JICA 2011 Project Preservation Farming Areas After Urgent Nargis Final

Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation
The Republic of the Union of Myanmar
THE PROJECT
FOR
PRESERVATION OF FARMING AREA FOR URGENT
REHABILITATION OF AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCTION AND RURAL LIFE IN AREAS
AFFECTED BY CYCLONE NARGIS
IN
THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR
FINAL REPORT
MAIN REPORT
OCTOBER 2011
JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA)

SANYU CONSULTANTS INC. NIPPON KOEI CO., LTD.
China
India
Location Map of the Project Area
Myanmar
Naypyitaw

Yangon Ayeyawady
Ayeyawady River
Thai
Region
Project Area
Pathein
Yangon
32
33 34
Kyaikalatt
28
Phyapon 29
Labutta 31
14 27
22
4 12 30
9 18
3 21 26
13 17 Daydaye
2 8 25
7 6 Bogalay
1 11 24
5 15
Labutta 16 23
20
Route of Cyclone Nargis Phyapon
10 19
Polders in Project Area

Labutta Labutta Bogalay Phyapon Daydaye Kyaiklatt
1.Alegyun(1)polder 5.Thingangyi 15.Daunggyi poder 19.Dawnyein polder 26.Myaseinkan 32.Maubin Island(North)
2.Alegyun(2)polder 6.Zinywe 16.Daunggyi(East) 20.Myokone polder 27.Thandi 33.Maubin Island(South)
3.Alegyun(3)polder 7.Leikkwin 17.Daunggyi (West) 21.Kyetphamwezaung 28.Suclubbaluma 34.Thonegwakyun
4.Magyibinmadaukan 8.Labutta(South) 18.Daunggyi(Upper) 22.Banbwezu 29.Hleseikchaunggyi
9.Labutta(North) 23.Daydalu 30.Tamatakaw
10.U Gaungpu 24.Letpanbin 31.Kyonsoat
11.Bitud Island(1) 25.Zinbaung
12.Bitud Island(2)
13.Bitud Island(3)
14.Bitud Island(4)
LEGEND
Region boundary Major city/town
Township boundary Township
Project area
Polders (34 places)
To Myaungmya, Yangon
N
Location Map of the Pilot Project Area
W E
Labutta North Polder
RD=156.000 Deducted
L=6.6 km S
RD=150.000
RD=177.800

RD=140.000
RD=160.000 RD=170,000
RD=120.000 RD=130.000
RD=180.000
RD=110.000
Deducted
L=6.1 km
RD=79,700
RD=80.000
RD=100.000
RD=90.000
RD=190.000
RD=90,000
RD=70.000

RD=199.400
Deducted E.P(RD=200.500)
RD=61,000
L=4.6 km

RD=60,000 B.P (RD=0.0)

RD=2,500

RD=50.000 2
RD=46.000
1mile
RD=10.000
1km
RD=30,000
RD=40.000 Legend

Existing sluice (9)

RD=20.000 Existing dike (61.2km)
RD=32.000
No
Existing drainage
Road Project
Outline of Pilot Projects

Pilot Projects Mark Description Implementation
1. Polder Dike Rehabilitation
Dike rehab section L=40 km
1) Polder Dike Embankment 2011/3 Completed
: Test embankment site
2) Sluice Gate Rehabilitation Rehab - 6 sluices for 68 gates 2011/3 Completed
2. Mangrove Windbreak Rehabilitation 5 ha planting along dike L=500 m 2011/3 Completed
3. On-Site Seed Production Paddy for 50 acres for 28 farmers 2011/4 Completed
4. Income Generation Vegetable Cultivation 2 sites for 54 landless villagers 2011/4 Completed
Pilot Projects Photos - Labutta North Polder
1. Condition before pilot project
Before Rehabilitation Polder Dike Before Rehabilitation Polder Dike

Common view of polder dike with farmland, Overtopping river water into polder during
mangrove and river (January 2010). high tide near Hpobe Sluice (August 2010).
Before Rehabilitation Sluice Gate Before Rehabilitation Sluice Gate

Broken slide gate at Danedan Sluice (January Water leakage due to flap gate
2010). non-functioned (January 2010).
Farming in Labutta Land preparation for Labutta Market (June 2010)

monsoon paddy June 2010
1/6
2. Pilot Project for Polder Dike Rehabilitation
Polder Dike Rehabilitation Work Polder Dike Rehabilitation Work

Completed with manpower embankment. Completed by ID in March 2011.

Manpower Embankment near houses Completion inspection (31 March 2011).
(January 2011).

Under machine embankment work. Soil borrow area is set for water pond for
villagers use.
2/6
3. Pilot Project for Sluice Rehabilitation
Sluice Rehabilitation Work Sluice Rehabilitation Work

Completion inspection at Hpobe Sluice Completion inspection together with ID,
(31 March 2011). contractor and JICA Team (31 March 2011).

Under final setting of slide gates at Mayan Just after removal of existing flap gates at
South Sluice. Hpobe Sluice.

Just after removal of existing slide gates at Under chipping of existing concrete for
Hpobe Sluice. repair of slide gates at Hpobe Sluice.
3/6
4. Pilot Project for On-site Rice Seed Production
Rice Seed Production Project Rice Seed Production Project

Orientation workshop with MAS, TPDC and Sowing registered paddy seed obtained from
NGOs to start the Project (April 2010). MAS (June 2010).

Transplanting in July 2010. Threshing after harvest in November 2010.
.

Storage of paddy seed at rice mill factory in Extension workshop for NGOs, UN
Labutta in January 2011. organizations, private sectors and MAS (05
April 2011).
4/6
5. Pilot Project for Income Generation Vegetable Cultivation
Income Generation Vegetable Project Income Generation - Vegetable Project

Field training at Kyauk Hmaw village on Project participant is carrying water cress
pesticide and chmicals (February 2011). after harvest at Kyauk Hmaw village.
Income Generation Vegetable Project Income Generation Vegetable Project

Harvesting cucumber by participant landless Harvesting roselle and water cress at
farmer at Labuttaloke South village. Labuttaloke South village.
Income Generation Vegetable Project Income Generation Vegetable Project

Watering work for vegetables requires 3 Under watering work taking water from
hours a day using watering can. natural creek.
5/6
6. Pilot Project for Mangrove Windbreak Rehabilitation
Mangrove Windbreak Project Mangrove Windbreak Project

Technical training for villagers on mangrove Preparation of tide protection fence using
plantation (May 2010). bamboo by villagers (May 2010).

Fence making to protect from tidal wave & Mangrove Management Committee set up
river flow (May 2010) during evaluation workshop (March 2011).

Completed dike embankment and mangrove Mangrove trees planted in June 2010 along
pilot project site (February 2011). polder dike (February 2011).
6/6
The Republic of the Union of Myanmar, The Project for Preservation of Farming Area for Urgent Rehabilitation of
Agricultural Production and Rural Life in Areas Affected by Cyclone Nargis Final Report, Main Report, October 2011
MAIN REPORT
CONTENTS
Location Map of the Project Area

Location Map of the Pilot Project Area
Pilot Project Photos Labutta North Polder
Contents
List of Abbreviations and List of Acronyms
Page
CHAPTER 1 Background and Objectives of the Project 1
1.1 Authority 1
1.2 Background of the Project 1
1.3 Objectives of the Project 2
1.4 Expected Outputs of the Project 2
1.5 The Project Area 2
1.6 Implementation Organization for the Project 3
CHAPTER 2 The Project Area 4
2.1 Natural Condition 4
2.1.1 Climate and Meteorology 4
2.1.2 Rivers and Hydrology 5
2.1.3 Topography of the Project Area 7
2.1.4 Soils and Water in the Project Area 9
2.1.5 History of Cyclone in Ayeyawady Delta 12
2.2 Socio-economic Condition 16
2.2.1 Land Area and Population in the Project Area 16
2.2.2 Rural Economy and Livelihood in the Project Area 17
2.2.3 Ethnic Distribution 20
2.2.4 National and Local Government in the Project Area 20
2.2.5 Gender Issues in the Project Area 21
2.2.6 Disaster occurred by Cyclone Nargis 21
2.3 Present Condition of Agriculture in the Project Area 25
2.3.1 Agricultural Production 25
2.3.2 Paddy Cultivation 27
2.3.3 Other Crop Production and Livestock 35
2.3.4 Agricultural Supporting Service 36
2.3.5 Agricultural Damage by Cyclone Nargis 38
2.4 Present Condition of Irrigation and Drainage in the Project Area 39
2.4.1 Irrigation 39
2.4.2 Drainage 42
2.5 Present Condition of Agricultural and Rural Infrastructure in the Project Area 48
2.5.1 Polder Dikes and Sluices 48
2.5.2 Other Rural Infrastructure 51
2.6 Emergency Rehabilitation and Reconstruction implemented by the Government and
Donors 52
i
2.6.1 Rehabilitation and Reconstruction implemented by the Government 52

2.6.2 Rehabilitation and Reconstruction implemented by Donors 53
2.6.3 Reconstruction Plans by Government and Donors 53
2.6.4 Design and Construction Standards on Civil Work 53
2.6.5 Procurement Procedure and Condition 53
2.6.6 Government Budget 54
2.7 Identification of Problems on Preservation of Farming Area for Urgent
Rehabilitation of Agricultural Production and Rural Life 55
2.7.1 Problems on Agricultural and Rural Infrastructure 55
2.7.2 Problems on Farming 55
2.7.3 Problems on Livelihood and Income Sources 55
2.7.4 Problems on Mangrove Windbreak 56
CHAPTER 3 Challenges and Measures on Preservation of Farming Area for Urgent
Rehabilitation of Agricultural Production and Rural Life 59
3.1 Challenges and Measures on Agricultural and Rural Infrastructure 59
3.2 Challenges and Measures on Farming 59
3.3 Challenges and Measures on Livelihood and Income Sources 60
3.4 Challenges and Measures on Mangrove Windbreak 61
CHAPTER 4 Implementation of Pilot Projects 62
4.1 Purpose and Scope of Pilot Projects 62
4.1.1 Purpose of Pilot Projects 62
4.1.2 Basic Policy of Pilot Projects 62
4.1.3 Scope of Pilot Projects 62
4.1.4 Selection of Pilot Project Area 62
4.2 Government Laws, Regulations and Institutions related to Pilot Projects 63
4.3 Implementation and Result of Pilot Projects 64
4.3.1 Dike Embankment and Sluice Rehabilitation Pilot Project 64
4.3.2 On-site Seed Production Pilot Project 73
4.3.3 Income Generation Pilot Project 85
4.3.4 Mangrove Windbreak Rehabilitation Pilot Project 92
4.4 Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) 100
CHAPTER 5 Development Plan for Preservation of Farming Area 107
5.1 Basic Policy for Formulation of Development Plan 107
5.1.1 Basic Policy for Preservation of Farming Area 107
5.1.2 Basic Concept for Formulation of Development Plan on Preservation of
Farming Area 108
5.2 Scope of Development Plan 109
5.2.1 Components of Development Plan 109
5.2.2 Target Polders on Development Plan 110
5.3 Rehabilitation Plan on Agricultural and Rural Infrastructure 111
5.3.1 Basic Concept of Rehabilitation of Agricultural and Rural Infrastructure 111
5.3.2 Project Contents and Volume 111
5.3.3 Results of Hydrological Analysis 111
5.3.4 Design and Construction Plan 112
5.3.5 Implementation Method and Implementing Body 120
5.3.6 Operation and Maintenance 121
5.4 Improvement Plan on Farming 126
5.4.1 Basic Concept of Improvement of Farming 126
ii

