 A 9-17. Given:
= 150 re = 11.7 (from Prob. 9-15)
= 200
Answer: The ac beta is 150.
Solution:
9-12. Given:
Zin(base) = re (Eq. 9-11)
= 200 Zin(base) = 200 (11.7 )
ib = 12.5 A Zin(base) = 2.34 k
Solutions: Answer: The input impedance to the base is 2.34 k.
= ic/ib (Eq. 9-8) 9-18. Given: Since the collector resistor does not affect the dc
ic = ib emitter current, the ac emitter resistance does not
ic = 200 (12.5 A) change. Since the beta did not change either, the input
ic = 2.5 mA resistance remains the same as in problem 9-16.
Answer: The ac collector current is 2.5 mA. Answer: The input impedance to the base is 1.18 k.
9-13. Given: 9-19. Answer:
= 100
ic = 4 mA Zin(base) = 207 Zout = 1.02 k
Solutions:
= ic/ib (Eq. 9-8) +
ib = ib/
1.5 k 330 bre IC 1.2 k 6.8 k
ib = 4 mA/100
ib = 40 A
Answer: The ac base current is 40 A.
b = 150 re = 5.86
9-14. Given:
R1 = 1.5 k 9-20. Answer:
R2 = 330
RC = 1.2 k
RE = 470
+
VCC = 15 V
3 k 660 bre IC 2.4 k 13.6 k
VBE = 0.7 V
Solution:
VBB = [R2/(R1 + R2)]VCC (Voltage divider formula) 9-21. Answer:
VBB = [330 /(1.5 k + 330 )]15 V
min hfe = 50
VBB = 2.7 V
max hfe = 200
VE = VBB VBE Current is 1 mA
VE = 2.7 V 0.7 V Temperature 25C
VE = 2.0 V 9-22. Given:
IE = VE/RE (Eq. 8-3) IE = IC = 5 mA
IE = 2.0 V/470 From Fig. 13 on the data sheet hie is 875 at 5 mA;
IE = 4.26 mA from Fig. 11 on the data sheet hfe is 150 at 5 mA.
re = 25 mV/IE (Eq. 9-10) Solution:
re = 226.7 mV/4.26 mA re = (25 mV)/IE (Eq. 9-10)
re = 5.88 re = (25 mV)/5 mA
Answer: The ac resistance of the emitter diode is 5.88 . re = 5

1-39
 re = hic/hfe 1/(2fC) = 0.1R
re = 875 /150 1/(2C) = (0.1R)(f)
re = 5.83 1/[(2C)(0.1R) = f
f = 1/{[2(2 F)][0.1(800 )]}
Answer: The value of re is 5.83 . The calculated value f = 995 Hz
is larger than the ideal.
Answer: The lowest frequency at which good bypassing
exists is 995 Hz.
CRITICAL THINKING 9-27. Given (for the first transistor):
9-23. Answer: The capacitor has a certain amount of leakage R1 = 10 k
current, and this current will flow through the resistor R2 = 2.2 k
and create a voltage drop across the resistor. RC = 3.6 k
9-24. Answer: A wire has a very small inductance value. As RE = 1 k
the frequency increases, the inductive reactance starts to VCC = 10 V
become significant. The wires connected to the capacitor VBE = 0.7 V
and the leads will start to have an inductive reactance, = 250
causing the voltage to rise at the node. Solution (for the first transistor):
9-25. Given: VBB = [R2/(R1 + R2)]VCC (Eq. 8-1)
R1 = 10 k VBB = [2.2 k/(10 k + 2.2 k)]10 V
R2 = 30 k VBB = 1.8 V
R3 = 20 k VE = VBB VBE (Eq. 8-2)
R4 = 40 k VE = 1.8 V 0.7 V
R5 = 40 k VE = 1.1 V
C = 10 F
IE = VE/RE (Eq. 8-3)
Solution: IE = 1.1 V/1 k
R12(EQ) = 1/(1/R1 + 1/R2) IE = 1.1 mA
R12(EQ) = 1/(1/(10 k) + 1/(30 k)) re = (25 mV)/IE (Eq. 9-10)
R12(EQ) = 7.5 k re = (25 mV)/1.1 mA
R35(EQ) = 1/(1/R3 + 1/R4 + 1/R5) re = 22.7
R35(EQ) = 1/[1/(20 k) + 1/(40 k) + 1/(40 k)] zin(base) = re (Eq. 9-11)
R35(EQ) = 10 k zin(base) = (250)(22.7 )
RT = R12(EQ) + R35(EQ) zin(base) = 5.68 k
RT = 7.5 k + 10 k Answer (for the first transistor): The input impedance of
RT = 17.5 k the base is 5.68 k.
XC = 1/(2fC) Given (for the second transistor):
XC < 0.1R (Eq. 9-1)
1/(2fC) = 0.1R R1 = 10 k
1/(2C) = (0.1R)(f) R2 = 2.2 k
1/(2C)(0.1R) = f RC = 3.6 k
f = 1/{[2(10 F)][0.1(17.5 k)]} RE = 1 k
f = 9.09 Hz VCC = 10 V
VBE = 0.7 V
Answer: The lowest frequency at which good coupling = 100
exists is 9.09 Hz. VBB = 1.8 V (from the first part of the problem)
9-26. Given: VE = 1.1 V (from the first part of the problem)
R1 = 1 k IE = 1.1 mA (from the first part of the problem)
R2 = 4 k re = 22.7 (from the first part of the problem)
C = 2 F Solution (for the second transistor):
Answer: The Thevenin resistance is R1 in parallel with zin(base) = re (Eq. 9-11)
R2. zin(base) = (100)(22.7 )
R12(EQ) = 1/(1/R1 + 1/R2) zin(base) = 2.27 k
R12(EQ) = 1/[1/(1 k) + 1/(4 k)] Answer: The input impedance of the first base is 5.68 k,
R12(EQ) = 800 and the input impedance of the second base is 2.27 k.
XC = 1/(2fC) 9-28. Answer: See figure at foot of page.
XC < 0.1R (Eq. 9-5)

AC equivalent circuit for Prob. 9-26.

1-40
 9-29. Given: rc = 2.65 k
R = 30 Av = rc / re (Eq. 10-3)
f = 20 Hz to 20 kHz Av = 2.65 k/22.7
Solution: Av = 117
XC = 1/(2fC) vout = Avin
XC < 0.1R (Eq. 9-5) vout = 117(2 mV)
1/(2fC) = 0.1R vout = 234 mV
1/(2f) = (0.1R)(C) Answer: The output voltage is 234 mV.
1/(2f)(0.1R) = C
C = 1/{[2(20 Hz)][0.1(30 )]} 10-2. Given:
C = 2653 F R1 = 10 k
Answer: The capacitor would have to be at least 2653 F, R2 = 2.2 k
or 2700 F (standard value). RC = 3.6 k
RE = 1 k
RL = 5 k
VCC = 10 V
Chapter 10 Voltage Amplifiers VBB = 1.8 V (from Prob. 10-1)
SELF-TEST VE = 1.1 V (from Prob. 10-1)
IE = 1.1 V (from Prob. 10-1)
1. c 8. b 15. a 22. c re = 22.7 (from Prob. 10-1)
2. b 9. c 16. a 23. b
Solution:
3. a 10. c 17. d 24. a
4. c 11. d 18. b 25. a rc = RC||RL
5. d 12. b 19. a 26. a rc = 3.6 k||5 k
6. c 13. a 20. d 27. b rc = 2093 k
7. c 14. d 21. b 28. c Av = rc / re
Av = 2093 k/22.7
JOB INTERVIEW QUESTIONS Av = 92.2

5. Coupling capacitors C1 and C2 must be replaced by wires. Answer: The voltage gain is 92.2.
The ground reference has to be shifted to provide 0 V at the 10-3. Given:
collector. Also, the bypass capacitor needs to be eliminated, R1 = 10 k
and some of the resistors resized. R2 = 2.2 k
7. Very high input impedance to limit the current drawn from RC = 3.6 k
the preceding stage and to prevent distortion. Also, high RE = 1 k
current gain and low output impedance to provide a match RL = 10 V
to a speaker. VCC = 15 V
9. 100 is good choice for small-signal transistors.
Solution:

PROBLEMS VBB = [R2/(R1 + R2)]VCC

VBB = [2.2 k/(10 k + 2.2 k)]15 V
10-1. Given: VBB = 2.7 V
R1 = 10 k VE = VBB VBE
R2 = 2.2 k VE = 2.7 V 0.7 V
RC = 3.6 k VE = 2.0 V
RE = 1 k
RL = 10 k IE = VE/RE
VCC = 10 V IE = 2.0 V/1 k
VBE = 0.7 V IE = 2 mA
Solution: re = (25 mV)/IE
VBB = [R2/(R1 + R2)]VCC (Eq. 8-1) re = (25 mV)/2 mA
VBB = [2.2 k/(10 k + 2.2 k)]10 V re = 12.5
VBB = 1.8 V rc = RC||RL
VE = VBB VBE (Eq. 8-2) rc = 3.6 k||10 k
VE = 1.8 V 0.7 V rc = 2.65 k
VE = 1.1 V Av = rc / re
IE = VE/RE (Eq. 8-3) Av = 2.65 k/12.5
IE = 1.1 V/1 k Av = 212
IE = 1.1 mA
vout = Av(vin)
re = (25 mV)/IE (Eq. 9-10) vout = 212(1 mV)
re = (25 mV)/1.1 mA vout = 212 mV
re = 22.7 Answer: The voltage gain is 212, the output voltage is
rc = RC||RL (Eq. 10-2) 212 mV.
rc = 3.6 k||10 k

1-41
10-4. Given: IE = 1.1 V/2 k
R1 = 10 k IE = 0.55 mA
R2 = 2.2 k re = (25 mV)/IE (Eq. 9-10)
RC = 3.6 k re = (25 mV)/0.55 mA
RE = 1 k re = 45.5
RL = 10 k rc = RC||RL (Eq. 10-2)
RG = 600 rc = 3.6 k||10 k
VBE = 0.7 V rc = 2.65 k
VCC = 15 V
Assume = 100 Av = rc / re (Eq. 10-3)
Av = 2.65 k/45.5
Solution: Av = 58
VBB = [R2/(R1 + R2)]VCC zin = R1||R2|| re
VBB = [2.2 k/(10 k + 2.2 k)]15 V zin = 10 k||2.2 k||100(45.5 )
VBB = 2.7 V zin = 1.29 k
VE = VBB VBE vin = [zin(RG + zin)]vg (Eq. 10-4)
VE = 2.7 V 0.7 V vin = [1.29 k/(600 + 1.29 k)]1 mV
VE = 2.0 V vin = 0.683 mV
IE = VE/RE vout = Av(vin)
IE = 2.0 V/1 k vout = 58(0.683 mV)
IE = 2 mA vout = 39.6 mV
re = (25 mV)/IE Answer: The output voltage is 39.6 mV.
re = (25 mV)/2 mA
re = 12.5 10-6. Given:
rc = RC||RL R1 = 10 k
rc = 3.6 k||10 k R2 = 2.2 k
rc = 2.65 k RC = 3.6 k
RE = 1 k
Av = rc / re RL = 10 k
Av = 2.65 k/12.5 RG = 300
Av = 212 VBE = 0.7 V
zin = R1||R2|| re VCC = 10 V
zin = 10 k||2.2 k||1.25 k Assume = 100
zin = 738 Solution:
vin = [zin/(RG + zin)]vg VBB = [R2/(R1 + R2)]VCC
vin = [738 /(600 + 738 )]1 mV VBB = [2.2 k/(10 k + 2.2 k)]10 V
vin = 551.57 V VBB = 1.8 V
vout = Av(vin) VE = VBB VBE
vout = 212(551.57 V) VE = 1.8 V 0.7 V
vout = 117 mV VE = 1.1 V
Answer: The voltage gain is 212, the output voltage is IE = VE/RE
117 mV. IE = 1.1 V/1 k
10-5. Given: IE = 1.1 mA
R1 = 10 k re = (25 mV)/IE
R2 = 2.2 k re = (25 mV)/1.1 mA
RC = 3.6 k re = 22.7
RE = 2 k rc = RC||RL
RL = 10 k rc = 3.6 k||10 k
RG = 600 rc = 2.65 k
VCC = 10 V
VBE = 0.7 V Av = rc / re
Assume = 100 Av = 2.65 k/22.7
Av = 117
Solution:
zin = R1||R2|| re
VBB = [R1/(R1 + R2)]VCC (Eq. 8-1) zin = 10 k||2.2 k||2.27 k
VBB = [10 k/(10 k + 2.2 k)]10 V zin = 1 k
VBB = 1.8 V
vin = [zin/(RG + zin)]vg
VE = VBB VBE (Eq. 8-2) vin = [1 k/(300 + 1 k)]1 mV
VE = 1.8 V 0.7 V vin = 769 V
VE = 1.1 V
vout = Av(vin)
IE = VE/RE (Eq. 8-3)

1-42
 vout = 117(769 V) 10-8. Given:
vout = 90 mV R1 = 10 k
Answer: The voltage gain is 117, the output voltage is R2 = 2.2 k
90 mV. RC = 3.6 k
10-7. Given: RE = 1 k
RL = 10 k
R1 = 10 k RG = 600
R2 = 2.2 k VCC =12 V
RC = 3.6 k VBE = 0.7 V
RE = 1 k = 100
RL = 10 k
RG = 600 Solution:
VCC = 10 V VBB = [R 2 /(R 1 + R2 )]VCC (Eq. 8-1)
VBE = 0.7 V VBB = [2.2 k/(10 k + 2.2 k)]12 V
= 100 VBB = 2.16 V
Solution: VE = VBB VBE (Eq. 8-2)
VBB = [R2/(R1 + R2)]VCC (Eq. 8-1) VE = 2.16 V 0.7 V
VBB = [2.2 k/(10 k + 2.2 k)]10 V VE = 1.46 V
VBB = 1.8 V I E = VE / RE (Eq. 8-3)
VE = VBB VBE (Eq. 8-2) IE = 1.46 V/1 k
VE = 1.8 V 0.7 V IE = 1.46 mA
VE = 1.1 V re = (25 mV) / I E (Eq. 9-10)
IE = VE/RE (Eq. 8-3) re = (25 mV) /1.46 mA
IE = 1.1 V/1 k re = 17.1
IE = 1.1 mA zin = R1||R2 ||re
re = (25 mV) / I E (Eq. 9-10) zin = 10 k||2.2 k||100(17.1 )
re = (25 mV) /1.1 mA zin = 878
re = 22.7 The input impedance for each stage is 878 .
zin = R1 || R2 || re vin(1) = [zin/(RG + zin)] vg (Eq. 10-4)
zin = 10 k||2.2 k||100(22.7 ) vin(1) = (878 / (600 + 878 )]1 mV
zin = 1.0 k vin(1) = 0.594 mV
The input impedance for each stage is 1.0 k. The input impedance for the second stage is the load
vin(1) = [zin/(RG + zin)]vg (Eq. 10-4) resistance for the first stage.
vin(1) = [1.0 k/(600 + 1.0 k)]1 mV rc = RC||RL (Eq. 10-2)
vin(1) = 0.625 mV rc = 3.6 k||878
The input impedance for the second stage is the load rc = 706
resistance for the first stage. Av = rc / re (Eq. 10-7)
rC = RC ||RL (Eq. 10-2) Av = 706 /17.1
rc = 3.6 k||1.0 k Av = 41.3
rc = 783 The output voltage of the first stage is the input voltage
Av = re / re (Eq.10-3) for the second stage.
Av = 783 /22.7 vout(1) = Avin
Av = 34.5 vout(1) = 41.3(0.594 mV)
The output voltage of the first stage is the input voltage vout(1) = 24.5 mV
for the second stage. rc(2) = RC||RL (Eq. 10-2)
vout(1) = Av(vin) rc(2) = 3.6 k||10 k
vout(1) = 34.5(0.625 mV) rc(2) = 2.65 k
vout(1) = 21.6 mV Av(2) = rc / re (Eq. 10-7)
rc (2) = RC || RL (Eq.10-2) Av(2) = 2.65 k/17.1
rc(2) = 3.6 k||10 k Av(2) = 155
rc(2) = 2.65 k vout(2) = Av(vin)
Av(2) = rc / re (Eq. 10-3) vout(2) = 155(24.5 mV)
Av(2) = 2.65 k/22.7 vout(2) = 3.80 V
Av(2) = 117 Answer: The output voltage is 3.80 V.
vout(2) = Av(vin) 10-9. Given:
vout(2) = 117(21.6 mV) R1 = 10 k
vout(2) = 2.53 V R2 = 2.2 k
Answer: The base voltage of the first stage is 0.625 mV, RC = 3.6 k
the base voltage of the second stage is 21.6 mV, and the RE = 1 k
voltage across the collector resistor is 2.53 V. RL = 10 k
RG = 600

1-43
 VCC = 10 V rc = 2.65 k
VBE = 0.7 V Av = rc/re
= 300 Av = 2.65 k/180
Solution: Av = 14.7
VBB = [R2/(R1 + R2)]VCC (Eq. 8-1) zin = R1||R2||rc
VBB = [2.2 k/(10 k + 2.2 k)]10 V zin = 10 k||2.2 k||18 k
VBB = 1.8 V zin = 1.64 k
VE = VBB VBE (Eq. 8-2) vin = [zin/(RG + zin)]vg
VE = 1.8 V 0.7 V vin = [1.64 k/(600 + 1.64 k)]25 mV
VE = 1.1 V vin = 18.3 mV
IE = VE/RE (Eq. 8-3) vout = Av(vin)
IE = 1.1 V/1 k vout = 14.7(18.3 mV)
IE = 1.1 mA vout = 269 mV
re = (25 mV) / I E (Eq. 9-10) Answer: The voltage gain is 14.7, the output voltage is
re = (25 mV) /1.1 mA 269 mV.
re = 22.7 10-11. Given:
zin = R1 || R2 || re R1 = 10 k
zin = 10 k||2.2 k||300(22.7 ) R2 = 2.2 k
zin = 1.43 k RC = 3.6 k
The input impedance for each stage is 1.43 k. RE = 820
vin(1) = [zin/(RG + zin)]vg (Eq. 10-4) re = 180
vin(1) = [1.43 k/(600 + 1.43 k)]1 mV RL = 10 k
vin(1) = 0.704 mV RG = 50
VBE = 0.7 V
The input impedance for the second stage is the load VCC = 10 V
resistance for the first stage. Assume = 100
rc = RC||RL (Eq. 10-2) Solution:
rc = 3.6 k||1.43 k
rc = 1.02 k rc = RC||RL
rc = 3.6 k||10 k
Av = rc / re (Eq. 10-3) rc = 2.65 k
Av = 1.02 k/22.7
Av = 45 Av = rc/re
Av = 2.65 k/180
The output voltage of the first stage is the input voltage Av = 14.7
for the second stage.
zin = R1||R2||re
vout(1) = Av (vin) zin = 10 k||2.2 k||18 k
vout(1) = 45(0.704 mV) zin = 1.64 k
vout(1) = 31.7 mV
vin = [zin/(RG + zin)]vg
rc(2) = RC||RL (Eq. 10-2) vin = [1.64 k/(50 + 1.64 k)]50 mV
rc(2) = 3.6 k||10 k vin = 48.52 mV
rc(2) = 2.65 k
vout = Av(vin)
Av(2) = rc / re (Eq. 10-3) vout = 14.7(48.52 mV)
Av(2) = 2.65 k/22.7 vout = 713 mV
Av(2) = 117
Answer: The voltage gain is 14.7, the output voltage is
vout(2) = Avin 713 mV.
vout(2) = 117 (31.7 mV)
vout(2) = 3.71 V 10-12. Given:
Answer: The output voltage is 3.71 V. R1 = 10 k
R2 = 2.2 k
10-10. Given: RC = 3.6 k
R1 = 10 k RE = 820
R2 = 2.2 k re = 180
RC = 3.6 k RL = 3.6 k
RE = 820 RG = 600
re = 180 VBE = 0.7 V
RL = 10 k VCC = 10 V
RG = 600 Assume = 100
VBE = 0.7 V Solution:
VCC = 10 V
Assume = 100 rc = RC||RL
rc = 3.6 k||3.6 k
Solution: rc = 1.8 k
rc = RC||RL
rc = 3.6 k||10 k

1-44
 Av = rc/re VCC = 10V
Av = 1.8 k/180 VBE = 0.7 V
Av = 10
Solution:
Answer: The voltage gain is 10.
VBB = [R2/(R1 + R2)]VCC (Eq. 8-1)
10-13. Given: VBB = [4.4 k/(20 k + 4.4 k)]10 V
R1 = 10 k VBB = 1.8V
R2 = 2.2 k VE = VBB VBE (Eq. 8-2)
RC = 3.6 k VE = 1.8V 0.7V
RE = 820 VE = 1.1 V
re = 180
RL = 10 k IE = VE/RE (Eq. 8-3)
RG = 600 IE = 1.1 V/2 k
VCC = 30 V IE = 0.55 mA
VBE = 0.7 V re = (25 mV) / I E (Eq. 9-10)
Solution: re = (25 mV) / 0.55 mA
re = 45.5
rc = RC||RL (Eq. 10-2)
rc = 3.6 k||10 k rc = RC||RL (Eq. 10-2)
rc = 2.65 k rc = 7.2 k||20 k
rc = 5.3 k
Av = rc / re (Eq. 10-7)
Av = 2.65 k/180 Av = rc / re (Eq. 10-3)
Av = 14.7 Av = 5.3 k/45.5
Av = 116
Answer: The voltage gain is 14.7.
Answer: The voltage gain is 116.
10-14. Given:
10-19. Given:
rf = 5 k
re = 50 R1 = 20 k
R2 = 4.4 k
Solution: RC = 7.2 k
Av = rf / re (Eq. 10-10) RE = 2 k
Av = 5 k/50 RL = 20 k
Av = 100 RG = 1.2 k
VCC = 10 V
Answer: The voltage gain is 100. VBE = 0.7 V
10-15. Given: Assume = 100
re = 125 VBB = 1.8 V (from Prob. 10-18)
Av = 100 VE = 1.1 V (from Prob. 10-18)
IE = 0.55 mA (from Prob. 10-18)
Solution: re = 45.5 (from Prob. 10-18)
Av = rf / re (Eq. 10-10) rc = 5.3 k
rf = 100(125 ) Av = 116
rf = 12.5 k
Solution:
Answer: The feedback resistor would need to be 12.5 k.
zin = R1 || R2 || re
10-16. Answer: Since the capacitor is an open to direct current, zin = 20 k||4.4 k || 100(45.5 )
the dc voltages do not change. The first stage is now zin = 2.01 k
swamped. Therefore the voltage gain is greatly reduced
and the input impedance is increased so that more of the vin = [zin/(RG + zin)]vg (Eq. 10-4)
generator voltage is seen at the input. The overall effect vin = [2.01 k/(1.2 k + 2.01 k)]1 mV
is a reduced input voltage to the second stage. Since the vin = 0.626 mV
gain of the second stage remains the same and the input vout = Av(vin)
voltage is reduced, the output voltage is also reduced. vout = 116(0.626 mV)
10-17. Answer: Since there is a voltage at the second stage vout = 72.6 mV
input, the cause is most likely in the second stage. Some Answer: The output voltage is 72.6 mV.
of the possible causes are: open transistor, open emitter 10-20. Given:
resistor, open collector resistor, or open output coupling
capacitor. R1 = 20 k
R2 = 4.4 k
RC = 7.2 k
CRITICAL THINKING RE = 2 k
RL = 20 k
10-18. Given: RG = 1.2 k
R1 = 20 k VCC = 10 V
R2 = 4.4 k VBB = 0.7 V
RC = 7.2 k = 100
RE = 2 k
RL = 20 k

