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Answers to Critical Thinking Questions

for

CHEMISTRY
AGuidedInquiry
FifthEdition,2011

RichardS.Moog
Franklin&MarshallCollege

JohnJ.Farrell
Franklin&MarshallCollege

LatestUpdate:May12,2011
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John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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Answers to Critical Thinking Questions

Please do not give these answers to students.

Quite often, the answers given here are less

detailed than what is expected for a students
answer.

ChemActivity 1
1. 6,6,6
2. 6,7,7
3. 6,6,7
4. Allcarbonatomsandionshavesixprotonsinthenucleus.
5. Allhydrogenatomsandionshaveoneprotoninthenucleus.
6. Zisthenumberofprotonsinthenucleusofthatatom.
7. Twentyeightprotonsinthenucleus.
8. a)Becausetherearesixprotonsand7electrons,sothereisanetchargeof1.b)Inan
ionthenumberofprotonsandelectronsarenotequal.c)Thechargeonanion=#of
protons#ofelectrons.
9. BecauseeveryHatomandionmusthaveoneproton,thenumberofprotonsis1.The
numberofneutronsiszero,analogousto 1Hand 1H. Thenumberofelectronsiszero
becausethechargeis1+andtherehastobeoneproton.
10. Different isotopes on a particular element have differing numbers of neutrons in the
nucleus(butthesamenumberofprotons).
11. Themassnumber(A)isthesumofthenumberofprotonsandthenumberofneutronsin
thenucleus.
12. TheOatomhas8protonsand8neutronsinitsnucleus;hence,themassnumberis16.The
Oatomhas8protonsand10electrons;hencethechargeontheionis2.TheNaatomhas
11protonsand12neutrons;hence,themassnumberis23.TheNaatomhas11protons
and10electrons;hencethechargeontheionis1+.
13. Mostofthemassisinthenucleuswheretheprotonsandneutronsare. Notethatthe
differenceinmassbetweena13Canda13Catom(whichdifferbyonlyoneelectron)is
only0.0005amu.

ChemActivity 2
1. 3
2. Allisotopesofmagnesiumhavetwelveprotons inthenucleus. Thethreeisotopes of
magnesiumhave12,13,and14neutronsinthenucleus.
3. 12.0000amu
4. a)1200.00amu;b)1300.34amu
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5. Slightly more than 1200.00 amu because 1200 amu would be the minimum and there
13
shouldbe,onaverage,1.11 Catomsamongthe100totalatoms.
6. None
7. Youmustknowthetotalnumberofmarblestousethefirstmethod.Therefore,thesecond
methodmustbeusedinthiscase.
8. a)0.757734.9689amu+0.242336.9659amu=35.45amu.b)Zero.
23
9. a)35.45amu.b)5.887x10 g
10. 6.022x1023atomsx5.887x1023g/atom=35.45g
23
11. a)24.31amu.b)4.037x10 g
12. 6.022x1023atomsx4.037x1023g/atom=24.31g
13. a)Itisthesamenumber.b)Itisthesamenumber.
14. a)Itisthesamenumber.b)Itisthesamenumber.
15. 12.001isa)theaveragemassinamuofoneCatomandb)themassingramsof6.022x
1023Catoms.
16. Zero%.
17. a)12.b)Theyhavethesamenumber12.c)6.022 1023.d)Theyhavethesame
number,6.022 1023. e) Theyhavethesamenumber,12. f) Theyhavethesame
number,6.0221023.
18. a)Twodozenelephants.b)Onemoleofsodiumatoms.
19. ThereisonemoleofHatomsandonemoleofargonatoms;theybothhavethesame
numberofatoms.

ChemActivity 3
1. ThemagnitudeofVdecreases.
2. V=0.
3. kanddmustbepositive.q1q2mustbepositive.Therefore,Vmustbepositive.Thatis,V>0
4. a)q=+1foraproton.b)q=0foraneutron.c)q=+6forthenucleusofacarbonatom.
5. Visanegativenumberbecausek(1)(1)/disnegative.
6. Visnegativebecausetheelectronisnegativeandtheprotonispositive.
7. IwouldexpectVtobebecomemorenegativeasdbecomessmaller.
8. V(1018J)=0,.0462,0.231,0.462,1.16,2.31.
9. V=IE
10. a)Theelectronthatisclosertothenucleuswouldhavethelargerionizationenergybecause
itisatalower(morenegative)potentialenergyaccordingtoCoulombspotentialenergy
equation.
11. a)Theelectronthatisatd1fromthe+2nucleuswouldhavethelargerionizationenergy
becauseitisatalower(morenegative)potentialenergyaccordingtoCoulombspotential
energyequation.
12. Theionizationenergyislargerbyafactorof2.
13. He+wouldhavealargerionizationenergythanHbecauseq=+2forHeanditwouldhave
a lower (more negative) potential energy according to Coulombs potential energy
equation.
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ChemActivity 4
1. 1.31MJ/mole
2. Theelectronthatisfarthestfromthenucleuswillhavetheleastnegativepotentialenergy
(dislarger)andthelowestionizationenergy.
3. Openended question. Students might predict that IE1 increases with atomic number
(highernuclearcharge). Or,theymightpredictthatIE 1 decreasesiftheyputadditional
electronsfartherawayfromthenucleus.
4. TheanswerheredependsonthestudentsanswertoCTQ3.
5. a)TheIE1forHeisgreaterthantheIE1forHbecausethenuclearchargeonaHeatomis
+2whereasthenuclearchargeonHis+1.b)TheIE 1forLiislessthantheIE1forHe
becauseatleastoneoftheelectronsofLimustbefartherawayfromthenucleusthanany
electronofHe. Otherwise,the+3nuclearchargeofLiwouldholdtheelectronmore
tightly.
6. Eachelectronisheldbya+2charge,ratherthana+1asinH.Therefore,iftheelectronsis
HeandHareatthesamedistancetheCoulombicPotentialEnergyforHeoughttwicethe
CoulombicPotentialforHeandIE1forHeoughttobeabout2IE1forH.
7. Ifthe3rdelectronwasatthesamedistanceasH,theIE 1wouldbeabout3IE1forH
3.93MJ/mole. However, itwouldbe abit less becauseofthe repulsionbetweenthe
electrons;thebestansweris3.6MJ/mole.
8. ForthismodeltheIE1ofLiwouldbeabout3.93MJ/mole(probablyabitlessduetothe
repulsionbetweentheelectronsseethepreviousCTQ).TheIE 1ofLiis0.52MJ/mole
muchsmallerthan3.93MJ/mole(seethepreviousCTQ).Thislowvalueisinconsistent
withtheleasttightlyheldelectronbeingthisclosetothenucleus.
9. Ifthe3rdelectronisfartherawayfromthenucleusthantheelectroninHtheIE 1wouldbe
muchlowerthattheIE1forH.BecausetheIE 1ofLiis0.52MJ/moleandtheIE 1ofHis
0.52MJ/mole,thismodelisconsistentwiththeexperimentaldata.
10. TheelectronsinthefirstshellofLiareclosertothenucleusandshouldbehardertoionize
(haveagreaterionizationenergy)thantheelectroninthesecondshell.

ChemActivity 5
1. a)H,oneelectronb)Li,oneelectronc)He,twoelectrons
2. a)H,zerob)Li,twoc)He,zero
3. ThecorechargeofLiis+1.
4. Electron b experiences more electronelectron repulsion than electron a because
electronaisfartherfromtheotherelectronsthanelectronb. ThereforetheIE 1 of
electronbwouldbelessthantheIE1ofelectrona.
5. a)Behas4protonsinitsnucleus.b)twoc)twod)42=2
e)Thecorechargeisequaltothenumberofvalenceelectronsforaneutralatom.
6. Behasahighercorecharge(+2)thanLi(+1)andahigherIE1thanLi.
7. Ne:102=8
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8. Diagram(a)shouldhaveanuclearchargeof+7,twoelectronsinthefirstcircle(shell),and
fiveelectronsinthesecondcircle(shell).Diagram(b)shouldhaveacorechargeof+5and
acirclewithfiveelectrons(ataboutthesamedistanceasthesecondcircleindiagram(a).
9. a)Diagram(a)shouldhaveanuclearchargeof+11,twoelectronsinthefirstcircle(shell),
andnineelectronsinthesecondcircle(shell).Diagram(b)shouldhaveacorechargeof
+9andacirclewithnineelectrons(ataboutthesamedistanceasthesecondcirclein
diagram(a).
b)+9c)BecausethecorechargeofNeis+8andthecorechargeofNais+9(and
becausetheelectronsareaboutthesamedistancefromthenuclei)theIE 1forNashouldbe
greaterthan2.08MJ/mole.
10. a) Diagram(a)shouldhaveanuclearchargeof+11,twoelectronsinthefirstcircle
(shell), eight electrons inthe secondcircle(shell), andoneelectron inthe thirdcircle
(shell). Diagram(b)shouldhaveacorechargeof+1andacirclewithoneelectron(at
aboutthesamedistanceasthethirdcircleindiagram(a). b)+1
c)BecausethecorechargeofNeis+8andthecorechargeofNais+1(andbecausethe
outermostNaelectronisfartherfromthenucleus)theIE1forNashouldbemuchlessthan
2.08MJ/mole.
11. TheexperimentalIE1forNais0.50MJ/mole.ThisisconsistentwiththemodelinCTQ10.
12. 2,8,1
13. Bothhaveacorechargeof+1.
14. TheradiusofthevalenceshellofNaislargerthantheradiusofthevalenceshellofLi
becausetheybothhaveacorechargeof+1andNahasthelowerIE1.
15. Nahasacorechargeof+1andNehasacorechargeof+8.Nashouldhaveamuchlower
IE1.Theisconsistentwiththeexperimentaldata.
16. IE1 increases as we move from left to right from Na to Ar because the core charge
increasesfor+1to+8andthepotentialenergyoftheelectronbecomesmorenegative
according to the Coulombic potential energy equation (the distance from the nucleus
remainingfairlyconstant).
17. a) Allthreeatomshaveacorechargeof+1andallthreeatomsareinthefirstcolumn
(labeledI).b)ThevalenceshellofHis1anditisfoundinthefirstrowofthetable.The
valenceshellofLiis2anditisfoundinthesecondrow.ThevalenceshellofNais3and
itisfoundinthethirdrow.c)ForRb,thevalenceshellis5,thecorechargeis+1,andthe
numberofvalenceelectronsis1.d)RbhasthelowestIE 1ofthesefourelements.Thisis
consistent with all four having one valence electron and a core charge of +1, but the
valenceelectronofRbisfartherfromthenucleus(highernumberedvalenceshell).
18. Diagram(a)shouldhaveanuclearchargeof+9,twoelectronsinthefirstshell,andseven
electronsinthesecondshell.Diagram(b)shouldhaveacorechargeof+7andashellof
sevenelectrons.
19. a)Bothatomshaveacorechargeof+7and7valenceelectrons,andbotharefoundinthe
columnlabeledVII.b)ThevalenceshellofFis2anditisfoundinthesecondrow.The
valenceshellofClis3anditisfoundinthethirdrow.c)TheIE1ofClislessthantheIE1
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ofFbecausetheybothhaveacorechargeof+7butthevalenceelectronsofClarefarther
fromthenucleusthanthevalenceelectronsofF.
20. CisfoundincolumnIV,secondrow.Therefore,thecorechargeis+4andthefourvalence
electronsarefoundinthesecondshell.
21. Thecorechargeincreasesaswemovefromlefttorightacrossaperiod.
22. IE1 increases as we move from left to right across a period because the core charge
increasesandthepotentialenergyoftheelectronbecomesmorenegativeaccordingtothe
Coulombic potential energy equation (the distance from the nucleus remaining fairly
constant).
ChemActivity 6
1. ThenumberofthevalenceshellcorrespondstothenumberoftherowofthePeriodic
Table.
2. Becausethenucleigainoneprotonasonemovesfromlefttorightacrossaperiodbutthe
numberofinnershellelectronsremainsconstant.
3. Theradiustendstodecreasebecausethecorechargeincreasesandthevalenceelectrons
areinthesameshell.
4. Theradiustendstoincreasebecausethecorechargeremainsthesameandthevalence
electronsarefartherfromthenucleus.
5. Nitrogen,55pm(lessthanoxygenbecauseofincreasedcorecharge);chlorine,95pm(less
thansulfurbecauseofincreasedcorecharge);tellurium,130pm(greaterthanselenium
becausen=5forTeandn=4forSe).
6. Allhave18electrons.
7. Thediagramshouldhave191or18electronstwointhefirstshell,eightinthesecond
shell,andeightinthethirdshell.Thethirdshellisthevalenceshell.Thus,thecorecharge
=1910=+9.
8. AllionsinTable2havethesamenumberofelectrons(18),butCahasthemostprotons
(20)andsulfurtheleast(16).
9. O2willbelargerthanFbecausebothhave10electronsandFhasmoreprotons.
10. Thediagramshouldhaveanuclearchargeof+9,twoelectronsinthefirstshellandseven
electronsinthesecondshell.Thecorechargeis92=+7.
11. Experimentalobservationsshowthatlikechargesrepeleachother.Also,accordingtothe
Coulombicpotentialenergyequation,forlikechargesV>0. Fhas7electronsinthe