5.5 Income Generation Plan 134
5.5.1 Basic Concept of Income Generation 134
5.6 Rehabilitation Plan on Mangrove Windbreak 147
5.6.1 Basic Concept of Rehabilitation of Mangrove Windbreak 147
5.7 Environmental Study 155
5.7.1 Guideline on Environmental Impact Assessment 155
5.7.2 Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) 155
5.8 Implementation Plan and Schedule 160
5.8.1 Overall Implementation Plan 160
5.8.2 Selection of Priority Polders and Embankments 160
5.8.3 Implementation Schedule 163
5.9 Cost Estimates 168
5.9.1 Condition of Cost Estimates 168
5.9.2 Project Costs 168
5.9.3 Disbursement Schedule 169
5.10 Project Justification 170
5.10.1 Technical Evaluation 170
5.10.2 Financial and Economic Evaluation 171
5.10.3 Social and Natural Environmental Evaluation 183
CHAPTER 6 Technology Transfer 187
6.1 Introduction 187
6.2 Result of Technology Transfer 187
6.3 Evaluation of Technology Transfer 187
CHAPTER 7 Conclusion and Recommendations 193
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1-1 Probable Storm Rainfall at Yangon and Pathein (mm) ------------------------------------ 6
Table 2.1-2 Distribution of Soil Samples among the Seven Soil Material Classes ----------------- 11
Table 2.1-3 Mean Mechanical and Total Chemical Compositions and Other Properties --------- 11
Table 2.1-4 Historical Cyclones Attacked Myanmar -------------------------------------------------- 13
Table 2.1-5 Historical Cyclones in the North Indian Ocean Territory ------------------------------- 13
Table 2.1-6 Characteristic of Severe Cyclonic Storms in Bay of Bengal (1965-78) -------------- 14
Table 2.2-1 Population, Area and Dike Length of 34 Polders/Embankments for the Project ---- 16
Table 2.2-2 Administrative District and Population, Number of Village Tracts and
Villages in Target Townships --------------------------------------------------------------- 17
Table 2.2-3 Land Occupancy Status and Farm Size --------------------------------------------------- 19
Table 2.2-4 Average 2009 Income of Tillers Right Holders and Landless Households
in 34 Polders ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19
Table 2.2-5 Number of Victims by Nargis in Target Townships ------------------------------------- 22
Table 2.2-6 Source of Water before and after Cyclone in Ayeyawady Region --------------------- 23
iii
Table 2.2-7 Damage and Losses to Rice Mills in Target Townships -------------------------------- 23
Table 2.2-8 Percentage of Loss in Fishing Gear Items by Nargis------------------------------------ 24
Table 2.2-9 Estimated Damage and Losses to Salt Farms in the Target Townships --------------- 24
Table 2.2-10 Change of Main Income Sources before and after Nargis ------------------------------ 25
Table 2.3-1 Sowing Area of Major Crops in Ayeyawady Region (1,000 Acre) -------------------- 25
Table 2.3-2 Percentage of Farmer in 34 Polders ------------------------------------------------------- 26
Table 2.3-3 Average Land Holding Size (2007)-------------------------------------------------------- 26
Table 2.3-4 Type of Paddy Variety in Ayeyawady Region in Monson Season 2010 -------------- 28
Table 2.3-5 Major Paddy Variety in Ayeyawady Region in Monson Season 2010 ---------------- 28
Table 2.3-6 Procurement Method of Seed--------------------------------------------------------------- 29
Table 2.3-7 Problem on Seed Quality-------------------------------------------------------------------- 29
Table 2.3-8 Use of Fertilizer and Pesticide-------------------------------------------------------------- 30
Table 2.3-9 Difference of Lowest and Highest Price of Paddy--------------------------------------- 32
Table 2.3-10 Estimated Production Cost and Income of Paddy Cultivation (Monsoon Season:
Local Variety) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 33
Table 2.3-11 Estimated Production Cost and Income of Paddy Cultivation (Dry Season:
HYV Variety) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 34
Table 2.3-12 Production Amounts of Paddy Seed by Major MOAI Farms in
Ayeyawady Region--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37
Table 2.3-13 Farming Constraint before and after Cyclone Nargis Attack--------------------------- 38
Table 2.3-14 Received Support----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38
Table 2.4-1 Summary of Existing Drainage Canal----------------------------------------------------- 43
Table 2.4-2 Summary of Drainage Condition at the 8 Sluices in Labutta North Polder ---------- 44
Table 2.4-3 Salinity (Electric Conductivity) of Soil --------------------------------------------------- 46
Table 2.5-1 Existing Facilities of 34 Polders in Project Area ---------------------------------------- 49
Table 2.5-2 Differences in Water Level and EC Value at Labutta and Bogalay-------------------- 50
Table 2.6-1 Rehabilitation of Polder Dike Embankment by ID - Accomplishment --------------- 52
Table 2.6-2 Annual Budget of Irrigation Department (Million Kyats) ------------------------------ 54
Table 2.7-1 Current Situation of Mangrove Windbreak at 34 Polders ------------------------------ 58
Table 4.3.1-1 Contents and Quantity for Test Embankment ------------------------------------------- 64
Table 4.3.1-2 Priority Study of Dike Sections for Rehabilitation ------------------------------------- 66
Table 4.3.1-3 Implementation Schedule for Dike Embankment Pilot Project ----------------------- 68
Table 4.3.1-4 Criteria for Selection of Rehabilitation Method for Sluice Gate---------------------- 69
Table 4.3.1-5 Quantity of Sluice Gate Rehabilitation --------------------------------------------------- 69
Table 4.3.1-6 Evaluation of Gate Function and Rehabilitation Method by Sluice ------------------ 69
Table 4.3.1-7 Implementation Schedule for Sluice Gates Rehabilitation----------------------------- 71
Table 4.3.1-8 Summary of Study Tour on Dike and Sluice Rehabilitation Pilot Project ----------- 72
Table 4.3.2-1 Schedule of On-Site Seed Production Pilot Project------------------------------------- 74
Table 4.3.2-2 Paddy Varieties used in Pilot Project ----------------------------------------------------- 76
Table 4.3.2-3 Fertilizer Application in Pilot Project----------------------------------------------------- 76
Table 4.3.2-4 MAS Seed Standard for Certified Seed -------------------------------------------------- 78
Table 4.3.2-5 Result of Seed Quality Check, Production Amount and Cropping Yield----------- 78
Table 4.3.2-6 Comparison of Cropping Yield----------------------------------------------------------- 79
iv
Table 4.3.2-7 Sales Result of Paddy Seed produced by Pilot Project as of end of April---------- 79
Table 4.3.2-8 Estimated Production Cost and Income in Pilot Project ------------------------------ 80
Table 4.3.3-1 Summary of Social Condition of Target Villages-------------------------------------- 87
Table 4.3.3-2 Result of Vegetable Production in Pilot Project---------------------------------------- 89
Table 4.3.3-3 Trainings and Workshops for Income Generation Pilot Project --------------------- 89
Table 4.3.3-4 Estimated Annual Household Income--------------------------------------------------- 91
Table 4.3.3-5 Estimate Income Increment in Vegetable Cultivation Pilot Project ----------------- 92
Table 4.3.4-1 Implementation Process of Mangrove Windbreak Rehabilitation Pilot Project --- 94
Table 4.3.4-2 Cost-Benefit Analysis of Mangrove Windbreak Pilot Project ----------------------- 95
Table 4.3.4-3 Villagers Participation in Pilot Project Activity--------------------------------------- 97
Table 4.3.4-4 Villagers Response in Evaluation Workshop on Mangrove Pilot Project --------- 99
Table 4.4-1 Notification of Pilot Project to the People ------------------------------------------------ 102
Table 4.4-2 Situations of Resettlement ------------------------------------------------------------------ 104
Table 4.4-3 Scoping Checklist for Pilot Project -------------------------------------------------------- 105
Table 5.2-1 List of 34 Polders for Development Plan ------------------------------------------------- 110
Table 5.3-1 Project Volume for Rehabilitation of Dike and Sluice ---------------------------------- 111
Table 5.3-2 Relation between Design Flood Discharge and Freeboard ----------------------------- 112
Table 5.3-3 Differences of Design Crest Level and Progress of ID Rehabilitation by Polder --- 114
Table 5.3-4 Embankment Volume Required for 34 Polders on Development Plan---------------- 117
Table 5.3-5 Point Distribution in Function Evaluation Survey for Sluice Gate -------------------- 118
Table 5.3-6 Selection Criteria of Rehabilitation Method for Sluice Gate--------------------------- 118
Table 5.3-7 Summary of Rehabilitation Plan for Sluice Gate at 34 Polders------------------------ 119
Table 5.3-8 Survey Items and Contents on Each Facility and Inspection--------------------------- 124
Table 5.3-9 Examples of Determination Criteria for Daily Inspection on Concrete Structure--- 125
Table 5.4-1 Comparison of Net Incomes / Acre between Grain and High Quality
Paddy Seed Production ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 127
Table 5.4-2 Increase of Farming Income by High Quality Paddy Seed Production --------------- 128
Table 5.4-3 Project Volume (Target Area) for Improvement Plan on Farming--------------------- 129
Table 5.4-4 Selection Criteria of Farmers for Seed Production -------------------------------------- 130
Table 5.4-5 Program of Technical Seminar on High Quality Paddy Seed Production ------------ 131
Table 5.4-6 Implementation schedule for Improvement Plan on Farming-------------------------- 132
Table 5.4-7 Implementing Body for Improvement Plan on Farming -------------------------------- 133
Table 5.5-1 Examination of existing income generation activities ---------------------------------- 135
Table 5.5-2 Project Volume of Vegetable Cultivation Sub-project----------------------------------- 138
Table 5.5-3 Crop Budget for Vegetable Cultivation Sub-project------------------------------------- 139
Table 5.5-4 Effect on Income Generation --------------------------------------------------------------- 139
Table 5.5-5 Project Volume and Project Cost of Pig Raising Sub-project -------------------------- 140
Table 5.5-6 Cost and Benefit of Pig Raising per Household ----------------------------------------- 141
Table 5.5-7 Effect on Income Generation --------------------------------------------------------------- 141
Table 5.5-8 Implementation Procedure of Vegetable Cultivation Sub-project --------------------- 142
Table 5.5-9 Role Sharing for Vegetable Cultivation Sub-project ------------------------------------ 143
Table 5.5-10 Implementation Procedure of Pig Raising Sub-project --------------------------------- 145
Table 5.5-11 Role Sharing for Pig Raising Sub-project------------------------------------------------- 146
v
Table 5.6-1 Target Length of Mangrove Windbreak Rehabilitation by Polder --------------------- 148
Table 5.6-2 Seed and Seedling Information for Three Mangrove Species-------------------------- 150
Table 5.6-3 Typical Schedule for Mangrove Windbreak Rehabilitation Work --------------------- 151
Table 5.6-4 Unit Quantity required for Mangrove Windbreak Rehabilitation---------------------- 152
Table 5.6-5 Project Volume by Polder for Mangrove Windbreak Rehabilitation ------------------ 152
Table 5.7-1 Scoping Checklist for the Development Plan -------------------------------------------- 157
Table 5.7-2 Proposed Monitoring Plan -------------------------------------------------------------------- 159
Table 5.8-1 Grouping of 34 Polders for Construction Planning in Development Plan------------ 161
Table 5.8-2 Priority Ranking of Polder Groups--------------------------------------------------------- 163
Table 5.8-3 Implementation Schedule by Polder and by Component ------------------------------- 164
Table 5.8-4 Implementation Schedule for Rehabilitation on Agricultural and Rural Infrastructure - 165
Table 5.8-5 Implementation Schedule for Improvement Plan on Farming ------------------------- 165
Table 5.8-6 Implementation Schedule for Vegetable Cultivation Sub-project on
Income Generation --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 166
Table 5.8-7 Implementation Schedule for Pig Raising Sub-project on
Income Generation --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 167
Table 5.8-8 Implementation Schedule for Rehabilitation Plan on Mangrove Windbreak -------- 168
Table 5.9-1 Summary of Total Project Costs------------------------------------------------------------ 169