1-45
 Solution: Trouble 4: Since the dc base voltage is 0 and there is an
VBB = [R2/(R1 + R2)]VCC (Eq. 8-1) ac base voltage, the problem is an R1 open.
VBB = [4.4 k/(20 k + 4.4 k)] 10 V 10-23. Answers:
VBB = 1.8 V Trouble 5: Since there is no output ac voltage, the
VE = VBB VBE (Eq. 8-2) problem is C2 open.
VE = 1.8 V 0.7 V Trouble 6: Since there are no ac voltages and the base
VE = 1.1 V voltage has changed, the problem is in the input circuit.
IE = VE/RE (Eq. 8-3) The voltage points to an open R2.
IE = 1.1 V/2 k Trouble 7: All the dc voltages are OK; thus the transistor
IE = 0.55 mA and resistors are OK. Since the base and emitter ac
re = (25 mV) / I E (Eq. 9-10) voltages are the same, the problem appears to be an open
re = (25 mV) / 0.55 mA bypass capacitor C3.
re = 45.5 Trouble 8: Since there are no ac voltages and the base
zin = R1 || R2 || re voltage has changed, the problem is in the input circuit.
zin = 20 k||4.4 k||100(45.5 ) Since the collector voltage is so low, the collector
zin = 2.01 k resistor is open.
The input impedance for each stage is 2.01 k. 10-24. Answers:
vin(1) = [zin/(RG + zin)]vg (Eq. 10-4) Trouble 9: Since there are no dc voltages, the problem is
vin(1) = [2.01 k/(1.2 k + 2.01 k)]1 mV no VCC.
vin(1) = 0.626 mV Trouble 10: Since the emitter voltage is 0 and the base
The input impedance for the second stage is the load voltage is near normal, the problem is an open BE diode.
resistance for the first stage. Trouble 11: With all the dc voltages the same, the
rc = RC||RL (Eq. 10-2) problem is a shorted transistor in all three terminals.
rc = 3.6 k||2.01 Trouble 12: Since all the ac voltages are 0, the problem
rc = 1.29 k could be the generator, RG open, or C1 open.
Av = rc / re (Eq. 10-3)
Av = 1.29 k/45.5
Av = 28.4
Chapter 11 CC and CB Amplifiers
The output voltage of the first stage is the input voltage
for the second stage. SELF-TEST
vout(1) = Av(vin) 1. b 9. d 17. a 25. a
vout(1) = 28.4(0.626 mV) 2. c 10. c 18. c 26. c
vout(1) = 17.8 mV 3. b 11. a 19. c 27. d
4. c 12. c 20. a 28. c
rc(2) = RC||RL (Eq. 10-2)
rc(2) = 7.2 k||20 k 5. d 13. d 21. a 29. b
rc(2) = 5.3 k 6. c 14. a 22. d 30. d
7. a 15. c 23. a
Av(2) = rc / re (Eq. 10-3) 8. a 16. c 24. d
Av(2) = 5.3 k/45.5
Av(2) = 116
JOB INTERVIEW QUESTIONS
vout(2) = Av(vin)
vout(2) = 116(17.8 mV) 5. Voltage gain is always less than but usually near 1. The
vout(2) = 2.06 V circuit is used as a current or power amplifier. Applications
include stereo output stages, linear power-supply
Answer: The output voltage is 2.06 V.
regulation, and drivers for relays, LEDs.
10-21. Answer: The rc would be the collector resistance only: 7. They allow excellent impedance matching and maximum
3.6 k. power transfer to low-impedance loads.
10-22. Answers: 11. None.
12. Power gain is the product of voltage gain and current gain.
Trouble 1: Since all the ac voltages are 0, the problem Although the voltage gain is slightly less than 1, the current
could be the generator, RG open, or C1 open. gain is very large. Therefore, the power gain is very large.
Trouble 2: Since the input voltage increased to 0.75 mV,
the problem is an open RE. PROBLEMS
Trouble 3: Since there are no ac voltages and the base
11-1. Given:
voltage has changed, the problem is in the input circuit.
Since there is a 0.7-V drop across the BE diode, the R1 = 2.2 k
transistor should be conducting and thus the collector R2 = 2.2 k
voltage should be less than 10V. It appears that the BC RE = 1 k
diode is open, except the base voltages are not consistent RL = 3.3 k
with that problem. To make this problem correct for the RG = 50
BC diode open, return VB, VE, and vb to the OK values. = 200
VCC = 15 V
VBE = 0.7 V

1-46
 Solution: vin = [zin/(zin + RG)]VG
VBB = [R2/(R1 + R2)]VCC (Eq. 8-1) vin = [1.09 k/(1.09 k + 50 )]1 V
VBB = [2.2 k/(2.2 k + 2.2 k)]15 V vin = 0.956 V
VBB = 7.5 V vout = Av(vin) (Eq. 9-3)
VE = VBB VBE (Eq. 8-2) vout = (0.995)(0.956 V)
VE = 7.5 V 0.7 V vout = 0.951 V
VE = 6.8 V Answer: The gain is 0.995, and the output voltage is
IE = VE/RE (Eq. 8-3) 0.951 V.
IE = 6.8 V/1 k 11-4. Given:
IE = 6.8 mA R1 = 2.2 k
re = 25 mV / I E (Eq. 9-10) R2 = 2.2 k
re = 25 mV / 6.8 mA RE = 1 k
re = 3.68 RL = 3.3 k
RG = 50
re = RE||RL (Eq. 11-1) = 50 to 300
re = 1 k||3.3 k VCC =15 V
re = 767 VBE = 0.7 V
zin ( baSe) = (re + re) (Eq. 11-3) re = 3.68 (from Prob. 11-1)
zin(base) = 200(767 + 3.48 ) re = 767 (from Prob. 11-1)
zin(base) = 154 k Solution:
zin(base) = 154 k||2.2 k||2.2 k = 1.09 k
zin(min) = R1 || R2 || (re + re) (Eq. 11-4)
Answer: The input impedance of the base is 154 k, and zin(min) = 2.2 k||2.2 k||50(767 + 3.48 )
the input impedance of the stage is 1.09 k. zin(min) = 1.07 k
11-2. Given: zin(max ) = R1 || R2 || (re + re) (Eq. 11-4)
R1 = 2.2 k zin(max) = 2.2 k||2.2 k||300(767 + 3.48 )
R2 = 2.2 k zin(max) = 1.09 k
RE = 1 k vin(min) = [zin/(zin + RG)]VG
RL = 3.3 k vin(min) = [1.07 k/(1.07 k + 50 )]1 V
RG = 50 vin(min) = 0.955 V
= 150
VCC = 15 V vin(min) = [zin/(zin + RG)]VG
VBE = 0.7 V vin(min) = [1.09 k/(1.09 k + 50 )]1 V
re = 3.68 (from Prob. 11-1) vin(min) = 0.956 V
re = 767 (from Prob. 11-1) Answer: The input voltage varies over the range of
Solution: 0.955 to 0.956 V.
zin = R1 || R2 || (re + re) (Eq. 11-4) 11-5. Given:
zin = 2.2 k||2.2 k||150(767 + 3.48 ) R1 = 4.4 k
zin = 1.09 k R2 = 4.4 k
vin = [zin/(zin + RG)]VG RE = 2 k
vin = [1.09 k/(1.09 k + 50 )]1 V RL = 6.6 k
vin = 0.956 V RG = 100
= 150
Answer: The input voltage is 0.956 V. VCC = 15 V
11-3. Given: VBE = 0.7 V
R1 = 2.2 k Solution:
R2 = 2.2 k VBB = [R2/(R1 + R2)]VCC (Eq. 8-1)
RE = 1 k VBB = [4.4 k/(4.4 k + 4.4 k)]15 V
RL = 3.3 k VBB = 7.5 V
RG = 50
= 175 VE = VBB VBE (Eq. 8-2)
VCC = 15V VE = 7.5 V 0.7 V
VBE = 0.7 V VE = 6.8 V
re = 3.68 (from Prob. 11-1) IE = VE/RE (Eq. 8-3)
re = 767 (from Prob. 11 1) IE = 6.8 V/2 k
IE = 3.4 mA
Solution:
re = 25 mV / I E (Eq. 9-10)
Av = re /( re + re) (Eq. 11-2) re = 25 mV / 3.4 mA
Av = 767/(767 + 3.48) re = 7.35
Av = 0.995
re = RE||RL (Eq. 11-1)
zin = R1 || R2 || (re + re) (Eq. 11-4) re = 2 k||6.6 k
zin = 2.2 k||2.2 k||175(767 + 3.48 ) re = 1.53 k
zin = 1.09 k

1-47
 zin = R1 || R2 || (re + re) (Eq. 11-4) 11-8. Given:
zin = 4.4 k||4.4 k||150(1.53 k + 7.35 k) R1 = 100
zin = 2.18 k R2 = 200
vin = [zin/(zin + RG)]VG RE = 30
vin = [2.18 k/(2.18 k + 100 )]1 V RL = 10
vin = 0.956 V RG = 50
Answer: The input impedance doubles to 2.18 k, and = 175
the input voltage remains the same at 0.956 V. VCC = 20 V
VBE = 0.7 V
11-6. Given: re = 0.06 (from Prob. 11-6)
R1 = 100 re = 7.5 (from Prob. 11-6)
R2 = 200 Solution:
RE = 30
RL = 10 Av = re /( re + re) (Eq. 11-2)
RG = 50 Av = 7.5/(7.5 + 0.06)
= 200 Av = 0.992
VCC = 20 V zin = R1 || R2 || (re + re) (Eq. 11-4)
VBE = 0.7 V zin = 100 ||200 ||175(7.5 + 0.06 )
Solution: zin = 63.5
VBB = [R2/(R1 + R2)]VCC (Eq. 8-1) vin = [zin/(zin + RG)]VG
VBB = [200 /(100 + 200 )]20 V vin = [63.5 /(63.5 + 50 )]1 V
VBB = 13.3 V vin = 0.559 V
VE = VBB VBE (Eq. 8-2) vout = Av(vin) (Eq. 9-3)
VE = 13.3 V 0.7 V vout = (0.992)(0.559 V)
VE = 12.6 V vout = 0.555 V
IE = VE/RE (Eq. 8-3) Answer: The gain is 0.992, and the output voltage is
IE = 12.6 V/30 0.555 V.
IE = 420 mA 11-9. Given:
re = 25 mV / I E (Eq. 9-10) R1 = 2.2 k
re = 25 mV / 420 mA R2 = 2.2 k
re = 0.06 RE = 1 k
re = RE||RL (Eq. 11-1) RL = 3.3 k
re = 30 ||10 RG = 50
re = 7.5 = 200
VCC = 15 V
zin(base) = (re + re) (Eq. 11-3) VBE = 0.7V
zin(base) = 200(7.5 + 0.06 ) re = 3.68 (from Prob. 11-1)
zin(base) = 1.51 k re = 767 (from Prob. 11-1)
zin = R1 || R2 || (re + re) (Eq. 11-4) Solution:
zin = 100 ||200 ||1.51 k
zin = 63.8 zout = RE || [re + ( RG || R1 || R2 ) / ] (Eq. 11-5)
zout = 1 k||[3.68 + (50 ||2.2 k||2.2 k)/200]
Answer: The input impedance of the base is 1.51 k, zout = 3.9
and the input impedance to the stage is 63.8 .
Answer: The output impedance is 3.9 .
11-7. Given:
11-10. Given:
R1 = 100
R2 = 200 R1 = 100
RE = 30 R2 = 200
RL = 50 RE = 30
RG = 50 RL = 10
= 150 RG = 50
VCC = 20 V = 100
VBE = 0.7 V VCC = 20 V
re = 0.06 (from Prob.11-6) VBE = 0.7 V
re = 7.5 (from Prob. 11-6) re = 0.06 (from Prob. 11-6)
re = 7.5 (from Prob. 11-6)
Solution:
Solution:
zin = R1 || R2 || (re + re) (Eq. 11-4)
zin = 100 ||200 ||150(7.5 + 0.06 ) zout = RE || [re + ( RG || R1 || R2 ) / (Eq. 11-5)
zin = 63 zout = 30 ||[0.06 + (50 ||100 ||200 )/100]
zout = 0.342
vin = [zin/(zin + RG)]VG
vin = [63 /(63 + 50 )]1 V Answer: The output impedance is 0.342 .
vin = 0.558 V
Answer: The input voltage is 0.558 V.

1-48
 re = (25 mV) / 5.85 mA = 12 (Eq. 11-7)
re = 4.27 = 150(150)
= 22500
rc = RC||RL
zin(base) = re
rc = 1.5 k||150
zin(base) = (22500)(4.44)
rc = 136.5
zin(base) = 100 k
Av1 = rc / re
Answer: The input impedance of the base is 100 k.
Av1 = 136.5 /4.27
Av1 = 31.9 11-18. Given:
Answer: The voltage gain drops to 31.9. R1 = 1 k
R2 = 2 k
11-15. Given:
RE = 10
R1 = 150 k RL = 8
R2 = 150 k RG = 600
RE = 470 VCC = 20 V
RL = 1 k = 2000
RG = 5.1 k re = 4.44 (from Prob. 11-17)
VCC = 15 V
Solution:
= 5000
zin(base) = re
Solution:
zin(base) = (2000)(4.44)
re = RE||RL (Eq. 11-1) zin(base) = 8.88 k
re = 470 ||1 k
zin = R1||R2||zin(base) (Eq. 11-8)
re = 320
zin = 1 k||2 k||8.88 k
zin(base) = re zin = 620
zin(base) = (5000)(320)
vin = [zin/(zin + RG)]VG
zin(base) = 1.6 M
vin = [620 /(620 + 600 )]1 V
Answer: The input impedance of the base is 1.6 M. vin = 0.508 V
11-16. Given: Answer: The input voltage is 0.508 V.
R1 = 150 k 11-19. Given:
R2 = 150 k
VZ = 7.5 V
RE = 470
VBE = 0.7 V
RL = 1 k
R = 1 k
RG = 5.1 k
VCC = 15V
VCC = 15 V
= 7000 Solution:
re = 320 (from Prob. 11-15) Vout = VZ VBE (Eq. 11-9)
Solution: Vout = 7.5 V 0.7 V
Vout = 6.8 V
zin(base) = re
zin(base) = (7000) (320) IZ = (VCC VZ)/R
zin(base) = 2.24 M IZ = (15 7.5)/1 k
IZ = 7.5 mA
zin = R1||R2||zin(base) (Eq. 11-4)
zin = 150 k|| 150 k||2.24 M Answer: The output voltage is 6.8 V, and the zener
zin = 72.6 k current is 7.5 mA.
vin = [zin/(zin + RG)]VG 11-20. Given:
vin = [72.6 k/(72.6 k + 5.1 k)]10 mV VZ = 7.5 V
vin = 9.34 mV VBE = 0.7 V
Answer: The input voltage is 9.34 mV. R = 1 k
VCC = 25 V
11-17. Given:
Solution:
R1 = 1 k
R2 = 2 k Vout = VZ VBE (Eq. 11-9)
RE = 10 Vout = 7.5 V 0.7 V
RL = 8 Vout = 6.8 V
RG = 600 Take the base current into account.
VCC = 20 V
1 = 150 IZ = (VCC VZ)/R Iout/
2 = 150 IZ = (25 7.5)/1 k (6.8 V/33 )/150
IZ = 17.5 mA 1.37 mA
Solution: IZ = 16.1 mA
re = RE||RL (Eq. 11-1) Answer: The output voltage is 6.8 V, and the zener
re = 10 ||8 current is 16.1 mA.
re = 4.44
11-21. Given: With the wiper in the middle, the voltage divider
is effectively two resistors: each has a value of 1.5 k.

1-50
 VZ = 7.5 V re = (25 mV) / I E
VBE = 0.7 V re = (25 mV) / 650 A
Solution: re = 38.46
Vout = [(R3 + R4)/R4](VZ + VBE) (Eq. 11-12) rc = RC||RL
Vout = [(1.5 k + 1.5 k)/1.5 k](7.5 V + 0.7 V) rc = 3.3 k||10 k
Vout = 16.4 V rc = 2.48 k
Answer: The output voltage is 16.4 V. Av = rc / re
Av = 2.48 k/38.46
11-22. Given: With the wiper all the way up, the voltage Av = 64.4
divider is effectively two resistors: the top has a value of
1 k, and the bottom has a value of 2 k. Answer: The voltage gain at 64.4.
VZ = 7.5 V 11-25. Given:
VBE = 0.7 V R1 = 10 k
With the wiper all the way down, the voltage divider is R2 = 2 k
effectively two resistors: the top has a value of 2 k, RC = 3.3 k
and the bottom has a value of 1 k. RE = 2
VCC = 12 V
Solution:
Solution:
Vout(top) = [(R3 + R4)/R4](VZ + VBE) (Eq. 11-12)
Vout(top) = [(1 k + 2 k)/1.5 k](7.5 V + 0.7 V) VBB = [R2/(R1 + R2)]VCC
Vout(top) = 12.3 V VBB = [2 k/(10 k + 2 k)]12 V
VBB = 2 V
Vout(bottom) = [(R3 + R4)/R4](VZ + VBE) (Eq. 11-12)
Vout(bottom) = [(2 k + 1 k)/1 k](7.5 V + 0.7 V) VE = VBB VBE
Vout(bottom) = 24.6 V VE = 2 V 0.7 V
VE = 1.3 V
Answer: The output voltage with the wiper all the way
up is 12.3 V, and all the way down is 24.6 V. IE = VE/RE
IE = 1.3 V/2 k
11-23. Given: IE = 650 A
R1 = 10 k re = (25 mV) / I E
R2 = 2 k re = (25 mV) / 650 A
RC = 3.3 k
re = 38.46 = 38.5
RE = 2 k
VCC =12 V Z in (emitter ) = re
Solution: Zin(emitter) = 38.5
VBB = [R2/(R1 + R2)]VCC Z in(Stage) = RE || re
VBB = [2 k/(10 k + 2 k)]12 V Since RE >> re
VBB = 2 V
Z in(Stage) re = 38.5
VE = VBB VBE
VE = 2 V 0.7 V Zout RC
VE = 1.3 V Zout = 3.3 k
IE = VE/RE Answer: The Z in(emitter) = 38.5 , the Z in(Stage) = re = 38.5 ,
IE = 1.3 V/2 k and Z out = 3.3k.
IE = 650 A 11-26. Given:
Answer: The emitter current is 650 A. R1 = 10 k
11-24. Given: R2 = 2 k
RC = 3.3 k
R1 = 10 k RE = 2 k
R2 = 2 k RG = 50
RC = 3.3 k VCC = 12 V
RE = 2 Vgen = 2 mV
VCC = 12 V
Solution:
Solution:
VBB = [R2/(R1 + R2)]VCC
VBB = [R2/(R1 + R2)]VCC VBB = [2 k/(10 k + 2 k)]12 V
VBB = [2 k/(10 k + 2 k)]12 V VBB = 2V
VBB = 2 V
VE = VBB VBE
VE = VBB VBE VE = 2 V 0.7 V
VE = 2 V 0.7 V VE = 1.3 V
VE = 1.3 V
IE = VE/RE
IE = VE/RE IE = 1.3 V/2 k
IE = 1.3 V/2 k IE = 650 A
IE = 650 A
re = (25 mV) / I E
re = (25 mV) / 650 A
re = 38.46
1-51
 re = RC||RL Vout = 6.8 V (from Prob. 11-19)
re = 3.3 k||10 k RL = 33
re = 2.48 k Solution:
Av = rc / re VCE = VCC Vout
Av = 2.48 k/38.46 VCE = 15 V 6.8 V
Av = 64.4 VCE = 8.2 V
Z in (Stage) = RE || re IC = Iout = Vout/RL
Since RE >> re IC = 6.8 V/33
Z in(Stage) = re = 38.5 IC = 206 mA
vin (zin(RG + zin)Vgen) P = VCEIC
vin = (38.5 k (50 + 38.5 ) 2 mV) P = (8.2 V)(206 mA)
vin = 870 V P = 1.69 W
vout = Av(vin) Answer: 1.69 W
vout = 64.4(870 V) 11-29. Given:
vout = 56 mV R1 = 4.7 k
Answer: The output voltage is 56 mV. R2 = 2 k
11-27. Given: RC = 1 k
RE = 1 k
R1 = 10 k VCC = 15V
R2 = 2 k = 150
RC = 3.3 k
RE =2 k Solution:
RG = 50 VBB = [R2/(R1 + R2)] VCC (Eq. 8-1)
VCC = 15 V VBB = [2 k/(4.7 k + 2 k)]15 V
Vgen = 2 mV VBB = 4.48 V
Solution: VE = VBB VBE (Eq. 8-2)
VBB = [R2/(R1 + R2)]VCC VE = 4.48 V 0.7 V
VBB = [2 k/(10 k + 2 k)]15 V VE = 3.78 V
VBB = 2.5 V IE = VE/RE (Eq. 8-3)
VE = VBB VBE IE = 3.78 V/1 k
VE = 2.5 V 0.7 V IE = 3.78 mA
VE = 1.8 V IE = IC (Eq. 8-4)
IE = VE/RE VC = VCC ICRC (Eq. 8-15)
IE = 1.8 V/2 k VC = 15 V 3.78 mA(1 k)
IE = 900 A VC = 11.22 V
re = (25 mV) / I E IB = IC/ (Eq. 6-5)
re = (25 mV) / 900 A IB = 3.78 mA/150
re = 27.8 IB = 25.2 A
rc = RC||RL Answer: The values are VB = 4.48 V, VE = 3.78 V,
rc = 3.3 k||10 k VC = 11.22 V, IE = 3.78 mA, IC = 3.78 mA, and
rc = 2.48 k IB = 25.2 A.
Av = rc / re 11-30. Given:
Av = 2.48 k/27.8 R1 = 4.7 k
Av = 89.3 R2 = 2 k
Z in (Stage) = RE || re RC = 1 k
Since RE >> re RE = 1 k
Z in(Stage) = re = 27.8 VCC = 15 V
vin (zin(RG + zin)Vgen) = 150
vin = (27.8 k (50 + 27.8 )2 mV) vin = 5 mV
vin = 715 V vout(2) is an emitter follower that has a gain of 1.
vout = Av(vin) Solution:
vout = 89.3(715 V) rc = 1 k
vout = 63.8 mV re = 1 k
Answer: The output voltage is 63.8 mV. Av = rc/re (Eq. 10-7)
Av = 1 k/1 k
Av = 1
CRITICAL THINKING Answer: Both outputs are 5 mV; the top one is 180 out
11-28. Given: of phase. The purpose of this circuit is to produce two
VZ = 7.5 V signals that are the same magnitude and 180 out of
VCC = 15 V phase.

1-52
 Trouble 7: Since there is voltage at G and none at H, the VE = 2.15 V
trouble is an open Q2. IE = ICQ = VE/RE (Eq. 8-3)
ICQ = 2.15 V/220
ICQ = 9.77 mA
Chapter 12 Power Amplifiers Since ICQ is the center of the load line, the load line is
SELF-TEST linear, the other end is zero, and the ac saturation current
is double the Q point current. The ac saturation current
1. b 10. d 19. a 28. a is 19.5 mA.
2. b 11. c 20. c 29. d
Answer: The ac collector resistance is 543 , and the ac
3. d 12. d 21. b 30. d
saturation current is 10.9 mA.
4. a 13. b 22. d 31. b
5. c 14. b 23. a 32. c 12-3. Given:
6. d 15. b 24. a 33.d R1 = 2 k
7. d 16. b 25. b 34.c R2 = 470
8. b 17. c 26. c 35. a RC = 680
9. b 18. a 27. c RE = 220
RL = 2.7 k
VCC = 15 V
JOB INTERVIEW QUESTIONS
VBE = 0.7 V
6. Tuned RF amplifier. It would be impractical to use a class C RG = 50
amplifier for an audio application because it would distort rc = 543 (from Prob. 12-2)
the signal. ICQ = 9.77 mA (from Prob. 12-2)
8. The lower the duty cycle is, the less the current drain. VE = 2.15 V (from Prob. 12-2)
11. Thermal conductive paste used to create a low thermal
Solution:
resistance path between the case and the heat sink.
12. Class A. No signal is lost in a class A amplifier: 360 in, VC = VCC RCICQ
360 out. With class C, over half the signal is lost. VC = 15 V (680 )(9.77 mA)
13. Narrowband. VC = 8.36 V
MP = ICQrc or VCEQ (Eq. 12-8)
PROBLEMS MP = (9.77 mA)(543 )
MP = 5.31 V
12-1. Given:
or
R1 = 2 k
R2 = 470 VCEQ = VC VE
RC = 680 VCEQ = 8.36 V 2.15 V
RE = 220 VCEQ = 6.21 V
RL = 2.7 k MPP = 2MP
VCC = 15V MPP = 2(5.31 V)
Solution: MPP = 10.62 V
RC = 680 Answer: The maximum peak-to-peak voltage is 10.62 V.
IC(Sat) = VCC/(RC + RE) (Eq. 12-1) 12-4. Given:
IC(Sat) = 15 V/(680 + 220 )
R1 = 4 k
IC(Sat) = 16.67 mA
R2 = 940
Answer: The dc collector resistance 680 , and the dc RC = 1.36 k
saturation current is 16.67 mA. RE = 440
12-2. Given: RL = 5.4 k
VCC = 15V
R1 = 2 k VBE = 0.7 V
R2 = 470 RG = 100
RC = 680
RE = 220 Solution:
RL = 2.7 k rc = RC||RL (Eq. 10-2)
VCC = 15 V rc = 1.36 k||5.4 k
VBE = 0.7 V rc = 1086
RG = 50
Answer: The ac collector resistance is 1086 .
Solution:
12-5. Given:
rc = RC||RL (Eq. 10-2)
R1 = 6 k
rc = 680 ||2.7 k
R2 =1.41 k
rc = 543
RC = 2.04 k
VBB = [R2/(R1 + R2)]VCC (Eq. 8-1) RE = 660
VBB = [470 /(2 k + 470 )]15 V RL = 8.1 k
VBB = 2.85 V VCC = 15V
VE = VBB VBE (Eq. 8-2) VBE = 0.7 V
VE = 2.85 V 0.7 V RG = 150