secondshellandF has8electronsinthesecondshell.Because8electronswillrepeleach
othermorethan7electronsFwillhavealargerradius.
3 2
12. N has8valenceelectronsandthecorechargeis+5.TheradiusdifferencebetweenO

(corecharge+6) andF (corecharge+7)is7pmandbothhave8valenceelectrons.
3
Therefore,agoodpredictionfortheradiusofN wouldbe147pm.
13. Corecharge;valenceshell;chargeonspeciesornumberofvalenceelectrons.

ChemActivity 7
1. Yes.
2. a)0.071secb)14c)Increase.If>2.5cm,itwouldtakelongerthan0.71secfor
onewavelengthtopasspointX.d)Decrease.Thenumberofwavelengthsthatwouldpass
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pointXisequalto(35cm/s)/wavelength. Ifthewavelengthisgreaterthan2.5cmthe
numberofwavelengthswoulddecrease.
3. a)Thelongerthewavelengththesmallerthefrequency.b)f=c/.
4. Theultraviolet.
5. h=6.6261034Js
6. c=2.998108m/s
7. E=hfTheenergyofaphotonisproportionaltoitsfrequency.
8. E=hc/Theenergyofaphotonisinverselyproportionaltoitswavelength.
ChemActivity 8
1. a)6.26MJ/mole b) Thepotentialenergyofelectrons and is6.26MJ/mole.
Thepotentialenergyofelectronis0.52MJ/mole.c)Theionizationenergyofelectrons
andisis6.26MJ/mole.Theionizationenergyofelectronis0.52MJ/mole.
2. Whencomparingtheenergylevelsofthetwodifferentelectrons,theelectronwiththe
lower(morenegative)potentialenergyisthelowerenergylevel.Themorenegativethe
valueoftheenergylevel(thelowertheenergylevel),thestrongertheelectronisheldby
theatom.
3. 143.4MJ/mole114.8MJ/mole=28.6MJ/mole.
4. Thepositionofapeakisdeterminedbytheionizationenergyoftheelectronejected.
5. 28.6MJ/mole
6. 28.6MJ/mole.
7. Thenumberofelectronsatthatenergylevel.
8. Regardlessofthenumberofelectronsatthisionizationenergy(28.6MJ/mole),onetwo,
three,)thespectrumwouldlookthesame.
9. Thereshouldbetwopeaksbecausethereareelectronsattwodifferentenergylevels.
10. Therelativeheightsofthepeakswillbe3to2.
11. Thepeakrepresentingthetwoelectronswillbeatahigherionizationenergythanthepeak
representing the three electrons because the two electrons are at a lower energy level
(hardertoremove).
12. a)Thesinglepeakindicatesthatall(oneormorethanone)electronsareatthesameenergy
level.BecausebothelectronsinHeareatthesameenergylevel,thereisonlyonepeak,as
isthecaseforthesingleelectroninH. b)Lihaselectronsintwodifferentenergy
levels,soitwouldhavetwopeaksinthePESspectrum.
13. TheunknownatomisHe.
14. Electronsthatareclosertothenucleusarehardertoremove.
15. Becausethereare2electronsinthefirstshelland8electronsinthesecondshell.
16. Thespectrumshouldhavetwopeakswitharatioofintensitiesof8(lowionizationenergy)
to2(highionizationenergy).

ChemActivity 9
1. a)No.b)Therearethreepeaks.TwopeakshavealowIEwitha3:1ratio.Thethird
peak,athighIE,hasthesameintensityasoneofthelowIEpeaks.
2. Onlytherelativepeakheightisimportant.Forexample,iftherelativepeakheightsoftwo
peaksare4to1,thenumberofelectronsatthetwoenergylevelsmusthavethesameratio:
4to1,or8to2,or16to4,.
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3. The relative peak heights are 3:1:1 (low IE to high IE). Because a Ne atom has ten
electrons,thenumberofelectronsmustbe6:2:2(lowIEtohighIE).
4. The84MJ/molerepresentsahighIEandthe2electronsinthefirstshellofNewouldbe
hardtoremove.
5. Becausetheyhave,relatively,low IEs. The1s electrons havemuchhigherionization
energies.
6. Shouldhave5peaks.Therelativeintensitiesof3p:3s:2p:2s:1sshouldbe3:1:3:1:1andthe
peakswillappearwithIEsequaltothenegativeoftheenergylevelsgiveninthefigure.

ChemActivity 10
1. a)N,1.40MJ/mole.b)Ar,1.52MJ/mole.
2. Usephotoelectronspectroscopy.
3. Thenumberofelectronsateachenergylevel.
4. Table2givestheelectronconfigurationoftheselectedelementsbutnottheionization
energiesforeachlevel.
5. Yes.TheelectronswiththehighestIEwillbe1selectrons.TheIEofelectronsinother
shellswillbegroupedaccordingtovalenceshell(thehigherthenvalue,thelowertheIE).
Withinthesameshell,apelectronhasalowerIEthananselectron.
6. a)1s,340MJ/mole(higherthan309ofAr1s).2s,36MJ/mole(higherthan31.5ofAr
2s).2p,36MJ/mole(higherthan31.5ofAr2p).3s,3.2MJ/mole(higherthan2.8ofAr
3s).3p,1.8MJ/mole(higherthan1.52ofAr3p).Relativeintensity,startingwith3pand
workingtolowerIE6:2:6:2:2.b)Closestto0.42MJ/molebecausethe4selectroninK
shouldbeeasiertoremovethanthe3selectroninNa.c)Closestto1.4MJ/molebecause
theelectronwouldbeslightlyeasiertoremovethana3pelectroninAr.NotethatBe2sis
0.90whereasB2pis0.80.AlsonotethatMg3sis0.74whereasAl3pis0.58.

ChemActivity 11
1. Theexperimentalspectrumissimilartothepredictedspectrumthathasthelastelectronat
the4senergylevel(theIEisclosestto0.42MJ/mole).
2. Thepeakat0.42MJ/moleisassignedtothe4senergylevelinKbecauseitshouldbe
easiertoremovethanthe3selectroninNa(0.50MJ/mole).
3. Iftheelectronwasina4penergylevel,itwouldbeeasiertoremovethana4selectron.
Thatis,thepeakwouldbeatanIE<0.63MJ/mole.
4. Alloftheelementsinagroup(column)havethesamenumberofvalenceelectronsandthe
samevalenceshellelectronconfiguration. Eachnewperiod(row)beginsanewvalence
shell.
5. 10.
6. 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p1.
7. Alloftheelementsinagroup(column)havethesamenumberofvalenceelectronsandthe
samevalenceshellelectronconfiguration.

ChemActivity 12
1. Anarrowrepresentsanelectronspin"up"(uparrow),spin"down"(downarrow).
2. Iftherearetwoelectronsinafilledssubshell,oneisspinupandtheotherisspindown.
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3. a)Liatoms,split.b)Beatoms,notsplit.c)Batoms,split.d)Catoms,openended
question could split if there are two spinup electrons won't split if the 2p level
containsonespinupelectronandonespindownelectron.
4. Apparently,theonly"pairs"thatcanformareonespinupelectronandonespindown
electron.
5. N>C=O>B>Ne.Thegreaterthemagneticmoment,thegreaterthenumberofunpaired
electrons.
6. a)Thediagramshouldshowtwospinupelectronsatthe2plevel.Carbonmusthavemore
unpairedelectronsthanBe(one).b)answerdependsonthestudents'answertoCTQ3.
7. Thediagramshouldshow3spinupelectronsatthe2plevel.Nmusthavemoreunpaired
electronsthanC.
8. Theytendnottopair.
9. a)two.b)zero.
10. 3pairs.