Table 5.9-2 Summary of Project Costs by Polder and by Component ------------------------------ 169
Table 5.9-3 Disbursement Schedule of Project Costs-------------------------------------------------- 170
Table 5.10-1 Standard Conversion Factor (SCF) -------------------------------------------------------- 172
Table 5.10-2 Other Conversion Factors ------------------------------------------------------------------- 173
Table 5.10-3 Calculation Criteria for Human Damage-------------------------------------------------- 174
Table 5.10-4 Human Damage Value in Economic Terms----------------------------------------------- 175
Table 5.10-5 Calculation Criteria for Crop Losses ------------------------------------------------------ 175
Table 5.10-6 Crop Loss Value in Economic Terms ------------------------------------------------------ 175
Table 5.10-7 Calculation Criteria for Livestock Losses ------------------------------------------------ 175
Table 5.10-8 Calculation Criteria for Fishery Equipment Damage ----------------------------------- 176
Table 5.10-9 Calculation Criteria for Public Facility Damage ----------------------------------------- 176
Table 5.10-10 Calculation Criteria for Water Shortage Volume ----------------------------------------- 176
Table 5.10-11 Summary of Financial and Economic Viability Indicators ----------------------------- 177
Table 5.10-12 Summary of Sensitivity Analysis ---------------------------------------------------------- 177
Table 5.10-13 Annual Per Acre Supporting Cost for MAS ---------------------------------------------- 178
Table 5.10-14 Calculation Criteria for Quality Paddy Seed Production ------------------------------- 178
Table 5.10-15 Farm Economy Analysis -------------------------------------------------------------------- 178
Table 5.10-16 Agricultural Production Loan--------------------------------------------------------------- 179
Table 5.10-17 Annual Supporting Costs for MAS and LBVD ------------------------------------------ 179
Table 5.10-18 Calculation Criteria for Vegetable Production per 0.025 Acre ------------------------- 180
Table 5.10-19 Calculation Criteria for Pig Breeding/Fattening Activities ----------------------------- 180
Table 5.10-20 Farm Economy Analysis -------------------------------------------------------------------- 180
Table 5.10-21 Agricultural Production Loan--------------------------------------------------------------- 181
Table 5.10-22 Breakdown of Project Cost for 1 km-long Windbreak Mangroves -------------------- 181
vi
Table 5.10-23 Breakdown of Project Benefit for 1 km-long Windbreak Mangroves ---------------- 182
Table 5.10-24 Farm Economy Analysis (1 km-long windbreak mangroves) -------------------------- 182
Table 5.10-25 Summary of Financial and Economic Viability Indicators ----------------------------- 182
Table 5.10-26 Summary of Sensitivity Analysis ---------------------------------------------------------- 183
Table 5.10-27 Anticipated Disaster Prevention Value (Financial Terms) ------------------------------ 185
Table 5.10-28 Anticipated Disaster Prevention Value (Economic Terms) ----------------------------- 186
Table 6.2-1 Results of Technology Transfer conducted in the Project ------------------------------ 188
Table 6.2-2 Participants in Workshops, Seminars, Trainings and Study Tours--------------------- 191
Table 6.3-1 Evaluation of Technology Transfer -------------------------------------------------------- 192
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.2-1 Route of Cyclone Nargis-------------------------------------------------------------------- 2
Figure 1.6-1 Organization Chart for the Implementation of the Study------------------------------- 3
Figure 2.1-1 Monthly Pattern of Rainfall and Mean Temperature at Pathein ----------------------- 4
Figure 2.1-2 River Systems of Ayeyawady Delta ------------------------------------------------------- 6
Figure 2.1-3 Astronomical Tide at Diamond Island and Elephant Point----------------------------- 7
Figure 2.1-4 Topography ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8
Figure 2.1-5 Project Area----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8
Figure 2.1-6 Soil Map of Delta ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10
Figure 2.1-7 Soil Samples from Ayeyawady Delta ----------------------------------------------------- 11
Figure 2.1-8 Critical Saline Front at the End of March ------------------------------------------------ 12
Figure 2.1-9 Tracks of Cyclones since 1965------------------------------------------------------------- 15
Figure 2.3-1 Paddy Sowing Area of Myanmar and Ayeyawady Region ----------------------------- 25
Figure 2.3-2 General Cropping Pattern of Paddy ------------------------------------------------------- 27
Figure 2.3-3 Average Cropping Yield in 34 Polders (2007-2009 Wet Seasons) -------------------- 28
Figure 2.3-4 Fluctuation of Paddy Price in Pathein Market (Kyat /basket) ------------------------- 33
Figure 2.4-1 EC at Danedan Sluice ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 39
Figure 2.4-2 EC of Canal Water for Irrigation of Vegetable ------------------------------------------- 40
Figure 2.4-3 Drainage Condition of Labuttaloke Sluice ----------------------------------------------- 45
Figure 2.5-1 Polder Dike Schematic Section ----------------------------------------------------------- 48
Figure 2.5-2 Function Condition of Flap and Sluice Gate at Sluice ---------------------------------- 51
Figure 2.6-1 Organization Chart of Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation (MOAI) ------------- 54
Figure 2.7-1 Changes of Mangrove Forest Areas in Ayeyawady Delta ------------------------------ 57
Figure 4.3.1-1 Corrosion Test for 5 Years ------------------------------------------------------------------ 70
Figure 4.3.2-1 High Quality Seed Production Flow prepared for Pilot Project ----------------------- 74
Figure 4.3.2-2 Organization for Implementation of On-site Seed Production Pilot Project --------- 75
Figure 4.3.2-3 Result of Farmer Satisfaction Survey in Pilot Project ---------------------------------- 85
Figure 4.3.4-1 Implementation Structure of Mangrove Pilot Project ----------------------------------- 93
Figure 4.3.4-2 Site Arrangement of Mangrove Windbreak Rehabilitation Pilot Project ------------- 93
Figure 4.3.4-3 Mangrove Height Monitoring after Planting --------------------------------------------- 98
Figure 4.4-1 Cross Sections of Construction Method to Minimize Resettlement ------------------ 101
Figure 4.4-2 Prior Explanation about Land Acquisition to affected Farmers ----------------------- 103
vii
Figure 4.4-3 Farmers Attitude on Embankment Work and Land Acquisition --------------------- 104
Figure 5.3-1 Iso-lines of Design High Water Level ------------------------------------------------ 112
Figure 5.3-2 Wave Gradient Carve------------------------------------------------------------------------ 113
Figure 5.3-3 Improved Supposition Slope --------------------------------------------------------------- 113
Figure 5.3-4 Improved Supposition Slope and Wave Run-up Height Ratio------------------------- 113
Figure 5.3-5 Proposed Typical Cross Section of Dike Embankment --------------------------------- 114
Figure 5.3-6 Additional Embankment Method (Case-1) ----------------------------------------------- 115
Figure 5.3-7 Additional Embankment Method (Case-2) ----------------------------------------------- 116
Figure 5.3-8 Case of Bank Expansion to River Side --------------------------------------------------- 116
Figure 5.3-9 Case of Bank Expansion to Land Side ---------------------------------------------------- 116
Figure 5.3-10 Concepts for Management of Embankment---------------------------------------------- 120
Figure 5.3-11 Implementation Structure for Rehabilitation of Polder Dike and Sluice ------------- 121
Figure 5.3-12 Concept of Preventive Maintenance Measures ------------------------------------------ 122
Figure 5.3-13 Scheme for Preventive Maintenance Measures------------------------------------------ 123
Figure 5.3-14 Procedural Flow of Function Evaluation ------------------------------------------------- 126
Figure 5.4-1 Implementing Flow for Improvement Plan on Farming -------------------------------- 132
Figure 5.4-2 Implementation Structure for Improvement Plan on Farming ------------------------- 133
Figure 5.5-1 Implementation Structure for Vegetable Cultivation Sub-project --------------------- 144
Figure 5.5-2 Implementation Structure for Pig Raising Sub-project --------------------------------- 147
Figure 5.6-1 Cross Section of Typical Planting Site ---------------------------------------------------- 150
Figure 5.6-2 Typical Design for Mangrove Plantation ------------------------------------------------- 150
Figure 5.6-3 Dimension of Bamboo Fence -------------------------------------------------------------- 151
Figure 5.6-4 Implementation Structure for Mangrove Windbreak Rehabilitation Project--------- 153
Figure 5.6-5 Implementation Process of Mangrove Windbreak Rehabilitation--------------------- 154
viii
APPENDICES
Appendix 1 Team Members, C/Ps, Government Officials and NGOs contacted

Appendix 2 Scope of Work and Minutes of Meeting
Appendix 3 Estimation of External High Water Level for Embankment Design
Appendix 4 Results of Present Condition Survey
Appendix 5 Irrigation and Drainage
Appendix 6 Agricultural and Rural Infrastructure
Appendix 7 Farm Management
Appendix 8 Income Generation
Appendix 9 Mangrove Windbreak
Appendix 10 Environmental Examination
Appendix 11 Cost Estimates
Appendix 12 Project Evaluation
Appendix 13 List of Collected Data
Appendix 14 Result of Route Survey for Three Polders
ix
List of Abbreviations and Acronyms

ACL Authorized Crest Level
ADPC Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre
AE Assistant engineer
AES Assistant engineering surveyor
AMD Agricultural Mechanization Department
ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations
B/C Benefit/cost
CDN Consortium of Dutch NGOs
CF Conversion factor
CIF Cost, insurance and freight
C/Ps Counterpart(s)
CS Certified seed
DAP Department of Agricultural Planning
DAR Department of Agriculture Research
DG Director general
DMH Department of Meteorology and Hydrology
DOF Department of Fisheries
D/P Development Plan
DPDC District Pease and Development Council
DS Dry season
DYDG Deputy director general
EC Electric conductivity
ECL Existing crest level
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EIRR Economic internal rate of return
ES Engineering surveyor
EU European Union
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
FD Forest Department
FIRR Financial internal rate of return
FOB Free on board
FW Future with project
FW/O Future without project
GL Ground level
GoJ Government of Japan
GoUM Government of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar
HHs Household(s)
HWL High water level
HYV High yielding variety
IBM Irrigation benchmark
ID Irrigation Department
IDE International Development Enterprise
IEE Initial environmental examination
x
IndOOS Indian Ocean Observation System

INGOs International non-governmental organisation(s)
IRR Internal rate of return
ITC Irrigation Technology Center
JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency
LBVD Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department
LNGOs Local non-governmental organisation(s)
MADB Myanma Agricultural Development Bank
MAS Myanma Agriculture Service
MIMU Myanmar Information Management Unit
M/M Minutes of meeting
MMC Mangrove management committee
MOAI Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation
MOD Ministry of Defense
MOF Ministry of Forestry
MOHA Ministry of Home Affairs
MOLF Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries
MONP Ministry of National Planning
MRRC Myanma Rice Research Centre
NCEA National Commission for Environmental Affairs
NGOs Non-governmental organization(s)
NPOs Non-profitable organization(s)
NPV Net present value
OJT On-the-job training
O&M Operation and maintenance
PDC Pease and Development Council
pH Potential of hydrogen
PMU Project Management Unit
PONJA Post-Nargis Joint Assessment
PR Periodic Review
ROW Right of way
RS Registered seed
SAE Sub-assistant engineer
S/C Steering committee
SCF Standard conversion factor
SD Survey Department
SLRD Settlement and Land Records Department
SPDC State Pease and Development Council
SUS Stainless steel
S/W Scope of work
SWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats
TBM Temporary bench mark
TCG Tripartite Core Group
xi
TPDC Township Pease and Development Council

Tsp Township
USAID United States Agency for International Development
UN United Nations
UNDP United Nations Development Program
UNEP United Nations Environment Program
VFRDC Vegetable and Fruits Research Development Centre
VPDC Village Pease and Development Council
VTs Village-tract(s)
WS Wet season
YAU Yezin Agriculture University
List of Unit Conversions

1 basket (Paddy) = 20.88 kg = 46 pounds
1 basket (Groundnuts) = 11.4 kg
1 basket (Soybeans) = 32.7 kg
1 inch (in.) = 2.54 cm = 1/12 feet

1 foot (ft.) = 30.48 cm = 1/3 yard = 12 inches
1 yard (yd.) = 0.9144 m = 3 feet = 36 inches
1 meter (m) = 3.28 feet = 1.09 yard
1 mile = 1.61 km
1 kilometer (km) = 0.62 miles
1 square-foot (sq-f) = 929 sq-cm = 0.093 sq-m
1 acre (ac) = 0.405 ha = 4048 sq-m
1 hectare (ha) = 2.47 acres
1 acre-foot = 1233.4 cum
1 gallon (gal. UK) = 8 pints = 4.546 litter (UK)
1 sud = 2.83 cum = 100 cu-feet
1 mS/cm (milli-Siemens per centimeter)= 1 dS/m (deci-Siemens per meter)
= 1000 S/cm (micro-Siemens per centimeter)
(e.g. EC = 0.1 0.3 mS/cm = 100 300S/cm for normal tap water)
Currency Equivalents as of March 2011