1-54
 Solution: IE = ICQ = VE/RE
rc = RC||RL (Eq. 10-2) ICQ = 9.3 V/68
rc = 2.04 k||8.1 k ICQ = 137 mA
rc = 1.63 k Ic(Sat) = 2(ICQ)
VBB = [R2/(R1 + R2)]VCC (Eq. 8-1) Ic(Sat) = 2(137 mA)
VBB = [1.41 k/(6 k + 1.41 k)]15 V Ic(Sat) = 274 mA
VBB = 2.85 V Answer: The ac collector resistance is 50 , and the ac
VE = VBB VBE (Eq. 8-2) saturation current is 274 mA.
VE = 2.84 V 0.7 V 12-8. Given:
VE = 2.15 V R1 = 200
IE = ICQ = VE/RE (Eq. 8-3) R2 = 100
ICQ = 2.15 V/660 RC = 100
ICQ = 3.26 mA RE = 68
VC = VCC RCICQ RL = 100
VC = 15 V (2.04 k)(3.26 mA) VCC = 30 V
VC = 8.35 V VBE = 0.7 V
rc = 50 (from Prob. 12-7)
MP = ICQrc or VCEQ (Eq. 12-8) ICQ = 137 mA (from Prob. 12-7)
MP = (3.26 mA)(1.63 k) ic(Sat) = 174 mA (from Prob. 12-7)
MP = 5.31 V VE = 9.3 V (from Prob. 12-7)
or Solution:
VCEQ = VC VE VC = VCC RCICQ
VCEQ = 8.35 V 2.15 V VC = 30 V (100 )(137 mA)
VCEQ = 6.2 V VC = 16.3 V
MPP = 2MP VCEQ = VC VE
MPP = 2(5.31 V) VCEQ = 16.3V 9.3V
MPP = 10.62 V VCEQ = 7 V
Answer: The maximum peak-to-peak voltage is 10.62 V. MP = VCEQ = 7 V
MPP = 2MP = 14 V
12-6. Given:
or
R1 = 200
R2 = 100 MP = ICQrc
RC = 100 MP = (137 mA)(50 )
RE = 68 MP = 6.85 V
RL = 100 MPP = 2MP = 13.7 V
VCC = 30 V Answer: The maximum peak-to-peak voltage is 13.7 V.
Solution: 12-9. Given:
RC = 100 R1 = 400
IC(Sat) = VCC/RC + RE R2 = 200
IC(Sat) = 30 V/100 + 68 RC = 200
IC(Sat) = 179 mA RE = 136
Answer: The dc collector resistance is 100 , and the RL = 200
saturation current is 179 mA. VCC = 30 V
VBE = 0.7 V
12-7. Given:
Solution:
R1 = 200
R2 = 100 rc = RC||RL
RC = 100 rc = 200 ||200
RE = 68 rc = 100
RL = 100 Answer: The ac collector resistance is 100 .
VCC = 30 V
VBE = 0.7 V 12-10. Given:
Solution: R1 = 600
R2 = 300
rc = RC||RL RC = 300
rc = 100 ||100 RE = 204
rc = 50 RL = 300
VBB = [R2/(R1 + R2)]VCC VCC = 30 V
VBB = [100 /(200 + 100 )]30 V VBE = 0.7 V
VBB = 10 V Solution:
VE = VBB VBE VBB = [R2/(R1 + R2)]VCC
VE = 10 V 0.7 V
VE = 9.3 V

1-55
 VBB = [300 /(600 + 300 )]30 V VE = 2.85 V 0.7 V
VBB = 10 V VE = 2.15 V
VE = VBB VBE IE = VE/RE (Eq. 8-3)
VE = 10 V 0.7 V IE = 2.15 V/220
VE = 9.3 V IE = 9.77 mA
IE = ICQ = VE/RE Idc = Ibias + IE
ICQ = 9.3 V/204 Idc = 6.07 mA + 9 77 mA
ICQ = 45.59 mA Idc = 15.84 mA
VC = VCC RCICQ Answer: The current drain is 15.84 mA.
VC = 30 V (300 )(45.59 mA) 12-14. Given:
VC = 16.3 V
Idc = 15.84 mA (from Prob. 12-13)
VCEQ = VC VE VCC = 15 V
VCEQ = 16.3 V 9.3 V
VCEQ = 7 V Solution:
MP = VCEQ = 7 V Pdc = IdcVCC (Eq. 12-17)
MPP = 2MP = 14 V Pdc = (15.84 mA)(15 V)
Pdc = 237.6 mW
or
Answer: The dc input power is 237.6 mW.
MP = ICQrc
MP = (45.59 mA) (150 ) 12-15. Given:
MP = 6.85 V MPP = 10.62 V (from Prob. 12-3)
MPP = 2MP = 13.7 V RL = 2.7 k
Answer: The maximum peak-to-peak voltage is 13.7 V. Pdc = 237.6 mW (from Prob. 12-14)
12-11. Given: Solution:
Pout = 2 W Pout(max) = MPP2/8RL (Eq. 12-15)
Pin = 4 mW Pout = (10.62 V)2/8(2.7 k)
Pout = 5.22 mW
Solution:
= [Pout/Pin]100%
AP = Pout/Pin (Eq. 12-12) = [5.22 mW/237.6 mW]100%
AP = 2 W/4 mW = 2.2%
AP = 500
Answer: The efficiency is 2.2%.
Answer: The power gain is 500.
12-16. Given:
12-12. Given:
ICQ = 9.77 mA (from Prob. 12-2)
Vout = 15 V pp VCEQ = 6.21 V (from Prob. 12-3)
RL = 1 k
Pin = 400 W Solution:
Solution: PDQ = VCEQ ICQ (Eq. 12-16)
2 PDQ = (6.21 V)(9.77 mA)
Pout = V /8R PDQ = 60.7 mW
Pout = (15 V)2/8 k
Pout = 28.1 mW Answer: The quiescent power dissipation is 60.7 mW.
AP = Pout/Pin (Eq. 12-12) 12-17. Given:
AP = 28.1 mW/400 W R1 = 200
AP = 70.3 R2 = 100
Answer: The power gain is 70.3. RC = 100
RE = 68
12-13. Given: RL = 100
R1 = 2 k VCC = 30 V
R2 = 470 VBE = 0.7 V
RC = 680 VBB = 10 V (from Prob. 12-7)
RE = 220 Solution:
RL = 2.7 k
VCC = 15 V Ibias = VCC/(R1 + R2)
VBE = 0.7 V Ibias = 30 V/(200 + 100 )
RG = 50 Ibias = 100 mA
VBB = 2.85 V (from Prob. 12-2) VE = VBB VBE
Solution: VE = 10 V 0.7 V
VE = 9.3 V
Ibias = VCC/(R1 + R2)
Ibias = 15 V/(2 k + 470 ) IE = VE/RE
Ibias = 6.07 mA IE = 9.3 V/68
IE = 136.8 mA 137 mA
VE = VBB VBE (Eq. 8-2)

1-56
 Idc = Ibias + IE Solution:
Idc = 100 mA + 137 mA Pout = out2/8RL (Eq. 12-15)
Idc = 237 mA Pout = (5 V)2/8(3.2 )
Answer: The current drain is 237 mA. Pout = 0.977 W
12-18. Given: Ibias = VCC/(R1 + R2)
Idc = 2.37 mA (from Prob. 12-17) Ibias = 10 V/(10 + 2.2 )
VCC = 30V Ibias = 0.82 A
Solution: VBB = [R2/(R1 + R2)]VCC (Eq. 8-1)
VBB = [2.2 /(10 + 3.2 )] 10 V
Pdc = IdcVCC VBB = 1.80 V
Pdc = (237 mA)(30 V)
Pdc = 7.11 W VE = VBB VBE (Eq. 8-2)
VE = 1.80 V 0.7 V
Answer: The dc input power is 7.11 W. VE = 1.10 V
12-19. Given: IE = VE/RE (Eq. 8-3)
MPP = 2MP = 13.7 V (from Prob. 12-10) IE = 1.10 V/1
Pdc = 7.11 W (from Prob. 12-18) IE = 1.1 A
RL = 100 Idc = Ibias + IE
Solution: Idc = 0.82 A + 1.1 A
Idc = 1.92 A
Pout(max) = MPP2/8RL
Pout = (13.7 V)2/8(100 ) Pdc = IdcVCC (Eq. 12-17)
Pout = 235 mW Pdc = (1.92 A)(10 V)
Pdc = 19.2 W
= [Pout/Pin]100%
= [235 mW/7.11 W]100% = [Pout/Pin]100%
= 3.3% = [0.977 W/19.2 W]100%
= 5.1%
Answer: The efficiency is 3.3%.
Answer: The output power is 0.977 W, and the
12-20. Given: efficiency is 5.1%.
ICQ = 137 mA (from Prob. 12-7) 12-23. Given:
VCEQ = 7 V (from Prob. 12-8)
Vcut-off = 12 V
Solution:
Solution:
PDQ = VCEQICQ
PDQ = (7 V)(137 mA) MPP = 12 Vcut-off
PDQ = 960 mW MPP = 2(12 V)
MPP = 24 V
Answer: The quiescent power dissipation is 960 mW.
Answer: The maximum peak-to-peak voltage is 24 V.
12-21. Given:
12-24. Given:
R1 = 10
R2 = 2.2 VCC = MPP = 30 V
RE = 1 RL = 16
VCC = 10 V Solution:
VBE = 0.7 V
PD(max) = MPP2/40RL
Solution: PD(max) = (30 V)2/40(16 )
VBB = [R2/(R1 + R2)]VCC (Eq. 8-1) PD(max) = 1.41 W
VBB = [2.2 /(10 + 2.2 )]10 V Answer: The maximum power dissipation of each
VBB = 1.80 V transistor is 1.41 W.
VE = VBB VBE (Eq. 8-2) 12-25. Given:
VE = 1.80 V 0.7 V
VE = 1.10 V VCC = MPP = 30 V
RL = 16
IE = VE/RE (Eq. 8-3)
IE = 1.1 V/1 Solution:
IE = 1.1 A Pout(max) = MPP2/8RL
Answer: The dc emitter current is 1.1 A. Pout(max) = (30 V)2/8(16 )
Pout(max) = 7.03 W
12-22. Given:
Answer: The maximum output power is 7.03 W.
R1 = 10
R2 = 2.2 12-26. Given:
RE = 1 R1 = 100
VCC = 10 V R2 = 100
VBE = 0.7 V RL = 50
RC = 3.2 VCC = 30 V
Vout = 5 V pp VDiode = 0.7 V

1-57
 Solution: VBB = 10.7 V
Ibias = (VCC 2VDiode)/(R1 + R2) VE = 10 V
Ibias = 28.6 V/(100 + 100 ) Second Stage:
Ibias = 143 mA R1 = 12 k
ICEQ Ibias = 143 mA R2 = 1 k
Answer: The quiescent collector current is 143 mA. RE = 100 k
= 200
12-27. Given: VCC = 30 V
VCC = MPP = 30 V Solution:
RL = 50
re = 25 mV/IE
Solution: re = 25 mV/(10 V/1 k)
Ibias = (VCC 2VDiode)/(R1 + R2) re = 2.5
Ibias = 28.6 V/(100 + 100 ) re = RE (second stage)
Ibias = 143 mA re = 100
Idc = 238 mA rc = RC||Zin(Stage 2)
Pdc = IdcVCC Zin(Stage 2) = 12 k||910 || re
Pdc = 238 mA(30 V) rc = 1 k||12 k||910 ||200(100 )
Pdc = 7.14 W rc = 496
Pout(max) = MPP2/8RL Av(Stage 1) = rc / re
Pout(max) = (30 V)2/8(50 ) Av(Stage 1) = 496 /2.5
Pout(max) = 2.25 W Av(Stage 1) = 188
= [Pout/Pin]100% Answer: The voltage gain of the first stage is 188.
= [2.25 W/750 mW]100% 12-31. Given for 2nd Stage:
= 31.5%
R1 = 12 k
Answer: The efficiency is 31.5%. R2 = 1 k
12-28. Given: RE = 100
RC = 1 k
VCC = MPP = 30 V VE = 1.43 V
RL = 50
3rd Stage:
Solution:
= 200
Ibias = (VCC 2VDiode)/(R1 + R2) VCC = 30 V
Ibias = 28.6 V/(1 k + 1 k) RE = 100
Ibias = ICQ = 14.3 mA
Solution:
Idc = 110 mA
IE = VE/RE (Eq. 8-3)
Pdc = IdcVCC IE = 1.43 V/100
Pdc = 110 mA(30 V) IE = 14.3 mA
Pdc = 3.3 W
re = 25 mV/IE (Eq. 9-10)
Pout(max) = MPP2/8RL re = 25 mV/(14.3 mA)
Pout(max) = (30 V)2/8(50 ) re = 1.75
Pout(max) = 2.25 W
re = RE (second stage)
= [Pout/Pin]100% re = 100
= [2.25 W/3.3 W]100% Zin(base) = re (Eq. 10-9)
= 68.3% Zin(base) = 200(100)
Answer: The efficiency is 68.3% and the quiescent Zin(base) = 20 k
collector current is 14.3 mA. rc = RC||Zin(base)
12-29. Given: rc = 1 k||20 k
MPP = 30 V rc = 952
RL = 100 Av = rc/(re + re )
Solution: Av = 952 /(100 + 1.75 )
Av = 9.36
Pout(max) = MPP2/8RL
Answer: The gain of the second stage is 9.36.
Pout(max) = (30 V)2/8(100 )
Pout(max) = 1.13 W 12-32. Given:
Answer: The maximum power output is 1.13 W. IE = 14.3 mA
12-30. Given for 1st stage: Solution:
ICQ = Ibias = 14.3 mA
R1 = 10 k
R2 = 5.6 k Answer: The quiescent collector current is 14.3 mA.
RC = 1 k 12-33. Given:
RE = 1 k Av1 = 188 (from Prob. 12-30)
Av2 = 9.36 (from Prob. 12-31)

1-58
 Solution: Answer: The output power is 31.25 mW.
Av3 = 1 (Eq. 12-25) 12-40. Given: VCC = 30 V.
Av = Av1Av2Av3 Solution:
Av = (188)(9.36)(1)
Av = 1679 MPP = 2 VCC (Eq. 12-38)
MPP = 2(30 V)
Answer: The total voltage gain is 1679. MPP = 60 V
12-34. Given: vin = 5 Vrms. Pout = MPP2/8RL (Eq. 12-15)
Solution: Pout = (60 V pp)2/8(10 k)
Vpp = 2.828 Vrms. Pout = 45 mW
Vpp = 2.828(5 V) Answer: The maximum output power is 45 mW.
Vpp = 14.14 V pp 12-41. Given:
Since the input is clamped at 0.7 V, the negative peak is Idc = 0.5 mA
13.44 V. The average value is 6.37 V, so the VCC = 30 V
voltmeter will read 6.37 V.
Solution:
Answer: The input voltage is 14.14 V pp, and the base
voltage is 6.37 V. Pdc = VCCIdc (Eq. 12-17)
Pdc = (30 V)(0.5 mA)
12-35. Given: Pdc = 15 mW
L = 1 H Answer: The dc input power is 15 mW.
C = 220 pF
12-42. Given:
Solution:
Idc = 0.4 mA
fr = 1/(2 LC ) (Eq. 12-29) VCC = 30 V
fr = 1/[2 (1 H)(220pF)] vout = 30 V pp
fr = 10.73 MHz RL = 10 k
Answer: The resonant frequency is 10.73 MHz. Solution:
12-36. Given: Pdc = VCCIdc (Eq. 12-17)
L = 2 H Pdc = (30 V)(0.4 mA)
C = 220 pF Pdc = 12 mW
Solution: Pout = vout2/8RL (Eq. 12-14)
fr = 1/(2 LC ) (Eq. 12-29) Pout = (30 V pp)2/8(10 k)
fr = 1/[2 (2H)(220 pF)] Pout = 11.25 mW
fr = 7.59 MHz = (Pout/Pin)100% (Eq. 12-18)
Answer: The resonant frequency is 7.59 MHz. = (11.25 mW/12 mW)100%
= 93.75%
12-37. Given:
Answer: The efficiency is 93.75%.
L = 1 H
C = 100 pF 12-43. Given:
Solution: Q = 125
fr = 10.73 MHz (from Prob. 12-35)
fr = 1/(2 LC ) (Eq. 12-29)
fr = 1/[2 (1H)(100pF)] Solution:
fr = 15.92 MHz B = fr/Q
Answer: The resonant frequency is 15.92 MHz. B = 10.73 MHz/125
B = 85.84 kHz
12-38. Given:
Answer: The bandwidth is 85.84 kHz.
Pout = 11 mW
Pin = 50 W 12-44. Given:

Solution: Q = 125
fr = 10.73 MHz (from Prob. 12-35)
Ap = Pout/Pin (Eq. 12-12) RL = 10 k
Ap = 11 mW/50 W MPP = 60 V (from Prob. 12-40)
Ap = 220 L = 1 H
Answer: The power gain is 220. Solution:
12-39. Given: XL = 2fL
vout = 50 V pp XL = 2(3.14)(10.73 MHz)(1 H)
RL = 10 k XL = 67.38
Solution: RP = QXL (Eq. 12-33)
2 RP = (125)(67.38 )
Pout = vout /8RL (Eq. 12-14) RP = 8.42 k
Pout = (50 V pp)2/8(10 k)
Pout = 31.25 mW rC = RP||RL (Eq. 12-34)

1-59
 rC = 8.42 k||10 k Solution:
rC = 4.57 k The left side of the dc load line is IC(Sat), and the right
PD = MPP2/40rC (Eq. 12-39) side is VCC. The Q point is ICQ, VCEQ. The ac load line
PD = (60 V)2/40(4.57 k) passes through the Q point. The right side of the ac load
PD = 19.7 mW line is ICQ rc above the Q point, or 11.52 V. This gives
Answer: The worst-case power dissipation is 19.7 mW. the line a slope of ICQ/ICQ rc = 9.77 mA/5.31 V = 1.84
mA/V. To find the ac saturation current, take the ac
12-45. Given: voltage maximum multiplied by the slope = (11.52 V)
PD = 625 mW (1.84 mA/V) = 21.2 mA.
D = 5 mW/C Answer: See the graph.
TA = 100C
Solution:
P = D(TA 25C) (Eq. 12-40)
P = (5 mW/C)(100C 25C)
P = 375 mW
PD(max) = PD P
PD(max) = 625 mW 375 mW
PD(max) = 250 mW
Answer: The worst-case power rating is 250 mW.
12-46. Given: Derating curve on Fig. 12-36. 12-53. Answer:
Answer: The maximum dissipation at 100C is 2 W. PL: The power across the load resistor should increase
because the emitter current is increased, the gain is
12-47. Given:
slightly increased, and the output voltage and the output
PD = 115 W power will increase.
D = 0.657 W/C
PD: Since MPP is reduced, the PD is also reduced
TC = 90C
(PD = MPP2/40rc).
Solution:
PS: A higher VCC will cause the input power to increase
P = D(TC 25C) (Eq. 12-40) (P = V2/R).
P = (0.657 W/C)(90C 25C)
MPP: A higher VCC will cause the emitter voltage to
P = 42.7 W
increase and thus the emitter current to increase. This
PD(max) = PD P causes an increase in the collector resistor voltage drop,
PD(max) = 115 W 42.7 W which reduces VCEQ and, in turn, the MPP.
PD(max) = 72.3 W
: Since the dc input power is increased and the output
Answer: The power rating is 72.3 W with a case power is increased, the efficiency remains constant.
temperature of 90C.
12-54. Answer:
PL: The power across the load resistor should decrease
CRITICAL THINKING because the emitter current is decreased, the gain is
slightly decreased, and the output voltage and the output
12-48. Answer: The input is larger than the maximum allowed
power will increase.
input for an undistorted output. The input is driving the
output into saturation, clipping the wave off, and turning PD: Since MPP is increased, the PD is also increased
it into a square wave. (PD = MPP2/40rc).
12-49. Answer: Electrically, it would be safe to touch, but it PS: A higher R1 will cause the input power to decrease
may be hot and cause a burn. (P = V2/R).
12-50. Answer: No, the maximum efficiency of anything is MPP: A higher R1 will cause the emitter voltage to
100 percent. It is impossible to get more power out of a decrease and thus the emitter current to decrease. This
device than is put into the device. causes a decrease in the collector resistor voltage drop,
which will increase VCEQ and, in turn, increase the MPP.
12-51. Answer: No, the ac load line is more vertical because the
ac collector resistance is usually less than the dc : Since the dc input power is decreased and the output
collector resistance. If the collector had an inductor power is decreased, the efficiency is not changed.
instead of a resistor, the ac resistance would be greater 12-55. Answer:
than the dc resistance and make the ac load line less
vertical. PL: The power across the load resistor should increase
because the emitter current is increased, the gain is
12-52. Given: slightly increased, and the output voltage and the output
IC(Sat) = 16.67 mA (from Prob. 12-1) power will increase.
VCC = 15 V PD: Since MPP is reduced, the PD is also reduced
ICQ = 9.77 mA (from Prob. 12-2) (PD = MPP2/40rc).
MP = ICQ rc = 5.31 V (from Prob. 12-3)
VCEQ = 6.21 V (from Prob. 12-3) PS: A higher R2 will cause the input power to decrease
(P = V2/R).