ChemActivity 13

1. a)+1.b)+7.c)+2.

2. a) b) c)

3. Becausehydrogencanhaveonlytwoelectronsinitsvalenceshell(n=1);carbon,nitrogen,
oroxygencanhaveeightelectronsinthevalenceshell(n=2).

4. a) b)three.c)NH3

5. SH2
6. a) DoesthetotalnumberofelectronsintheLewisstructureequalthetotalnumberof
valenceelectronsinthemolecule?b)Aretheretwoelectrons"around"eachHatom?c)
Arethereeightelectrons"around"allotheratoms?
7. a)12b)10c)14
8. a)12b)10c)14
9. ThetotalnumberofelectronsusedtogeneratetheLewisstructureequalsthetotalnumber
ofvalenceelectronsinthemolecule.
10. Yes,ifyoucountthetwobondingelectronsasbeing"around"eachoftheClatoms.
11. Yes,ifyoucountallsixofthebondingelectronsasbeing"around"eachoftheNatoms.
12. a)Yes,ifyoucounttheeightbondingelectronsasbeing"around"theCatom.
b)Yes,ifyoucountthefourbondingelectronsintheCOdoublebondasbeing"around"
theOatom.
13. a) DoesthetotalnumberofelectronsintheLewisstructureequalthetotalnumberof
valenceelectronsinthemolecule? b) Aretheretwoelectrons"around"eachHatom?
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Note:eachbondingelectroniscountedasbeing"around"eachofthebondingatoms.c)
Arethereeightelectrons"around"allotheratoms?
14. Yes,itiscorrect.Thereshouldbe62+4=16electronsintheLewisstructureandthere
are16.Thereareeightelectronsaroundallatoms.

ChemActivity 14
1. Yes,itiscorrect.Thereshouldbe42+4=12electronsintheLewisstructureandthere
are12.Thereareeightelectronsaroundallatoms.
2. single:HHandCHinH3CCH3double:CCinH2CCH2andCOinCO2
triple:NNinN2andCCinHCCH.
3. BO=1,singlebond.BO=2,doublebond.BO=3,triplebond.
4. BO=1,twoelectronsshared.BO=2,fourelectronsshared.BO=3,sixelectronsshared.
5. single<double<triple.
6. a)1.b)ThebondenergydecreasesintheseriesfromHFtoHI.c)Thehalidesincrease
insizefromFtoI;therefore,theHXbondlengthshouldincreaseintheseries.
7. a)1.b)ThebondenergydecreasesintheseriesF 2toI2.c)Thehalidesincreaseinsize
fromFtoI;therefore,theXXbondlengthshouldincreaseintheseries.
8. Theshorterthebond,thestrongerthebond.
9. a)singlebonds:151570kJ/mole.b)doublebonds:720804kJ/mole.c)triplebonds:
945962kJ/mole.
10. Ingeneral,triplebondsaremuchstrongerthandoublebonds,anddoublebondsaremuch
strongerthansinglebonds.TherewerenoexceptionsinTable2. Withinanyparticular
bondorder,thestrongestbondsbetweentwoatomsarethosewiththesmallestinternuclear
distance.

ChemActivity 15
1. Thereisadoublebondbetweenthetwocarbonatoms.
2. Thereisgoodagreement.
3. Thestrongerthebond,theshorterthebondlength.
4. Halfwaybetween150and133about142pm.
5. Forbenzenethereisnotgoodagreement.TheLewisbondordersareeither1or2,whereas
thecalculatedbondordersare1.42(all).
6. Thefactthatallbondenergiesarethesame,509kJ/mole,isconsistentwiththecalculated
bondorders,1.42forallCCbonds,butitisnotconsistentwiththeLewisbondorders,
whichareeither1or2. IftheLewisbondorderswerecorrectthebondenergieswould
alternatebetweensingleanddoublebondenergies.
7. Thefactthatallbondlengthsarethesame,139pm,isconsistentwiththecalculatedbond
orders,1.42forallCCbonds,butitisnotconsistentwiththeLewisbondorders,which
areeither1or2.IftheLewisbondorderswerecorrectthebondlengthswouldalternate
between150and133pm(approximately).
8. The alternating single and double bonds in the Lewis structure of benzene are not
consistentwiththecalculatedCCbondorders.
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9. TheC1C2bondorderis1inresonancestructureIanditis2intheresonancestructureII.
Theaverageis1.5.
10. TheresonancehybridgivesbetteragreementwiththecalculatedbondordersthaneitherI
orII.

ChemActivity 16
1. FourfromCandsixfromeachOforatotalof16.
2. a)firstrow:16ineachcolumn.Allremainingrows:8ineachcolumn b) Each is a
legitimateLewisstructurebecausethecorrecttotalnumberofelectronsispresent,and
thereareeightelectronsaroundeachatom.
3. StructureIisbetterbecausebothbondsareidentical,experimentally.InstructureII,one
CObondisatriplebondandoneCObondisasinglebond.
4. a)StructureIisthebetterchoicebecauseallformalchargesarezero.InstructureII,one
Oatomhasaformalchargeof1andtheotherOatomhasaformalchargeof+1. b)
StructureIisconsistentwiththeexperimentalfactthatbothCObondshavethesame
bondenergy.
5. No,butthesummustbezeroasinCO.
6. a) StructureIisbetterbecausetherearenoformalcharges. b)ThelongerCObond
shouldbethesinglebond.ThisisinagreementwithLewisstructureIwheretheCOwith
theattachedhydrogenisthesingle,andlongerCObond.
7. a) DoesthetotalnumberofelectronsintheLewisstructureequalthetotalnumberof
valenceelectronsinthemolecule?b)Aretheretwoelectrons"around"eachHatom?c)
Arethereeightelectrons"around"allsecondperiodatoms?d)Doesthesumoftheformal
chargesequalthechargeonthemolecule(ion)? e)Aretheformalchargesminimized
(nevergreaterthan1onanyatom)?

ChemActivity 17
1. a)5.b)18.c)23.d)24.e)byaddingthenumberofvalenceelectronsforeachatom
andbyaddingoneelectronbecauseofthenegativechargeonthemolecule.
2. BecauseallNObondsinthemoleculeareidentical.
3. (2+1+1)/3=4/3
4. Therearethecorrectnumberofelectrons:XeO4,32;PCl5,40.Thereareeightelectrons
aroundallOatomsandallClatoms. XeandPhavemorethaneight, butthisisOK
becausen>2inbothcases.Therearenoformalcharges.
5. Xe,16.P,10.
6. Then=2shellcanaccommodateonly8electrons.
7. Thethirdperiod,n=3,canaccommodate18electrons.
8. a)DoesthetotalnumberofelectronsintheLewisstructureequalthetotalnumberof
valence electrons in the molecule or ion (including any extra or removed electrons to
accountforthechargeonanion)?b)Aretheretwoelectrons"around"eachHatom?c)
Arethereeightelectrons"around"allotheratoms(particularly2ndshellatoms)?(Atomsin
the3rdandhighershellscanaccommodatemorethaneightelectrons.)d)Doesthesumof
theformalchargesequalthechargeonthemolecule(ion)?e)Doesthestructureminimize
theformalcharges?
 25

ChemActivity 18
1. Thenumberofbondingdomainsisequaltothenumberofbondedatoms(tothegiven
atom).
2. Thenumberofnonbondingdomainsisequaltothenumberoflonepairsonthegivenatom.
3. 180,120,109
4. Whenthesumofthenumberofbondingandnonbondingdomainsis2,theangleis180.
Whenitis3,theangleisabout120,Whenitis4,theangleisabout109.
5. Openended.Anglesshouldnotbe90.
6. Openended.Forexample:tripodwithacap,triangularpyramid,bent
7. a)180.b)120.c)109.
8. a)4.b)fourdomainsofelectrons.c)Yes.
9. a)4.b)fourdomainsofelectrons.c)Yes,approximately.
10. a)4.b)fourdomainsofelectrons.c)Yes,approximately.
11. a)3.b)threedomainsofelectrons.c)Yes.
12. a)2.b)twodomainsofelectrons.c)Yes.
13. Bentmoleculeshaveexactlytwobondingdomainsaroundthecentralatom.Iftherearetwo
bondingdomainsandonenonbondingdomain(totalofthreedomains),bondanglesclose
to120areexpected. Iftherearetwobondingdomainsandtwononbondingdomains
(totaloffourdomains),anglescloseto109areexpected.
14. Determinethetotalnumberofelectrondomainsaroundtheatominquestion.Ifthereare
twobondingdomains(andzerononbondingdomains),themoleculewillbelinear.Ifthere
are three domains, the molecule will be trigonal planar (whenthere are three bonding
domains)orbent(whentherearetwobondingdomains)orlinear(whenthereisonlyone
bondedatom).Iftherearefourdomains,themoleculewillbetetrahedral(whenthereare
fourbondingdomains)ortrigonalpyramidal(whentherearethreebondingdomains)or
bent(whentherearetwobondingdomains)orlinear(whenthereisonlyonebondedatom).
ChemActivity 19
1. 109.45.sp3.
2. 109.45(probablyabitsmaller).sp3.
3. 120.sp2.

ChemActivity 20
1. a)Thecorechargeincreasesasonegoesfromlefttorightacrossaperiodwiththesame
valenceshell.b)Ionizationenergy.
2. a)Thedistancebetweenthevalenceelectronsandthenucleusincreasesasonegoesdown
agroupbutthecorechargeremainsconstant.b)Ionizationenergy.
3. ThecorechargeonBeissmallerthanthecorechargeonS.

ChemActivity 21
1. 7isthenumberofvalenceelectronsonF.6isthenumberofnonbondingelectronsonFin
themoleculeHF.2isthenumberofbondingelectronsinHF.
2. TheatomwiththegreaterAVEEwillhavethepartialnegativecharge.
 27

3. Thesumofthechargeonaneutralmoleculemustbezero.Or,anyelectronsgainedbyF
mustbelostfromH.
4. 0.
5. ClhasagreaterAVEEthanH.Therefore,ClwillhaveanegativepartialchargeinHCl.
6. FhasagreaterAVEEthanCl.Therefore,FwillhaveamorenegativepartialchargeinHF
thanClhasinHCl.Therefore,HwillhaveamorepositivepartialchargeinHF.
7. FhasahigherAVEEthanC.Therefore,theFatomswillhaveanegativepartialchargein
CF4.ChasahigherAVEEthanH.Therefore,theHatomswillhaveapositivepartial
chargeinCH4.Inbothcasesthesumofthepartialchargemustequalzero.
8. NhasagreaterAVEEthanH.