1 US$ = 869.00 Myanmar Kyats (TTB)
1 US$ = 81.73 Japanese Yens (TTB)
1 Kyats = 0.094 yens
Myanmar Fiscal Year
1st April to 31st March
xii
CHAPTER 1 BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
1.1 Authority
This Final Report is prepared in accordance with the Scope of Work (S/W) and the Minutes of
Meeting (M/M) for the Study on The Preservation of Farming Area for Urgent Rehabilitation of
Agricultural Production and Rural Life in Areas Affected by Cyclone Nargis in the Union of
Myanmar (the Project) agreed upon between the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation (MOAI) of the
Union of Myanmar and the the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) dated on October 6th
2009. This Final Report describes the findings and analysis obtained from a series of field surveys and
pilot projects carried out by the Project Team in the Union of Myanmar from December 2009 to
September 2011 and Development Plan (D/P) as well as conclusion and recommendations.
The Final Report is composed of the following:
1) Main Report
2) Summary Report
3) Appendices
Appendix 1 Team Members, C/Ps, Government Officials and NGOs contacted
Appendix 2 Scope of Work and Minutes of Meeting
Appendix 3 Estimation of External High Water Level for Embankment Design
Appendix 4 Result of Present Condition Survey
Appendix 5 Irrigation and Drainage
Appendix 6 Agricultural and Rural Infrastructure
Appendix 7 Farm Management
Appendix 8 Income Generation
Appendix 9 Mangrove Windbreak
Appendix 10 Environmental Examination
Appendix 11 Cost Estimates
Appendix 12 Project Evaluation
Appendix 13 List of Collected Data
Appendix 14 Result of Route Survey for Three Polders
1.2 Background of the Project
On May 2-3, 2008, a huge cyclone named Nargis which originated in the Bengal Bay directly hit the
southwestern part of the Ayeyawady Delta, affecting 2.4 million people that included 140 thousand
dead and missing persons. The Ayeyawady Delta is the major rice producing areas in Myanmar so that
the cyclone damaged about 770,000 ha of paddy field through salt water intrusion and flooding and
also seriously affecting the living conditions in the polders. Under these circumstances, the
Government of the Union of Myanmar (GoUM) requested the Government of Japan (GoJ) to
conduct the D/P Study for the preservation of farming area to restore agricultural production and the
rural life through rehabilitation of polder dikes.
Storms with heavy rains and strong winds normally occur in Myanmar in monsoon season and
cyclones are generated from the development of atmospheric depression. Normally, most of
cyclones generated in the Bengal Bay proceed to the north and hit Bangladesh and the east of
India located in the west of Arakan mountain range. However, some cyclones occasionally
proceed to the east and hit the Ayeyawady Delta. The Cyclone Nargis was one of the largest
1
cyclones that hit the area. According to the 5-scale classification defined by Japan
Meteorological Agency, the Cyclone Nargis has the largest grade. The Cyclone Nargis passed
right above the Ayeyawady Delta from the west to the east affecting unexpected huge
damages in the Delta area.
The emergency
rehabilitation work of
polder dike embankment Myanmar
was commenced by the
government of the Union
Route of Nargis 2 May 3 May
of Myanmar but the work
accomplished has not Ayeyawady Delta
1 May
been considered sufficient
in terms of quality and
quantity, because of lack Bengal Bay
of both technology and Andaman Islands
budget. Under these
circumstances, the GoUM
requested the GoJ to
conduct the D/P study for Figure 1.2-1 Route of Cyclone Nargis
the preservation of
farming area to restore agricultural production and the rural life through rehabilitation of polder dike.
In response to the request, the GoJ dispatched the missions to conduct the preliminary surveys in the
year 2008 and 2009 and the S/W was signed on 6th Oct 2009 to implement the project. In the project,
the D/P study to rehabilitate the damage areas affected by the Cyclone Nargis clarifying the
methodology for restoring the polder dikes and the gates and through the implementation of the pilot
project, the capacity of counterparts for project implementation and technical skills will be developed
as well as the agricultural production and rural life in target areas will be rehabilitated.
1.3 Objectives of the Project
The objectives of the Project are as follows:
1) To formulate the Development Plan (D/P) for the preservation of farming area for urgent
rehabilitation of agricultural production and rural life in areas affected by Cyclone Nargis.
2) To develop the capacity of counterparts for project implementation and technical skills as well
as to rehabilitate agricultural production and rural life in pilot project area.
1.4 Expected Outputs of the Project
The expected outputs of the Project are as follows:
1) The D/P for preservation of farming area to restore agricultural production and rural life will be
formulated.
2) Agricultural production and rural life will be rehabilitated in Labutta North polder through
preservation of farming area by pilot projects such as rehabilitation of polder dike.
3) Capacity of counterparts for project implementation and technical skills will be developed.
1.5 The Project Area
The project area covers 34 polder/embankment areas in Ayeyawady Region that were seriously
affected by the Cyclone Nargis in the Ayeyawady Delta. The total area is 1,342 km2 (134,200 ha) and
the total length of the polder dike is 942 km. Population in the area is estimated at 248,000 and
average population per polder is estimated at 7,300 people.
2
1.6 Implementation Organization for the Project

In implementing the Project, JICA sent the Project Team consisting of Sanyu Consultants Inc. and
Nippon Koei Co. Ltd to the Union of Myanmar. The Project Team carried out the Project in
collaboration with counterparts assigned by the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation (MOAI).
Also, the Department of Agricultural Planning (DAP) of the MOAI took initiatives to establish a
steering committee and working groups to discuss issues and analysis as well as to coordinate among
agencies concerned in Myanmar side during the Project. The following structure shows organizational
relationship among agencies involved in the Project.
(Japan side) (Myanmar side)
Ministry of Foreign Affairs / Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation

JICA Headquarter (MOAI)
Embassy of Department of Irrigation Department

Japan Agricultural (ID)
Planning (DAP)
Myanma Agriculture
Service (MAS)
JICA Myanmar
Steering
Committee
Office Settlement and Land
Records Department (SLRD)
Agricultural Mechanization
Department (AMD)
JICA Project Team
Myanma Agricultural
Development Bank (MADB)
ID/MAS Counterparts
Working Group
Myanmar side: DAP, ID, MAS, SLRD, AMD, MADB
Japan side: Project Team, JICA Myanmar Office
Figure 1.6-1 Organization Chart for the Implementation of the Study
3
CHAPTER 2 THE PROJECT AREA
2.1 Natural Condition

2.1.1 Climate and Meteorology
The Ayeyawady Delta has tropical and monsoon climate with four definite seasons distinguished as;
- Cool Season from December to March during which the north-eastern cool and dry air current
from China brings about 1% of annual rainfall. Monthly mean temperatures vary from 25.0 to
28.8.
- Pre-monsoon Hot Season of April and May which is a transitional period with convective
heating of the unsettled air mass bringing 13% of the annual rainfall mostly as thunderstorms.
Some cyclones tend to re-curve on the Bay of Bengal across the Myanmar coastal area. The
2008 Nargis and 1975 severe cyclone landed in the country in May. Monthly mean
temperatures are between 29.2 and 30.5.
- Monsoon Season from June to September during which the south-western monsoon brings
about 77% of the annual rainfall. Monthly mean temperatures vary from 26.8 to 27.5.
- Post-monsoon Season of October and November during which some weaker cyclonic storms
accompanied by the withdrawal of the south-western monsoon bring 9% of the annual rainfall,
mostly in October. Monthly mean temperatures vary from 27.6 to 28.2.
800 35
700 30
Rainfall (mm/month)
600
25
500
20
400
15
300
Rainfall
10
200
Mean T emp.
100 5
0 0
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Source: Department of Meteorology and Hy drology
Figure 2.1-1 Monthly Pattern of Rainfall and Mean Temperature at Pathein
These figures relate to Pathein (Bassein) with an annual rainfall of 3,040 mm per year, as an average
for the period 1998-2007. In the Ayeyawady delta, there is a trend from about 2,000 mm in the north to
2,500 mm in the southeast and 3,500 mm in the southwest, with a higher variability in the north. Over
90% of the rain falls between mid May and mid November. During the monsoon season, the maximum
and minimum temperatures in the delta coastal zone are about 37 and 22, respectively. The seas
may be very rough, and there are often strong winds from the south and southwest. It is also reported
that the average annual rainfall exceed 5,000 mm in Diamond Island located about 10 km off the
Ayeyawady coast opposite the mouth of the Bassein River,.
According to the report the Global Climatic Risk Index, Myanmar is one of the countries that is
4
most affected by extreme weather resulting from climatic change for the last two decades from 1990 to
2008. The report also ranked Myanmar as the worst-hit country in the world in 2008 due to the impact
of Cyclone Nargis, which devastated the Ayeyawady Delta in early May killing tens of thousands of
people. The report was presented to the United Nations Climate Change Conference held in
Copenhagen in 2009. In Myanmar it is observed by environmental researchers that widespread
deforestation in the country has affected environment negatively. Despite of the Forest Law enacted in
1992, deforestation in the country is still ongoing. Agricultural expansion, infrastructure projects
including dam construction and excessive consumption of firewood are also challenges for sustainable
forest management.
2.1.2 Rivers and Hydrology
Originating from the
confluence of the Mai Kha
and Mali Kha rivers in
Kachin State, the Ayeyawady
River flows relatively
straight north to south
direction before emptying via
Ayeyawady Delta
the nine-armed Ayeyawady
Delta in the Andaman Sea.
Its drainage area of about
413,000 km covers a large
part of the country.
The apex of Ayeyawady delta
is situated near Seiktha,
about 93 km above Henzada
and about 290 km from its
outlet at the Andaman Sea.
The mean annual flow of Ayeyawady River is reported at about 400,000 million m3/year. The flow of
Ayeyawady River is at its lowest in February and March with a succeeding sharp rise in level in
April-May as a result of melting snow in the upper catchment, and a further steep rise in May-June
with the onset of the monsoon. The maximum flow occurs in July or August. Most waterways are
natural water courses, and there is no extensive system of dredged canals, except the only major canal,
Twante Canal, being operated linking Yangon with the western part of the delta.
Due to monsoonal rains, which occur between mid-May and mid-October, the flow volume of
Ayeyawady River and its tributaries varies greatly throughout a year. In summer the melting of the
snow and glaciers in Northern part of the country add to the volume. The average discharge near the
head of the delta is between a high of 32,600 m3/sec and a low of 2,300 m3/sec. Over a year, the
discharge averages 13,000 m3/sec. Variation between high and low water levels is also great. Because
of the monsoonal character of the rain, the highest point is recorded in August, the lowest in February.
At the Seiktha, the maximum and minimum discharges of 63,900 m3/sec and 1,306 m3/sec were
recorded in the year 1877.
In relation to storm rainfall, probable values of one day maximum, 2 to 7 day consecutive storm
rainfalls are analyzed by the Hydrology Branch of Irrigation Department. Some figures adapted from
their study are presented in Table 2.1-1.
5
0 10 20 30 40 5 0k m
M onyo
Ing ap u
Hl
H en za da T hary ar wa dd y
ai
ng
L ay my et hn a
Z al un
T ai kk yi
K yonp ya w
Aye
Dan ub yu
Bago
yar
n
ei
w add
ss
Ba
y
H ma wb i
H le gu
a Pan
Dag N yaun gd on hl
P an ta na w ain
g
Shwelaung
E in me gu
Pe
Yangon
at
K ya ni gan Pathein
w
Ch
h
mal a
al
tt
in
Maubin Ca n
a
a
nte
py
W eg yi nw in
Tw a
Py a
Ba
un
ki
daing
P ay ag yi
Ky
P ya wb wa
Yan
K an ying on
r
Gwe go n A se -y wa
H in og ya ung
gon
Ya zan
K od au ng
Dan yi nz ei k
N ga pu ta w Myaungmya W ak em a A ga t K aw hm u M ibya
S in ta K al a- yw a
T az ingwin D ay ob au k
S ha ng on O nb inzu T awgy au ng The go nu an
K yo nm an ge Kya ik la t Elephant Point
P ay ag yi Thaun gg on
T au ng ga le Hto nb o A ka w M ag we da n
M aw ia my in eg yu n D ed ay e
M ay an gon C ha ungg yi H ng et ky id au ng
Kya un gz u an
Yeg ya w nyi d L e- einz u
Yangon
K al am at au ng Ga n
K ya gan n K an az og ya un g
yo
aing
B ya un gb ya Bogale Pyapon A se
e ka
Yw Ka D an onch au ng T aw gy ai k
Toe(China Bakir)
Yazaud
H le in da n K yn uk py u A pa un g
Kan be K ye ts ha
S angy i A la nb al ut
M ag yi bi n
Labutta
N ga by em a P ayah la B idui ga le D an do n
A wa by e Thandi
O kk an K on gy i S et sa n Kyonk ad un
Pyapon
C ha un ggwa T hi ng angy i L am ug yi
K an gyai ng
P yi nkay ai ng T hi ngan do n T aw ba in g M yo go n
W ag on Bog on
L ad au ng S aluz ei k D aw ny ei n
K ya uk ta zi P ol au ng
S ei kk yi A ma M ay an
K ad on ka ni
A un ghla in g A la nd ai ng
Ywe
Tetketaung A ye ya rw ady
Pyamalaw A ye ya rw ad y
L ef t
Bogale
Ngawun(Bassein) Pyinsalu
Ayeyarwady
Figure 2.1-2 River Systems of Ayeyawady Delta
Table 2.1-1 Probable Storm Rainfall at Yangon and Pathein (mm)