1-60
 Solution: VDSQ = VD VS
VGS(off) = VP (Eq. 13-2) VDSQ = 20.45 V 10 V
VP = 6 V VDSQ = 10.45 V
RDS = VP/IDSS (Eq. 13-1)
RDS = 6 V/30 mA
RDS = 200
VD = [RDS/(RDS + RD)]VDD
VD = [200 /(200 + 20 k)]20 V
VD = 0.198 V
Answer: The drain voltage is 0.198 V.
13-12. Given:
VDD = 20 V DC load line and Q point for Prob. 13-14.
RD = 10 k
VGS(off) = 6 V 13-15. Given:
IDSS = 30 mA VDD = 25 V
Solution: VSS = 25 V
RD = 7.5 k
ID(Sat) = VDD/RD
RS = 18 k
ID(Sat) = 20 V/10 k
ID(Sat) = 2 mA Solution:
VGS(off) = VP. (Eq. 13-2) ID = VSS/RS (Eq. 13-12)
VP = 6 V ID = 25 V/18 k
ID = 1.39 mA
RDS = VP/IDSS (Eq. 13-1)
RDS = 6 V/30 mA VD = VDD IDRD (Eq. 13-4)
RDS = 200 VD = 25 V (1.39 mA)(7.5 k)
VD = 14.58 V
VD = [RDS/(RDS + RD)]VDD
VD = [200 /(200 + 10 k)]20 V Answer: The drain voltage is 14.58 V.
VD = 0.392 V 13-16. Given:
Answer: The drain saturation current is 2 mA, and the VDD = 25 V
drain voltage is 0.392 V. VSS = 25 V
RD = 7.5 k
13-13. Given:
RS = 30 k
R1 = 1.5 M
Solution:
R2 = 1 M
RS = 22 k ID = VSS/RS (Eq. 13-12)
RD = 10 k ID = 25 V/30 k
VDD = 25 V ID = 0.833 mA
Solution: VD = VDD IDRD (Eq. 13-4)
VD = 25 V (0.833 mA)(7.5 k)
VG = [R2/(R1 + R2)]VDD VD = 18.75 V
VG = [1 M/(1.5 M + 1 M)] 25 V
VG = 10 V Answer: The drain voltage is 18.75 V.
ID = VG/RS (Eq. 13-10) 13-17. Given:
ID = 10 V/22 k VDD = 15 V
ID = 0.455 mA VEE = 9 V
VD = VDD IDRD (Eq. 13-4) RD = 7.5 k
VD = 25 V (0.455 mA)(10 k) RE = 8.2 k
VD = 20.45 V VBE = 0.7 V
Answer: The drain voltage is 20.45 V. Solution:
13-14. Given: ID = (VEE VBE)/RE (Eq. 13-13)
R1 = 1.5 M ID = (9 V 0.7 V)/8.2 k
R2 = 1 M ID = 1.01 mA
RS = 22 k VD = VDD IDRD (Eq. 13-4)
RD = 10 k VD = 15 V (1.01 mA)(7.5 k)
VDD = 25 V VD = 7.43 V
VG = 10 V (from Prob. 13-13) Answer: The drain voltage is 7.43 V, and the drain
ID = 0.455 mA (from Prob. 13-13) current is 1.01 mA.
VD = 20.45 V (from Prob. 13-13) 13-18. Given:
Solution: VDD = 15 V
ID(Sat) = VDD/(RD + RS) VEE = 9 V
ID(Sat) = 25 V/(10 k + 22 k) RD = 4.7 k
ID(Sat) = 0.781 mA RE = 8.2 k
VS VG VBE = 0.7 V
1-63
 Solution: Answer: The gate-source voltage is 5.0 V, and the drain
ID = (VEE VBE)/RE (Eq. 13-13) current is 1 mA and the drain-source voltage is 14.8 V.
ID = (9 V 0.7 V)/8.2 k 13-25. Given:
ID = 1.01 mA
gm0 = 4000 S
VD = VDD IDRD (Eq. 13-4) IDSS = 10 mA
VD = 15 V (1.01 mA)(4.7 k)
VD = 10.25 V Solution:
Answer: The drain voltage is 10.25 V, and the drain VGS(off) = 2I/DSS/gm0 (Eq. 13-15)
current is 1.01 mA. VGS(off) = 2(10 mA)/4000 S
VGS(off) = 5 V
13-19. Given:
gm = gm0 [1 (VGS/VGS(off))] (Eq.13-16)
VDD = 25 V
gm = 4000 S[1 (1 V/5V)]
RD = 8.2 k
gm = 3200 S
RS = 1 k
ID = 1.5 mA Answer: The gate-source cutoff voltage is 5 V, and the
Solution: gm0 for VGS = 1 V is 3200 S.
VGS = IDRS (Eq. 13-7) 13-26. Given:
VGS = (1.5 mA)(1 k) gm0 = 1500 S
VGS = 1.5 V IDSS = 2.5 mA
VD = VDD IDRD IDRS VGS = 1 V
VD = 25 V (1.5 mA)(8.2 k) (1.5 mA)(1 k) Solution:
VD = 11.2 V
VGS(off) = 2IDSS/gm0 (Eq. 13-15)
Answer: The gate-source voltage is 1.5 V, and the VGS(off) = 2(2.5 mA)/1500 S
drain-source voltage is 11.2 V. VGS(off) = 3.33 V
13-20. Given: gm = gm0 [1 (VGS/VGS(off))] (Eq. 13-16)
VDD = 25 V gm = 1500 S[1 (1 V/3.3 V)]
RD = 8.2 k gm = 1045 S
RS = 1 k
Answer: The gm for VGS = 1 V is 1045 S.
VS = 1.5 V
Solution: 13-27. Given:
ID = VS/RS gm0 = 6000 S
ID = 1.5 V/1 k IDSS = 12 mA
ID = 1.5 mA VGS = 2 V
VD = VDD IDRD Solution:
VD = 25 V (1.5 mA)(8.2 k) VGS(off) = 2IDSS/gm0 (Eq. 13-15)
VD = 12.7 V VGS(off) = 2(12 mA)/6000 S
Answer: The drain voltage is 12.7 V. VGS(off) = 4 V
13-21. Given: Since the ratio of VGS to VGS(off) is one-half, the
VDD = 25 V following equation can be used:
RD = 10 k ID/IDSS = 1/4
RS = 22 k ID = 1/4(IDSS)
R1 = 1.5 M ID = 1/4(12 mA)
R2 = 1 M ID = 3 mA
Answer: The gate-source voltage is 2.5 V, and the drain gm = gm0 [1 (VGS/VGS(off))] (Eq. 13-16)
current is 0.55 mA. gm = 6000 S[1 (2 V/4 V)]
13-22. Given: gm = 3000 S
VDD = 15 V Answer: The drain current is 3 mA, and the transcon-
RG = 2.2 M ductance is 3000 S.
RE = 8.2 k 13-28. Given:
VEE = 9 V
VDD = 30 V
Answer: The gate-source voltage is 2.0 V, and the drain
R1 = 20 M
voltage is 7.5 V.
R2 = 10 M
13-23. Given: RD = 1 k
VDD = 25 V RS = 2 k
RG = 1.5 M RL = 10 k
RS = 1 k vin = 2 mV
Answer: The gate-source voltage is 2.0 V, and the drain gm = 3000 S
current is 1.5 mA. Solution:
13-24. Given: rd = RD||RL
VDD = 25 V rd = 1 k||10 k
RG = 1.5 M rd = 909
RS = 2 k
1-64
 Av = gmrd (Eq. 13-17) 13-31. Given:
Av = (3000 S)(909 ) VDD = 30 V
Av = 2.73 R1 = 20 M
vout = Av(vin) R2 = 10 M
vout = (2.73)(2 mV) RS = 3.3 k
vout = 5.46 mV RL = 1 k
vin = 5 mV
Answer: The output voltage is 5.46 mV.
IDSS = 6 mA (from the graph)
13-29. Given: VGS(off) = 4 V (from the graph)
VDD = 30 V rS = 767 (from Prob. 13-30)
R1 = 20 M Solution:
R2 = 10 M VGS(off) = 2IDSS/gm0 (Eq. 13-15)
RD = 1 k gm0 = 2IDSS/VGS(off)
RS = 2 k gm0 = 2(6 mA)/ 4 V
RL = 10 k gm0 = 3000 S
vin = 2 mV
IDSS = 12 mA (from the graph) VG = [R2/(R1 + R2)]VDD
VGS(off) = 4 V (from the graph) VG = [10 M/(20 M + 10 M)] 30 V
VG = 10 V
Solution:
ID = VG/RS (Eq. 13-7)
rd = RD||RL ID = 10 V/3.3 k
rd = 1 k||10 k ID 3 mA
rd = 909
From the graph, VGS is roughly 1.25 V when ID = 3
VGS(off) = 2IDSS/gm0 (Eq. 13-15) mA. With Eq. (13-16), gm = 2060 S.
gm0 = -2IDSS/VGS(off) With Eq. (13-18):
gm0 = 2(12 mA)/4 V
gm0 = 6000 S gmrS = (2060 S)(767 ) = 1.58
Av = 1.58/(1 + 1.58) = 0.612
VG = [R2/(R1 + R2)]VDD
VG = [10 M/(20 M + 10 M)] 30 V vout = Avin
VG = 10 V vout = (0.612)(5 mV)
vout = 3.06 mV
ID = VG/RS (Eq. 13-10)
ID = 10 V/2 k Answer: The output voltage is 3.06 mV.
ID = 5 mA 13-32. Given:
From the graph, VGS is approximately 1.4 V when ID is Rin = 22 k
5 mA. vin = 50 mV pp
With Eq. 13-16, gm0 = 3900 S. Then: IDSS = 10 mA
VP = 2 V
Av = gmrd (Eq. 13-17)
Av = (3900 S)(909 ) Solution:
Av = 3.54 RDS = VP/IDSS (Eq. 13-1)
vout = Av(vin) RDS = 2 V/10 mA
vout = 3.54(2 mV) RDS = 200
vout = 7.09 mV With VGS at 10 V the JFET is cut off and appears as an
open; thus vout = vin = 50 mV pp.
Answer: The output voltage is 7.09 mV.
With VGS at 0 V, the JFET is conducting and a voltage
13-30. Given: divider is created with the input resistance.
VDD = 30 V vout = [RDS/(RDS + Rin)]vin
R1 = 20 M vout = [200 /(200 + 22 k)]50 mV pp
R2 = 10 M vout = 0.45 mV pp
RS = 3.3 k
RL = 1 k On-off ratio = vout(max)/vout(min) (Eq. 13-19)
vin = 5 mV On-off ratio = 50 mV pp/0.45 mV pp
gm = 2000 S On-off ratio =111
Solution: Answer: The output voltage at a VGS of 10 V is 50 mV
pp, the output voltage at a VGS of 0 V is 0.45 mV pp, and
rS = RS||RL the on-off ratio is 111.
rS = 3.3 k||1 k
rS = 767 13-33. Given:
Av = (gmrs)/(1 + gmrs) (Eq. 13-18) Rout = 33 k
Av = (2000 S)(767 )/[1 + (2000 S)(767 )] vin = 25 mV pp
Av = 0.605 IDSS = 5 mA
VP = 3 V
vout = Av(vin)
vout = (0.605)(5 mV) Solution:
vout = 3.03 mV RDS = VP/IDSS (Eq. 13-1)
Answer: The output voltage is 3.03 mV.

1-65
 RDS = 3 V/5 mA VBE = 0.7 V
RDS = 600 gm = 2000 S
With VGS at 10 V the JFET is cut off and appears as an vin = 3 mV
open; thus vin = 0 mV pp. Solution:
With VGS at 0 V, the JFET is conducting and a voltage ID = (VEE VBE)/RE (Eq. 13-13)
divider is created with the output resistance. ID = (10 V 0.7 V)/4.7 k
ID = 2 mA
vout = [Rout/(RDS + Rout)]vin
vout = [33 k/(600 + 33 k)]25 mV pp VD = VDD IDRD (Eq. 13-4)
vout = 24.55 mV pp VD = 15 V (2 mA)(3.3 k)
VD = 8.4 V
On-off ratio = vout(max)/vout(min) (Eq. 13-19)
On-off ratio = 24.55 mV pp/0 mV pp rd = RD||RL
On-off ratio = rd = 3.3 k||15 k
rd = 2.7 k
Answer: The output voltage at a VGS of 10 V is 0 mV
Av = gmrd (Eq. 13-17)
pp, the output voltage at a VGS of 0 V is 24.55 mV pp,
Av = (2000 S)(2.7 k)
and the on-off ratio is .
Av = 5.4
vout = Av(vin)
CRITICAL THINKING vout = (5.4)(3 mV)
vout = 16.2 mV
13-34. Answer:
Answer: The drain voltage is 8.4 V, and the output
IDSS = 20 mA voltage is 16.2 mV.
VDS(max) = 5 V for the ohmic region
VDS = 5 to 30 V in the active range 13-38. Answer:
a. Multiply 4 mA and 510 to get 2.04 V.
13-35. Given:
b. It must equal 2.04 V.
VGS(off) = 8 V (from the graph) c. Because of the linearity of the circuit, the meter reads
IDSS = 32 mA (from the graph) half of maximum, or 0.5 mA.
VGS(1) = 4 V 13-39. Given:
VGS(2) = 2 V
IDSS = 16 mA
Solution: RDS = 200
VGS(off) = 2IDSS/gm0 (Eq. 13-15) RL = 10 k
gm0 = 2IDSS/VGS(off) VDD = 30 V
gm0 = 2(32 mA)/8 V Solution: Since VGS is 0 V, it is operating in the active
gm0 = 8000 S region. The JFET appears to be a current source, but
gm = gm0 [1 (VGS/VGS(off))] (Eq. 13-16) since the load is so large, the power supply cannot
gm = 8000 S[1 (VGS/8 V)] supply enough voltage to produce that current and it
drops into the ohmic region and the JFET acts like
ID = IDSS[1 (VGS(1)/VGS(off))]2 (Eq. 13-3) resistor.
ID = 32 mA[1 (4 V/8V)]2
ID = 8 mA I = VDD/(RDS + RL)
I = 30 V/(200 + 10 k)
ID = IDSS[1 (VGS(2)/VGS(off))]2 (Eq. 13-3) I = 2.94 mA
ID = 32 mA[1 (2 V/8V)]2
ID = 8 mA VDS = IRDS
VDS = (2.94 mA)(200 )
Answer: The transconductance equation is gm = 8000 S VDS = 0.59 V
[1 (VGS/8 V)], the drain current at 4 V is 8 mA, and
If the load is shorted, RL = 0 and the JFET operates in
the drain current at 2 V is 18 mA.
the active region.
13-36. Given: I = IDSS
VGS(off) = 5 V (from the graph) I = 16 mA
IDSS = 12 mA (from the graph) VDS = VDD
VGS(1) = 1 V VDS = 30 V
Solution: Answer: During normal operation, the current is 2.94 mA
ID = IDSS[1 (VGS(1)/VGS(off))]2 (Eq. 13-3) and the voltage across the JFET is 0.59 V. With the load
ID = 12 mA[1 (1 V/5V)]2 shorted, the current is 16 mA and the voltage is 30 V.
ID = 7.68 mA 13-40. Answer:
Answer: The drain current is 7.68 mA. a. The gm0 is 6000 S. Multiply this by 1 k to get a
13-37. Given: voltage gain of 6.
b. At 1 V, the gm is 4500 S and the voltage gain is
VDD = 15 V 4.5.
VEE = 10 V c. 3
RD = 3.3 k d. 1.5
RE = 4.7 k e. 0.75

1-66
 ID = IDSS(1 (VGS/VGS(off)))2 Answer: The drain current is 12 mA and the drain-
ID = 4 mA(1 (1 V/2.0 V))2 source voltage is 6.36 V.
ID = 1 mA 14-5. Given:
ID = IDSS(1 (VGS/VGS(off)))2 gm0 = 4000 S
ID = 4 mA(1 (1.5 V/2.0 V))2 RD = 470
ID = 0.25 mA RL = 2 k
Answer: Vin = 100 mV
VGS = 0.5 V, ID = 2.25 mA Solution:
VGS = 1 V, ID = 1 mA rd = RD||RL
VGS = 1.5 V, ID = 250 mA rd = 470 ||2 k
14-2. Given: rd = 381
VGS = 0.5 V Av = gmrd
VGS = 1.0 V Av = (4000 S)(381 )
VGS = 1.5 V Av = 1.52
VGS = +0.5 V vout = VinAv
VGS = +1.0 V vout = (100 mV)(1.52)
VGS = +1.5 V vout = 152 mV
VGS(off) = 2 V
IDSS = 4 mA Answer: The voltage gain is 1.52, the voltage out is
152 mV, and rd is 381 .
Solution:
14-6. Given:
ID = IDSS(1 (VGS/VGS(off)))2 (Eq. 14-1)
ID = 4 mA(1 (+0.5 V/2.0 V))2 gm0 = 4000 S
ID = 6.25 mA RD = 680
RL = 10 k
ID = IDSS(1 (VGS/VGS(off)))2 (Eq. 14-1) Vin = 100 mV
ID = 4 mA(1 (+1 V/2.0 V))2
ID = 9 mA Solution:
2
ID = IDSS(1 (VGS/VGS(off))) (Eq. 14-1) rd = RD||RL
ID = 4 mA(1 (+1.5 V/2.0 V))2 rd = 680 ||10 k
ID = 12.25 mA rd = 637
Answer: Av = gmrd
Av = (4000 S)(637 )
VGS = 0.5 V, ID = 6.25 mA Av = 2.55
VGS = 1 V, ID = 9 mA
VGS = 1.5 V, ID = 12.25 mA vout = VinAv
vout = (100 mV)(2.55)
14-3. Given: vout = 255 mV
VGS = 1.0 V Answer: The voltage gain is 2.55, the voltage out is
VGS = 2.0 V 255 mV, and rd is 637 .
VGS = 0 V
VGS = +1.5 V 14-7. Given:
VGS = +2.5 V gm0 = 4000 S
VGS(off) = +3 V RD = 680
IDSS = 12 mA RL = 10 k
Solution: Vin = 100 mV
RG = 1 M
ID = IDSS(1 (VGS/VGS(off)))2 (Eq. 14-1)
ID = 4 mA(1 (+1.5 V/+3.0V))2 Solution:
ID = 3 mA Zin RG 1 M
ID = IDSS(1 (VGS/VGS(off)))2 (Eq. 14-1) Answer: The input impedance is approximately 1 M.
ID = 4 mA(1 (2.5 V/+3.0 V))2
ID = 0.333 mA 14-8a. Given:

Answer: VDS(on) = 0.1 V

ID(on) = 10 mA
VGS = 1.5 V, ID = 3 mA
VGS = 2.5 V, ID = 333 A Solution:
14-4. Given: RDS(on) = VDS(on)/ID(on) (Eq. 14-1)
RDS(on) = 0.1 V/10 mA
VGS(off) = 3 V RDS(on) = 10
IDSS = 12 mA
Answer: The drain-source resistance is 10 .
Solution:
14-8b. Given:
VDS = VDD (IDSSRD) (Eq. 14-2)
VDS = 12 V ((12 mA)(470 )) VDS(on) = 0.25 V
VDS = 6.36 V ID(on) = 45 mA
ID = IDSS = 12 mA

1-68
 Solution: Solution:
RDS(on) = VDS(on)/ID(on) (Eq. 14-1) VDS = ID(Sat)RDS(on)
RDS(on) = 0.25 V/45 mA VDS = 200 mA (2 )
RDS(on) = 5.56 VDS = 0.4 V
Answer: The drain-source resistance is 5.56 . Answer: The voltage across the E-MOSFET is 0.4 V.
14-8c. Given: 14-10. Given:
VDS(on) = 0.75 V VGS(on) = 2.5 V (from Table 14-1)
ID(on) = 100 mA ID(on) = 100 mA (from Table 14-1)
Solution: RDS(on) = 10 (from Table 14-1)
VDD = 20 V
RDS(on) = VDS(on)/ID(on) (Eq. 14-1) RD = 390
RDS(on) = 0.75 V/100 mA
RDS(on) = 7.5 Solution:
Answer: The drain-source resistance is 7.5 . VD = [RDS(on)/(RDS(on) + RD)]VDD
VD = [10 /(10 + 390 )]20 V
14-8d. Given: VD = 0.5 V
VDS(on) = 0.15 V Answer: The voltage across the E-MOSFET is 0.5 V.
ID(on) = 200 mA
14-11. Given:
Solution:
VGS(on) = 2.6 V (from Table 14-1)
RDS(on) = VDS(on)/ID(on) (Eq. 14-1) ID(on) = 20 mA (from Table 14-1)
RDS(on) = 0.15 V/200 mA RDS(on) = 28 (from Table 14-1)
RDS(on) = 0.75 VDD = 15 V
Answer: The drain-source resistance is 0.75 . RD = 1.8 k
14-9a. Given: Solution:
VGS(on) = 3 V VD = [RDS(on)/(RDS(on) + RD)]VDD
ID(on) = 500 mA VD = [28 /(28 + 1.8 k)]15 V
RDS(on) = 2 VD = 0.23 V
ID(Sat) = 25 mA Answer: The drain voltage is 0.23 V.
Solution: 14-12. Given:
VDS = ID(Sat)RDS(on) VGS(on) = 5 V (from Table 14-1)
VDS = 25 mA (2 ) ID(on) = 200 mA (from Table 14-1)
VDS = 0.05 V RDS(on) = 7.5 (from Table 14-1)
Answer: The voltage across the E-MOSFET is 0.05 V. VDD = 25 V
RD = 150
14-9b. Given:
Solution:
VGS(on) = 3 V
ID(on) = 500 mA VD = [RD/(RDS(on) + RD)]VDD
RDS(on) = 2 VD = [150 /(7.5 + 150 )] 25 V
ID(Sat) = 50 mA VD = 23.8 V
Solution: Answer: The drain voltage is 23.8 V.
VDS = ID(Sat)RDS(on) 14-13. Given:
VDS = 50 mA (2 ) VGS(on) = 10 V (from Table 14-1)
VDS = 0.1 V ID(on) = 1 A (from Table 14-1)
Answer: The voltage across the E-MOSFET is 0.1 V. RDS(on) = 0.9 (from Table 14-1)
VDD = 12 V
14-9c. Given: RD = 18
VGS(on) = 3 V Solution:
ID(on) = 500 mA
RDS(on) = 2 VD = [RDS(on)/(RDS(on) + RD)]VDD
ID(Sat) = 100 mA VD = [0.9 /(0.9 + 18 )]12 V
VD = 0.57 V
Solution:
Answer: The drain voltage is 0.57 V.
VDS = ID(Sat)RDS(on)
VDS = 100 mA (2 ) 14-14. Given:
VDS = 0.2 V VGS(on) = 5 V (from Table 14-1)
Answer: The voltage across the E-MOSFET is 0.2 V. ID(on) = 200 mA (from Table 14-1)
RDS(on) = 7.5 (from Table 14-1)
14-9d. Given: VDD = 30 V
VGS(on) = 3 V RD = 1 k
ID(on) = 500 mA VLED = 2 V
RDS(on) = 2
ID(Sat) = 200 mA

1-69
 Solution: 14-20. Answer: Inverted.
ID = (VDD VLED)/(RDS(on) + RD) 14-21. Answer: The on MOSFET has an RDS(on) of 10 V divided
ID = (30 V 2 V)/(7.5 + 1 k) by 1 mA, which equals 10 k. The off MOSFET has an
ID = 27.8 mA RDS(off) of 10 V divided by 1 A, which equals 10 M.
Answer: The LED current is 27.8 mA. When the input voltage is high, the lower MOSFET is
on, and the output voltage is given by:
14-15. Given:
10 k
VGS(on) = 2.6 V (from Table 14-1) Vout = 12 V 0.012 V
ID(on) = 20 mA (from Table 14-1) 10.01 M
RDS(on) = 28 (from Table 14-1) When the input voltage is low, the lower MOSFET is
VDD = 20 V off, and the output voltage is given by:
RD = 1 k 10 M
Vout = 12 V 12 V
Solution: 10.01 M
ID = (VDD)/(RDS(on) + RD) 14-22. Given:
ID = (20 V)/(28 + 1 k) 12-V peak square-wave input
ID = 19.5 mA f = 1 kHz
IL = VDD/RL Assume the same values from the previous problem.
IL = 20 V/2
IL = 10 A Answer: The signal will be 180 out of phase and have a
maximum value of 12 V and a minimum value of 0 V.
Answer: The MOSFET current is 19.5 mA. The load
current is 10 A. 14-23. Given:
14-16. Given: VDD = 12 V
RDS(on) = 5 k
ID(active) = 1 mA
VDS(active) = 10 V Solution:
Solution: ID = VDD/2(RDS(on))
ID = 12 V/2(5 k)
RD = VDS(active)/ID(active) (Eq. 14-6) ID = 1.2 mA
RD = 10 V/1 mA
RD = 10 k Answer: The current is 1.2 mA.
Answer: The drain resistance is 10 k. 14-24. Given:

14-17. Given: VGS(on) = 10 V (from Table 14-2)

ID(on) = 2 A (from Table 14-2)
RDS(on) = 300 RDS(on) = 1.95 (from Table 14-2)
VDD = 12 V VDD = 12 V
RD = 8 k RD = 10
Solution: When the input is low, the lower MOSFET is Solution: When the input is low, the MOSFET is open
open and the output voltage is pulled up to the supply and no current flows. When the input is high, the
voltage. When the input is high, the lower MOSFET has MOSFET has a resistance of RDS(on) = 1.95 .
a resistance of 300 .
ID = (VDD)/(RDS(on) + RD)
vout = [RDS(on)/(RDS(on) + RD)]VDD ID = (12 V)/(1.95 + 10 )
vout = [300 /(300 + 8 k)]12 V ID = 1 A
vout = 0.43 V
Answer: The current is 0 A when the input is low, and
Answer: When the input voltage is low, the output 1 A when the input is high.
voltage is 12 V; when the input voltage is high, the
output voltage is 0.43 V. 14-25. Given:

14-18. Given: VGS(on) = 10 V (from Table 14-2)

RDS(on) = 150
VDD = 18 V
RD = 2 k
Solution: When the input is low, the lower MOSFET is
open and the output voltage is pulled up to the supply
voltage. When the input is high, the lower MOSFET has
a resistance of 150 .
vout = [RDS(on)/(RDS(on) + RD)]VDD
vout = [150 /(150 + 2 k)]18 V
vout = 1.26 V
Answer: When the input voltage is low, the output
voltage is 18 V; when the input voltage is high, the
output voltage is 1.26 V.
14-19. Answer: The output waveform is a square wave with an
upper peak of +12 V and a lower peak of 0.43 V.
ID(on) = 2 A (from Table 14-2)
RDS(on) = 1.95 (from Table 14-2)
VDD = 12 V
RD = 6
Solution: When the input is high, the MOSFET has a
resistance of RDS(on) = 1.95 .
ID = (VDD)/(RDS(on) + RD)
ID = (12 V)/(1.95 + 6 )
ID = 1.51 A
Answer: The current is 1.51 A when the input is high.
14-26. Given:
VGS(on) = 10 V (from Table 14-2)
ID(on) = 5 A (from Table 14-2)
RDS(on) = 1.07 (from Table 14-2)

1-70
 Solution: As the temperature rises 100C, the normalized VB = 12 V
resistance increases by a factor of 2.25. Thus 2.25/100C = V = 19 V
0.0225/C. The temperature increases 75C. Thus the R = 5 k
resistance increases by a factor of 75C(0.0225/C) = Solution: Just before breakover, the capacitor voltage
1.69. is VB.
0.17(1.69) = 0.29 I = (V VB)/R
Answer: The resistance at 100C is 0.29 . I = (19 V 12 V)/5 k
14-41. Given: I = 1.4 mA
Vin = 12 V While the diode is conducting, the voltage across it is
Turns ratio = 4:1 0.7 V.
Solution: The primary voltage will be 12 V. I = (V VD)/R
I = (19 V 0.7 V)/5 k
N1/N2 = 4 I = 3.66 mA
N1/N2 = V1/V2 (Eq. 4-14)
V2 = V1/(N1/N2) Answer: The current through the resistor just before
V2 = 12 V/4 breakover is 1.4 mA, and during conduction is 3.66 mA.
V2 = 3 V 15-3. Given:
Answer: The output voltage is 3 V. VD = 0.7 V
VB = 12 V
V = 19 V
R = 5 k
Chapter 15 Thyristors C = 0.2 F
SELF-TEST Solution:
1. c 9. b 17. d 25. d RC = (5 k)(0.02 F)
2. b 10. c 18. a 26. d RC = 0.1 ms
3. d 11. a 19. a 27. b T = 0.1 ms since the period equals the RC time
4. c 12. b 20. b 28. a f = 1/T
5. b 13. b 21. c 29. c f = 1/10.1 ms
6. b 14. d 22. b 30. b f = 10 kHz
7. a 15. d 23. c 31. a Answer: The RC time is 0.1 ms, and the frequency is
8. b 16. d 24. b 10 kHz.
15-4. Given:
JOB INTERVIEW QUESTIONS
VD = 0.7 V
5. The SCR remains latched once the initial stimulus is VB = 20 V
removed; the transistor does not. This prevents silencing IH = 3 mA
the alarm by a clever burglar or destruction of the sending R = 1 k
unit by fire or flood, etc.
Solution: Since the diode is open before breakover, no
6. In every section of the field.
current flows before the device breaks over. Thus when
7. Power-handling capability: The SCR can handle the most
the power supply reaches breakover voltage, the device
current, and the power FET the least current. Efficiency:
will break over.
The SCR is the most efficient since the control signal can
be removed once SCR is conducting, and the power FET is V = IH R + 0.7 V (Eq. 15-2)
the next-most efficient since its control current is low. V = (3 mA)(1 k) + 0.7 V
Control input: The power FET and BJT are easier to control V = 3.7 V
because they can be shut off using the control input. Answer: The power supply voltage will be 20 V at
Maximum frequency: The power FET switches the fastest. breakover and 3.7 V at dropout.
15-5. Given:
PROBLEMS
VD = 0.7 V
15-1. Given: VB = 12 V
VD = 0.7 V V = 19 V
IH = 4 mA R = 10 k
R = 1 k C = 0.06 F
Solution: Solution: The maximum voltage across the capacitor
will be breakover voltage, because as soon as the device
V = IH R + 0.7 V (Eq. 15-2) breaks over, the voltage drops to about 0.7 V.
V = (4 mA)(1 k) + 0.7 V
V = 4.7 V RC = (10 k)(0.06 F)
RC = 0.6 ms
Answer: The power supply voltage will be 4.7 V at
dropout. Answer: The maximum voltage across the capacitor is
12 V, and the time constant is 0.6 ms.
15-2. Given:
15-6. Given:
VD = 0.7 V