9. a)OhasagreaterAVEEthanH.Therefore,OwillhaveanegativechargeinH2O.
b)ShasagreaterAVEEthanH.Therefore,SwillhaveanegativechargeinH2S.
c)OandS bothhavegreaterAVEEthanH.O hasagreaterAVEEthanS. So,the
difference inAVEEbetweenOandHisgreaterthanthe difference inAVEEbetweenS
andH.So,theOatominH2OwillhaveagreaternegativechargethantheSatominH2S.
10. a)zero.b)zero.c)+1d)2
11. Thesumofthepartialchargesonamoleculeorionmustequalthechargeonthemolecule
orion.

ChemActivity 22
1. FismoreelectronegativethanBr.BotharemoreelectronegativethanH.Therefore,the
partialchargeonFinHFshouldbemorenegativethanthepartialchargeonBrinHBr.
Thus,thepartialchargeonHinHFshouldbemorepositive.
2. Electronegativitiestendtoincreaseasonemovesfromlefttorightacrossaperiodofthe
periodictable.
3. Electronegativitiestendtodecreaseasonemovesdownagroupoftheperiodictable.
4. The trend in ionization energy is the same as the trend in electronegativity. This is
reasonablebecausetheybothareameasureofhowtightlyanatomholdsitselectrons.
5. Theelectronegativitiesofthetwoatomsareidentical;theywillshareelectronsequally.
6. a)Atomswithlowelectronegativities(metals)willtendtoloseelectrons.b)Atomswith
highelectronegativities(nonmetals)willtendtogainelectrons.

ChemActivity 23
1. BothHatomshavethesamepartialcharge(+).Thecenterofpositivechargeismidway
betweenthetwoHatoms.
2. a)ThecenterofpositivechargeisatthecenteroftheCnucleus.b)Thecenterofthe
negativechargeisalsoatthecenteroftheCnucleus.c)Thedistancebetweenthecenter
ofpositivechargeandthecenterofnegativechargeiszero.
3. OismoreelectronegativethanS.Thereforethecenterofnegativechargewillnotbeatthe
nucleusoftheCatom.Therewillbeadistancebetweenthecenterofpositivechargeand
thecenterofnegativecharge,
 29

4. a)Yes.b)ThecenterofpositiveislocatedatthenucleusoftheCatom.c)Thecenterof
negativeislocatedatthenucleusoftheCatom.d)Thedistancebetweenthecenterof
positivechargeandthecenterofnegativechargeiszero.
5. a)Theonewiththelargerdbecauseu=q dandtheqsarethesameinbothcases.b)
Theonewiththelargerqbecauseu=qdandthedsarethesameinbothcases..
6. a)ClisbiggerthanF(moreshells) b) HClhasthelongerbond. c) Fhasthegreater
partialcharge. d) Thepartialchargeappearstobeamoreimportantfactor: thepartial
chargecangofromzerotoone,whereasthereisnotaslargeofavariation(%orfraction)
inthedistance.
7. Theelectronegativitydifference.

ChemActivity 24
1. Thefirstelectronisrelativelyeasytoremove. Thesecondelectronismuchharderto
removebecauseitisbeingremovedfromwhatnormallywouldbeconsideredthecore.
Thatis,thecorechargeforNais+1.ThecorechargeforNa+is+9.
2. Thefirsttwoelectronsarerelativelyeasytoremove.Thethirdelectronismuchharderto
removebecauseitisbeingremovedfromwhatnormallywouldbeconsideredthecore.
Thatis,thecorechargeforMgis+2.ThecorechargeforMg2+is+10.
3. Thehalogenscanaddoneelectrontothevalenceshell.Anadditionalelectronwouldbe
addedtotheshellbeyondthevalenceshellmuchfartherfromthenucleus,withacore
chargethatwouldbeanegativenumber.
4. Na+andCl.Thealkalimetalstendtoloseoneelectron;thehalogenstendtogainone
electron.
5. Na+isthesmallionandCl isthelargerion.Reasoning:Na +issmallerthanNe;Cl is
largerthanAr;ArislargerthanNe.
6. a)+2.b)2.c)MgO
7. a)Cl b) NaFbecausethesmallerthe d value,thegreatertheforcebetweentheions
(accordingtotheCoulombicpotentialenergyequation).
9. a)TheCoulombicforceofattractionisgreaterinNaF.b)Wepredictthemeltingpointof
NaFmustbehigherthanthemeltingpointofNaClbecauseofthegreaterattractioninNaF
993C.
10. a)TheCoulombicforceofattractionisgreaterinMgO.b)Wepredictthemeltingpoint
ofMgSmustbelowerthanthemeltingpointofMgObecauseofthesmallerattractionin
MgSabout2000C.
11. Thechargeappearstobemoreimportant:the1ionshavemeltingpointsaround1000C,
whereasthe2ionshavemeltingpointsaround2000C.

ChemActivity 25
1. Covalent.
2. Neither.Metalshavedifferentpropertiesthannonmetals,sothebondingisexpectedtobe
different,soitisntcovalent.Thebondingcantbeionicbecausethereisonlyonetypeof
atompresent,sothereisnobasisfortheformationofions.
 31

3. If the EN is high (>2) the element will tend to form a covalent compound. If the
electronegativityislow(<2)theelementwilltendtoformametalliccompound.
4. Behasanelectronegativityof1.58andBhasanelectronegativityof2.05.Therefore,the
dividing line in the 2nd period will be between groups IIA and IIIA. Sb has an
electronegativityof1.98andTehasanelectronegativityof2.16.Therefore,thedividing
lineinthe5thperiodwillbebetweengroupsVAandVIA.
5. YesbecausetheENsarelow.
6. MetalshavelowENvalueswhereasnonmetalshavehighENvalues.Thatismetalshold
theirelectronslooselyandnonmetalsholdtheirelectronsstrongly.

ChemActivity 26
1. metallicbonding:ENsarelowand arelow.
2. ionicbonding:ENsarehighand ENs arehigh.
3. covalentbonding:ENsarelowand ENs arehigh.
ENs
4. a)EN=(2.362.30)=0.06 EN=(2.36+2.30)/2=2.33
b)ENislowandENishigh:covalentbonding.
EN=(2.21+1.76)/2=1.99
5. a)EN=(2.211.76)=0.45

b)ENislowbutnotaslowastheexamplesofeithercovalentormetallicbondingandEN

islowerthantheexamplesofcovalentbondsandgreaterthantheexamplesofmetallic
bonding.Itappearstobeperhapssomewhatintermediatebetweenmetallicandcovalent,so
cantreallyclassify.
6. PointsareOK.
7. TheNaClpointfallsinsectionA.TheNapoint(EN=0.87;EN=0)fallsinsectionB.
TheCH4point(EN=2.42;EN=0.06)fallsinsectionC.TheSipoint(EN=1.92;EN
=0)fallsinsectionSM.
8. A:ionic.B:metallic.C:covalent.
9. EN=(3.611.92)=1.69 EN=(3.61+1.92)/2=2.78TheSiO 2pointfallsin
sectionC,covalent.

ChemActivity 27
1. No.
2. H2O(l)becausethemoleculesaremuchcloserintheliquidthaninthegas.
3. Alkane:nonpolar.Ketone:polar.Alcohol:polar.
4. a)Theboilingpointincreasesasthemolecularweightofthealkaneincreases.
b)Theboilingpointincreasesasthemolecularweightoftheketoneincreases.
c)Theboilingpointincreasesasthemolecularweightofthealcoholincreases.
5. Theintermolecularforcesincreaseasthemolecularweightincreases.
6. Butane,acetone,and1propanolallhaveMW=602g/mole.Theboilingpointsincrease
asfollows:butane<acetone<1propanol.
7. a)Pentane,2butanone,and1butanolallhaveMW=722g/mole.Theboilingpoints
increaseasfollows:alkane<ketone<alcohol.Hexane,2pentanone,and1pentanolall
have MW = 872 g/mole. The boiling points increase as follows: alkane < ketone <
alcohol.b)ForroughlyequalMWstheboilingpointsincreaseasfollows:alkane<ketone
<alcohol.
 33

8. ForroughlyequalMWstheintermolecularforcesincreaseasfollows:alkane<ketone<
alcohol.
9. Adipolemomenttendstoincreasethestrengthoftheintermolecularforces;alkanesare
nonpolarandhavethelowestboilingpoints(foragivenMW).
10. No. Thebondstrengthwithinthemoleculecanbeverystrong,buttheintermolecular
forcesdependontheinteractionsbetweenmolecules.
11. Intramolecularbondsrefertothebond within amolecule. Intermolecularforcesreferto
thebondsorforcesbetweenmolecules.
12. hydrogenbonding>dipoledipole>induceddipoleinduceddipole
13. a)dispersion.b)dispersion
14. a)dispersion,dipoledipole.b)dipoledipole
15. a)dispersion,dipoledipole,hydrogenbonding.b)hydrogenbonding
16. TheboilingpointincreasesastheMWincreasesbecausethemoleculehasmoreelectrons
andthedispersionforcesincrease.
17. ThethreecompoundshaveaboutthesameMWandthedispersionforcesareaboutthe
same. The ketone and the alcohol have dipoledipole forces. Only the alcohol has
hydrogenbondingwhichincreasestheintermolecularforcessubstantially.

ChemActivity 28
1. 12.
2. 48.
3. 12.
4. 48.
5. 6.0221023
6. 2.4091024
7. 6.0221023
8. 2.4091024
9. 16.04amu
10. 16.04g
11. Thenumericalvalueforthemassinamuofonemoleculeofacompoundisequaltothe
numericalvalueingramsforonemoleofthatcompound.

ChemActivity 29
1. (1)Reactants:I2,H2.Products:HI.(2)Reactants:CO,O2.Products:CO2.
2. Thearrowrepresentsthetransformationofthematerialonthebacksideofthearrowtothe
materialonthefrontsideofthearrow.
3. a)H,two. I,two.
b)H,two. I,two
4. a)C,two. O,four.
b)C,two. O,four.
5. Thenumberofatomsofeachelementmustbeidenticalonthereactantandproductsidesof
abalancedchemicalequation.
6. (3) Ag,one. Cl,one.
 35

(4) Zn,one. Cu,one.