Station Yangon Pathein
One Day 2 Day 3 day One Day 2 Day 3 day
Return Period (years)
Maximum Consecutive Consecutive Maximum Consecutive Consecutive
5 147.3 203.7 236.0 161.3 242.3 308.4
10 169.9 233.9 266.7 183.4 278.1 352.6
20 191.8 262.9 295.9 204.7 312.4 394.7
25 198.6 272.0 305.3 211.6 323.3 408.2
50 219.7 300.2 334.0 232.4 357.1 449.6
100 240.8 328.4 362.5 253.2 390.4 490.7
200 261.6 356.4 390.9 273.8 423.7 531.6
The westernmost flow of the delta is the Bassein River, while the easternmost stream is the Yangon
River, on the left bank of which stands Myanmar's capital city, Yangon. Drainage of Ayeyawady Delta
is made directly into the Bay of Bengal through nine major river mouths, the Bassein, Thetkethaung,
Ywe, Pyanmalaw, Ayeyawady Bogalay, Phyapon, China Bakir and Yangon, as shown in Figure 2.1-2.
These rivers carry heavy silt deposit, and their waters are very turbid. In the delta, the soils consist of
fine silt, which is replenished continuously by fertile alluvium carried downstream by the river. As a
result of heavy rainfall sometimes exceeding 3,000 mm a year in the delta, and the motion and
sediment load of the river, the delta surface extends into the Andaman Sea at a rate of about 50 m per
6
year.
The tidal regime along the coast of the delta is mainly semi-diurnal in character, but with significant
diurnal variations. In total, 12 ocean outfalls of the delta are spread along about 250 km of coastline.
The spring tide range varies from a minimum of 1.5m at the Phyapon River entrance to a maximum of
5m at the entrance to the Yangon River (Elephant Point). The phase of the main M2 tidal constituent at
the mouth of the Yangon River is about 6 hours later than that at the Bassein River entrance.
Astronomical tides calculated at both Diamond Island, some 10 km off the Bassein River entrance, and
Elephant Point is given in Figure 2.1-3.
Astronomical Tide at 2 Stations in May 2005
Duration Averaged
Elephant Point
3 2.91m
Astronomical Tide Level above Mean Sea Level (m)
Maximum
Diamond Island
2
1.20m
1
0
101
119
213
307
401
419
513
607
701
719
813
907
1001
1019
1113
1207
1301
1319
1413
1507
1601
1619
1713
1807
1901
1919
2013
2107
2201
2219
2313
2407
2501
2519
2613
2707
2801
2819
2913
3007
3101
3119
-1
-2
Elephant Point
Diamond Island
-3
Date and Hour
Figure 2.1-3 Astronomical Tide at Diamond Island and Elephant Point

2.1.3 Topography of the Project Area
Myanmar has four distinct topographic regions, the western Rakhine and Chin and Kachin Northern
Hills, the Eastern Shan plateau, the Central Belt and Tanintharyi Coastal regions. The Central Belt is
further divided into the Central Myanmar basin and the Ayeyawady Delta region. The delta system of
the Ayeyawady River extends in a great alluvial fan from the limit of tidal influence near Myanaung
(18-15'N) to the Andaman Sea, 290 km to the south. This alluvial plain is bounded to the west by the
southern Arakan Yoma range and to the east by the Bago Yoma. The city of Yangon, situated on the
southernmost spur of the Bago Yoma, lies at the South-eastern edge of the delta.
There are many distributaries, of which the upper reaches of the Bassein and Hlaing Rivers are only
connected to the Ayeyawady River during flood season. As discharge increases, so does overspill into
the distributaries. It is estimated that a maximum of 12% of the Ayeyawady discharge enter the
Bassein and 24% the Hlaing. This presents an important reduction in the flow entering the middle part
of delta areas. Except for a few scattered hills and terraces the total area of flood plain of the delta
covering about 31,000 km2 is less than about 15m above mean sea level. About 5,200 km2 are below
high spring tide level. The network of channels divides the delta into a large number of fertile islands.
There is often a shallow depression in the center of the islands, which is flooded by local rainfall early
in the wet season and flood remains throughout dry season in some cases. Natural levees and narrow
strips of alluvial deposits have formed around the perimeters of most of the islands. The level of these
levees and the mean level of the flooded plains increase towards the apex of the delta. Drainage paths
7
tend to be directed towards the most seaward points of the

islands. There are large areas of saline mangrove swamps and
forests in the south-west part of the delta. These drain via
branched systems of tidal tributaries, which feed into the main
tidal channels. There are about 2,600 km of channel divided
into about 140 reaches connected at about 75 junctions. The
system has 12 ocean outfalls and one main fluvial input.
The upper and central portions of the delta are almost entirely
under cultivation, principally for rice. Until about 1850, much
of this region comprised a complex of permanent and seasonal
lakes, swamps and marshes, and vast areas of seasonally
inundated plains and swamp forest. However, following the
rush of settlers from upper to lower Myanmar in the late 19th
Century, the construction of embankments and reclamation of
land for agriculture has kept pace with the increase in
population. Dike building was initiated by the Government as
early as 1861, and many embankments were constructed
around 1880 and 1920. In the year 1909, the Burma
Embankment Act was enacted, and the Manual on Care and
Maintenance of Embankment was released at the same time.
At present, there are some 1,300 km of major embankments in
the delta, protecting over 600,000 ha of rice paddy. The
Figure 2.1-4 Topography heights of embankment are designed to protect a flood of 20
years recurrence period only.
Ka Ni S u
Ah Htau ng T al ky l
M yuan g Hm a
Tha r Pa un g La y Dan ub yu
M in H la W a N ya ung Kone
S hwe Pan Ko ne
A h Na n Ko ne A h Th oke A in g Ma Inn Kan
BAGO(EAST)
Wet T ha y
A h Kwl
YANGON
Inn Tan
Kya ungg on
A h Pi n Hnit Se K yauk T ai ng H legu
I nn M a H ma wb l
Bay of T haba ung Gon Hny in T an S at T hw ar T aw
Dar Pei n
Bengal D aunt G yl
Kan G yl
AYEYARWADY Pan ta na w
Lay Dau nt K an
A ye
Kan gyid aunt W el D aunt K yo n Yit Min gala don
Bej G a Ye t Gy l K ayan
T a Zi n E in M a D ay Z at
Yae Kya w
T ha Y et K on e Bya in g Se
K ha Y an G yl D aunt Gyl
T hanl yin
T ha M a Se ik T a
Y wa r Th it P alk Tan S eikg yika naun gto Thu Hta y Kw in Tho ngwa
M yi n Ka Sel k
33
32 A h Lu n Zo ke
Kan P ya un g M a Ha r Meik
K a La P ya w Bwe Gyl K a Da t Pa N a
S at H to ne T ha r Ga Y a
Gwa y Ko ne Ka Nyin Kon e H pa Y ar G yl
K yauk tan
Kye e Ch au ng
K yn T hee Taw Myaungmya Wak ema A h Se
A h Ga t 34 D a Ny in S ei k
K awhm u
S ha n Chau ng
Mee Pya
T a Zi n Ko ne L eik Ka B ar S in T ar
U To
Da Yel Ba uk
T wa C haun g
T he a Ko ne T an
H pa Y ar G yl Su
Kyaiklat T aung K on e
Tau ng K a Lay H to ne Bo Hng et G yl T au ng