1-73
 VGT = 1.0 V 15-10. Given:
IGT = 2 mA VGT = 2 V
IH = 12 mA IGT = 8 mA
VCC = 12 V IH = 2 mA
RG = 2.2 k VCC = 12 V
R = 47 RG = 6.6 k
Solution: When the SCR is off, no current flows. The R = 141
output voltage when the SCR is off is the same as the Solution:
power supply voltage.
Vin = VGT + IGTRG (Eq. 15-1)
Vin = VGT + IGTRG (Eq. 15-1) Vin = 2 V + (8 mA)(6.6 k)
Vin = 1 V + (2 mA)(2.2 k) Vin = 54.8 V
Vin = 5.4 V
Answer: The input voltage required to turn on the SCR
V = IHR + 0.7 V (Eq. 15-2) is 54.8 V.
VCC = (12 mA)(47 ) + 0.7 V
VCC = 1.26 V 15-11. Given:
Answer: The output voltage when the SCR is off is 12 V. R = 750
The input voltage required to turn on the SCR is 5.4 V, R1 = 3.3 k
and the supply voltage required to turn the SCR off is R2 = 6.8 k
1.26 V. C = 4.7 F
15-7. Given: Solution:
VGT = 0.7 V RC = Rth(cap)C
IGT = 1.5 mA RC = (2.54 k)(4.7 F)
IH = 2 mA RC = 11.9 msec
VCC = 12 V Rth = R||R1
RG = 4.4 k Rth = 750||3.3 k
R = 94 Rth = 611
Solution: Answer: The charging time constant is 11.9 ms. and the
Vin = VGT + IGTRG (Eq. 15-1) Thevenin resistance is 611 .
Vin = 0.7 V + (1.5 mA)(4.4 k) 15-12. Given:
Vin = 7.3 V
R1 = 1 k
Answer: The input voltage required to turn on the SCR R2 = 4.6 k
is 7.3 V. C = 0.47 F
15-8. Answer: The highest output occurs when 0.8 V is across Solution:
the 500- resistor. The current through this resistor is
0.8 V divided by 500 , which equals 1.6 mA. This 1.6 mA XC = 1/(2fC)
must flow through the 3.3-k resistor. The 200 A of XC = 1/(2(60 Hz)(0.47 F)
gate current must also flow through the 3.3-k resistor. XC = 5644
If we ignore the 200 A on the grounds that it is much Z = R2 + X 2
smaller than 1.6 mA, we get an approximate answer of: Z = 5.6 k 2 + 5.644 k 2
V = 0.8 V + (1.6 mA)(3.3 k) = 6.08 V Z = 7.95 k
If we include the 200 A, we get a slightly larger output X
voltage: Z = arctan C
R
V = 0.8 V + (1.6 mA + 200 A)(3.3 k) = 6.74 V 5.644 k
15-9. Given: Z = arctan
5.6 k
VGT = 1.5 V Z = 45
IGT = 15 mA
IH = 10 mA Vin
VCC = 12 V IC =
X
RG = 2.2 k ZT arctan C
R = 47 R
120 V 0
Solution: IC =
7.95 k 45
Vin = VGT + IGTRG (Eq. 15-1)
Vin = 1.5 V + (15 mA)(2.2 k) I C =15 mA 45
Vin = 34.5 V
VC = ( I C )( X C 90 )
VCC = IHR + 0.7 V (Eq. 15-2)
VCC = (10 mA)(47 ) + 0.7 V VC = (15 mA 45)(5644 90)
VCC = 1.17 V VC = 85 V 45)
Answer: The input voltage required to turn on the SCR
is 34.5 V, and the supply voltage required to turn the cond = 180 firing
SCR off is 1.17 V. cond = 180 45

1-74
 cond = 135 VC = (20.9 mA 80)(5644 90 )
Answer: The firing angle is 45, the conduction angle is VC = 118 V 10
135, and the voltage across the capacitor is 85 Vac. cond = 180 firing
15-13. Given: cond = 180 10
cond = 170
R1= 1 k
R2 = 50 k pot Answer: The minimum conduction angle is 170, and
C = 0.47 F the maximum conduction angle is 96.3.
Solution: Perform the following calculations with an R 15-15. Given:
value of 1 k and 51 k. VGT = 0.8 V
XC = 1/(2fC) IGT = 200 A
XC = 1/(2(60 Hz)(0.47 F) VZ = 10 V
XC = 5644 Solution:
Z = R2 + X 2 VCC = VZ + VGT (Eq. 15-3)
Z = 1 k 2 + 5.644 k 2 VCC = 10 V + 0.8 V
Z = 5.732 k VCC = 10.8 V
X Answer: The voltage needed to trigger the crowbar is
Z = arctan C 10.8 V.
R
15-16. Given:
5.644 k
Z = arctan VGT = 1.5 V
1 k IGT = 200 A
Z = 80 VZ = 10 V 10%
Vin Solution:
IC =
X VZ(max) = VZ + 0.1(VZ)
ZT arctan C
R VZ(max) = 10 V + 0.1(10 V)
120 V 0 VZ(max) = 11 V
IC =
5.732 k 80 VCC = VZ + VGT (Eq. 15-3)
VCC = 11 V + 1.5 V
I C = 20.9 mA 80
VCC = 12.5 V
VC = ( I C )( X C 90)
Answer: The voltage needed to trigger the crowbar is
VC = (20.9 mA 80)(5644 90)
12.5 V.
VC = 118 V 10
15-17. Given:
Answer: The minimum firing angle is 10, and the
maximum firing angle is 83.7. VGT = 0.8 V
IGT = 200 A
15-14. Given:
VZ = 12 V
R1 = 1 k
Solution:
R2 = 50 k pot
C = 0.47 F Vtrig = VZ + VGT (Eq. 15-3)
Vtrig = 12 V + 0.8 V
Solution: Perform the following calculations with an R
Vtrig = 12.8 V
value of 1 k and 51 k.
Answer: The SCR will trigger at 12.8 V.
XC = 1/(2fC)
XC = 1/(2(60 Hz))(0.47 F) 15-18. Given:
XC = 5644 VGT = 0.8 V
Z = R2 + X 2 IGT = 200 A
VZ = 12 V
Z = 1 k 2 + 5.644 k 2
Z = 5.732 k Solution:
X VCC = VZ + VGT (Eq. 15-3)
Z = arctan C VCC = 12 V + 0.8 V
R VCC = 12.8 V
5.644 k Answer: The voltage needed to trigger the crowbar is
Z = arctan
1 k 12.8 V.
Z = 80 15-19. Given:
Vin VB = 20 V
IC =
X VGT = 2.5 V
ZT arctan C
R Solution: Ignore the gate current in the triac. Then
120 V 0 VC = VB + VGT
IC = VC = 20 V + 2.5 V
5.732 k 80
VC = 22.5 V
lC = 20.9 mA 80
VC = ( I C )( X C 90)
1-75
 Answer: The capacitor voltage required to turn on the Solution:
triac is 22.5 V. Rmax = R2 + R1 (max)
15-20. Given: Rmax = 1 k + 50 k
VCC = 100 V Rmax = 51 k
R = 15 Rmin = R2 + R1 (min)
Solution: Ideally, when the triac is conducting, the Rmin = 1 k + 0 k
voltage drop across it is 0 V. Rmin = 1 k
I = VCC/R RCmax = RmaxC
I = 100 V/15 RCmax = (51 k)(0.1 F)
I = 6.67 A RCmax = 5.1 ms
Answer: The load current is 6.67 A. RCmin = RmaxC
RCmin = (1 k)(0.1 F)
15-21. Given: RCmin = 0.1 msec
VB = 28 V Tmax = 0.2(RCmax)
VGT = 2.5 V Tmax = 0.2(5.1 ms)
Solution: Ignore the current through the diac and triac. Tmax = 1.02 ms
Then Tmin = 0.2(RCmin)
VC = VB + VGT Tmin = 0.2(0.1 ms)
VC = 28 V + 2.5 V Tmin = 0.02 ms
VC = 30.5 V fmax = 1/Tmin
Answer: The capacitor voltage required to turn on the fmax = 1/0.02 ms
triac is 30.5 V. fmax = 50 kHz
15-22. Given: fmin = 1/Tmax
fmin = 1/1.02 ms
VCC = 15 V fmin = 980 Hz
R2 = 1 k
R3 = 2V Answer: The maximum frequency is 50 kHz, and the
minimum is 980 Hz.
Solution:
15-28. Given:
Vgate = [R3/(R2 + R3)]VCC (Voltage divider formula)
Vgate = [2 k/(1 k + 2 k)]15 V R = 100
Vgate = 10 V VCC = 15 V
Vanode = VTrig + 0.7 V Solution: In a dark room the SCR is off and the output
Vanode = 10 V + 0.7 voltage is 15 V. Once the SCR fires, its voltage drops to
Vanode = 10.7 V 0.7 V.
Answer: The gate trigger voltage is 10 V and the anode I = (VCC 0.7 V)/R
is 10.7 V. I = (15 V 0.7 V)/100
I = 143 mA
15-23. Given:
Answer: The output voltage when it is dark is 20 V and
VCC = 15 V when it is light is 0.7 V, and the current through the
Vgate = 10 V resistor is 143 mA when it is light.
Vanode = 10.7 V
15-29. Answer:
Solution:
Trouble 1: Since there is voltage at D and not at E, the
VR4 = Vanode 0.7 V wire connecting the two is open.
VR4 = 10.7 V 0.7
VR4 = 10 V Trouble 2: No supply voltage.
Answer: The peak voltage across R4 = 10 V. Trouble 3: Since there is voltage at B and not at C, the
transformer is the problem.
15-24. Answer: The output waveform will be a sawtooth
waveform from 0 V to 10.7 V. Trouble 4: Since there is voltage at A and not at B, the
fuse is open.
CRITICAL THINKING 15-30. Answer:

15-25. Answer: The breakover voltage of the diode, which is Trouble 5: Since there is an overvoltage and the crowbar
10 V. is off, the problem is the crowbar.
15-26. Answer: The breakover voltage of the diode, which is Trouble 6: Since there is voltage at C and not at D and
10 V. the load resistor is not shorted, the rectifier is the
problem.
15-27. Given:
Trouble 7: Since there is voltage at E and not at F, the
R1 = 0 to 50 k wire connecting the two is open.
R2 = 1 k
C = 0.1 F Trouble 8: Since there is voltage at A and not at B, the
T = 20%(RC) fuse is open.

1-76
Chapter 16 Frequency Effects 16-3. Given:
Av(mid) = 200
SELF-TEST f2 = 10 kHz
1. a 6. c 11. c 16. a f = 100 kHz, 200 kHz, 500 kHz, 1 MHz
2. b 7. b 12. c 17. d Solution: Substitute in the appropriate value for f.
3. c 8. c 13. d 18. b
4. c 9. c 14. a 19. c A v = A v(mid)
5. b 10. d 15. c 20. a f
2

1+
JOB INTERVIEW QUESTIONS f2
1. Too much stray-wiring capacitance. Shorten the leads as A v = 200
2
much as possible. 100 kHz
2. With a sine wave, find the frequency at which the voltage 1+
gain is down 3 dB. With a square wave, use the step- 10 kHz
response method. Av = 19.9
5. Some oscilloscopes (with plug-in vertical preamps) specify Answer: Av = 19.9 at 100 kHz, Av = 9.98 at 200 kHz,
the risetime of the main frame. A risetime of 0.7 ns Av = 4 at 500 kHz, Av = 2 at 1 MHz.
converts to a bandwidth of 50 MHz.
6. Use a step voltage and measure the risetime of the output signal. 16-4. Given: AP = 5, 10, 20, 40
8. Maximum power transfer. Solution:
9. dBm is referenced to 1 mW, whereas dB is not referenced
AP(dB) = 10 logAP
to any standard.
AP(dB) = 10 log(5)
10. Because it amplifies down to 0 Hz, which is the frequency
AP(dB) = 7 dB
of a dc signal.
11. Semilogarithmic AP(dB) = 10 logAP
12. It is a computer program that provides electronic circuit AP(dB) = 10 log(10)
simulation. It is used to build, test, and analyze simulated AP(dB) = 10 dB
circuits. AP(dB) = 10 logAP
AP(dB) = 10 log(20)
PROBLEMS AP(dB) = 13 dB
16-1. Given: AP(dB) = 10 logAP
Av(mid) = 1000 AP(dB) = 10 log(40)
f1 = 100 Hz AP(dB) = 16 dB
f2 = 100 kHz Answer: The decibel power gain is 7 dB at a power gain
Solution: of 5, 10 dB at 10, 13 dB at 20, and 16 dB at 40.
Av(20K) = Amid /[ 1+ ( f1 / f ) 2 ] (Eq. 16-3) 16-5. Given: AP = 0.4, 0.2, 0.1, 0.05
Av(20K) = 1000 /[ 1+ (100 Hz/20 Hz) 2 ] Solution:
Av(20K) = 196
AP(dB) = 10 logAP (Eq. 16-8)
Av(300K) = Amid /[ 1+ ( f / f 2 ) 2 ] (Eq. 16-3) AP(dB) = 10 log(0.4)
Av(300K) = 1000 /[ 1+ (300 kHz/100 kHz) 2 ] AP(dB) = 3.98
Av(300K) = 316
AP(dB) = 10 logAP (Eq. 16-8)
Answer: The frequency response looks like the figure AP(dB) = 10 log(0.2)
below; the gain at 20 Hz is 196, and at 300 kHz is 316. AP(dB) = 6.99
AP(dB) = 10 logAP (Eq. 16-8)
AP(dB) = 10 log(0.1)
AP(dB) = 10
AP(dB) = 10 logAP (Eq. 16-8)
AP(dB) = 10 log(0.05)
AP(dB) = 13
Answer: The decibel power gain is 3.98 at a power gain
of 0.4, 6.99 at 0.2, 10 at 0.1, and 13 at 0.05.
Frequency response for Prob. 16-1.
16-6. Given: AP = 2, 20, 200, 2000
16-2. Answer: See the figure below.
Solution:
AP(dB) = 10 logAP (Eq. 16-8)
AP(dB) = 10 log(2)
AP(dB) = 3 dB
AP(dB) = 10 logAP (Eq. 16-8)
AP(dB) = 10 log(20)
AP(dB) = 13 dB

Frequency response for Prob. 16-2.

1-77
 AP(dB) = 10 logAP (Eq. 16-8) Answer: The decibel voltage gain is 82, and the voltage
AP(dB) = 10 log(200) gain is 12,589.
AP(dB) = 23 dB 16-11. Given:
AP(dB) = 10 logAP (Eq. 16-8) Av1(dB) = 30 dB
AP(dB) = 10 log(2000) Av2(dB) = 52 dB
AP(dB) = 33 dB
Solution:
Answer: The decibel power gain is 3 dB at a power gain
of 2, 13 dB at 20, 23 dB at 200, and 33 dB at 2000. Av1 = antilog(Av1(dB)/20) (Eq. 16-15)
Av1 = antilog(30 dB/20)
16-7. Given: AP = 0.4, 0.04, 0.004 Av1 = 31.6
Solution: Av2 = antilog(Av2(dB)/20) (Eq. 16-15)
AP(dB) = 10 logAP (Eq. 16-8) Av2 = antilog(52 dB/20)
AP(dB) = 10 log(0.4) Av2 = 398
AP(dB) = 3.98 Answer: The voltage gain of the first stage is 31.6, and
AP(dB) = 10 logAP (Eq. 16-8) the second stage is 398.
AP(dB) = 10 log(0.04) 16-12. Given: Av = 100,000
AP(dB) = 13.98
Solution:
AP(dB) = 10 logAP (Eq. 16-8)
AP(dB) = 10 log(0.004) Av(dB) = 20 logAv (Eq. 16-9)
AP(dB) = 23.98 Av(dB) = 20 log(100,000)
Av(dB) = 100
Answer: The decibel power gain is 3.98 dB at a power
gain of 0.4, 13.98 dB at 0.04, and 23.98 dB at 0.004. Answer: The decibel voltage gain is 100 dB.
16-8. Given: 16-13. Given: AdB = 34 dB
Av1 = 200 Solution:
Av2 = 100 Av = antilog(Av(dB)/20) (Eq. 16-15)
Solution: Av = antilog(34 dB/20)
Av = 50.1
Av = Av1Av2 (Eq. 16-10)
Av = (200)(100) Answer: The voltage gain is 50.1.
Av = 20,000 16-14. Given:
Av(dB) = 20 logAv (Eq. 16-8) Av1 = 25.8
Av(dB) = 20 log(20,000) Av2 = 117
Av(dB) = 86 dB
Solution:
Answer: The voltage gain is 20,000, and the decibel
voltage gain is 86 dB. Av1(dB) = 20 logAv1 (Eq. 16-9)
Av1(dB) = 20 log(25.8)
16-9. Given: Av1(dB) = 28.2 dB
Av1 = 200 Av2(dB) = 20 logAv2 (Eq. 16-9)
Av2 = 100 Av2(dB) = 20 log(117)
Solution: Av2(dB) = 41.4 dB
Av1(dB) = 20 logAv1 (Eq. 16-8) Av(dB) = Av1(dB) + Av2(dB) (Eq. 16-11)
Av1(dB) = 20 log(200) Av(dB) = 28.2 dB + 41.4 dB
Av1(dB) = 46 dB Av(dB) = 69.6 dB
Av2(dB) = 20 logAv2 (Eq. 16-8) Answer: The decibel voltage gain for the first stage is
Av2(dB) = 20 log(100) 28.2 dB, the second stage is 41.4 dB, and overall is
Av2(dB) = 40 dB 69.6 dB.
Answer: The decibel voltage gain for stage 1 is 46 dB, 16-15. Given:
and stage 2 is 40 dB. AP1(dB) = 23 dB
16-10. Given: AP2(dB) = 18 dB
Av1(dB) = 30 dB Solution:
Av2(dB) = 52 dB AP1(dB) = Av1(dB) = 23 dB
Solution: AP2(dB) = Av2(dB) = 18 dB
Av(dB) = Av1(dB) + Av2(dB) (Eq. 16-11) Av(dB) = Av1(dB) + Av2(dB) (Eq. 16-11)
Av(dB) = 30 dB + 52 dB Av(dB) = 23 dB + 18 dB
Av(dB) = 82 dB Av(dB) = 41 dB
Av = antilog(Av(dB)/20) (Eq. 16-15) Answer: The total decibel voltage gain is 41 dB, the
Av = antilog(82 dB/20) first-stage decibel voltage gain is 23 dB, and the second
Av = 12,589 stage voltage gain is 18 dB.

1-78
16-23. Given:
C = 1000 pF
R = 10 k
Solution:
f2 = 1/(2RC)
f2 = 1/[2(10 k)(1000 pF)]
f2 = 15.9 kHz
Answer: See figure below.

Ideal Bode plot for Prob. 16-25.

16-26. Given:
C = 5 pF
Av = 200,000
Solution:
Ideal Bode plot for Prob. 16-23. Cin = C(Av + 1) (Eq. 16-26)
Cin = 5 pF(200,000 + 1)
16-24. Given: Cin = 1 F
R = 1 k Answer: The Miller input capacitance is 1 F.
C = 50 pF 16-27. Given:
Solution: C = 15 pF
f2 = 1/(2RC) Av = 250,000
f2 = 1/[2(1 k)(50 pF)] RL = 10 k
f2 = 3.18 MHz Rin = 1 k
Answer: See figure below. Solution:
Cin = C(Av + 1) (Eq. 16-26)
Cin = 15 pF(250,000 + 1)
Cin = 3.75 F
f2 = 1/(2RC)
f2 = 1/[2(1 k)(3.75 F)]
f2 = 42 kHz
Av(dB) = 20 log Av (Eq. 16-9)
Av(dB) = 20 log(250,000)
Av(dB) = 108 dB
Answer: See figure below.

Ideal Bode plot for Prob. 16-24.

16-25. Given:
R = 15 k
C = 100 pF
Av(mid) = 400
Solution:
f2 = 1/(2RC)
f2 = 1/[2(15 k)(100 pF)]
f2 = 106 kHz
Av(dB) = 20 log Av (Eq. 16-9) Ideal Bode plot for Prob. 16-27.
Av(dB) = 20 log(400)
Av(dB) = 52 dB 16-28. Given:
Answer: See figure at top of next column. C = 50 pF
Av = 200,000
Solution:
Cin = C(Av + 1) (Eq. 16-26)
Cin = 50 pF(200,000 + 1)
Cin = 10 F
Answer: The Miller input capacitance is 10 F.
1-80
16-29. Given: fC1 = 1/(2RinC)
C = 100 pF fC1 = 1/[2(717 )(1 F)]
Av = 150,000 fC1 = 222 Hz
RL = 10 k Answer: The lower cutoff frequency for the base
Rin = 1 k coupling circuit is 222 Hz.
Solution: 16-34. Given:
Cin = C(Av + 1) (Eq. 16-26) C = 4.7 F
Cin = 100 pF(150,000 + 1) RC = 3.6 k
Cin = 15 F RL = 10 k
f2 = 1/(2RC) Solution:
f2 = 1/[2(1 k)(15 F)]
f2 = 11 Hz R = RC + RL
R = 36 k + 10 k
Av(dB) = 20 log Av (Eq. 16-9) R = 13.6 k
Av(dB) = 20 log(150,000)
Av(dB) = 104 dB fC1 = 1/(2RC)
fC1 = 1/[2(13.6 k)(4.7 F)]
Answer: See figure below.
fC1 = 2.49 Hz
Answer: The lower cutoff frequency for the collector
coupling circuit is 2.49 Hz.
16-35. Given:
C = 25 F
RC = 3.6 k
RL = 10 k
Solution:
fC1 = 1/(2ZoutC)
fC1 = 1/[2(22.4 )(25 F)]
fC1 = 284 Hz
Answer: The lower cutoff frequency for the emitter
Ideal Bode plot for Prob. 16-29. bypass circuit is 284 Hz.
16-36. Given:
16-30. Given: Cc = 2 pF
TR = 10 s Ce = 10 pF
Solution: = 5 pF
CStray
R1 = 10 k
f2 = 0.35/TR (Eq. 16-29)
R2 = 2.2 k
f2 = 0.35/10 s
RC = 3.6 k
f2 = 35 kHz
RL = 10 k
Answer: The upper cutoff frequency is 35 kHz. RG = 50 k
16-31. Given: = 200
TR = 0.25 s Solution:
Solution: rg = RG||R1||R2
f2 = 0.35/TR (Eq. 16-29) rg = 50 ||10 k||2.2 k
f2 = 0.35/0.25 s rg = 48
f2 = 1.4 MHz Cin(m) = 236 pF
Answer: The bandwidth is 1.4 MHz. C = Cin (m) + Ce = 246 pF
16-32. Given: Base
f2 = 100 kHz f2 = 1/(2rgC)
Solution: f2 = 1/[2(48 )(246 pF)]
f2 = 13.5 MHz
f2 = 0.35/TR (Eq. 16-29)
TR = 0.35/f2 Collector
TR = 0.35/100 kHz C = Ce + CStray = 7 pF
TR = 3.5 s Cout(m) = 2 pF
Answer: The risetime is 3.5 s. R = RC + RL
16-33. Given: R = 3.6 k + 10 k
C = 1 F R = 13.6 k
R = 50 f2 = 1/(2RC)
Solution: f2 = 1/[2(13.6 )(1.3 pF)]
Rin = Zin(Stage) f2 = 8.59 MHz
Rin = R1 || R2 || re Answer: The high cutoff frequency for the base is 13.5
Rin = 717 MHz and the collector is 8.59 MHz.

1-81
16-37. Given: C = CdS + Cout(m)
gm = 16.5 mS C = 15 pF + 5.3 pF
CiSS = 30 pF Drain
CoSS = 20 pF f2 = 1/(2RC)
CrSS = 5 pF f2 = 1/[2(909 )(20.3 pF)]
Solution: f2 = 8.61 MHz
Cgd = CrSS = 5 pF Answer: The high frequency cutoff for the gate is 30.3
CgS = CiSS CrSS MHz and the drain is 8.61 MHz.
CgS = 30 pF 5 pF
CgS = 25 pF
CdS = CoSS CrSS CRITICAL THINKING
CdS = 20 pF 5 pF 16-40. Given:
CdS = 15 pF f2 = 100 Hz
Answer: CgS = 25 pF, Cgd = CrSS = 5 pF, CdS = 15 pF. Av(dB) = 80 dB
16-38. Given: Solution:
R1 = 2 M Av(mid) = antilog(Av(dB)/20) (Eq. 16-15)
R2 = 1 M Av(mid) = antilog(80 dB/20)
RD = 1 k Av(mid) = 10,000
RL = 10 k Av(20K ) = Av(mid) /[ 1 + ( f/f 2 ) 2 ] ( Eq. 16-3)
RG = 50
Cin = 0.01 F Av(20K ) = 10,000 /[ 1 + (20 kHz /100 Hz) 2 ]
Cout = 1 F Av(20K) = 50
Solution: Av(dB) = 20 log A (Eq. 16-9)
Av(dB) = 20 log(50)
Rin = Zin(Stage) Av(dB) = 34 dB
Rin = R1||R2
Rin = 667 k Av(44.4K ) = Av(mid) /[ 1 + ( f/f 2 ) 2 ] (Eq. 16-3)
Av(44.4K ) = 10,000 /[ 1 + (44.4 kHz/100 Hz) 2 ]
fC1 = 1/(2RinC) Av(44.4K) = 22.5
fC1 = 1/[2(667 k)(0.01 F)]
fC1 = 23.9 Hz or 14.5 Hz Av(dB) = 20 log Av (Eq. 16-9)
Av(dB) = 20 log(22.5)
Answer: The dominant low cutoff frequency is 23.9 Hz. Av(dB) = 27 dB
16-39. Given: Answer: The decibel voltage gain at 20 kHz is 34 dB,
R1 = 2 M and at 44.4 kHz is 27 dB.
R2 = 1 M 16-41. Given:
RD = 1 k
RL = 10 k f2 = 100 Hz
RG = 50 k Second breakpoint is 10 kHz
Cgd = 5 pF (from Prob. 16-37.) Av(mid) = 120 dB
CgS = 25 pF (from Prob. 16-37.) Solution: Since the roll-off is 20 dB/decade at a frequency
CdS = 015 pF (from Prob. 16-37.) of 1 kHz (one decade above the cutoff frequency), the
Solution: gain is 100 dB (20 dB less than the midband), and at 10
kHz the gain is 80 dB. From this point the roll-off
Av = gmrd increases to 40 dB/decade; thus at 100 kHz, the gain will
Av = (16.5 mS)(1 k||10 k) be 40 dB.
Av = 15
Answer: The voltage gain at 100 kHz is 40 dB.
Cin(m) = Cgd(Av + 1) (Eq. 16-40)
Cin(m) = 5 pF(15 + 1) 16-42. Given:
Cin(m) = 80 pF Vin = 20 mV
C = CgS + Cin(m) Av(mid) = 100
C = 25 pF + 80 pF
C = 105 pF Solution:
R = RG||R1||R2 Vout(max) = Av(mid)Vin
R = 50 ||2 M||1 M Vout(max) = (100)(20 mV)
R = 50 Vout(max) = 2 V
Gate At the 10% point = 0.1 Vout(max)
f2 = 1/(2RC) At the 10% point = 0.1(2 V)
f2 = 1/[2(50 )(105 pF)] At the 10% point = 0.2 V
f2 = 30.3 MHz At the 90% point = 0.9 Vout(max)
Collector At the 90% point = 0.9(2 V)
At the 90% point = 1.8 V
Cout(M) = Cgd[(Av + 1)/Av] (Eq. 16-41)
Cout(M) = 5 pF[(15 + 1)/15] Answer: The voltage at the 10% point is 0.2 V, and at
Cout(M) = 5.3 pF the 90% point is 1.8 V.