(5) Cl,three. O,three.
(6) Cr,two. Mg,one.
7. a)(3) zeroforeachside.
(4) +2foreachside.
(5) 3foreachside.
(6) +6foreachside.
b)i)statementisincorrect;seeeqns.(4),(5),(6).
ii)statementisincorrect;seeeqns.(3)and(5).
iii)statementisincorrect;seeeqns.(3),(4)and(6).
8. Thesumofthechargesmustbeidenticalonthereactantandproductsidesofabalanced
chemicalequation.
9. Two.
10. a)Two.b)One.c)Four.d)Ten.
11. Six.
12. Forreaction(1):tworeactantmolecules;twoproductmolecules.
Forreaction(2):threereactantmolecules;twoproductmolecules.
13. a)No.b)Thenumberofmolesofgasdecreaseswhenreaction(2)occurs.
14. Agivenatomcanbeacomponentofmanydifferentmolecules. Itistheatomsthatare
conserved,notthemolecules.
15. No.100gofI2mustproducemorethan100gofHIbecausethe100gofiodinewillbe
foundintheHIand,inaddition,hydrogenwillbefoundintheHIaswell.
16. (1)CalculatethemolesofO 2thatareconsumedbydividingthemassXgramsofO 2by
theMWofO2:32.00g/mole.(2)ThemolesofCO 2producedisequaltotwotimesthe
molesofO2 consumed. (3)ThegramsofCO 2 producedisthemolesofCO 2 produced
multipliedbytheMWofCO2.

ChemActivity 30
1. 100chocolatebars;200marshmallows.
2. a)Youcanmake500S'mores.b)Youwillhave500grahamcrackersand300chocolate
barsleft.
3. Thelimitingreagentismarshmallows.
4. a)Achocolatebarweighsthemost.Agrossofchocolatebarsweighsmorethanagross
ofgrahamcrackersoragrossofmarshmallows.b)Amarshmallowweighstheleast.
5. You have 4 gross of graham crackers, 1 gross of chocolate bars, and 12 gross of
marshmallows.a)Most:marshmallows.b)Least:chocolatebars.
6. a)Yourunoutofchocolatebarsfirst.b)1gross.c)3grossofgrahamcrackersand10
grossofmarshmallows.d)27poundsofgrahamcrackersand30poundsofmarshmallows.
e)51pounds.
7. G+Ch+2MGChM2
8. Wewillrunoutofchocolatebarsandwewillnotbeabletousetheremaininggraham
crackersandmarshmallowstomakeadditionalS'mores.
9. G+Ch+2M2
 37

wtof1grossGChM2=[9.0+36.0+2(3.0)]lb=51.0lb

416lbCh
1grossCh 1grossGChM 2 51.0lbGChM2
x x 589lbGChM 2
36.0lbCh 1grossCh 1grossGChM 2

142lbG
1grossG 1grossGChM 2 51.0lbGChM 2
x x 805lbGChM 2
9.0lbG 1grossG 1grossGChM 2

58.2lbM
1grossM 1grossGChM 2 51.0lbGChM 2
x x 495lbGChM2
3.0lbM 2grossM 1grossGChM 2

Amaximumof495lbofS'morescanbemadefromthegivenstartingmaterials. This
assumesnoneiseatenwhilebeingprepared.

ChemActivity 31
1. Easytoshow.
2. Table : C6H6, 92.26% C, 7.74% H; C4H8, 85.63% C, 14.37% H; C8H16, 85.63% C,
14.37%H
3. Yes.%H=100%85.63%
4. No. Ethyne and benzene have identical percent compositions but different molecular
formulas.
5. Theyallhavethesamemolecularratios. Forexample,theHtoCmolarratiois1:1in
C2H2andC6H6.
6. Theempiricalformula.
7. ethyneandbenzene:CHcyclobutane,2butene,and1octene:CH2

ChemActivity 32
1. TheioniccompoundinFigure1isNaClbecausethechargeoftheanionis1(Cl )not2
2
(SO4 )anddthereareequalnumbersofpositiveandnegativeions.
+
2. a)ThecationisNa .b)TheanionisCl .
3. Oxygen, because the oxygen atoms have a negative partial charge and the cations are
positive.
4. Hydrogen,becausethehydrogenatomshaveapositivepartialchargeandtheanionsare
negative.
5. a)twob)one
2
6. a)10.0gNa2SO4=7.0410 moleNa2SO4

b)7.04102moleNa2SO4=7.04102moleSO42
 39

c)7.04102moleNa2SO4=1.41102moleNa+

7. a)0.282Mb)0.282Mc)0.562M
8. [Na+]intheNaClsolution=1.71M.[Na+]intheNa2SO4solution=1.66M.
9. The0.30MNa2SO4hasasodiumionconcentrationof0.60M,anditismoreconcentrated
withrespecttosodiumionsthan0.50MNaCl.
10. CTQ9waseasiertoanswerbecausethemolarityisdirectlyproportionaltonumberof
sodiumionsinsolution. Ifgramsaregiven,themolaritymustbecalculatedfromthe
grams,MW,stoichiometry,andvolumeofsolution.
11. a)5.26gglucose=2.92moleglucose

b)2.92102moleglucose =1.761022glucose

molecules

12. 5.84102M

ChemActivity 33
1. Thevolumeincreases.
2. Thevolumedecreases.
3. Thevolumeincreases.
4. a)V=.WhennandTareconstant,V=(nRT)=kB
b)V=.WhennandPareconstant,V=T=kCT
c)V=.WhenTandPareconstant,V=n=kAn

ChemActivity 34
1. Because100pmisthedistancebetweenthecentersofthetwonuclei.
2. Becauseeachnucleusisattractedtotheelectron;therearetwoCoulombictermsofequal
magnitude.
3. Thetwonucleirepeleachother(V>0).Anelectronandaprotonareattractedtoeachother
V<0).
4. Energyisrequired,6.931018J,toseparatethenucleibecausetheyareattractedtothe
electron.
5. Endothermic.
6. Positive.
7. H+HH2
8. C(g)isthereferencestateforC.Therefore,noenergyisreleasedorrequiredtoformC(g)
fromC(g);nothinghappens.
9. Energyisalwaysreleasedinbondformation.
 41

10. a) N2 hasatriplebondandO 2 hasadoublebond. b) Triplebondsarestrongerthan

doublebonds,andmoreenergyisreleasedupontriplebondformationthanupondouble
bondformation.
11. Zero.
12. a)3,324.18kJisreleaseduponformationoftwomolesofmethanefromtwomolesofC(g)
andeightmolesofH(g).b)H=1.5molesx1662.09kJ/mole=2493.14kJor2.5x
103kJ.

ChemActivity 35
1. 1,932.93kJisrequired.
2. BecausethebondsinonemoleofN2O4arebeingbrokentoform2molesofN(g)and4
molesofO(g),soenergymustbeprovided.
3. Becausethebondsin2molesofNO 2arebeingformedfrom2molesofN(g)and4moles
ofO(g),1875.72kJarereleased.
4. Energyisreleased.
5. a)Energyisrequired.b)Endothermic.
6. +57.21kJ/mole

8. Obtain the energy required to break the bonds ofthe reacting molecules: multiply the
enthalpyofatomcombinationforH2(g)by3(3molesandthenegativesignbecause
bondsarebeingbroken)andadd1timestheenthalpyofatomcombinationforN 2(g).
Obtaintheenergyreleasedwhenthebondsoftheproductmoleculesareformed:multiply
theenthalpyofatomcombinationforNH3(g)by2. TheH isthesumofthesetwo
energies.
9. Positive.Moreenergyisrequiredtobreakallofthebondsofthereactantsthanisreleased
whentheproductisformed,sothereactionisendothermic.(Thelengthoftheuparrow
willbegreaterthanthelengthofthedownarrow.)
10. a)HBr<HCl<HFbecauseHBrhasthelongestbondlengthandHFhastheshortest.b)
HFhasthemostnegative andHBrhastheleastnegative inthisseries.Thisis
H ac
o
H ac
o

consistent with part a). The stronger the bond, the more energy released upon bond
formation.

 43

11. a) CHshouldhaveastrongerbondthanCClbecauseHissmallerthanCl. b) The

ofCH4(g)is1662.09kJ/moleandthe ofCH3Cl(g)is1572.15kJ/mole(less
H aco
H ac
o

negative).c)Prediction: ofCH3F(g)=1600kJ/mole(morenegativethan
H ac
o
H ac
o

ofCH3Cl(g)andlessnegativethan
ofCH4(g)); CH3Br(g)= 1540kJ/mole
H ac
o
H ac
o

(lessnegativethan ofCH3Cl(g)).
H ac
o

ChemActivity 36
1. M/sormoles/(liters)

2. ischangeor{stateorconditionatt2}{stateorconditionatt1}.()isconcentrationin
M.
3. a)Thereislessreactantatt2thanatt1,so(reactant)isnegative.b)Thenegativesign
willmaketherateofconsumptionapositivequantity.
4. rateofconsumptionofproduct=(product)/time
5. 0.40molesCland0.20molesClO3
6. a)3.0103moleClO/Lsb)2.0103moleCl/Lsc)1.0103moleClO3/Ls
7. 1.0103M/s
8. a)rateofreaction=rateofproductionofClO3

b)rateofreaction= rateofconsumptionofClO
1
3

9. rateofreaction= x(rateofproductionofproduct)
1
stoichcoef
P
10. The rate of reaction is equal to the rate of consumption of a reactant divided by the
stoichiometriccoefficientofthereactant.

ChemActivity 37
1. Youmustbreakatleastoneofthedoublebonds.
2. Moleculeswillcollidebutnoreactionwilltakeplace.
3. Someofthecis2butenewillbeconvertedtothetrans2butene.
4. a)2500b)2500c)AmoleculesbecomeBmolecules
5. a)705b)705c)BmoleculesbecomeAmolecules
6. a)0.25b)0.25c)0.25d)0.25
7. 3686(0.25)=921
8. 714.After21seconds714Amoleculesreactinthenextsecond.
9. allare0.10
10. 6314(0.10)=631
11. 714.After21seconds714Bmoleculesreactinthenextsecond.
 45

12. a)21s.b)Yes.c)Yes.
13. kB=0.10/s
14. a)rateofconversionofAtoB=kAnumberofAmoleculesb)kA=0.25/s

ChemActivity 38
1. =0.0369M
3686 A molecules mole 1
6.022 x10 23 molecules 1.661x10 19 L
2. a)(0.25/s)(0.10)=2.5102M/sc)b)(0.25/s)(0.0286)=7.1103M/s
3. (0.25/s)(0.0369)=9.2103M/s
3M/s
4. a)(0.10/s)(0)=0b)(0.10/s)(0.0714)=7.110

5. (0.10/s)(0.0631)=0.63102M/s
6. Atequilibrium,theforwardrateisequaltothereverserate;bothratesare7.1103M/s.
7. a)kineticregion,t<15sec;equilibriumregion,t>15sec
b)Inthekineticregiontheconcentrationofthereactantdecreasesasafunctionoftime.
8. t=1,0.33t=4,1.1t=15,2.5t=20,2.6t=40,2.6
9. Equilibriumregion.