S a Pa r Ky i M a Ya n Ko ne Mawlamyinegyun
Y ae Kya w Kya ung Su
31
Ah Lei
Sar Hpy u Su
Bogale Pyapon 29 28
K yar Ch au ng 22 A h Se 30
27 T aw C ha ik
Andaman Sea
Hte in T an
A h Hpau ng
14 26
S an G yl 9 K ye t Sh ar
4
M a Gy l Pi n
13 18
Nga P ye M a H pa Y ar H la
Labutta
12
8 B l Tu t D a None
17 A h Wa M yei
25
3 21
O ke K an Kon e Gy l Set S an 24
K yo n Ka Dun
Z ee C hain g 2 7 11 16 LEGEND
1
T het Ke i Th aung 6 15
K yw ay C hain g 5 L a Mu Gyl
23
K an C ha in g
P yin Kha Yain g Thi n Ga n Ko ne Hta un g Pa ing 20
Myo Kon e
Flooded Are by Cyclone Nargis
W ar K one B o Ko ne Da Ni S eik
19 State Boundary
L el T aw
M a Gy l Ch aing
Sa Lu S eik
10 P o Lu ang
Road
S eik Ma
M a Ya n
S eik Gy l
River, Stream or Canal
Township, etc.
Village
Figure 2.1-5 Project Area
8
The system of embankments provides a unique example of partial flood protection. The major dikes
form horseshoes around the protected areas situated between the main rivers, with the downstream
ends left open. In the event of extreme flooding, the lower parts act as flood basins, thus slightly
reducing the flood peak. The old embankments have been maintained, and projects are contemplated
to extend the system even further. Despite these reclamation schemes, there still remain large tracts of
land that are deeply flooded during the monsoon and retain water even during the dry season. In
addition, there are numerous permanent oxbow lakes and associated marshes, particularly along the
Ayeyawady River between Myanaung and Henzada, along the Myitmaka, and along the upper Bassein
and Daga rivers.
The lower, seaward third of the delta, stretching 130 km from east to west, is completely flat with no
local relief. About 520,000 ha of land are below high spring tide level and subject to tidal inundation.
Much of this area is covered by mangrove forest, and cultivation is limited to the higher patches of
ground. Sandy ridges, such as old beaches and sand banks, provide refuges for wildlife during the
highest tides. Although the mangrove vegetation has been exploited for a very long time, there are
some relatively intact stands remaining. The area is dissected into a number of islands and peninsulas
by a series of large, southerly flowing rivers and a complex of smaller, interconnecting water courses,
all of which are at least intermittently saline due to tidal intrusion.
The projected area under the study covers the extent that involves 34 polder dikes as shown in Figure
2.1-5.
2.1.4 Soils and Water in the Project Area
The entire area is overlain by a thick layer of recent alluvium brought down by the Ayeyawady River.
Three main types of soil have been developed, namely meadow gleyey clay soils, meadow swampy
soils and saline gleyey soils. There is a general uniformity to the soils of the whole delta. With certain
exceptions the soils are essentially fine textured predominantly clays and silty clays at depth and
variably textured but often lighter at the surface. The only major variation in profile morphology is in
the degree of soil gleying and this appears to have formed the main basis for the classification and
mapping of soils. Variations in soil texture and the degree of soil gleying are closely related to
physiographic position, and ten units in a soil map shown below are, according to Irrawaddy Delta
Hydrological Investigations and Delta Survey, Sir William Halcrow & Partners, August 1981,
described briefly as follows.
The General Delta Plain (Unit 1) is characterized by fine textured soils, mottled in the upper horizons
and becoming increasingly strongly gleyed with depth. The Broad Depressions within the Alluvial
Plain (Unit 2) have soils which are almost uniformly very fine textured throughout silt clays to
heavy clays. The soils are strongly gleyed from the surface. Slight elevations associated with
somewhat lighter textured and less gleyed soils can occur throughout the delta alluvial plain but in the
north east of the plain is an area characterized by extensive elevated terraces designated Unit 3. Within
this the soils are a mixture of medium and heavy textured soils with a predominance of lighter textured
surface horizons. The delta alluvial plain extends below the limit of the saline front penetration and
soils therefore occur with all the general characteristics ascribed to Unit 1 and 2 above, but with salt
affected profiles. Such soils are assigned to Unit 4 and 5. The young coastal plain, designated Unit 6,
is characterized by soils showing little or no profile development. Soils are fairly uniformly fine
textured, moderately or strongly saline throughout and generally support a mangrove forest. The soils
of the current river flood plains, Unit 7, differ from the main delta plain in being predominantly light
and medium textured. They show very little soil profile development and are generally characterized
by depositional stratification of layers of contrasting texture. Where these soils occur below the limit
of saline intrusion, Unit 8, their general characteristics are the same as in Unit 7 above but profiles are
likely to be moderately saline, the degree of salinity varying according to the balance between salt and
fresh water flooding. The meandering belts, Unit 9, are complex physiographic areas with clearly
defined ridges and depressions. The elongated low ridges present old levees on which the soils are
9
generally medium textured loams or silt loams overlying silty clay loams or clay loams but area of
homogeneous sandy soils may occur. Surrounding the delta are the hills and foothills, Unit 10, with
soils markedly different from those of the delta. Textures are predominantly light and profiles show
clear pedogenetic development which may include horizons of clay accumulation. Most soils overlie
weathering parent materials or unhardened layers of iron enrichment.
Having suitable soil for paddy cultivation, an attempt to classify tropical Asian paddy soil with respect
to their material characteristics has been made and presented in A New Soil Material Classification
for Tropical Asian Paddy Soils, L. E. Domingo and K. Kyuma, Southeast Asian Studies, Vol.22, No.3,
December 1984. The study was made based on data including those of various total trace element
status. Data pertaining to contents of both macro and microelements and mechanical composition for
482 samples were processed. By factor analysis, six factors were extracted, each of which appears to
represent a different aspect of soil material characteristics. The scores of the six factors were computed
and used for numerical classification by means of numerical taxonomy.
n
ei
N
ss
Hmawbi
Ba
Hlegu
ga
Da Nyaungdon
Pantanaw
Einme
Kyanigan Pathein Yangon

Maubin
Wegyinwin
Payagyi Pyawbwa
Kanyingon
Gwegon Ase-ywa
Hinogyaung
Kodaung
Myaungmya Danyinzeik
Ngaputaw Wakema Agat Kawhmu Mibya
Sinta Kala-ywa
Tazingwin
Dayobauk
Shangon Onbinzu Tawgyaung Thegonuan
Kyonmange Payagyi Kyaiklat
Thaunggon
Taunggale Htonbo Akaw Magwedan
Mawiamyinegyun Dedaye
Mayangon Kyaungzu Chaunggyi Hngetkyidaung
Yegyaw Le-einzu
Kalamataung
Kyagan Kanazogyaung
Byaungbya Ase
Bogale Pyapon
Danonchaung Tawgyaik
Hleindan Kynukpyu Kanbe
Apaung
Sangyi Kyetsha
Alanbalut
Magyibin
Ngabyema Payahla Labutta Biduigale Dandon
Awabye
Okkan Kongyi Setsan Kyonkadun
0 10 20 30 40 50km
Chaunggwa Thingangyi Lamugyi
Pyinkayaing Thingandon Tawbaing Myogon
Wagon Bogon
Ladaung Dawnyein
Saluzeik
Kyauktazi Polaung
Seikkyi Ama Mayan
Kadonkani
Aunghlaing Alandaing
Soil Map of Delta

Predominantly fine textured soils, gleyed and mottled: some surface horizons may be lighter textured
Delta Alluvial Plain
particularly on slight elevations
Depression in delta
Very fine textured soils, strongly gleyed throughout
alluvial plain
Elevated alluvial plain Medium and heavy textured, soils with gleying only in the lower subsoil
Delta alluvial plain Predominantly fine textured soils: gleyed and mottled, with moderately saline subsoil
Depression in delta
Very fine textured soils, strongly gleyed throughout with moderately saline subsoils
alluvial plain
Fine textured soils with little or no profile development, moderately or strongly saline, usually
Coastal plain
supporting mangrove forest
Predominantly medium and light textured, moderately saline soils with relatively little profile
River flood plain
development and some stratification, usually course textured at depth
Predominantly medium and light textured, moderately saline soils with relatively little profile
River flood plain
development
Mixture of soils, with medium textured ungleyed soils at higher points and heavy clay
Meandering belt
strongly gleyed soils in the depression
Predominantly lighter rextured soils overlaying weathering parent material or plinthite;

Hills and foot-hills
some shallow stoney soils
Figure 2.1-6 Soil Map of Delta
10
Based on the dendrogram, seven classes, I-VII, were set up. Of these, two classes (I and III),
containing 188 samples, were evaluated to have low capabilities as soil material; two other classes (II
and IV), containing 138 samples, to
N be intermediate; and the remaining
three classes (V, VI and VII),
7
7 accounting for 156 samples, to have 0 10 20 30 40 5 0k m
7
high capabilities. In Myanmar, 60 M on yo
Source: A New Soil Material Classification for
Tropical Asian Paddy Soils, L. E. Domingo
& K. Kyuma,Southeast Asian Studies, Vol.22,
soil samples were collected from the No.3, December 1984
Ayeyawady delta, as shown in I ng ap u
Figure 2.1-7. Of this, 55 samples

Ml
7
a in
H en za da Tha ry ar wa dd y
g
L ay my et hn a
7 out of 60 (92%) are categorized Z alun
7 7 under the class VII, showing y

add
7 extreme uniformity of soil materials

Kyo np ya w
Ir
raw
Taikk yi
D an ubyu
3
7
7 7
7
Bago suited for paddy cultivation.
ein
ss
7
Ba
7 7
Distribution of soil samples from H mawbi
H le gu
ga
Da N yaungd on
7
7 7
Ayeyawady Delta among the seven E inme
Panta na w
3 7
Kyani ga n
Yangon soil material classes is shown in
Pathein
7 Wegyi nw in
7 1 Table 2.1-2. The mean mechanical M au bi n
P ay ag yi Pyawb wa
7 7 7 7
Kanyi ng on
7
Myaungmya
H in og ya ung
G we go n
7
N gaputa w
and total macro and microelement Wak em a A ga t
D an yi nz ei k
K aw hm u
Kod au ng
M ib ya
Ase-y wa
7 7 7 S in ta Kal a- yw a
7
Taz in gw in
7
S ha ng on compositions for the samples in
D ay ob au k
Dayob au k
Kyonm an ge P ay ag yi
Onb in zu
Kyaik la t
T awgyau ng T hegonu an
T ha un gg on
7 7 T au ng ga le H to nbo A ka w M agweda n
7
Mayan go n
K al amatau ng
7
7 7
Y eg yaw
K ya ga n
each class are given in Table 2.1-3,
Kyaun gz u
K an az og yaung
M aw ia my inegyu n Deday e
Le- ei nz u
Cha un gg yi H ng etkyid au ng
Ase
Bya un gb ya
7 Bogale
H le in da n Pyapon
7
K yn uk pyu
together with the means of such
K an be
Dan on ch au ng
A pa ung
T aw gy aik
K ye ts ha
S an gyi
7
Labutta
N gabyem a P ay ah la
M ag yi bi n
7 chemical and
Bidui ga le Dando n mineralogical Alanb al ut
A wabye
O kk an K on gy i S et sa n K yo nk ad un
K an gyaing
7
C ha un ggwa
P yi nk ay ai ng
T hingan gy i characters related to soil materials
T hingan do n T aw ba in g
Lamug yi
M yo go n
W ag on
Ladau ng
Location of Soil Sample
S al uzeik
7 Classified Soil Type
as pH, percent base saturation (PBS),
B og on
K ya uk tazi P olaung
D awnyei n
S ei kk yi A ma Mayan
Kadon ka ni
cation exchange capacity (CEC),

A unghla in g A la ndaing
and clay mineralogical

Figure 2.1-7 Soil Samples from Ayeyawady Delta compositions.
Table 2.1-2 Distribution of Soil Samples among the Seven Soil Material Classes
Soil Material Class I II III IV V VI VII Total
Number of Sample 1 0 4 0 0 0 55 60
Table 2.1-3 Mean Mechanical and Total Chemical Compositions and Other Properties
Class Unit I III VII
Sand % 10.06 49.40 17.13
Silt % 33.78 25.53 41.14
Clay % 55.16 25.08 41.75
SiO2 % 68.91 85.57 68.19
Fe2O3 % 4.94 2.84 6.92
Al2O3 % 21.54 8.86 19.13
CaO % 0.29 0.34 0.66
MgO % 0.82 0.27 1.72
MnO2 % 0.04 0.05 0.09
TiO2 % 1.23 1.91 1.10
K2O % 2.13 1.20 2.09
P2O5 % 0.12 0.07 0.08
pH 4.59 5.32 5.10
PBS % 62.66 59.25 84.42
CEC Me/100g 22.29 10.00 20.82
11
In the Ayeyawady delta areas, rainwater or water from ponds and lakes is major water source for local
people for daily use. In places where households depend on rainwater only for domestic uses,
containers are utilized to store water for future use when rains are not sufficient or dry season. Once
the onset of monsoon is late during early monsoon season, the ponds and lakes become totally dry,
hence the, local people have to fetch water from neighboring villages or places where fresh water is
available. After the Nargis storm hit, most lakes and ponds were filled with salty water from the sea
and dead bodies of people and animals. Villagers have removed the corpses from rivulets and drained
out salty water from ponds. However, the water is still polluted. The people in the area will have to
wait for the rains to come so that the present pond water will be replaced by the rainwater.
The river water is affected by saline water intrusion especially at the end of dry season, or just before
onset of pre-monsoon season. Saline water sometimes reaches as far as more than 100 km from the
ocean outfalls. Predicted and actually observed saline penetrations are shown in Figure 2.1-8.
in
e
H ma wb i
ss
Ba
H le gu
ga
Da N yaun gd on
P an ta naw
E in me
K ya ni gan P at hein Y an go n
M au bin
W eg yinw in
P ayag yi Pyawb wa
Kanyi ng on
Gwe go n Ase -y wa
Hin og ya ung
K od au ng
M ya un gmya Dan yi nz eik
N ga puta w W ak ema A ga t K aw hmu M ibya
S inta K al a-yw a
T az in gwin D ayob au k
S hang on Onb in zu T awgy au ng The go nu an
K yo nm an ge P ay agyi K ya ikla t
T ha ungg on
T au ngga le H to nb o A kaw M ag we dan
M awia my in egyu n Ded ay e
May an go n K ya un gzu C ha ungg yi H ng etky id au ng
Yeg ya w L e- ei nzu
K al amat au ng
K yaga n K an azogya un g
B yaun gb ya
Hle in da n K anbe
B og ale
Dan on ch aung
Pya po n
A se
T awgy ai k N
Kyn uk py u Apa un g
S an gyi K yets ha
Ala nb al ut
M ag yibi n
P ay ahla L abut ta Bid ui ga le D an don
N gaby em a A waby e
O kk an K on gyi S et san K yo nkad un
Cha un gg wa T hi ng angy i Lam ug yi