1-82
16-43. Given: 17-2. Given:
R = 4 k VCC = 15 V
C = 50 pF VEE = 15 V
Solution: RE = 270 k
RC = 180 k
f2 = 1/(2RC)
f2 = 1/[2(4 k)(50 pF)] Solution:
f2 = 796 kHz IT = ( VEE VBE)/RE
f2 = 0.35/TR (Eq. 16-29) IT = (15 V 0.7 V)/270 k
TR = 0.35/f2 IT = 53 A
TR = 0.35/796 kHz IE = 1/2 IT
TR = 0.44 s IE = 1/2(53 A)
IE = 26.5 A
Answer: The risetime is 0.44 s. VC = VCC (26.5 A)(180 k)
16-44. Given: VC = 10.2 V
f2 = 1 MHz Answer: The tail current is 53 A, the emitter is 26.5
TR = 1 s A, and the quiescent voltage is 10.2 V.
Solution: 17-3. Given:
f2 = 0.35/TR (Eq. 16-29) VCC = 12 V
f2 = 0.35/1 s VEE = 12 V
f2 = 350 kHz RE = 200 k
RC = 200 k
Answer: The amplifier with the cutoff frequency of
1 MHz has the larger bandwidth. Solution:
IT = ( VEE)/RE
IT = ( 12 V)/200 k
IT = 60 A
Chapter 17 Differential Amplifiers
IE = 1/2 IT
SELF-TEST IE = 1/2(60 A)
1. b 7. b 13. c 19. b IE = 30 A
2. c 8. a 14. a 20. c Right Side
3. a 9. d 15. a 21. a VC = VCC (30 A)(200 k)
4. c 10. a 16. b 22. c VC = 6 V
5. b 11. c 17. d 23. c
6. a 12. b 18. c Left Side
VC = 12 V
JOB INTERVIEW QUESTIONS Answer: The tail current is 60 A, the emitter is 30 A,
and the quiescent voltage is 6 V on the right side and
6. Use a transistor as a current source instead of a tail resistor. 12 V on the left side.
It could be a regulator configuration or a current source.
9. A transistor acting as a current source. 17-4. Given:
11. Current sources and active loads. VCC = 12 V
12. Increased voltage gain and higher CMRR. VEE = 12 V
13. Trick question. You cant test a 741 with an ohmmeter. RE = 200 k
RC = 200 k
PROBLEMS Solution:
17-1. Given: IT = ( VEE VBE)/RE
VCC = 15 V IT = ( 12 V 0.7 V)/200 k
VEE = 15 V IT = 56.5 A
RE = 270 k IE = IT
RC = 180 k IE = 1/2(56.5 A)
Solution: IE = 28.3 A

IT = VEE/RE Right Side

IT = 15 V/270 k VC = VCC (28.3 A)(200 k)
IT = 55.6 A VC = 6.35 V
IE = 1/2 IT Left Side
IE = 1/2 (55.6 A) VC = 12 V
IE = 27.8 A
Answer: The tail current is 56.5 A, the emitter is 28.3
VC = VCC (27.8 A)(180 k) A, and the quiescent voltage is 6.35 V on the right side
VC = 10 V and 12 V on the left side.
Answer: The tail current is 55.6 A, the emitter is 27.8
A, and the quiescent voltage is 10 V.

1-83
17-5. Given: RC = 47 k
VCC = 15 V = 275
VEE = 15 V v1 = 0 mV
RE = 68 k v1 = 1 mV
RC = 47 k Solution:
= 275 IT = ( VEE)/RE (Eq. 17-5)
v1 = 2.5 mV IT = ( 15 V)/68 k
Solution: IT = 220.6 A
IT = ( VEE/RE) (Eq. 17-5) IE = 1/2 IT (Eq. 17-6)
IT = ( 15 V)/68 k IE = 1/2(220.6 A)
IT = 220.6 A IE = 110.3 A
IE = 1/2 IT (Eq. 17-6) re = 25 mV/IE (Eq. 9-10)
IE = 1/2 (220.6 A) re = 25 mV/110.3 A
IE = 110.3 A re = 226.7
re = 25 mV/IE (Eq. 9-10) Av = RC / re (Eq. 17-10)
re = 25 mV/110.3 A Av = 47 k/226.7
re = 226.7 Av = 207.3
Av = RC/ re (Eq. 17-10) vout = Av(v1 v2) (Eq. 17-2)
Av = 47 k/226.7 vout = 207.3(0 V 1 mV)
Av = 207.3 vout = 207 mV
vout = Av(v1 v2) (Eq. 17-2) zin = 2 re (Eq. 17-11)
vout = 207.3(2.5 mV 0) zin = 2(275)(226.7 )
vout = 518 mV zin = 125 k
zin = 2 re (Eq. 17-11) Answer: The output voltage is 207 mV, and the input
zin = 2(275)(226.7 ) impedance is 125 k.
zin = 125 k 17-8. Given:
Answer: The output voltage is 518 mV, and the input Av = 360
impedance is 125 k. Iin(biaS) = 600 nA
17-6. Given: Iin(off) = 100 nA
VCC = 15 V Vin(off) = 1 mV
VEE = 15 V RB1 = 10 k
RE = 68 k Solution:
RC = 47 k V1err = (RBl RB2)/Iin(biaS) (Eq. 17-16)
= 275 V1err = (10 k 0)600 nA
v1 = 2.5 mV V1err = 6 mV
Solution: V2err = (RB1 + RB2)(Iin(off)/2) (Eq. 17-17)
IT = ( VEE VBE)/RE (Eq. 17-5) V2err = (10 k + 0)(100 nA/2)
IT = ( 15 V 0.7 V)/68 k V2err = 0.5 mV
IT = 210.3 A V3err = Vin(off) (Eq. 17-18)
IE = 1/2 IT (Eq. 17-6) V3err = 1 mV
IE = 1/2(210.3 A) Verror = Av(V1err + V2err + V3err) (Eq. 17-19)
IE = 105.2 A Verror = 360(6 mV + 0.5 mV + 1 mV)
re = 25 mV / I E (Eq. 9-10) Verror = 2.7 V
re = 25 mV /105.2 A With base resistors equal.
re = 237.6
V1err = 0. (Eq. 17-20)
Av = RC / re (Eq. 17-10)
Av = 47 k/237.6 V2err = RBIin(off) (Eq. 17-21)
Av = 197.8 V2err = (10 k)(100 nA)
V2err = 1 mV
vout = Av(v1 v2) (Eq. 17-2)
vout = 197.8(2.5 mV 0) V3err = Vin(off) (Eq. 17-18)
vout = 494 mV V3err = 1 mV
zin = 2 re (Eq. 17-11) Verror = Av(V1err + V2err + V3err) (Eq. 17-19)
zin = 2(494)(237.6 ) Verror = 360(0 mV + 1 mV + 1 mV)
zin = 131 k Verror = 0.72 V
Answer: The output voltage is 494 mV, and the input Answer: The output error voltage is 2.7 V. If the base
impedance is 131 k. resistors are equal, the output error voltage is 0.72 V.
17-7. Given: 17-9. Given:
VCC = 15 V Av = 250
VEE = 15 V Iin(biaS) = 1 A
RE = 68 k

1-84
 Av(CL)max = (100 k/2 k) + 1 Av3(CL)max = 100 k/40 k
Av(CL)max = 51 Av3(CL)max = 2.5
Av(CL)min = (R2(min)/R1) + 1 (Eq. 18-12) vout = Av1(CL)max(vin1) + Av2(CL)max(vin2) + Av3(CL)max(vin3)
Av(CL)min = (0 k/2 k) + 1 vout = 10(50 mVpp) + 5(90 mVpp) + 2.5(160 mVpp)
Av(CL)min = 1 vout = 1.35 Vpp
f2(CL)max = funity/Av(CL)min (Eq. 18-5) Answer: The maximum output voltage is 1.35 Vpp, and
f2(CL)max = 20 MHz/1 the minimum output voltage is zero.
f2(CL)max = 20 MHz 18-21. Given:
f2(CL)min = funity/Av(CL)max (Eq. 18-5) R1 = 220
f2(CL)min = 20 MHz/51 RF1 = 47 k
f2(CL)min = 392 kHz RF2 = 18 k
Answer: The voltage gain has a range of 1 to 51 and a RF3 = 39 k
bandwidth of 392 kHz to 20 MHz. Solution:
18-16. Answer: The voltage across the closed-loop output Av1(CL) = RF1/R1 (Eq. 18-3)
impedance is the difference between the ideal 50 mV Av1(CL) = 47 k/220
and the actual 49.98 mV. In other words, 0.02 mV is Av1(CL) = 214
dropped across the closed-loop output impedance. The
load current is 49.98 mV divided by 2 , which is Av2(CL) = RF2/R1 (Eq. 18-3)
approximately 25 mA. Divide 0.02 mV by 25 mA to get Av2(CL) = 18 k/220
0.0008 for the closed-loop output impedance. Av2(CL) = 82
18-17. Given: Av3(CL) = RF3/R1 (Eq. 18-3)
Av3(CL) = 39 k/220
f = 15 kHz Av3(CL) = 177
VP = 2 V
Solution: The gain at position 1 is 214, at position 2 is
Solution: 82, and at position 3 is 177.
SS = 2fVP 18-22. Given:
SS = 2(15 kHz)(2 V)
SS = 188 mV/s R1 = 6 k at position 2
R2 = 6 k||3 k at position 1 = 2 k
SS = 2fVP R2 = 120 k
SS = 2(30 kHz)(2 V) funity = 1 MHz
SS = 376 mV/s
Solution:
Answer: The initial slope is 188 mV/s, with a peak of
2 V, and 376 mV/s, with a frequency of 30 kHz. Av1(CL) = (R2/R1) + 1 (Eq. 18-12)
Av1(CL) = (120 k/2 k)+ 1
18-18. Answer: Av1(CL) = 61
a. OP-07A Av2(CL) = (R2/R1) + 1 (Eq. 18-12)
b. TL082 and TL084 Av2(CL) = (120 k/6 k) + 1
c. LM12 Av2(CL) = 21
d. OP-64E
e. OP-07A f2(CL)1 = funity/Av(CL1) (Eq. 18-5)
f2(CL)1 = 1 MHz/61
18-19. Answer: f2(CL)1 = 16.4 kHz
CMRR = 38 dB (from Fig. 18-6a) f2(CL)2 = funity/Av(CL1)(max) (Eq. 18-5)
MPP = 21 V (from Fig. 18-6b) f2(CL)2 = 1 MHz/21
Av = 1000 (from Fig. 18-6c) f2(CL)2 = 47.6 kHz
18-20. Given: Answer: The voltage gain at position 1 is 61, with a
R1 = 10 k bandwidth of 16.4 kHz, and at position 2 is 21, with a
R2 = 20 k bandwidth of 47.6 kHz.
R3 = 40 k 18-23. Given:
Rf(max) = 100 k
Rf(min) = 100 k R1 = at position 2
v1 = 50 mVpp R1 = 3 k at position 1
v1 = 90 mVpp R2 = 120 k
v1 = 160 mVpp funity = 1 MHz
AVOL = 100,000
Solution: When the resistance is zero, the voltage gains
are zero and the output voltage is zero. Solution:
Av1(CL)max = Rf /R1 (Eq. 18-3) AV1(CL) = (R2/R1) + 1 (Eq. 18-12)
Av1(CL)max = 100 k/10 k AV1(CL) = (120 k/3 k) + 1
Av1(CL)max = 10 Av1(CL) = 41
Av2(CL)max = Rf /R1 (Eq. 18-3) At position 2, it becomes a voltage follower: AvCL2 = 1.
Av2(CL)max = 100 k/20 k Answer: The voltage gain at position 1 is 41, and at
Av2(CL)max = 5 position 2 is 1.
Av3(CL)max = Rf /R1 (Eq. 18-3)

1-91
18-24. Answer: The output will go to positive or negative 18-29. Given:
saturation. R1 = 2 k
18-25. Answer: R2 = 100 k
Position 1: The input voltage is applied directly to the C = 1 F
noninverting input. Because of the virtual short between vin = 50 mV pp
the noninverting and inverting input terminals, there is f = 1 kHz
no ac voltage across the left 10-k resistor. Since there Solution:
is no ac voltage across the resistor, it can be removed XC = 1/2fC
from the circuit without changing the operation. With XC = 1/[2(1 kHz)(1 F)]
the resistor removed, the circuit reduces to a voltage XC = 159
follower and Av(CL) = 1 and a closed-loop bandwidth of
Since XC is less than one-tenth of 2 k, the bottom of
f unity 1 MHz the 2 k is approximately an ac ground.
f 2( CL ) = = = 1 MHz
Av (CL ) 1 AV(CL) = (R2/ R1 ) + 1 (Eq. 18-12)
Position 2: The circuit is an inverting amplifier. The AV(CL) = (100 k/2 k) + 1
magnitude of the voltage gain is Av(CL) = 1. Note that the AV(CL) = 51
closed-loop bandwidth is only half as much because vout = AV(CL)vin
f unity 1 MHz vout = 51(50 mV pp)
f 2( CL ) = = = 500 kHz vout = 2.55 V pp
AV ( CL ) +1 1+1
Answer: The output voltage is 2.55 V.
This was covered briefly in the chapter. See the equation
at the top of p. 633 and the brief explanation that 18-30. Given:
follows. Chapter 19 discusses the closed-loop Iin(biaS) = 500 nA
bandwidths in more detail. Iin(off) = 200 nA
18-26. Answer: Vin(off) = 6 mV
R1 = 2 k
Position 1: With the left resistor open, the circuit R2 = 100 k
reduces to a voltage follower and AV(CL) = 1.
Position 2: With the left resistor open, the voltage gain Solution:
is zero. R1 = XC = R1
18-27. Answer: Go to positive or negative saturation. R1 = 0 + 2 k
18-28. Given: R1 = 2 k
Iin(biaS) = 500 nA RB2 = R1||R2 (Eq. 18-11)
Iin(off) = 200 nA RB2 = 2 k||100 k
Vin(off) = 6 mV RB2 = 1.96 k
R1 = 2 k V1err = (RB1 RB2)Iin(biaS) (Eq. 18-8)
R2 = 100 k V1err = (0 1.96 k)(500 nA)
C = 1 F V1err = 980 V
Solution: V2err = (RB1 + RB2)(Iin(off)/2) (Eq. 18-8)
XC = 1/2fC V2err = (0 + 1.96 k)(200 nA/2)
XC = 1/[2(0)(1 F)] V2err = 196 V
XC = V3err = Vin(off) = 6 mV
R1 = X C + R1 AV(CL) = ( R2 / R1) + 1 (Eq. 18-12)
R1 = + 2 k AV(CL) = (100 k/2 k) + 1
R1 = AV(CL) = 51
RB2 = R1||R2 (Eq. 18-11) Verror = AV(CL)( V1err V2err V3err)
RB2 = ||100 k Verror = 51(980 V + 196 V + 6 mV)
RB2 = 100 k Verror = 366 mV
V1err = (RB1 RB2)Iin(biaS) (Eq. 18-8) Answer: The output voltage is 366 mV.
V1err = (0 100 k)(500 nA)
V1err = 50 mV 18-31. Answer:
V2err = (RB1 + RB2)(Iin(off)/2) (Eq. 18-8) For IB1:
V2err = (0 + 100 k)(200 nA/2) V1increase. Because of the increase in voltage drop
V2err = 10 mV across the resistor.
V2no change. Not affected.
V3err = Vin(off) = 6 mV Vinincrease. Because of the increase in V1.
AV(CL) = (R2/ R1 ) + 1 (Eq. 18-12) Voutincrease. Because of the increase in input voltage.
AV(CL) = (100 k/) + 1 MPPno change. Since the load resistance and VCC did
AV(CL) = 1 not change.
fmaxno change. Since slew rate did not change.
Verror = ACL( V1err V2err V3err)
Verror = 1(50 mV + 10 mV + 6 mV) For IB2:
Verror = 66 mV V1no change. Not affected.
V2increase. Because of the increase in voltage drop
Answer: The output voltage is 66 mV.
across the resistor.

1-92
 Vinincrease. Because of the increase in V2. Av = antilog(Av(dB)/20) (Eq. 16-15)
Voutincrease. Because of the increase in input voltage. Av = antilog(88 dB/20)
MPPno change. Since the load resistance and VCC did Av = 25,119
not change. %error = 100%(1 + AVOLB) (Eq 19-5)
fmaxno change. Since slew rate did not change. %error = 100%[1 + 25,119(0.038)]
18-32. Given: %error = 0.10%
For VCC: AV = AVOL/(1 + AVOLB) (Eq. 19-3)
V1no change. Not affected. AV = 25,119/[l + 25,119(0.038)]
V2no change. Not affected. AV = 26.29
Vinno change. Not affected. Answer: The feedback fraction is 0.038, the ideal
Voutno change. Not affected. closed-loop voltage gain is 26.32, the percent error is
MPPincrease Since VCC is increased. 0.10%, and the exact voltage gain is 26.29.
fmaxno change. Since slew rate did not change.
19-2. Given:
18-33. Given:
R1 = 2.7 k
V1no change. Not affected. Rf = 39 k
V2no change. Not affected. AVOL(dB) = 88 dB
Vinno change. Not affected.
Voutno change. Not affected. Solution:
MPPno change. Since the load resistance and VCC did B = R1/(R1 + Rf) (Eq. 19-6)
not change. B = 2.7 k/(2.7 k + 39 k)
fmaxincrease. Since slew rate increased. B = 0.065
18-34. Given: AV = 1/B (Eq. 19-4)
V1no change. Not affected. AV = 1/0.065
V2no change. Not affected. AV = 15.44
Vinno change. Not affected. Answer: The feedback fraction is 0.065, and the closed-
Voutno change. Not affected. loop voltage gain is 15.44.
MPPno change. Since the load resistance and VCC did
not change. 19-3. Given:
fmaxdecrease. Since the increase in voltage causes the R1 = 4.7 k
rate of voltage rise to increase. Rf = 68 k
AVOL(dB) = 88 dB
Solution:
Chapter 19 Negative Feedback B = R1/(R1 + Rf) (Eq. 19-6)
SELF-TEST B = 4.7 k/(4.7 k + 68 k)
B = 0.065
1. b 8. b 15. b 22. d
AV = 1/B (Eq. 19-4)
2. d 9. b 16. d 23. d
AV = 1/0.065
3. a 10. b 17. c 24. b
AV = 15.47
4. a 11. d 18. b 25. a
5. a 12. b 19. c 26. b Answer: The feedback fraction is 0.065, and the closed-
6. c 13. b 20. b 27. d loop voltage gain is 15.47.
7. b 14. b 21. c 28. a 19-4. Given:
R1 = 2.7 k
JOB INTERVIEW QUESTIONS Rf = 68 k
8. Increased voltage gain and possible oscillation. AVOL(dB) = 108 dB
12. Current amplifier and transconductance amplifier. Solution:
B = R1/(R1 + Rf) (Eq. 19-6)
PROBLEMS B = 2.7 k/(2.7 k + 68 k)
B = 0.038
19-1. Given:
AV = 1/B (Eq. 19-4)
R1 = 2.7 k AV = 1/0.038
Rf = 68 k AV = 26.32
AVOL(dB) = 88 dB
AV = antilog(AVOL(dB)/20) (Eq. 16-15)
Solution: AV = antilog(108 dB/20)
B = R1/(R1 + Rf) (Eq. 19-6) AV = 251,189
B = 2.7 k/(2.7 k + 68 k) %error = 100%(1 + AVOLB) (Eq 19-5)
B = 0.038 %error = 100%[1 + 251,189(0.038)]
AV = 1/B (Eq. 19-4) %error = 0.01%
AV = 1/0.038 AV = AVOL/(1 + AVOLB) (Eq. 19-3)
AV = 26.32 AV = 251,189/[l + 251,189(0.038)]
AV = 26.31

1-93
 Solution Rout = 75
vout(1) = iinR3 (from Table 19-2) Solution:
vout(1) = 1 A(10 k)
vout(1) = 10 mV B(1) = R1(1)/(R1(1) + Rf) (Eq. 19-6)
B(1) = 1 k/(1 k + 50 k)
AV(2) = Rf/R1 + 1 B(1) = 0.0196
AV(2) = 99 k/1 k + 1
AV(2) = 100 zin1(CL) = (1 + AVOLB(1))Rin (Eq. 19-8)
zin1(CL) = (1 + (100,000)(0.0196))2 M
vout(2) = AV(vin(2)) zin1(CL) = 3924 M
vout(2) = 100(10 mV)
vout(2) = 1 V zout1(CL) = Rout/(1 + AVOLB(1)) (Eq. 19-10)
zout1(CL) = 75 /(1 + (100,000)(0.0196))
Answer: The output voltage is 1 V. zout1(CL) = 38 m
19-24. Given: B(2) = R1(2)/(R1(2) + Rf) (Eq. 19-6)
Rf = 50 k B(2) = 25 k/(25 k + 50 k)
R1(1) = 1 k B(2) = 0.333
R1(2) = 25 k zin2(CL) = (1 + AVOLB(2))Rin (Eq. 19-8)
R1(3) = 100 k zin2(CL) = (1 + (100,000)(0.333))2 M
Solution: zin2(CL) = 66,669 M
AV1(CL) = Rf/R1(1) + 1 zout2(CL) = Rout/(1 + AVOLB(2)) (Eq. 19-10)
AV1(CL) = 50 k/1 k + 1 zout2(CL) = 75 /(1 + (100,000)(0.333))
AV1(CL) = 51 zout2(CL) = 2.5 m
AV2(CL) = Rf/R1(2) + 1 B(3) = R1(3)/(R1(3) + Rf) (Eq. 19-6)
AV2(CL) = 50 k/25 k + 1 B(3) = 100 k/(100 k + 50 k)
AV2(CL) = 3 B(3) = 0.667
AV3(CL) = Rf/R1(3) + 1 zin3(CL) = (1 + AVOLB(3))Rin (Eq. 19-8)
AV3(CL) = 50 k/100 k + 1 zin3(CL) = (1 + (100,000)(0.667))2 M
AV3(CL) = 1.5 zin3(CL) = 133,335 M
Answer: The voltage gains are 51 at the 1-k position, 3 zout3(CL) = Rout/(1 + AVOLB(3)) (Eq. 19-10)
at the 25-k position, and 1.5 at the 100-k position. zout3(CL) = 75 /(1 + (100,000)(0.667))
19-25. Given: zout3(CL) = 1.25 m
Rf = 50 k Answer: At the 1-k position the input impedance is
R1(1) = 1 k 3,924 M and the output impedance is 38 m. At the
R1(2) = 25 k 25-k position the input impedance is 66,669 M and
R1(3) = 100 k the output impedance is 2.5 m. At the 100-k position
AV1(CL) = 51 (from Prob. 19-24) the input impedance is 133,335 M and the output
AV2(CL) = 3 (from Prob. 19-24) impedance is 1.25 m. Note: The RCM of the op amp is
AV3(CL) = 1.5 (from Prob. 19-24) not included in the calculations for input impedance. See
vin = 10 mV Example 19-2.
Solution: 19-27. Given:

vout(1) = AV1(CL)(vin) Iin(bias) = 80 nA

vout(1) = 51(10 mV) Iin(off) = 20 nA
vout(1) = 510 mV Vin(off) = 1 mV
AVOL = 100,000
vout(2) = AV2(CL)(vin) Rf = 100 k
vout(2) = 3(10 mV) R1(1) = 1 k
vout(2) = 30 mV R1(2) = 25 k
vout(3) = AV3(CL)(vin) R1(3) = 100 k
vout(3) = 1.5(10 mV) AV1(CL) = 101
vout(3) = 15 mV AV2(CL) = 5
AV3(CL) = 2
Answer: The output voltages are 510 mV at the 1-k
position, 30 mV at the 25-k position, and 15 mV at the Solution:
100-k position. RB2(1) = R1(1)||Rf (Eq. 18-11)
19-26. Given: RB2(1) = 1 k||100 k
RB2(1) = 990
Rf = 50 k
R1(1) = 1 k V1err(1) = (RB1 RB2(1))Iin(biaS) (Eq. 18-8)
R1(2) = 25 k V1err(1) = (0 990 )(80 nA)
R1(3) = 100 k V1err(1) = 79.2 V
AV1(CL) = 51 (from Prob. 19-24) V2err(1) = (RB1 + RB2(1))(Iin(off)/2) (Eq. 18-8)
AV2(CL) = 3 (from Prob. 19-24) V2err(1) = (0 + 990 )(20 nA/2)
AV3(CL) = 1.5 (from Prob. 19-24) V2err(1) = 9.9 V
AVOL = 100,000
Rin = 2 M V3err(1) = Vin(off) = 1 mV