ChemActivity 39
1. (Y)oistheinitialconcofYinM.[Y]istheequilconcofY.
2. forwardrate=0.20(67)=13M/sreverserate=0.40(33)=13M/sTheyareequal.
3. forwardrate=0.20(75)=15M/sreverserate=0.60(25)=15M/sTheyareequal.
4. Atequilibrium,theforwardrateisequaltothereverserate.
5. a)IfkY<kZ,then[Y]>[Z](atequilibrium);seeSetsMandP.b)Ifk Y>kZ,then[Z]>
[Y](atequilibrium);seeSetsNandO.
6. a)kY[Y]=kZ[Z],[Z]/[Y]=kY/kZ=aconstant.
b)[Z]/[Y]=kY/kZNotethatwhenkY<kZ,then[Y]>[Z],Also,
whenkY>kZ,then[Z]>[Y].
7. H2O(g). Kc isa verylargenumber,1083,sothewaterconcentration(theproductinthe
numerator)mustbemuchlargerthan[H2]2[O2](thereactantsinthedenominator).
8. a)K=[Z]/[Y] b)K=33/67=0.49
c)[Y]+[Z]=200[Z]=0.49[Y]1.49[Y]=200 [Y]=134[Z]=66
9. a)Kc =b)Kc =c)Reaction(2)isthereverseofreaction(1).d)Theequilibrium
expressionofreaction(2)istheinverseoftheequilibriumexpressionofreaction(1).
3
10. 1.00x10

ChemActivity 40
2
1. [PCl3]=0.0500mole/5.00L=1.0010 M
2. (0.200/5)/{(0.0200/5)(0.0500/5)}=1.00103
 47

3. a)0.1100molePCl3b)2.2102Mc)No.Oneoftheconcentrationshaschanged
sotheratiocannotbethesame,1.00103
4. Theratio is< 1.00 103 . PCl3 andCl2 mustreacttoreducethedenominatorand
increasethenumerator.
5. (0.200/5)/{(0.0200/5)(0.110/5)}=4.55102
6. PCl3 andCl2 mustreacttoreducethedenominatorandincreasethenumerator;theratio
mustbe1.00103atequilibrium,So,b)describeswhatwillhappen.
7. a)QCmustgetsmaller.b)Theconcentrationsoftheproductsmustdecreaseandthe
concentrationsofthereactantsmustincrease.
8. Thereactionquotient(1)indicatesifthereactionisatequilibriumornot,and(2)indicates
whichdirectionthereactionmustgotoreachequilibrium.
9. a)0.0200b)0.200
10. a)xmolesofCl2mustreact.b)xmolesofPCl5areformed.

10.c)through13.
PCl3 Cl2 PCl5
initialmoles 0.1100 0.0200 0.200
changeinmoles x x x
equilibriummoles 0.1100x 0.0200x 0.200+x
equilibriumconc (0.1100x)/5 (0.0200x)/5 (0.200+x)/5
equilibriumconc 0.0201 2.10103 4.19102
value

14. (4.19102)/{(0.0201)(2.10103)}=993whichisabout1.00x103.
15. Qcistoosmall;PCl3andCl2willreacttoformPCl5.
16. Qcistoolarge;PCl5willreacttoformCl2andPCl3.

ChemActivity 41
1. 0.00963gMg(OH)2 =1.65104moleMg(OH)2
moleMg(OH) 2
58.32gMg(OH)2
4
2. a)Thereare8.2610 molesofMg2+in10.0L;
2+ 5
[Mg ]= =8.2610 M
4 2
8.26 x10 moles Mg
10.0 L
4
b)Thereare28.26x10 molesofOHin10.0L.
3. 0.19260g0.09630g=0.09630gdissolve
4. 0.09700g0.00070g=0.09630gdissolve

5. 1.6510 moleofMg(OH)2
3

6. a)1.65104mole b)0.009630g
 49

4 4 2 11
7. (1.6510 )(3.3010 ) =1.80x10
2+
8. Mg

9. OH
+ 5
10. ForMg2 : =2.90x10 moles
4
1.65 x10 moles
6
5
ForOH : =2.90x10 moles
4
3.30 x10 moles
12

3
11. Yes.AccordingtoTable1nomorethan1.65 10 molesofMg(OH)2candissolvein
10.0Lofwater.

3 3
12. ThesolubilityofMg(OH)2is1.6510 M;thisisgreaterthan110 Mbutlessthan
0.1M.Therefore,Mg(OH)2ismoderatelysoluble.
3 3 2 11
13. Ksp=(1.6510 )(2x1.6510 ) =1.80x10
14. a)0.050molesofMg2+b)0.060molesOHc)1000mLor1.000Ld)0.050M
2+ 2
e)0.060Mf)Q=(Mg )(OH ) =1.8104g)No.Qistoolarge;thereaction
willshifttowardmoresolidMg(OH)2.h)Yes.
+ 2+ 3 3 2
15. a)Ksp=[Ag ][Cl ]b)Ksp=[Cu ] [PO4 ]

ChemActivity 42
1. a)(1)HCl(2)none(3)HCNb)(1)none(2)NH3(3)none
c)(1)HCl(2)H2O(3)HCNd)(1)H2O(2)NH3(3)H2O
2. H2Oreactsasanacidin(2);H2Oreactsasabasein(1).IusedtheBronstedLowry
definition.
3. HCl,Kcismuchlargerthereactionproceedsfurthertotheright.
4. a)Clb)Asabase.c)H 3O+d)Asanacid.e)In(2),NH 3isabaseandNH4+
isanacid.In(3),HCNisanacidandCN isabase.Whenanacidlosesaproton,the
speciesthatremainsisabase.
5. WhenneutralH2Slosesaprotontheremainingportionwillbecharged1,HS.
H2S(aq)+H2O=H3O+(aq)+HS(aq)
2
6. CO3 (aq)+H2O=OH(aq)+HCO3 (aq)
7. a)NH4+b)OH

ChemActivity 43
5 7
1. Kc=Ka/55=1.7510 /55=3.210
4
2. Ka=(0.26)(0.26)/(1.33)=5.210
 51

3. a)HIbecauseithasthelargestvalueforKa.
b)H2SbecauseithasthesmallestvalueforKa.
4. Ka=
[H 3O] [NO3 ]
HNO3
2
5. a)1.000.967=0.033b)Ka=(0.967) /0.033=28
6. HI>HBr>HOClO3>HCl>H2SO4>HNO3
7. a)[H3O+]=[NO2]=1.00x0.023=0.023M
[HNO2]=1.000.023=0.98M
b)Thelargerthevalueofthe%dissociationthelargerthevalueofKa.
8. WhenKa>1the%dissociationvaluesarenearorequalto100%.WhenK a<1the%
dissociationvalueslessthan10%someareveryclosetozero.
9. Acid1isastrongacidbecauseonlyAionsarefoundinthesolution(noHAmolecules).
10. Acid2isaweakacidbecausetherearemanymoreHAmoleculesthanAions.
11. InTable2,thesixacidswithKa>1arestrongacids.Alloftheotheracidsareweakacids.
12. a)HIb)HNO3
13. a)H2Sb)H3PO4
14. 0MHOCl(purewater)isneutral.Theotherthreesolutionsareacidic.
+
15. HOClisanacidbecauseinitssolutionsthe[H3O ]>[OH ].

16. [H3O+][OH ]isaconstant;11014.

17. Waterisneitheracidicorbasicbecause[H3O+]=[OH ].Purewaterisneutral.
18. a)K =K =
c a
b)[H3 O ][OH]=1.8101655=9.91015c)goodagreement
+

19. Thecomparisonisgood.
20. [H3O+]=[OH]=1.0107

ChemActivity 44
1. a)HClisastrongacid100%dissociation.
b)HFisaweakacidlessthan10%dissociation.
2. a)SolutionArepresentsHClandsolutionBrepresentsHF.
+
b)H3O ,Cl ,HF,F

3. Thehydroxideionisnotshownbecauseitsconcentrationwouldbeextremelysmallin
theseacidicsolutions.
4. HOCl(aq)+H2O(l)=H3O+(aq)+OCl(aq)Ka=[H3O+][OCl]/[HOCl]
5,6.
HOCl H3O+ OCl
 53

initialmoles 0.30 0 0
changeinmoles x x x
equilibriummoles 0.30x x x
equilibriumconc (0.30x)/1 x/1 x/1
equilibriumconcvalue 0.30 9.310 5 9.3105
Ka=(9.3105)2/0.30=2.9108
7. [HOCl]=0.30M[OCl]=9.3105M
8. VerylittleHOClreacts. Totwosignificantfigures,theconcentrationsbeforeandafter
reactionarethesame.
9. OnemoleculeofH3O+ andonemoleculeofOCl areproducedforeverymoleculeof
HOClthatreacts.
10. B+H2O=BH++OH
11. Kw11014Yes,thisvalueagreeswiththepreviouslycalculatedvalue.
12. C5H5N(aq)+H2O=C5H5NH+(aq)+OH(aq)Kb=[C5H5NH+][OH]/[C5H5N]
13,14.