Kan gy ai ng
P yi nk ayai ng T hing an do n T aw bain g M yo go n 0 10 20 30 40 5 0k m
Wag on B og on
L ad au ng S aluz ei k D awny ei n
Kya uk ta zi P olaung
Sei kk yi Ama M ay an
K ad on kani
A ungh la in g A la nd aing
Saline Penetration at High Water Springs Predicted by Irrawaddy Delta

Hydrological Investigations and Delta Survey for March
Critical Saline Front (1 ppt) Observed by ID on 24 March 2008
Figure 2.1-8 Critical Saline Front at the End of March
2.1.5 History of Cyclone in Ayeyawady Delta

The Bay of Bengal is frequently subject to severe cyclonic storms, some of which cross the Arakan
coast of Myanmar, and very rarely the delta coast. When this happens, however, the surge induced
leads to widespread flooding, which could be amplified by extensive polder construction. The Cyclone
Nargis was generated at the north of Indian Ocean and crossed the Ayeyawady Delta on 2nd May,
2008. The wind speed in the landing became more than 50 m/sec and the scale of cyclone was
considered to be at Category 4. A large number of people and houses were severely devastated by the
storm surge, high wave and strong wind. The basic data of the cyclone Nargis and its damage are
reported as follows (OCHA).
- Maximum wind velocity: 54 m/sec
12
- Maximum wind velocity in 1 min: 66 m/sec

- Central pressure: 962 hPa
- Moving speed: 19 km/h
- Dead person: 78,000
- Missing person: 56,000
- Injured person: 20,000
- Affected population: 2,400,000
- Economic loss: about 100 million US$
Severe cyclones that hit the country are listed in Table 2.1-4 together with those recorded in the
Northern Indian Ocean territory with the death toll exceeding 20,0000 as given in Table 2.1-5.
Table 2.1-4 Historical Cyclones Attacked Myanmar

Cyclone Date of Occurrence Death Toll*1,*2 Sufferers*1
- May 19, 1926 2,700 Unknown
Cyclone 196510 Oct 23, 1965 100 500,000
Cyclone 196702 May 16, 1967 100 130,200
Cyclone 196712 Oct 23, 1967 178 Unknown
Cyclone 196801 May 10, 1968 1,070 90,000
Nargis May 2, 2008 133,000 1,200,000 1,900,000
Notes: *1 Government of Myanmar
*2 Include missing people
Table 2.1-5 Historical Cyclones in the North Indian Ocean Territory

Year Cyclone Country Death Toll
1584 Cyclone Backerganji Bangladesh 200,000
1699 Bangladesh 50,000
1737 Cyclone Calcutta Bangladesh 350,000
1767 Cyclone Backerganji Bangladesh 30,000
1789 Cyclone Indian India 20,000
1839 Cyclone Coringa India 300,000
1864 Cyclone Calcutta India 60,000
1876 Greater Backganji Bangkadesh 200,000
1897 Cyclone Chittagong Bangladesh 175,000
1942 Cyclone Bengal India 40,000
1970 Cyclone Bhola Bangladesh 550,000
1977 Andhla Pradesh India 20,000
1991 Cyclone 02B Bangladesh 143,000
2008 Cyclone Nargis Myanmar 133,000
The most recent maximum cyclone that devastated the area was Bhola in Bangladesh in 1970 and
caused 550,000 casualties. Damage of the cyclone Nargis is rank 8th in the above table and
therefore ranked as one of the most severe disaster in South-Asia. Cyclones of similar intensity hit
Myanmar in May 1982 and April 2006. In both instances the landfall fortunately hit the northern part
of the most densely populated parts of the country.
Generally, in the months of April and May, there is an appreciable increase in the frequency of storms.
13
Most of the storms originate between 10N and 15N, move initially in a northwesterly and northerly
direction and then re-curve towards the northeast. The Arakan coast of the country is liable to
incidence of storms in these months. A number of these storms are of severe intensity. In the months
of October and November, storms originate between 8N and 14N and move initially in a
west-northwesterly direction and then re-curve and move towards northwest. These storms rarely
approach the Myanmar coast.
Data on storm occurrences are not readily available. No storm data are recorded since the year 1979
due to the malfunctioning of the automatic gauging facilities installed in the area. Hence, the period
from 1979 up to the recent times and prior to the study, the resultant sea water levels (astronomical
tide + storm surge) at ocean outfalls (river mouths) have neither been recorded nor documented within
the whole regions of the Ayeyawady Delta. Recently the Department of Meteorology and Hydrology
(DMH) under the Ministry of Transportation decided to start again observation of the sea water level
after the Great Sumatra Earthquake of 2004. The DMH installed 2 tide gauges, which were donated by
the Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC), in the Myanmar coastal areas of Mawlamyine and
Sittwe in June 2006.
Information on cyclones generated mostly in Indian Ocean and crossed or approached the country
since 1965 were collected from various sources as shown in Figure 2.1-9. Physical data including
high water levels and surge amplitudes are not available after 1979. Old data of storm surge utilized in
various investigations are listed in Table 2.1-6.
Table 2.1-6 Characteristic of Severe Cyclonic Storms in Bay of Bengal (1965-78)

Surge Produced at Surge Produced at
Date Date
Elephant Point (m) Elephant Point (m)
21 Oct 1965 0.54 15 Nov 1972 0.34
8 Dec 1965 0.58 26 Nov 1972 0.42
26 Sep 1966 0.94 1 Dec 1972 0.24
9 Dec 1966 0.58 2 May 1973 0.82
16 May 1967 0.80 4 Nov 1973 0.86
20 Oct 1967 0.85 14 Nov 1973 0.63
7 May 1968 0.91 6 Dec 1973 0.66
22 Oct 1968 0.38 22 May 1974 0.76
10 Nov 1968 0.74 26 Sep 1974 1.52
9 Oct 1969 0.50 22 Nov 1974 0.74
3 Nov 1969 0.77 5 May 1975 1.41
4 May 1970 0.55 3 June 1975 0.59
18 Oct 1970 0.85 25 Nov 1975 0.59
8 Nov 1970 0.90 29 Apr 1976 0.49
27 Oct 1971 0.58 1 Jan 1977 0.49
4 Nov 1971 0.52
7 Sep 1972 0.71
14
85E 90E 9 5E 1 00 E 8 5E 9 0E 95E 1 00 E

2 5N 2 5N 2 5N 25N
Myanmar Myanmar
2 0N 2 0N 2 0N 20N
1965-1971
1972-1978
Ma y/7 5
Oct/70 Nov/70
Oct/65
Oct/69
1 5N May/70 1 5N 1 5N Sep/72 15N

May/68
Nov/72
Nov/71 May/67
May/74 Jan/77
Dec/73
Apr/76
Oct/68 Nov/72 Nov/73
Dec/65 Oct/71 Nov/69
Nov/74
Oct/67 Nov/73
1 0N Dec/66 Sep/66 1 0N 1 0N 10N
85E 90E 9 5E 100 E 8 5E 9 0E 95E 1 00 E
85E 90E 9 5E 1 00 E 8 5E 9 0E 95E 1 00 E

2 5N 2 5N 2 5N 25N
May/89
Myanmar Myanmar
Oct/90
2 0N 2 0N 2 0N 20N
1979-1985
1986-1992
Nov/86
Oct
May/82 Oct/91
May/84 Oct/90
1 5N 1 5N 1 5N 15N
Oct/86
Oct/83
Oct
Oct Oct/88
May/91 Nov/87
Oct Nov/88
May/92
Nov/89
Nov/88
Oct/91
1 0N May/81 Oct/79 1 0N 1 0N May/88 Dec/88 Nov/92 10N

Oct/80
85E 90E Nov/81 9 5E 100 E 8 5E 9 0E 95E 1 00 E
85E 90E 9 5E 1 00 E 8 5E 9 0E 95E 1 00 E

2 5N 2 5N 2 5N 25N
2 Oct/05
Myanmar Myanmar
12 Nov/02
Oct/96
2 0N 2 0N 2 0N 20N
1993-1999
2000-2006
19 May/04
Oct/99
May/94
1 5N 1 5N 1 5N 15N
11 May/02
Nov/98
Oct/96 15 Oct/00 31 May/04
Apr/94 24 Oct/03
Oct/99 25 Nov/04
May/97 2 Oct/04 27 Nov/05
Dec/93 25 Apr/06
1 0N 1 0N 1 0N 10N
85E 90E 9 5E 100 E 8 5E 9 0E 95E 1 00 E
85E 90E 9 5E 1 00 E 8 5E 9 0E 95E 1 00 E

2 5N 2 5N 2 5N 25N
Myanmar Myanmar
2 0N 2 0N 2 0N 20N
2007
2008
May/08
(N ARG IS)
1 5N 1 5N 1 5N 15N
13 May/07
2 May/07
11 Nov/07
1 0N 1 0N 1 0N 10N
85E 90E 9 5E 100 E 8 5E 9 0E 95E 1 00 E
Figure 2.1-9 Tracks of Cyclones since 1965
15
2.2 Socio-economic Condition

2.2.1 Land Area and Population in the Project Area
The Project Area consists of 34 polders/embankments in the Ayeyawady Region, with protected area
of 1,342 km2 and a total population of 248,001 as shown below. It covers 2 districts, namely, Labutta
and Phyapon Districts. Polder area is not exactly matching with administrative boundary of township
and village-tract (VT). Therefore, some polders stretch over plural VTs. Labutta Township was
originally under the Myaungmya District; however it became Labutta District in August 2008 after
reorganization as it was combined with Mawlamyinegyum Township which was also under the
Myaungmya District.
Table 2.2-1 Population, Area and Dike Length of 34 Polders/Embankments under the Project
Sr. Protected Length of dike