1-96
 Rmin = 130 fC1 = 1/(2R3C1)
Rmax = 25.13 k fC1 = 1/[2(100 k)(2.2 F)]
funity = 1 MHz fC1 = 0.72 Hz
Solution: fC2 = 1/(2RLC2)
Bmin = (10 k||130 )/(10 k||130 + 180 k) fC2 = 1/[2(25 k)(4.7 F)]
Bmin = 0.000712 fC2 = 1.35 Hz
Bmax = (10 k||25.13 k)/(10 k||25.13 k + 180 k) fC3 = 1/(2R1C3)
Bmax = 0.0382 fC3 = 1/[2(2 k)(1 F)]
fC3 = 79.6 Hz
f2(min) = Bfunity
f2(min) = 0.000712(1 MHz) Answer: The midband voltage gain is 42, the upper
f2(min) = 712 Hz cutoff frequency is 71.4 kHz, and the lower cutoff
frequency is 79.6 Hz.
f2(max) = Bfunity
f2(max) = 0.0382(1 MHz) 20-6. Given:
f2(max) = 38.2 kHz R1 = 3.3 k
Rf R2 = 150 k
180 k
Av = = = 18 R3 = 100 k
R1 10 k RL = 10 k
Answer: The minimum bandwidth is 712 Hz and the C1 = 1 F
maximum bandwidth is 38.2 kHz. C2 = 10 F
C3 = 4.7 F
20-4. Given:
funity = 1 MHz
R1 = 1.5 k
Solution:
Rf = 100 k
Rmin = 100 AV = (R2/R1) + 1
Rmax = 5.1 k AV = (150 k/3.3 k) + 1
funity = 1 MHz AV = 46.5
Solution: f2 = funity/AV
f2 = 1 MHz/46.5
Bmin = (R1||Rmin)/(R1||Rmin + Rf)
f2 = 21.5 kHz
Bmin = (1.5 k||100 )/(1.5 k||100 + 100 k)
Bmin = 0.000937 fC1 = 1/(2R3C1)
fC1 = 1/[2(100 k)(1 F)]
Bmax = (R1||Rmax)/(R1||Rmax + Rf)
fC1 = 1.59 Hz
Bmax = (1.5 k||5.1 k)/(1.5 k||5.1 k + 100 k)
Bmax = 0.01146 fC2 = 1/(2RLC2)
fC2 = 1/[2(10 k)(10 F)]
f2(min) = Bminfunity
fC2 = 1.59 Hz
f2(min) = 0.000937(1 MHz)
f2(min) = 937 Hz fC3 = 1/(2R1C3)
fC3 = 1/[2(3.3 k)(4.7 F)]
f2(max) = Bmaxfunity
fC3 = 10.3 Hz
f2(max) = 0.01146(1 MHz)
f2(max) = 11.5 kHz Answer: The midband voltage gain is 46.5, the upper
cutoff frequency is 21.5 kHz, and the lower cutoff
AV = Rf/R1
frequency is 10.3 Hz.
AV = 100 k/1.5 k
AV = 66.7 20-7. Given:
vout = Avvin R1 = 2 k
vout = 66.7(4 mV) Rf = 100 k
vout = 266.8 mV vin = 10 mV
Answer: The minimum bandwidth is 937 Hz and the Solution:
maximum bandwidth is 11.5 kHz. The output voltage is AV = (Rf/R1) + 1
266.8 mV. AV = (100 k/2 k) + 1
20-5. Given: AV = 51
R1 = 2 k vout = Avvin
Rf = 82 k vout = 51(10 mV)
RL = 25 k vout = 510 mV
C1 = 2.2 F Answer: The output voltage at A, B, and C is 510 mV.
C2 = 4.7 F
funity = 3 MHz 20-8. Given:
Solution: R1 = 91 k
Rf = 12 k
AV = (Rf/R1) + 1 R3 = 1 k
AV = (82 k/2 k) + 1 vin = 2 mV
AV = 42
f2 = funity/AV
f2 = 3 MHz/42
f2 = 71.4 kHz
1-99
 Solution: Answer: The maximum gain is 10, and the maximum
Low gate: positive gain is 0.
AV = (Rf/R1) + 1 20-12. Given: R1 = R2
AV = (12 k/91 k) + 1 Solution: At ground the circuit is an inverting amplifier.
AV = 1.13
AV = Rf/R1
vout = Avvin AV = 1
vout = 1.13(2 mV)
vout = 2.26 mV When the wiper is 10% away from ground, so that the
noninverting gain will be 10% of its maximum of 2.
High gate:
AV = [Rf/(R1||R3)] + 1 Av(non) = 10% (2) = 0.2
AV = [12 k/(91 k||1 k)] + 1 AV = Av(in) + Av(non)
AV = 13.1 AV = 1 + 0.2
AV = 0.8
vout = Avvin
vout = 13.1(2 mV) Answer: The gain with the wiper at ground is 1, and
vout = 26.2 mV 10% away is 0.8.
Answer: When the gate is low, the output is 2.26 mV; 20-13. Given:
when the gate is high, the output is 26.2 mV. R = 5 k
20-9. Given: nR = 75 k
nR/(n 1)R = 5.36 k
R1 = 20 k
Rf = 68 k Solution:
R3 = 1 k AV = nR/R
vin = 1 mV AV = 75 k/5 k
Solution: AV = 15
Low gate: Answer: The maximum positive gain is 15, and the
AV = (Rf/R1) + 1 maximum negative gain is 15.
AV = (68 k/20 k) + 1 20-14. Given:
AV = 4.4
R = 10 k
vout = Avvin R = 22 k
vout = 4.41(1 mV) C = 0.02 F
vout = 4.4 mV fin = 100 Hz, 1 kHz, 10 kHz
High gate: Solution:
AV = [Rf/(R1||R3)] + 1
AV = [68 k/(20 k||1 k)] + 1 fC = 1/(2 RC)
AV = 72.4 fC = 1/[(2RC)(0.02 F)]
fC = 362 Hz
vout = Avvin
vout = 72.4(1 mV) = 2 arctan (f/fC)
vout = 72.4 mV = 2 arctan (100 Hz/362 Hz)
= 30.9
Answer: When the gate is low, the output is 4.4 mV, and
when the gate is high, the output is 72.4 mV. = 2 arctan (f/fC)
= 2 arctan (1 kHz/362 Hz)
20-10. Given: = 140
R1 = 10 k = 2 arctan (f/fC)
Rf = 10 k = 2 arctan (10 kHz/362 Hz)
Vin = 2.5 V = 176
Solution: Answer: The phase shift is 30.9 at 100 Hz, 140 at
AV = (Rf/R1) + 1 1 kHz, and 176 at 10 kHz.
AV = (10 k/10 k) + 1 20-15. Given:
AV = 2
R1 = 1.5 k
Vout = AV(vin) Rf = 30 k
Vout = 2(2.5 V)
Vout = 5 V Solution:
Answer: The new output reference voltage is 5 V. Av(inv) = Rf/R1 (Eq. 20-6)
Av(inv) = 30 k/1.5 k
20-11. Given: Av(inv) = 20
R1 = 1 k Av(non) = [(R2/R1) + 1][R 2 /(R 1 + R 2 )] (Eq. 20-7)
Rf = 10 k Av(non) = [(30 k/1.5 k) + 1][30 k/(1.5 k + 30 k)]
Solution: Av(non) = 20
R2/R1 < Av < 0 Av(CM) = 4(0.1%) = 4(0.001) = 0.004
10 k/1 k < Av < 0 Answer: The differential voltage gain is 20, and the
10 < Av < 0 common mode gain is 0.004.

1-100
20-16. Given: 20-20. Given: vin(CM) = 5 V
R1 = 1 k Solution: Since the first stage has a common-mode gain
Rf = 20 k of 1, both sides have the same voltage of 5 V. The guard
Solution: voltage is 5 V.
Av(inv) = Rf/R1 (Eq. 20-6) Answer: The guard voltage is 5 V.
Av(inv) = 20 k/1 k 20-21. Given:
Aiv(inv) = 20 RG = 1008
Av(CM) = 4 R/R (Eq. 20-5) vin = 20 mV
Av(CM) = 4 (1%) = 4(0.01) Solution:
Av(CM) = 0.04
AV = (49.4 k/RG) + 1 (Eq. 20-17)
Answer: The differential voltage gain is 20, and the AV = (49.4 k/1008 ) + 1
common-mode gain is 0.04. AV = 50
20-17. Given: vout = Av(vin)
R1 = 10 k vout = 50(20 mV)
R2 = 20 k vout = 1 V
R3 = 20 k Answer: The output voltage is 1 V.
R4 = 10 k
20-22. Given:
Solution:
R = 10 k
V2 = [R2/(R1 + R2)]VCC v1 = 50 mV
V2 = [20 k/(10 k + 20 k)]15 V v2 = 30 mV
V2 = 10 V
Solution:
V4 = [R4/(R3 + R4)]VCC
V4 = [10 k/(20 k + 10 k)]15 V vout = v1 v2
V4 = 5 vout = (50 mV) (30 mV)
vout = 20 mV
Answer: No, the bridge is not balanced.
Answer: The output voltage is 20 mV.
20-18. Given:
20-23. Given:
R1 = 1 k
R = 15 R1 = 10 k
AV = 100 R2 = 20 k
R3 = 15 k
Solution: R4 = 15 k
vin = (R/4R)VCC R5 = 30 k
vin = (15 /4 (1 k))15 V RF = 75 k
vin = 56.3 mV v1 = 1 mV
vout = A1(vin) v2 = 2 mV
vout = (100)(56.3 mV) v3 = 3 mV
vout = 5.63 V v4 = 4 mV
Answer: The output voltage is 5.63 V. Solution:
20-19. Given: Av(1) = Rf/R1
R1 = 1 k Av(1) = 75 k/10 k
Rf = 99 k Av(1) = 7.5
R = 10 k 0.5% Av(2) = Rf/R2
vin = 2 mV Av(2) = 75 k/20 k
Solution: Av(2) = 3.75
AV = (Rf/R1) + 1 Av(3) = {[Rf/(R1||R2)] + 1}{(R4||R5)/[R3 + (R4||R5)]}
AV = (99 k/1 k) + 1 Av(3) = {[75 k/(10 k||20 k)] + 1}{(15 k||30
AV = 100 k)/[15 k + (15 k||30 k)]}
Av(3) = (12.25)(0.455)
vout = Avvin Av(3) = 5.57
vout = 100(2 mV)
vout = 200 mV Av(4) = {[Rf/(R1||R2)] + 1}{(R3||R5)/[R4 + (R3||R5)]}
Av(4) = {[75 k/(10 k||20 k)] + 1}{(15 k||30
AV(CM) = 2(R/R) k)/[15 k + (15 k||30 k)]}
AV(CM) = 2(0.005) Av(4) = (12.25)(0.4)
AV(CM) = 0.01 Av(4) = 4.9
CMRR = |AV|/|AV(CM)| vout = Av(1)v1 + Av(2)v2 + Av(3)v3 + Av(4)v4
CMRR = 100/0.01 vout = 7.5(1 mV) + 3.75(2 mV) + 4.9(3 mV) + 4.9
CMRR = 10,000 (4 mV)
Answer: The output voltage is 200 mV, and the CMRR vout = 19.3 mV
is 10,000. Answer: The output voltage is 19.3 mV.

1-101
 Solution: re = 25 mV/0.685 mA
AV = (Rf/R1) + 1 re = 36.5
AV = (15 k/1.5 k) + 1 rc = RC
AV = 11 rc = 6.8 k
f1 = 1/[2(R/2)C1] Av = rc/ re (Eq. 10-7)
f1 = 1/[2(68 k/2)(1 F)] Av = 6.8 k/36.5
f1 = 4.68 Hz Av = 186
f2 = 1/(2RLC2) Op amp:
f2 = 1/[2(15 k)(2.2 F)] AV = (Rf/R1) + 1
f2 = 4.82 Hz AV = (47 k/1 k) + 1
f3 = 1/(2R1C3) AV = 48
f3 = 1/[2(1 k)(3.3 F)] AV = (48)(186)
f3 = 32.2 Hz AV = 9114
Answer: The gain is 11, and the cutoff frequencies are Answer: The voltage gain is 9114.
f1 = 4.68 Hz, f2 = 4.82 Hz, and f3 = 32.2 Hz. 20-43. Given:
R1 = 1 k
Rf = 10 k
CRITICAL THINKING RL = 100
20-40. Answer: Since the terminal is floating, the output would = 50
be saturated or VCC. To fix this problem, a large-value vin = 0.5 VCC
resistor could be connected to the noninverting terminal. Solution:
This would keep it at ground potential during the
transition and prevents a spike. AV = Rf/R1
AV = 10 k/1 k
20-41. Given: AV = 10
R1(min) = 990 vout = AV(vin)
R1(max) = 1010 vout = 10(0.5 V)
Rf(min) = 99 k vout = 5 V
Rf(max) = 101 k
Iout = vout/RL
Solution: Iout = 5 V/100
AV(min) = Rf(min)/R1(max) Iout = 50 mA
AV(min) = 99 k/1010 IB = Iout/
AV(min) = 98 IB = 50 mA/50
AV(max) = Rf(max)/R1(min) IB = 1 mA
AV(max) = 101 k/990 Answer: The base current is 1 mA.
AV(max) = 102
20-44. Answer:
Answer: The minimum gain is 98, and the maximum
gain is 102. Trouble 1: Since there is voltage at E and not at F, there
is an open between E and F.
20-42. Given:
Trouble 2: Since the output is only 200 mV, which is the
Transistor: amplified output of A, R2 is open.
R1 = 22 k
Rf = 10 k Trouble 3: Since the input is 2 mV and the output is
RS = 1 k maximum, R1 is shorted.
RE = 5.6 k 20-45. Answer:
RC = 6.8 k
VCC = 15V Trouble 4: Since there is no voltage at B, there is an
open between K and B.
Op amp
R1 = 1 k Trouble 5: Since the voltage at C is 3 mV and the
Rf = 47 k voltage at D is zero, there is an open between C and D.
Solution: Trouble 6: Since the voltage at A is zero, there is an
open between J and A.
VBB = [Rf/(R1 + Rf + RS)]VCC (Eq. 8-1)
VBB = [10 k/(22 k + 10 k + 1 k)]15 V 20-46. Answer:
VBB = 4.54 V Trouble 7: Since the input voltage is 3 mV and the
VE = VBB VBE (Eq. 8-2) output is maximum, R3 is open.
VE = 4.54 V 0.7 V Trouble 8: Since the output is only 250 mV, which is the
VE = 3.84 V amplified output of B, R1 is open.
IE = VE/RE (Eq. 8-3) Trouble 9: Since the output voltage is the same as the
IE = 3.84 V/5.6 k input voltage, R3 is shorted.
IE = 0.685 mA Trouble 10: Since the input is 5 mV and the output is
re = 25 mV/IE (Eq. 9-10) maximum, R2 is shorted.

1-104
21-20. Given: f0 = 55.7 kHz
R1 = 56 k Answer: The Q is 2.65, the voltage gain is 14, and the
Rf = 10 k center frequency is 55.7 kHz.
C = 680 pF 21-23. Given:
Solution: R1 = 3.6 k
f p = 1/(2C R1/R f ) Rf = 7.5 k
f p = 1/[2(680 pF) (10 k)(56 k)] R3 = 27
fp = 9.89 kHz C = 22 nF
Q = 0.5 ( R1 / R f ) Solution:
Q = 0.5 (56 k)/(10 k) AV = Rf/2R1 (Eq. 21-35)
Q = 1.18 AV = 7.5 k/2(3.6 k)
AV = 1.04
Kc = 1.04 (from Fig. 21-26)
K3 = 1.30 (from Fig. 21-26) Q = 0.5 [ R f /( R1 || R3 )] (Eq. 21-40)
fc = fp/Kc (Eq. 21-31) Q = 0.5 [7.5k /(2 k || 27 )]
fc = 9.89 kHz/1.04 Q = 8.39
fc = 9.51 kHz f 0 = 1/(2C ( R1 || R3 ) R f ] (Eq. 21-41)
f3 = fp/K3 f 0 = 1/[2(22 nF) (2k || 27 )(7.5k)]
f3 = 9.89 kHz/1.30 f0 = 16.2 kHz
f3 = 7.61 kHz Answer: The Q is 8.39, the voltage gain is 1.04, and the
Answer: The pole frequency is 9.89 kHz, the cutoff center frequency is 16.2 kHz.
frequency is 9.51 kHz, the 3-dB frequency is 7.61 kHz, 21-24. Given:
and the Q is 1.18.
R1 = 28 k
21-21. Given: R3 = 1.8 k
R1 = 91 k C = 1.8 nF
Rf = 15 k AV = 1
C = 220 pF Solution:
Solution: Q = 0.707 [( R1 + R3 ) / R3 ] (Eq. 21-43)
f p = 1/(2C R1/R f ) Q = 0.707 [(28k+1.8k) /1.8k ]
f p = 1/[2(220 pF) (15 k)(91 k)] Q = 2.88
fp = 19.6 kHz f 0 = 1/(2C [2 R1 ( R1 || R3 )]) (Eq. 21-44)
Q = 0.5 ( R1/R f ) f 0 = 1/{2(1.8 nF) [2(28 k)(28 k ||1.8k)]}
Q = 0.5 (91k)/(15k) f0 = 9.09 kHz
Q = 1.23 Answer: The Q is 2.88, the voltage gain is 1, and the
Kc = 1.06 (from Fig. 21-26) center frequency is 9.09 kHz.
K3 = 1.32 (from Fig. 21-26) 21-25. Given:
fc = fp/Kc (Eq. 21-31) R1 = 20 k
fc = 19.6 kHz/1.06 Rf = 10 k
fc = 18.5 kHz R = 56 k
f3 = fp/K3 C = 180 nF
f3 = 19.6 kHz/1.32 Solution:
f3 = 14.8 kHz AV = (Rf/R1) + 1 (Eq. 21-46)
Answer: The pole frequency is 19.6 kHz, the cutoff AV = (10 k/20 k) + 1
frequency is 18.5 kHz, the 3-dB frequency is 14.8 kHz, AV = 1.5
and the Q is 1.23. f0 = 1/(2RC) (Eq. 21-47)
21-22. Given: f0 = 1/[2(56 k)(180 nF)]
R1 = 2 k f0 = 15.8 Hz
Rf = 56 k Q = 0.5/(2 AV) (Eq. 21-48)
C = 270 pF Q = 0.5/(2 1.5)
Solution: Q=1
AV = Rf/2R1 (Eq. 21-35) BW = f0/Q (Eq. 21-34)
AV = 56 k/2(2 k) BW = 15.8 Hz/1
AV = 14 BW = 15.8 Hz
Q = 0.5 ( R f /R1 ) (Eq. 21-36) Answer: The voltage gain is 1.5, the Q is 1, the resonant
frequency is 15.8 Hz, and the bandwidth is 15.8 Hz.
Q = 0.5 (56 k) /(2 k)
Q = 2.65 21-26. Given:

f 0 = 1/(2C ( R1 / R f ) (Eq. 21-38) R = 3.3 k

C = 220 nF
f 0 = 1/[2 ( 270 pF ) (56 k)(2 k)]

1-108
 Roll-off = 20n dB/decade (Eq. 21-4a) JOB INTERVIEW QUESTIONS
Roll-off = 20(10) dB/decade
Roll-off = 200 dB/decade 5. It means using back-to-back zener diodes or other circuits
to limit the output voltage swing.
4 kHz is 1 octave above 8. An IC comparator does not have an internal compensating
Attenuation = 60 dB capacitor.
8 kHz is 2 octaves above
Attenuation = 120 dB
20 kHz is 1 decade above PROBLEMS
Attenuation = 200 dB 22-1. Given:
Answer: The attenuation is 60 dB at 4 kHz, 120 dB at AV(dB) = 106 dB
8 kHz, and 200 dB at 20 kHz. VSat = 20 V
21-34. Given: Solution:
n=2
AVOL = antilog(AV(dB)/20) (Eq. 16-15)
R = 10 k
AVOL = antilog(l06 dB/20)
fc = 5 kHz
AVOL = 200,000
Solution:
vin(min) = VSat/AVOL (Eq. 22-1)
Q = 0.5 C2 / C1 (from Fig. 21-24) vin(min) = 20 V/200,000
0.707 = 0.5 C2 / C1 (Butterworth response) vin(min) = 100 V
1.414 = C2 / C1 Answer: An input voltage of 100 V will produce
2 = C2/C1 positive saturation, assuming rail-to-rail output.
C2 = 2C1 22-2. Given:
fp = 1/2R C1 (2C1 )
fp = 1/2 RC1 2 vin = 50 V
R = 10 k
C1 = 1/2Rfp 2
C1 = 1/2(10 k)(5 kHz) 2 Answer:
C1 = 2.25 nF ID = (vin 0.7 V)/R
C2 = 4.5 nF ID = (50 V 0.7 V)/10 k
21-35. Given: ID = 4.93 mA
n=2 Solution: The diode current is 4.93 mA.
R = 25 k 22-3. Given:
fc = 7.5 kHz
Ap = 12 dB VZ = 6.8 V
VS = 15 V
Solution:
Solution:
Since Ap = 12 dB, Kc = 1.391 and Q = 4 (from Table 21-3)
Vout = (VZ + VD) (Eq. 22-1)
fc = Kcfp (Eq. 21-23)
Vout = (6.8 V + 0.7 V)
fp = fc/Kc
Vout = 7.5 V
fp = 7.5 kHz/1.391
fp = 5.39 kHz Answer: The output voltage will be limited to 7.5 V.
Q = 0.5 C2 / C1 (from Fig. 21-25) 22-4. Given: VS = 12 V
4 = 0.5 C2 / C1 (Chebyshev response) Answer: The output voltage would vary between 0.7 V
8 = C2 / C1 and 12 V.
64 = C2/C1 22-5. Given: VS = 12 V
C2 = 64C1 Answer: When the strobe is high, the output is zero.
fp = 1/2R C1 (64C1 ) When the strobe is low, the output will vary between
fp = 1/16RC1 0.7 V and 9 V.
C1 = 1/16Rfp
C1 = 1/16(25 k)(5.39 kHz) 22-6. Given:
C1 = 148 pF VS = 15 V
C2 = 9.45 nF R1 = 47 k
R2 = 12 k
Chapter 22 Nonlinear Op-Amp C = 0.5 F
Circuits Solution:
vref = [R2/(R1 + R2)]VCC (Eq. 22-2)
SELF-TEST vref = [12 k/(47 k + 12 k)]15 V
1. d 9. c 17. a 25. a vref = 3.05 V
2. a 10. b 18. c 26. a fC = 1/[2(R1||R2)C] (Eq. 22-3)
3. c 11. c 19. b 27. d fC = 1/[2(47 k||12 k) 0.5 F]
4. b 12. b 20. c 28. b fC = 33.3 Hz
5. c 13. b 21. d 29. c
6. a 14. b 22. d 30. a Answer: The reference voltage is 3.05 V, and the cutoff
7. a 15. a 23. a frequency is 33.3 Hz.
8. b 16. b 24. b
1-110
 f = 1/T TR 2.2(RC) (Eq. 16-28)
f = 122.4 ms TR 2.2(1 k)(50 pF)
f = 45 Hz TR 110 ns
Answer: The lowest frequency is 45 Hz. Answer: The risetime is 110 ns.
22-33. Answer: With the diode reversed, it becomes a negative 22-41. Given:
peak detector and the output voltage is 106 mV. R1 = 33 k
22-34. Given: vin = 150 mV peak Rf = 3.3 k
Answer: The output voltage is 150 mV. C = 47 F
Vripple = 1 V rms
22-35. Given: vin = 100 mV peak
Solution:
Solution:
fC = 1/[2(R1||Rf)C] (from Fig. 22-11)
vout = vin + V peak (Eq. 22-21) fC = 1/[2(33 k||3.3 k)47 F]
vout = 100 mV peak + 100 mV peak fC = 1.1 Hz
vout = 200 mV peak
The power supply ripple is 120 Hz because rectification.
Answer: The output swings from 0 V to 200 mV peak. This is 2 decades above the cutoff frequency. Since
22-36. Given: there is one capacitor, the roll-off is 20 dB/decade. The
input is attenuated by 40 dB, equivalent to 0.01.
RL = 10 k
C = 4.7 F 3.3 k
vtb = (1V) = 0.1V
Solution: 33 k + 3.3 k
RLC > 10T (Eq. 22-20) vout = (0.01)(0.1 V) = 0.001 V
RLC = 10T for the highest period or lowest frequency
Answer: The cutoff frequency is 1:1 Hz, and the ripple
[(10 k)(4.7 F)]/10 = T
voltage at the inverting input is 0.001 V rms.
T = 4.7 ms
22-42. Given:
f = 1/T
f = 1/4.7 ms VCC = 15 V
f = 213 Hz R1 = 33 k
Rf = 3.3 k
Answer: The lowest frequency is 213 Hz.
vin(peak) = 5 V
22-37. Given: f = 10 kHz
vref = 1.36 V (from Prob. 22-9)
Solution:
= 16 and 164 (from Prob. 22-9)
1 Hz = 1 cycle/second D = 41% (from Prob. 22-9)
10 kHz = 10,000 cycles/second or 10,000 cycles in Solution:
1 second
Ihigh = V/R
Each cycle has two transitions (low to high and high to Ihigh = 5 V/1 k
low); thus there are 2 pulses per cycle. Ihigh = 5 mA
10,000 cycles in 1 second 2 pulses/cycle = 20,000
Since the output is high only 41% of the time, the
pulses in 1 second.
average current is:
Answer: There are 20,000 pulses in 1 second.
Iave = Dihigh
22-38. Given: f = 1 kHz Iave = (0.41)(5 mA)
Solution: Iave = 2.05 mA
Since there are 2 pulses per cycle, a pulse occurs every Answer: The average current is 2.05 mA.
T/2. 22-43. Given:
T = 1/f R1 = 1.5 k 5%
T = 1/1 kHz Rf = 68 k 5%
T = 1 mS VSat = 13.5 V
Answer: A pulse occurs every T/2 or 0.5 mS. Solution:
R1(max) = 1.5 k + 5%(1.5 k) = 1575
R1(min) = 1.5 k 5%(1.5 k) = 1425
CRITICAL THINKING
Rf(max) = 68 k + 5%(68 k) = 71.4 k
22-39. Answer: Make the 3.3-k resistor a variable so that it Rf(min) = 68 k 5%(68 k) = 64.6 k
can be adjusted to any desired value.
B(min) = R1(min)/(R1(min) + Rf(max)) (Eq. 22-4)
22-40. Given: B(min) = 1425 /(1425 k + 71.4 k)
R = 1 k B(min) = 0.0196
C = 50 pF H(min) = 2B(min) VSat (Eq. 22-9)
Solution: Risetime is from the 10% point to the 90% H(min) = 2(0.0196)(13.5 V)
point (discussed in Chap. 16). Using the universal time H(min) = 0.529 V
constant chart, it takes about 3 time constants to go from Answer: The minimum hysteresis is 0.529 V.
10% to 90%.