C5H5N OH C5H5NH+
initialmoles 0.30 0 0
changeinmoles x x x
equilibriummoles 0.30x x x
equilibriumconc (0.30x)/1 x/1 x/1
equilibriumconcvalue 0.30 2.310 5 2.3105
Kb=(2.3105)2/0.30=1.8109
15. [C5H5N]=0.30M[C5H5NH+]=2.3105M
16. VerylittleC5H5Nreacts. Totwosignificantfigures,theconcentrationsbeforeandafter
reactionarethesame.
17. OnemoleculeofC5H5NH+andonemoleculeofOHareproducedforeverymoleculeof
C5H5Nthatreacts.
18. HA(aq)+H2O(l)=H3O+(aq)+A(aq)OnemoleculeofH3O+andonemoleculeofA
areproducedforeverymoleculeofHAthatreacts.
19. HAisaweakacid.VerylittleHAreacts.
20. (CH3COOH)o=0.50M[CH3COOH]=0.50M[H3O+]=3.0103MKa=1.8105
21. Ka=1.9105usingequation(3)andusingequation(4).
22. [OH][BH+][B](B)oKb==wherex=[OH]
Kb

ChemActivity 45
1. log(5.0104)=3.30
 55

2. a)HClisastrongacid(100%dissociation).Therefore,thechlorideionconcentrationwill
equalthehydroniumionconcentration.AddeightchlorideionstotheModel.
b)5.0x105moles c)[OH]=2.0x1010MsotherearesofewOHionspresentthat
onlyatinyfractionofasymbolwouldbeneeded.
3. a)7.0b)7.0
4. a)acidicsolution,pH<7.0b)basicsolution,pH>7.0
5. pKw=14.00
6. pKw=pOH+pH
7. a)Ka=[H3O+][A]/[HA]b)log(Ka)=log(H3O+)log
pKa=pHlogpH=pKa+logpH=pKalog

ChemActivity 46
1. SH
2. TheHSbondisweakerthantheOHbondbecausetheHSbondislongerthantheOH
bond(SisbiggerthanO).
3. BecausetheHXbondlengthincreasesintheseriesHF,HCl,HBr,HI.
4. H2SbecausetheSHbondisweaker;itoughttobeeasiertoremoveaproton.
5. ThePHbondisweaker(longer)thantheNHbond(shorter).Therefore,PH 4+shouldbe
astrongeracidthanNH4+.
6. Thesecondstatementbestdescribesrelativeacidstrengths.
7. Zero.
8. a)TheHatomattachedtotheOatom(ithasthemostpositivepartialcharge).b)TheH
atomattachedtotheOatom(ithasthemostpositivepartialcharge).c)Ineachcasethe
hydrogenatomwiththemostpositivepartialchargeisthemostacidic.
9. CCl3COOHis mostlikelythestrongeracidbecauseits acidichydrogenatomismore
positivelychargedthantheacidichydrogenatominCH3COOH.
10. TheacidichydrogenatominHCOOHistheHatombondedtotheOatom.
11. TheacidichydrogenatominCH3CH2OHistheHatombondedtotheOatom.
12. In both CH3COOH and CCl3COOH the hydrogen atom with the most positive partial
charge(themostacidichydrogenatom)isthehydrogenatombondedtotheoxygenatom.
13. BecauseCCl3COOHhasthreeveryelectronegativeClatomswhicharedrawingelectrons
fromtheOHbond.
14. The electronegativities decrease down a group: Cl > Br > I. The greater the
electronegativityofX,themoretheelectronswillbepulledtowardXand,therefore,theH
atomswillhaveamorepositivepartialcharge.
15. TheresultsinTable2areconsistentwiththefirststatement. Forexample:thepartial
chargeontheHatominHOClislargerthanthepartialchargeontheHatominHOIand
HOClhasalargerKathanHOI.
16. Prediction: Ka of CF3COOH = 10. F is more electronegative than Cl. The Ka of
CF3COOHshouldbelargerthantheKaofCCl3COOH(0.22)
 57

17. a)InTable1,theHatomisalwaysattachedtoadifferentatom.b)InTable2,theHatom
isalwaysattachedtothesameatom,O.c)InTable1theHQbondstrengthsaresimilar.
InTable2theHObondstrengthsareessentiallythesame.
18. a)InorderofincreasingpartialchargeontheHatomi)H2S<H2Oii)PH4+<NH4+
iii)HI<HBr<HCl<HF.b)Ifpartialpositivechargewerethemostimportantfactor,
H2OwouldbeastrongeracidthanH2S,NH4+wouldbeastrongeracidthanPH4+,and
HFwouldbeastrongeracidthanHI.Thisisnotconsistentwiththeknownacidstrengths
giveninTable1.c)Bondstrengthismoreimportant.Notethatthepartialchargeonthe
HatominH2OisgreaterthanthepartialchargeontheHatominH 2S,butH2Sisthe
strongeracid.

ChemActivity 47
1.
Acid Ka ConjugateBase Kb KaKb
HF F
[ H 3O + ] [OH ]
hydrofluoricacid fluorideion

HONO [ H 3O + ] [ONO ] [OH ] [HONO]

ONO [ H 3O + ] OH
nitrousacid [ HONO] [ONO ]

+ [H 3O ] [NH 3 ] NH3 [OH ] [NH 4 ]

NH4
[NH 4 ]
+
ammonia [NH 3 ] [H3O+][OH ]

2. HF+H2O=H3O++FKa=[H3O+][F]/[HF]
HONO+H2O=H3O++NO2Ka=[H3O+][NO 2]/[HONO]
NH4++H2O=H3O++NH3Ka=[H3O+][NH3]/[NH4+]
NO2+H2O=HNO2+OHKb=[OH][HNO2]/[NO2]
NH3+H2O=NH4++OHKb=[OH][NH4+]/[NH3]
3. a)AllexpressionsforK ahave[H3O+][base]/[acid].b)AllexpressionsforK bhave
[OH][acid]/[base]. c)KaKb=[OH][H3O+].
4. KaKb=Kw
5. Kb=Kw/Ka
6. a)HAb)Xc)Thestrongertheacid,theweakeritsconjugatebase.
3+ +
7. potentialacids:Al ,CH3NH3 ,NH4+.potentialbases:Fboth:HPO42,H2O
8.

 59

9. HClisastrongacid,itsconjugatebaseissoweakthatitdoesnotaffectthepHofthe
solution.
10. pH=7.00.TheNa+ionisnotanacid;theBrisnotabase(conjugatebaseofthestrong
acidHBr).
11. Theconjugatebasesofstrongacidsareextremelyweakbasessoweakthattheydonot
affectthepHofasolution.

ChemActivity 48
1. a)Zn(s)loseselectrons.b) gainselectrons
Cu 2+(aq)
2. a)twoelectronsb)twomolesofelectrons
3. a)K=[Zn 2+]/[Cu2+].b)EssentiallyalloftheCu 2+ionshavebeenplatedout,[Cu 2+]
0.The[Zn]1.0M.c)Kisaverylargenumber,K>>1.
4. a)Znisoxidized.b)Cu2+isreduced.
5. a)Cu2+istheoxidizingagent.b)Znisthereducingagent.
6. Zn+Cu2+=Cu+Zn2+ Oxagent=Cu2+Redagent=Zn
Zn+2K+=2K+Zn2+ Oxagent=K+Redagent=Zn
Co+Ni2+=Ni+Co2+ Oxagent=Ni2+Redagent=Co
Co+Cu2+=Cu+Co2+ Oxagent=Cu2+Redagent=Co
3Co+2Cr3+=2Cr+3Co2+ Oxagent=Ni2+Redagent=Co
7. K>1K<1K>1K>1K<1
8. Cu2+,becauseCu2+oxidizesZnandK+doesnotoxidizeZn.
9. Cu2+>Ni2+>Cr3+
10. Cu2+>K+.InordertorankNi2+andCr3+,itwouldbenecessarytotestZn/Ni2+and
Zn/Cr3+orCo/K+.

ChemActivity 49
1. Thepartialcharge. Formalchargeandoxidationstatearemerelybookkeepingmethods.
Partialchargeisarealattempttoaccuratelydescribethechargeonanatominamolecule.
2. MgO;NaF;NiCl2.Theioniccompounds.
3. Lefthand side: Cr(+3), Mn(+7), O(2) H(+1) O(2). Righthand side: Cr(+6), O(2),
Mn(+2),H(+1).Yes,Crincreasesitsoxidationnumberfrom+3to+6.
4. Iftheoxidationnumberisincreased,thatspeciesisoxidized.Itisthereducingagent.
5. Cr3+isoxidized.MnO4isreduced.
6. Cu+isoxidized.Cu+isreduced.
 61

7. Determinetheoxidationnumbersforallatomsinthechemicalequation. Ifthereisany
atomthatundergoesachangeinoxidationnumber,thereactionisanoxidationreduction
reaction.

ChemActivity 50
1. Cu2++2e=Cu(moreCuisproduced)
2. Zn(anode),Cu(cathode)
3. TheelectronsflowtotheCuelectrodefromtheZnelectrode.
4. Znisthenegativeelectrode.
5. a)Znisoxidized.b)Cu2+isreduced.
6. Theelectronscannotflowandthechemicalreactionstops.
7. Aflowofelectronscanbemadetodowork:lightabulb,heataroom,runaTV,etc.
8. Thevoltaiccellcan(1)produceaflowofelectronsthatcandoworkand(2)canbestopped
andstartedbythrowingaswitch.
9. Cu2++2e=Cu
10. Zn=Zn2++2e
11. Cu2+(aq)
12. Co=Co2++2e
13. Cu2++2e=Cu
14. Cu2+(aq)
15. Co2+hasastrongerpullingpowerthanZn 2+becausethevoltageoftheCu2+/Zn2+cellis
largerthanthevoltageoftheCu2+/Co2+cellandthevoltageisameasureofthedifference
inelectronpullingpower. BothCo2+ andZn2+ loseouttoCu2+ buttheZn2+ losesby
more.
16. Cu2+isthespeciesthatgetsreducedsoitisthestrongeroxidizingagent.
17. 0.34V
18. 0.34V
19. Au+,ithasthegreaterstandardelectronpotential.

ChemActivity 51
1. a)Cu/Cu2+b)Cu2++2e=Cuc)Zn=Zn2++2e
d)Eo=0.34V(0.76V)=1.10V
2. Cl2(1.36V);Br2(1.09V);Ag+(0.80V);Cu2+(0.34V);H+(0.00V);Zn2+(0.76V);K+
(2.92V).
3. a) Strongest oxidizing agent, Cl2 (most favorable reduction potential). b) Weakest
oxidizingagent,K+(leastfavorablereductionpotential).
4. a)Kisthestrongestreducingagent.b)Clistheweakestreducingagent.

ChemActivity 52
1. a)Theballatthebottomofthehillisthelowerenergystate.
b)Thechangeinthepotentialenergyisnegative.
 63

c)Thereistendencyforprocessestogofromthehigherenergystatetothelowerenergy
state.Goingupthehillwouldrequireaninputofenergyfromsomewhere!
2. a)1moleNaCl.b)Hisnegative.c)NaClisthelowerenergystate.Breakingthe
ioniccompoundapartintoitsconstituentatomswouldrequireaninputofenergyfrom
somewhere!
3. H2O(s)=H2O(l)H>0OccursatT>0C
4. H2O(l)=H2O(s)H<0OccursatT<0C
5. No,youmustknowthetemperatureaswell.
6. Thetemperaturemustbeknown.
7. (c)
8. (c)
9. Sc>Sa.Sispositiveforthisnaturallyoccurringprocess.
10. Sc>Sr.Sisnegativeforthisnaturallyoccurringprocess.
11. S is positive because the number of particles increases and the amount of disorder
increases.
12. S is positive because the volume in which the particles can move increases and the
amountofdisorderincreases.
13. Sispositivebecausethetemperatureincreases(andthevolumeinwhichtheparticlescan
moveincreases)andtheamountofdisorderincreases.
14. H2O(s)<H2O(l)<H2O(g)

ChemActivity53
1. No.
2. Sispositiveforthemeltingofice.Waterhasmoredisorderthanice.
3. Yes.
4. Sisnegativeforthefreezingofwater.Waterhasmoredisorderthanice.
5. a)Whenicemelts,H>0andS>0(row4).
b)Whenwaterfreezes,H<0andS<0(row1).
c)ThereisagreementwiththeseobservationswiththedatainModel2:icemeltsathigh
temperatures(higherthan0C)andwaterfreezesatlowtemperatures(lowerthan0C).
6. In row 1, the process is exothermic and the process will occur naturally at low
temperatures.Inrow2,theprocessisexothermicandtheprocessoccursnaturallyatany
temperature.
7. a)ChemicalreactionsgenerallyoccurnaturallywhenS>0(Sispositive).
b)WhenS>0theprocessisgoingfromalowerentropystatetoahigherentropystate.
8. PositiveS,hightemperature(accordingtoModel2).

ChemActivity 54
1. Sisnegative,fewergaseousparticlesontheright.
2. Thereferencestateforelementsisgaseous,monatomicatoms.
3. Thenumberofparticlesdecreases.
4. Thenumberofparticlesdecreases.Inaddition,theproductscouldbeliquidsorsolids
whichhavelowerentropiesthangases.
 65

5. Asthenumberofatomsinthemoleculeincreases,thedecreaseinthenumberofparticles
becomesgreater.
6. Liquidsaremoreorderedthangases.
7. S=+646.53kJ(ThenegativeoftheentropyofformationofN2O4(g).
8. a)235.35kJb)470.70kJ
9. Positive,moregaseousparticlesontheright.
10. a) S is a positive number because 2 moles of N(g) and 4 moles of O(g) is more
disorderedthan1moleofN2O4(g).b)Themagnitudeisequaltothemagnitudeofthe
entropyofformationofN2O4(g).
11. a) S is a negative number because 2 moles of N(g) and 4 moles of O(g) is more
disordered than 2 moles of NO2(g). b) The magnitude is equal to two times the
magnitudeoftheentropyofformationsofNO2(g).
12. S=+175.83J/K

14. TheSforthereactionisequaltothesumofthefollowing:twotimestheentropyofatom
combination of XB(g), the entropy of atom combination of B2(g), the negative of the
entropyofatomcombinationofA2X2(g),thenegativeoftheentropyofatomcombination
ofB2(g).

ChemActivity 55
1. a)N,N,Y,N,Y
b)Y,Y,N,Y,N
2. No.
3. No.
4. Thefirst3;thelast2.
5. HTS
 67

6. Negative.
7. Positive.
8. ThemorenegativethevalueofHTS,thelargerthemagnitudeofK.
9. Negative.
10. Positive.
11. G=0;K=1

ChemActivity 56
1. d.
2. 2.48kJ/mole
3. 8.314298.15K=2.479kJ/mole
4. a)lnK=+
b)Kincreases.
c)Kdecreases.
5. Thereactioninvolvesseparatingmolecules,soitisendothermicandH>0.Thus,asT
increases,Kincreases.
6. Cu2+(aq)+Zn(s) Cu(s)+Zn2+(aq)
Cu2+(aq)+H2(g) Cu(s)+2H+(aq)
Br2(aq)+Zn(s) 2Br(aq)+Zn2+(aq)
Zn2+(aq)+2K(s) Zn(s)+2K+(aq)
Cl2(aq)+2Ag(s) 2Cl(aq)+2Ag+(aq)
7. d.
8. 1.28102V=1.28102J/C
9. =1.285102J/C
10. nF=G

ChemActivity 57
1. 1.35107M/sec
2. 1.80108M/sec
3. Ratedecreasesas(NO2)decreases.
4. Muchlessthan1.80 108 M/S;closetozero. Rateofreactioncontinuestogetmuch
sloweras(NO2)approacheszero.
5. a)Exp.3.
b)Exp.1.
c)Becausetheinitialconcentrationsofreactantsaredifferent.
6. a)Yes.
b)No.=2
c)No. =2
2.70 x10 7
1.35 x10 7
d)No.Becausetheinitialconcentrationsareidentical.

 69

e)Yes.Becausetheyhavedifferentinitialconcentrations.
f)Yes.1
7. a)No.=2
b)Yes.
c)No. =2
5.40 x10 7
2.70 x10 7
d)Yes.Becausetheyhavedifferentinitialconcentrations.
e)No.Becausetheinitialconcentrationsareidentical.
f)Yes.1

8. Firstorder.
9. Firstorder.
4 1 1
10. a)Allthreeexperimentsyieldk=2.710 M sec .
b) Therateconstantisacharacteristicforagivenreactionatagiventemperature. It
shouldhavethesamevalueforallexperimentsforthisreactionat25C.
11. No.
12. a)isnotappropriate,asshownbyTable2.
b)istheonlyappropriatemethod.

ChemActivity 58
1. Astincreases,ktincreases. Forthefirstorderratelaw,thisresultsinalargerquantity
beingsubtractedfromln(R)o,sothatln(R)becomessmaller,so(R)decreases.Forthe
secondorderratelaw,thisresultsin+ktincreasing,sothatincreases.Thus,(R)decreases.
2. a)slope=kb)intercept=ln(R)o
3. a)slope=kb)intercept=
4. a)0.010M
b)0.005M;1/2
c)0.0025M;1/2
d)0.00125M;1/2
5. 0.008M,0.004M;Yes,becauseafter130seconds,concentrationisreducedby1/2.
6. No.Regardlessoftheconcentration,italwaystakesthesameamountoftimetoreachhalf
ofthatconcentration,sot1/2isconstant.
7. a)(R)=o
b)t1/2===
8. a)(R)=o
b)t1/2===

ChemActivity 59
1. ii.
2. a)Negative.
b)Favorable.
3. ii.
4. a)Positive.
 71

b)Favorable.
5. a)Negative.
b)Favorable.
c)Yes.
6. Theballscannotjumpoverthebarrierontheirown.Eitherthebarriermustberemoved
temporarily,orsomeonemustreachinandmovetheballs.
7. Aviolentcollisionismorelikelytobreakthebondsbecausethereismorekineticenergy
availabletouse.
8. Hightemperature.
9. No,becausethetwoBratomsaretoofaraparttoformabondandbecomeaBr2molecule.
10. ONBrBrNO
11. Thecollisionmaynotbestrongenough,andthemoleculesmaynotbeorientedproperly.
12. a)Theverticallineshouldextendbetweenthetwoparallellines:onelineoftheparallel
linesisthehorizontallinerepresenting H[ONBr(g)+ONBr(g)]andtheotherlineofthe
parallellinesisthehorizontallinerepresentingH[NO(g)+NO(g)+Br2(g)].{Youmust
extendoneofthelinesabovetocreatetheparallellines.}
b)Hisnegativebecausetheproductsareatalowerenthalpythanthereactants:HpHr
<0.
c) The reaction is exothermic because the products are at a lower enthalpy than the
reactants.
13. ONBrBrNO
14. EafortheforwardreactioncanbeindicatedbydrawingaverticallinebetweenH[ONBr(g)
+ONBr(g)]andthehorizontallinerepresentingH[ONBrBrNO(g)].
15. EaforthereversereactioncanbeindicatedbydrawingaverticallinebetweenH[NO(g)+
NO(g)+Br2(g)]andthehorizontallinerepresentingH[ONBrBrNO(g)].
16. Ea(forward)Ea(reverse)=H

ChemActivity 60
1. Whentheconcentrationofhydroxideionswasdoubled,therateofthereactiondidnot
change.
2. Unimolecular:1Bimolecular:2,3
3. Therateofaforwardstepisproportionaltotheconcentrationofeachspeciesinvolvedin
thatstep.
4. Becausetheratelawcannotbedeterminedfromthestoichiometryofthereaction.
6. Becausestep1isthesloweststepintheproposedmechanism.
7. Yes.
8. Unimolecular:noneBimolecular:1,2
9. Yes.
10. Becausethisisthesloweststepoftheproposedmechanism.
11. Yes.
13. Thermodynamiccontrol.
14. Kineticcontrol.
15. c.
 73

ChemActivity 61
1. Noeffectonstoichiometry. Thecatalystonlyincreasestherateofreactionbutisnot
producedorconsumed.
2. NoeffectonH.Thereisnochangeintheenthalpyofreactantsorproducts.
3. Theratelimitingstepinamechanisminvolvingacatalystisfasterthantheratelimiting
stepinthemechanismwithoutthecatalyst.Thismustbetruebecausetheoverallrateof
reactionwiththecatalystisfaster,andtheoverallrateiscontrolledbytheratelimiting
step.
4. Thecatalystdecreasestheactivationenergy.
5. Oneachsidethereare:2Natoms;4Oatoms;4Catoms;10Hatoms.
6. OHisattachedtoCatom;HisattachedtoNatom.
7. a)Thisreactionisnotaredoxreactionnoatomundergoesachangeinoxidationstate.
b)Thereactionisnotanacid/basereactionaprotonisnotdonatedfromonespeciesto
anotherspecies.
8. The uncatalyzed reaction is subject to kinetic control because the reaction is
thermodynamicallyfavorableyetthereactionisextremelyslow.
9. Co2+isapositivelychargedspecies,soitattractselectrons.

ChemActivity 62
1. slope=;intercept=lnA
2. ReactionWwillhavethelargerrateconstantbecauseithasasmalleractivationenergy.
Accordingtoequation(1),ifissmaller,thenlnkwillbelarger,sothatkwillbelarger.
3. TherateconstantincreasesbecausegetssmallerasTgetslarger,andsoasmallervalueis
subtractedfromlnA.
4. Astemperatureincreases,moleculesmovefastersothatcollisionsaremorefrequentand
moreviolent,soeffectivecollisionsoccurmorefrequently.
5. 2.