1-114
 8. There must be an unwanted positive feedback path between Answer: The maximum frequency is 3.98 kHz, and the
the output and the input of the three-stage amplifier. Low- minimum frequency is 332 Hz.
frequency oscillations may be caused by the high power- 23-3c. Given:
supply impedance. You can try using a large filter capacitor
at the supply point for each stage. If this docs not work, C = 0.002 F
then a power supply with better regulation is needed. For Rmin = 2 k
high-frequency oscillations, you can try shielding the Rmax = 24 k
stages, using a single ground point, filter capacitors on each Solution:
stage supply, and ferrite beads on each base or gate lead.
fr(max)= 1/[2RminC] (Eq. 23-4)
fr(max) = 1/[2(2 k)(0.002 F)]
PROBLEMS fr(max) = 39.8 kHz
23-1. Given: RF = 1 k fr(min) = 1/[2RmaxC] (Eq. 23-4)
Solution: The oscillator becomes stable with a lamp fr(min) = 1/[2(24 k)(0.002 F)]
resistance of 500 and from the graph a lamp voltage fr(min) = 3.32 kHz
of 3 V rms. Answer: The maximum frequency is 39.8 kHz, and the
IL = 3 V/500 minimum frequency is 3.32 kHz.
IL = 6 mA 23-3d. Given:
Vout = IL(RF + RL) C = 200 pF
Vout = 6 mA(1 k + 500 ) Rmin = 2 k
Vout = 9 V rms Rmax = 24 k
Answer: The output voltage is 9 V rms. Solution:
23-2. Given: fr(max) = 1/[2RminC] (Eq. 23-4)
C = 200 pF fr(max) = 1/[2(2 k)(200 pF)]
Rmin = 2 k fr(max) = 398 kHz
Rmax = 24 k fr(min) = 1/[2RmaxC] (Eq. 23-4)
Solution: fr(min) = 1/[2(24 k)(200 pF)]
fr(min) = 33.2 kHz
fr(max) = 1/[2RminC] (Eq. 23-4)
fr(max) = 1/[2(2.2 k)(200 pF)] Answer: The maximum frequency is 398 kHz, and the
fr(max) = 398 kHz minimum frequency is 33.2 kHz.
fr(min) = 1/[2RmaxC] (Eq. 23-4) 23-4. Given:
fr(min) = 1/[2(2.4 k)(200 pF)] Vout = 6 V rms
fr(min) = 33.2 kHz RF = 2Rlamp
Answer: The maximum frequency is 398 kHz, and the Solution: Since the lamp resistance is one-third of the
minimum frequency is 33.2 kHz. total resistance, its voltage will be one-third of the total
23-3a. Given: voltage, or 2 V rms. According to the graph, the lamp
resistance would be 350 , so the feedback resistor
C = 0.2 F would need to be twice that, or 700 .
Rmin = 2 k
Rmax = 24 k Answer: Change the feedback resistor to 700 .
Solution: 23-5. Given: Maximum frequency is 398 kHz, from Prob.
23-3.
fr(max) = 1/[2RminC] (Eq. 23-4)
fr(max) = 1/[2(2 k)(0.2 F)] Solution: 1 decade above 398 kHz is 3.98 MHz.
fr(max) = 398 Hz Answer: The cutoff frequency is 3.98 MHz.
fr(min) = 1/[2RmaxC] (Eq. 23-4) 23-6. Given:
fr(min) = 1/[2(24 k)(0.2 F)] R = 10 k
fr(min) = 33.2 Hz C = 0.01 F
Answer: The maximum frequency is 398 Hz, and the Solution:
minimum frequency is 33.2 Hz.
fr = 1/[2RC] (Eq. 23-4)
23-3b. Given: fr = 1/[2(10 k)(0.01 F)]
C = 0.02 F fr = 1.59 kHz
Rmin = 2 k Answer: The resonant frequency is 1.59 kHz.
Rmax = 24 k
23-7. Given:
Solution:
R = 20 k
fr(max) = 1/[2RminC] (Eq. 23-4) C = 0.02 F
fr(max) = 1/[2(2 k)(0.02 F)]
fr(max) = 3.98 kHz Solution:
fr(min) = 1/[2RmaxC] (Eq. 23-4) fr = 1/[2RC] (Eq. 23-4)
fr(min) = 1/[2(24 k)(0.02 F)] fr = 1/[2(20 k)(0.02 F)]
fr(min) = 332 Hz fr = 398 Hz

1-116
 Answer: The resonant frequency is 398 Hz. C = (0.001 F)(0.01 F)/(0.001 F + 0.01 F)
23-8. Given: C = 909 pF
R1 = 10 k f r = 1/(2 LC ) (Eq. 23-5)
R2 = 5 k f r =1/(2 (20 H)(909 pF))
RE = 1 k fr = 1.18 MHz
VBE = 0.7 V Answer: The frequency is 1.18 MHz.
VCC = 12 V
23-12. Answer: Reduce the inductance by a factor of 4 (since
Solution: there is a square root in the denominator).
VB = [R2/(R1 + R2)]VCC (Eq. 8-1) 23-13. Given:
VB = [5 k/(10 k + 5 k)]12 V
VB = 4 V C1 = 0.001 F
C2 = 0.01 F
VE = VB VBE (Eq. 8-2) C3 = 47 pF
VE = 4 V 0.7 V L = 10 H
VE = 3.3 V
Solution:
IE = VE/RE (Eq. 8-3)
IE = 3.3 V/1 k f r = 1/(2 LC3 ) (Eq. 23-18)
IE = 3.3 mA f r = 1/(2 (10 H)(47 pF))
fr = 7.34 MHz
Since the RF choke is a short to direct current, the
collector voltage is 12 V. Answer: The frequency is 7.34 MHz.
VCE = VC VE (Eq. 8-6) 23-14. Given:
VCE = 12 V 3.3 V L1 = 1 H
VCE = 8.7 V L2 = 0.2 H
Answer: The emitter current is 3.3 mA, and the C = 1000 pF
collector-to-emitter voltage is 8.7 V. Solution:
23-9. Given: B = L2L1 (Eq. 23-16)
C1 = 0.001 F B = 0.2 H/1 H
C2 = 0.01 F B = 0.2
L = 10 H L = L1 + L2
Solution: L = 1 H + 0.2 H
L = 1.2 H
C = C1C2/(C1 + C2) (Eq. 23-6)
C = (0.001 F)(0.01 F)/(0.001 F + 0.01 F) f r = 1/[2 LC ] (Eq. 23-5)
C = 909 pF f r = 1/[2 (1.2 H)(1000 pF)]
(
f r = 1/ 2 LC ) (Eq. 23-5) fr = 4.59 MHz
(
f r = 1/ 2 (10 H)(909 pF) ) Av(min) = L1/L2
Av(min) = 1 H/0.2 H
fr = 1.67 MHz
Av(min) = 5
B = C1/C2 (Eq. 23-7)
B = 0.001 F/0.01 F Answer: The frequency is 4.59 MHz, the feedback
B = 0.10 fraction is 0.2, and the minimum gain is 5.
Av(min) = C2/C1 (Eq. 23-8) 23-15. Given:
Av(min) = 0.001 F/0.01 F M = 0.1 H
Av(min) = 10 L = 3.3 H
Answer: The frequency is 1.67 MHz, the feedback Solution:
fraction is 0.10, and the minimum gain is 10.
B = M/L (Eq. 23-14)
23-10. Given: B = 0.1 H/3.3 H
C1 = 0.001 F B = 0.030
C2 = 0.01 F Av(min) = L/M
Solution: Av(min) = 3.3 H/0.1 H
Av(min) = 33
B = C1/(C1 + C2)
B = 0.001 F/(0.001 F + 0.01 F) Answer: The feedback fraction is 0.03, and the
B = 0.091 minimum gain is 33.
Answer: The feedback fraction is 0.091. 23-16. Given: f = 5 MHz
23-11. Given: Answer: The first overtone is 10 MHz, the second
overtone is 15 MHz, and the third overtone is 20 MHz.
C1 = 0.001 F
C2 = 0.01 F 23-17. Answer: Since the frequency is inversely proportional to
L = 20 H thickness, if thickness is reduced by 1% the frequency
will increase by 1%.
Solution:
C = C1C2/(C1 + C2) (Eq. 23-6)

1-117
 Answer: The period is 100 s, the quiescent pulse width R3 = 40 k
is 5.61 s, the maximum pulse width is 8.66 s, the C = 0.1 F
minimum pulse width is 3.71 s, the maximum duty Solution:
cycle is 0.0866, and the minimum duty cycle is 0.0371.
The waveform is a sine wave.
23-24. Given: f = 1.1RC
VCC = 10 V f = 1/(20 k)(0.1 F)
R1 = 1.2 k f = 500 Hz
R2 = 1.5 k Amplitude = 2.4 Vp
C = 4.7 nF Amplitude = 4.8 Vpp
vmod = 1.5 V
Answer: The output is a sine wave at a frequency of 500
Solution: Hz and a peak voltage of 2.4 V.
W = 0.693(R1 + R2)C (Eq. 23-26) 23-27. Given:
W = 0.693(1.2 k + 1.5 k)(4.7 nF)
W = 8.79 s S1 = Open
R = 10 k
T = 0.693(R1 + 2R2)C (Eq. 23-27) R3 = 40 k
T = 0.693[1.2 k + 2(1.5 k)](4.7 nF) C = 0.01 F
T = 13.68 s
Solution:
UTPmax = 2VCC/3 + vmod (Eq. 23-34)
UTPmax = 2(10 V)/3 + 1.5 V The waveform is a triangle wave.
UTPmax = 8.17 V f = 1.1RC
f = 1/(10 k)(0.01 F)
UTPmin = 2VCC/3 vmod (Eq. 23-34) f = 10 kHz
UTPmin = 2(10 V)/3 1.5 V
UTPmin = 5.17 V Amplitude = 5 Vp
Amplitude = 10 Vpp
Wmax = (R1 + R2)C1n[(VCC UTPmax)/(VCC 0.5UTPmax)]
(Eq. 23-35) Answer: The output is a triangle wave at a frequency of
Wmax = {[(1.2 k + 1.5 k)(4.7 nF)]ln[(10 8.17 V)/ 10 kHz and a peak voltage of 5 V.
(10 V 0.5(8.17 V)]} 23-28. Given:
Wmax = 14.89 s
R1 = 2 k
Wmin = (R1 + R2)C1n[(VCC UTPmin)/(VCC 0.5UTPmin)] R2 = 10 k
(Eq. 23-35) C = 0.01 F
Wmin = {[(1.2 k + 1.5 k)(4.7 nF)]ln[(10 5.17 V)/
(10 V 0.5(5.17 V)]} Solution:
Wmin = 5.44 s 2 1
Space = 0.693R2C f =
C R1 + R2
Space = 0.693(1.5 k)(4.7 nF)
Space = 4.89 s 2 1
f =
Answer: The quiescent pulse width is 8.79 s, the 0.1 F 2 k + 10 k
quiescent period is 13.69 s, the maximum pulse width f = 1.67 kHz
is 14.89 s, the minimum pulse width is 5.44 s, and the
space between pulses is 4.89 s. D = R1/(R1 + R2)
D = 2 k/(2 k + 10 k)
23-25. Given: D = 0.167
IC = 0.5 mA Answer: The frequency is 1.67 kHz, and the duty cycle
VCC = 10 V is 0.167.
C = 47 nF
23-29a. Decrease. With the lamp open, there is no path for
Solution: feedback current. Thus the voltage at the inverting
S = IC/C (Eq. 23-39) terminal will equal the output voltage and it should
S = 0.5 mA/47 nF be driven to 0 V.
S = 10.6 V/mS 23-29b. Increase. With the inverting input grounded, there is
no feedback and the gain is open-loop gain and the
V = 2VCC/3 (Eq. 23-40) output will be saturation.
V = 2(10 V)/3 23-29c. Same. The upper potentiometer affects frequency, not
V = 6.67 V output voltage.
T = 2VCC/3S (Eq. 23-41) 23-29d. Same. Unless the supply falls low enough for
T = 2(10 V)/3(10.6 V/mS) clipping.
T = 0.629 mS 23-29e. Same. Only a very small change at the output.
Answer: The slope is 10.6 V/mS, the peak value is 23-30. Answer:
6.67 V, and the duration is 0.629 mS. 1. Shorted inductor
23-26. Given: 2. Open inductor
S1 = Closed 3. Shorted capacitors
R = 20 k 4. Open capacitors
5. Open in the feedback path
6. Loss of the power supply

1-119
TABLE 2-5 TABLE 4-2 DMM TESTING
RTH = 600 Measured 1 Measured 2 Measured 3
Forward 0.552 V 0.571 V 0.544 V
ANSWERS Reverse OL OL OL
1. b
2. c
3. d TABLE 4-3 DATA FOR FORWARD BIAS
4. d
Calculated Measured
5. a
6. The calculated Thevenin resistance is 2.39 k. A load of VD VL VD VL
100 k implies the load voltage will be down
approximately 2 percent from the ideal open-load or Diode 1 0.7 V 9.3 V 0.68 V 9.32 V
Thevenin voltage. This means the voltmeter reads slightly Diode 2 0.7 V 9.3 V 0.72 V 9.28 V
less than the ideal Thevenin voltage. Diode 3 0.7 V 9.3 V 0.67 V 9.33 V
7. In Fig. 2-1a, a shorted 2.2-k resistor means the voltage
between point A and common is lower than it should be,
which implies a Thevenin voltage that is less than before. TABLE 4-4 DATA FOR REVERSE BIAS
Also, the shorted resistor means less Thevenin resistance.
8. In Fig. 2-1a, an open 2.2-k resistor implies that all of the Calculated Measured
source voltage will appear across the AB terminals when
the load is open. Furthermore, opening the resistor will VD VL VD VL
increase the Thevenin resistance. Diode 1 10 V 0 10 V 0
9. If I wanted to stay in business, I had better produce Diode 2 10 V 0 10 V 0
batteries with very low internal resistance because batteries
Diode 3 10 V 0 10 V 0
are supposed to act like stiff voltage sources for most load
resistances.
TABLE 4-5 DIODE CONDUCTION
Experiment 3 D1 D2 D3 D4
TABLE 3-1 TROUBLES AND VOLTAGES Normal On Off Off On
Trouble VA VB Reversed Off On On Off

Circuit OK 5.21 V 1.06 V

R1 open 0 0 TABLE 4-6. DIODE CONDUCTION
R2 open 6.9 V 1.41 V
R3 open 6.81 V 0 D1 D2 D3 D4
R4 open 6.81 V 6.81 V
R1 shorted 10 V 2.04 V Normal On On Off Off
R2 shorted 0 0 Reversed Off Off On On
R3 shorted 2.72 V 2.72 V
R4 shorted 4.92 V 0
TABLE 4-7 DIODE AND LOAD VOLTAGES
ANSWERS VD1 VD2 VD3 VD4 VL
1. a Calculated 0.7 V 0.7 V 9.3 V 9.3 V 8.6 V
2. c Measured 0.68 V 0.72 V 9.32 V 9.28 V 8.6 V
3. d
4. d
5. d ANSWERS
6. a
1. a
7. c
2. b
8. a
3. d
9. a
4. c
10. d
5. b
6. b
7. c
Experiment 4 8. b
TABLE 4-1 OHMMETER TESTING 9. a
10. c
Expected Measured 1 Measured 2 Measured 3
RF Low 25 24 26
RR High Infinite Infinite Infinite

2-2
Experiment 7 TABLE 7-5 CRITICAL THINKING
TABLE 7-1 HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER Calculated Measured
RMS secondary voltage 6.3 V 7.73 V
Calculated Measured
Peak output voltage 8.9 V 8.8 V
RMS secondary voltage 12.6 V 15.6 V DC load voltage 5.67 V 5.53 V
Peak output voltage 17.8 V 20 V DC load current 21 mA 20 mA
DC output voltage 5.67 V 6.6 V Ripple frequency 120 Hz 120 Hz
Ripple frequency 60 Hz 60 Hz Load resistance 270 267

TABLE 7-2 FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER ANSWERS

1. d
Calculated Measured 2. c
RMS secondary voltage 12.6 V 15.6 V 3. c
Peak output voltage 8.9 V 9.5 V
4. c
5. d
DC output voltage 5.67 V 6.3 V
6. For a given transformer, the bridge rectifier has the largest
Ripple frequency 120 Hz 120 Hz unfiltered dc output voltage, ideally 90 percent of the rms
secondary voltage versus 45 percent for the others.
7. When any diode opens, the circuit reverts to a half-wave
TABLE 7-3 BRIDGE RECTIFIER rectifier. For this reason, the unfiltered dc output voltage
and the ripple frequency are half of their normal values.
Calculated Measured 8. If any diode is shorted, the other diode on the same side of
RMS secondary voltage 12.6 V 15.6 V the bridge is destroyed and the remaining diodes are
Peak output voltage 17.8 V 19 V unaffected. For instance, if D1 shorts in Fig. 7-2, D3 is
DC output voltage 11.3 V 12.5 V
destroyed because of excessive current. Diodes D2 and D4
are unaffected.
Ripple frequency 120 Hz 120 Hz
9. I used only half the secondary winding to drive the bridge
rectifier. This reduced the dc output voltage to approximately
5.67 V. To get approximately 20 mA of dc load current, I
TABLE 7-4 TROUBLESHOOTING selected a load resistance of 270 .
Calculated Measured

Vdc fout Vdc fout

Diode open 5.67 V 60 Hz 6.25 V 60 Hz
Half-secondary short 5.67 V 120 Hz 5.68 V 120 Hz

Experiment 8 TABLE 8-3 RL = 1 k AND C = 470 F

TABLE 8-1 TRANSFORMER RESISTANCES Calculated Measured
RMS secondary voltage 12.6 V 15.5 V
Rpri = 33.6
Peak output voltage 17.8 V 20 V
Rsec = 1.1
DC output voltage 17.8 V 19.9 V
DC load current 17.8 mA 20 mA
Ripple frequency 120 Hz 120 Hz
TABLE 8-2 RL = 1 k AND C = 47 F Peak-to-peak ripple 0.316 V 0.28 V
Calculated Measured
RMS secondary voltage 12.6 V 15.4 V TABLE 8-4 RL = 10 k AND C = 470 F
Peak output voltage 17.8 V 21.5 V
DC output voltage 17.8 V 19.1 V Calculated Measured
DC load current 17.8 mA 19 mA RMS secondary voltage 12.6 V 15.6 V
Ripple frequency 120 Hz 120 Hz Peak output voltage 17.8 V 20.4 V
Peak-to-peak ripple 3.16 V 2.5 V DC output voltage 17.8 V 20.4 V
DC load current 1.78 mA 1.99 mA
Ripple frequency 120 Hz 120 Hz
Peak-to-peak ripple 31.6 mV 25 mV

2-4
TABLE 14-3 OPTOCOUPLER TABLE 15-2 CALCULATIONS
VS Vout Transistor VCB IE dc dc
2V 13.8 V 1 13.7 V 3.8 mA 0.996 253
4V 13 V 2 14.2 V 1.9 mA 0.992 127
6V 11.9 V 3 13.5 V 6.5 mA 0.998 433
8V 10.7 V
10 V 9.6 V
12 V 9V TABLE 15-3 TROUBLESHOOTING
14 V 8.7 V
Trouble Estimated VC Measured VC
Open 470 k + 15 V + 15V
TABLE 14-4 TROUBLESHOOTING Shorted 1 k + 15 V + 15V
Open 1 k 0 + 0.04 V
Estimated VLED Measured VLED Shorted collector-emitter 0 0
Open LED 15V 15 V Open collector-emitter + 15V + 15 V
Shorted LED 0V 0V

TABLE 15-4 CRITICAL THINKING

TABLE 14-5 CRITICAL THINKING
RB VC
Calculated Measured Calculated 360 k 7.45 V
R ILED VLED ILED VLED Measured 370 k 7.76 V

Red LED 680 19.1 mA 2 V 20.1 mA 1.7 V

Green LED 680 19.1 mA 2 V 19.6 mA 2 V ANSWERS
1. c
ANSWERS 2. b
3. d
1. c 4. c
2. c 5. a
3. c 6. The VBE drop was close to 0.7 V for all three transistors. It
4. a was also apparent that collector current is much greater
5. a than base current. My weakest transistor had a dc of 197,
6. When the cathode of a LED is grounded, there is LED which means collector current was approximately 200
current and the LED segment lights up. By grounding one times greater than base current.
or more cathodes, we can display any digit between 0 and 7. I measured the full supply voltage, + 15 V. With the base
9. With a LED voltage drop of 2 V, the current through the resistor open, the transistor goes into cutoff and operates at
series resistor is (5 2)/270, or 11.1 mA. The LED current the lower end of the dc load line, which has a collector
in any lit segment equals 11.1 mA/n, where n is the number voltage of + 15 V. Stated another way, there was no
of lit segments. Therefore, LED brightness decreases as collector current, which means no voltage drop across the
more segments light up. collector resistor. Therefore, the full supply voltage
7. Kirchhoffs voltage law says the voltage across the LED appeared at the collector.
equals the source voltage minus the drop across the series 8. A shorted transistor has either zero ohms or a very low value
resistor. When the LED is open, there is no drop across the of resistance because of internal damage. Because of this, the
series resistor and the entire source voltage appears across voltage across a very low resistance approaches zero.
the open LED. 9. Answers will vary.
8. I subtracted 2 V (LED drop) from 15 V (source voltage) to 10. Because the base current and the beta current set the
get 13 V (voltage across the series resistor). Then I current.
calculated R = 13 V/20 mA, or 650 . The nearest standard
sizes are 620 and 680 . Arbitrarily, I selected 680 .
9. By using nine identical resistors, one in series with each
cathode. Then the positive supply voltage is connected Experiment 16
directly to pin 3. By grounding the lower end of any resistor, TABLE 16-1 FIRST CIRCUIT
we can set up LED current and tight the associated segment.
VBE VCE Region
Calculated 0.7 V 6.04 V Active
Experiment 15 Measured 0.72 V 6.97 V Active
TABLE 15-1 TRANSISTOR VOLTAGES AND
CURRENTS TABLE 16-2 SECOND CIRCUIT
Transistor VBE VCE IB IC
VBE VCE Region
1 0.69 V 14.4 V 31.8 A 6.4 mA
Calculated 0.7 V 0V Saturation
2 0.65 V 14.8 V 31.8 A 4.8 mA
Measured 0.75 V 0.1 V Saturation
3 0.75 V 14.2 V 31.8 A 3.2 mA
2-9
Figure 5-44

3-4
Figure 8-30

3-7
Figure 9-8

3-8
Figure 12-6

3-11
Figure 12-43

3-12
Figure 11-30

3-13
Figure 15-21

3-14
Figure 18-4

3-15
Figure 18-7

3-16
Figure 18-13

3-17
Figure 20-27

3-20
Figure 20-45

3-21
Figure 23-15

3-29