District Township Name of polder Population Household area (km2)
No. (mile) (km)
1 Alegyun (1) 3,947 1,019 16.7 13.40 21.6
2 Alegyun (2) 6,139 1,515 36.1 22.70 36.5
3 Alegyun (3) 2,967 813 36.5 17.65 28.4
4 Magybinmadaukkan 1,601 379 5.5 3.40 5.5
5 Thingangyi 474 155 7.0 6.30 10.1
6 Zinywe 633 159 6.2 6.00 9.7
7 Leikkwin 392 98 3.8 3.75 6.0
Labutta Labutta 8 Labutta (South) 4,166 1,051 28.7 20.20 32.5
9 Labutta (North) 15,547 3,662 78.3 38.00 61.2
10 U Gaungpu 205 50 3.7 5.20 8.4
11 Bitud Island (1) 1,191 332 19.0 14.02 22.6
12 Bitud Island (2) 7,315 1,777 27.8 18.60 29.9
13 Bitud Island (3) 3,743 968 32.2 28.00 45.1
14 Bitud Island (4) 14,169 2,916 76.4 40.53 65.3
Sub-total 62,489 14,894 377.8 237.75 382.8
15 Daunggyi 15,935 2,944 98.9 37.00 59.6
16 Daunggyi (East) 8,433 1,406 89.3 33.90 54.6
Bogalay 17 Daunggyi (West) 12,921 4,004 69.4 31.60 50.9
18 Daunggyi (Upper) 4,066 639 13.8 10.50 16.9
Sub-total 41,355 8,993 271.4 113.00 181.9
19 Daw Nyein 5,850 1,295 12.0 14.00 22.5
20 Myokone 4,019 962 22.8 17.00 27.4
21 Kyetphamwezaung 25,687 5,044 125.7 46.00 74.1
22 Banbwezu 9,604 2,173 53.3 26.00 41.9
Phyapon
23 Daydalu 4,072 859 17.2 13.00 20.9
24 Letpanbin 4,195 840 34.6 20.00 32.2
25 Zinbaung 3,992 875 26.7 15.00 24.2
Phyapon
Sub-total 57,419 12,048 292.3 151.00 243.1
26 Myaseinkan 9,866 2,335 54.7 13.50 21.7
27 Thandi 1,651 372 13.9 4.25 6.8
28 Suclubbaluma 4,935 1,225 29.5 7.40 11.9
Daydaye 29 Hleseikchaunggyi 2,026 492 9.1 7.40 11.9
30 Tamatakaw 10,459 2,589 53.5 7.00 11.3
31 Kyonsoat 316 72 2.4 5.00 8.1
Sub-total 29,253 7,085 163.0 44.55 71.7
32 Maubin Island (North) 27,386 5,764 110.0 12.40 20.0
33 Maubin Island (South) 9,248 1,990 46.1 4.40 7.1
Kyaiklatt
34 Thonegwakyun 20,851 4,601 81.2 22.25 35.8
Sub-total 57,485 12,355 237.3 39.05 62.9
G-total 248,001 55,375 1,341.7 585.4 942.4
16
Notes: (1) Polders No. 1 to No. 4 are in located in Haigyinkyun sub-township within the Labutta Township (they were
formerly located in the Ngaputaw Township at the time of Nargis) while polders No. 5 to No. 14 are located in
the Labutta sub-township.
(2) Three village-tracts of No. 21 Kyetphamwezaung polder are located in Bogalay Township.
(3) All figures are based on 2010 January to April estimates.
Source: Township Peace and Development Councils (TPDC) and Township Irrigation Department.
2.2.2 Rural Economy and Livelihood in the Project Area
(1) Situations by Township1
The Project Area is located in five townships as shown below. Total population of the five townships is
1,470,296 as of December 2008. The project target population accounts about 17% of the total
population of these townships. Conditions in these townships are described as follows.
Table 2.2-2 Administrative District and Population, Number of Village Tracts
and Villages in Target Townships
District Township Total Project Area Number of Number of
Population Population Village Tracts Villages
Labutta Labutta Labutta sub-township 287,671 14,654 61 408
Haigyikyun sub-township 109,512 47,835 22 112
Phyapon Bogalay 349,427 41,355 71 589
Phyapon 310,321 57,419 52 211
Daydaye 216,959 29.253 90+3 390
Kyaiklatt 196,406 57,485 87 438
Total 1,470,296 248,001 383+3 2,148
Source: Year 2009 General Administration Office Data for Labutta District and Post-Nargis Periodic Review II (TCG, July
2009) for Phyapon District.
1) Labutta Township
Farming, especially rice production is the most important livelihood in the northern part of this
township. Residents residing in the coastal areas are engaged in the fishery sector. During
agricultural off-season, many farmers work in the fishery sector. This township is famous for salt
production and that some salt farms are also available. Other activities are small livestock/poultry
rearing, transport, retail trade, cottage industry and so on. It has high percentage of landless
people.
2) Daydaye Township
Local residents employ traditional agriculture, fishery, trading and salt refining in Daydaye
Township. Casual labors generally work in agricultural sector. Apart from these industries,
bamdayboo-ware trading is done as a main income resource.
3) Phyapon Township
Main income sources are agriculture, fisheries, small livestock rearing (pig, duck and chicken),
casual labors and commerce. More than one third of total area, especially southern part of the
township is covered with mangrove vegetation. Villages and agricultural lands are concentrated in
the upper part of the township.
4) Bogalay Township
Only a few people own most of the lands as 68% own more than 10 acres in spite of high
percentage of landless people. Main crop is paddy in the agricultural area. In addition, 37% of
people work in fishery sector and 80% of households raise livestock.
1
This part mainly refers to Myanmar Information Management Unit (MIMU), March 2009, Township Profile
17
5) Kyaiklatt Township
Main stream of the Ayeyawady River traverses the township north and south. Most of people
make a living by farming rice and some vegetables. Moreover, other crops planted are coconut,
betel nut and banana. The residents of the area also engaged livestock rearing (pig and duck),
casual labor and commerce.
(2) Main Industries
The Project Area is located in Ayeyawady Region. Although this Region occupies only 5% of whole
national land in the Union, it is known as the rice bowl of the country as it produces most of rice
requirements of the country. . Annual rice production of Ayeyawady Region which is about 6 million
tons accounts for 30% of total production in Myanmar of which about 22 million tons annually (FAO,
2001/2002, Agricultural Atlas of the Union of Myanmar). This situation is mainly due to increase of
farmland area, especially, 25% increase between 1990 and 1994. In addition to rice farming,
aquaculture, poultry and pig farms are being operated. Especially, the area of fishpond in the Region is
more than half of the countrys area, thus it is worth to note that Ayeyawady Region is the fish and
prawn production center in Myanmar. Therefore, it can be said that the Region is very important to
Myanmar in terms of food supply. Moreover, Labutta area is famous for salt production. On the other
hand, since the development of the delta has been launched only from early 20th century, other
industries apart from farming and fishery are not actively done.
According to the result of the Present Condition Survey carried out in 34 villages2 from January to
February 2010 by the JICA Study Team, where one village was selected from each polder as sample
village, agriculture is observed as the main source of income in all sample villages except
Akeichaungwa village, representative sample of Myaseinkan polder in Daydaye Township, where
fishery is the main income source. Priority sources of income stated in the sample villages before
Nargis are unchanged even after Nargis.
Paddy is widely grown in rainy season in all sample villages while summer paddy is grown to some
extent within all three polders in Kyaiklatt Township, Banbwezu polder in Phyapon Township, and
few area of summer paddy in Bitud Island-2, Labutta Township depending on the availability of
irrigation water. Some vegetables are grown for home consumption and the surplus as other source of
income. Rice is followed by black gram as winter crops in all the polders (Bitud 1, 2, 3 & 4) of
Labutta Township, and Maubin Island (North) and Maubin Island (South), Kyaiklatt Township.
Fishery stands as the second important source of income after farming in all survey villages located in
survey areas of six townships. Fishing and processing of fishery products provide an opportunity for
landless people to earn income for their livelihood. Based on information from the key informants
survey, prawn is the most important source of income in the aqua industry in the villages and given
first priority for earning income particularly in former Ngaputaw (actually Haigyinkyun subtownship
of Labutta district) and Labutta Townships. Dry prawn, fried fish and prawn paste making industries
are performed in most of the surveyed villages. All stock of fishery products was damaged by Nargis
but informants of the sample villages said that rural fish product industries recovered to normal
condition at present except in Nalinkyaw village, Thingangyi polder in Labutta Township.
(3) High Percentage of Landless People
The average farm size per household in Ayeyawady Delta is 11.2 acre (= 4.536 ha) according to UNDP
(June, 2007)3, which is ranked at 1st among the Union in terms of farmland size per household. It is
probably because the process of settling of immigrants in the delta has only been around 100 years so
2
One village in each polder was pointed by the TPDC chairman in consideration of the criteria most affected
village and accessibility. The list of sample villages is shown in Appendix 1.
3
UNDP/UNOPS/ Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development, June 2007 Poverty Profile,
Integrated Household Living Conditions Survey in Myanmar
18
that it was not difficult for people to expand their lands. However, due to the high rate of population
increase4, the ratio of landless farmers in the delta reaches to not-negligible level. Some people lost
their land tillers right to cover school expense or medical payment. Severely affected townships by
Nargis are characterized by their high percentage of landless people, for instance, 62% and 71% of
people in Bogalay and Labutta is landless, respectively, according to Post-Nargis Joint Assessment
Report5 (hereinafter, PONJA, July 2008). On the other hand, there is a case of one person holds 60
acre farmland.
Result of Present Condition Survey shows that ratio of households who have the tillers right on farm
land at the survey period falls between 39.7% of villages in Kyaiklatt TS and 22.6% of villages in
Bogalay TS (70% at the maximum and 9.9% at the minimum at village level). Majority of household
are landless farm workers, accounting over 50% except in Labutta and Bogalay townships on average.
At the village level, the maximum ratio is 86.3% in the village of Bitud Island-3 polder, Labutta
Township, and the minimum is 14.8% in the village of Kyetphamwezaung polder, Phyapon Township.
Average farm sizes of land holders who have tillers right in the sample villages are more than 15 acre
per farm household except in Kyaiklatownship. The range of farm size is large in some polders
indicating maximum holding area of 200 acres and minimum area of 1.7 acres.
Table 2.2-3 Land Occupancy Status and Farm Size
Sr. No. Township Land occupancy status Average farm
Land Holder Tenant (%) Farm worker Non-farm % size (acre/farm
(%) (Landless) % household)
1 Labutta (14 Polders) 26.1% 1.1% 65.2% 7.6% 18.5
2 Bogalay (4 Polders) 22.6% 1.4% 53.1% 22.9% 21.9
3 Phyapon (7 Polders) 31.2% 1.0% 28.3% 39.5% 25.6
4 Daydaye (6 Polders) 30.7% 0.8% 34.6% 33.9% 16.2
5 Kyaiklatt (3 Polders) 39.7% 0.0% 44.6% 15.7% 8.5
Source: Present Condition Survey, JICA Study Team, 2010
There is a big difference between land right holders and landless households in terms of household
income. Average household income of the land right holders is more than double than landless
households. Average income of all polders for landholders and land less households are presented d in
Table 2.2-4.
Table 2.2-4 Average 2009 Income of Tillers Right Holders and Landless Households in 34 Polders
Township Landholder (Kyat/hh/year) Landless households (Kyat/hh/year)

Labutta 4,353,986 1,804,961
Former Labutta 2,386,598 1,219,861
Former Ngaputaw 1,967,388 585,100
Bogalay 3,705,438 1,893,917
Phyapon 6,643,200 1,931,857
Daydaye 4,342,898 2,414,917
Kyaiklatt 2,206,367 1,354,333
All townships 3,541,981 1,566,664
Source: Present Condition Survey JICA Study Team, Jan. 2010
In La Put Ta Loke North Village Tract (VT) in Labutta North polder, there are 150 landless households
4
According to an interview to Kyein Chaung Village (La Put Ta Loke North Village Tract), current population is
around 1,000 while that was about 500 around 15 years before.
5
This report is prepared by Tripartite Core Group (TCG), which consists of ASEAN, Government of Myanmar and
UNDP.
19
whose annual incomes are about 1,200,000 Kyats, while 15 rich households receive about 5,000,000
Kyats annually (JICA study team, Jan. 2010). If people do not own farmland nor fishing tools, their
job opportunity is limited mainly to daily labor, which means that their income tends to be unstable.
Furthermore, nowadays, it is becoming more difficult to get land tillers right due to more demand of
farmland. In addition, very poor people face difficulty to find out a piece of land area even to construct
their houses. Sometimes, they have no choice but to stay in prohibited area for residence even though
they know it is illegal
2.2.3 Ethnic Distribution
Majority of the residents in the Project Area are Burmese, composed mainly of minority groups such
as the Kayin, Rakhine and so on. Rakhine people reside mostly in the west coast of the Ayeyawady
Delta, which was not severely affected by Nargis. The Bamar are distributed in the whole Delta while
the Kayin people reside in southern coastal area. Both Bamar and Rakhine is Buddhist, while the
Kayin people are either Christian or Buddhist. These minority groups are mostly engaged in fishery
activities. They have established each community and sometimes they combined with other people to
organize villages. The relationships among these groups in a village are relatively good in spite of
some cultural differences.
Each community in the Delta Region shows relatively strong solidarity, as people know their
neighborhoods living status, farmlands location and so on very well. If they face some difficulties,
they try to solve the challenges collaboratively even between different ethnicity and religion,
livelihood type groups. They have tradition to help each other, for instance, rich person lend money to
the poor without interest in difficult situations. However, there are some cases reported where
assistance are only provided to a particular group which affected solidarity in the villages6.
2.2.4 National and Local Government in the Project Area
The PDC chairman at township/district level is assigned by the Ministry of Home Affairs and had
important tasks. All departments staff such as ID, MAS, and FD was supposed to report their
information acquired by their daily works to the PDC chairman at each level. Therefore, the PDC
chairmen are familiar with current situations in all sectors and it is also called as General
Administration Council. PDC chairmen reported all the collected information to higher level of PDC.
On the other hand, all department staff has close relationship among different levels, namely, township,
district, Region and state level. They hold regular meeting at various levels to share current status
concerning each sector.
The direct administrative organization for people is a township office. Every department at township
level regularly implements site inspection to collect basic information and disseminate the technical
knowledge for rural communities to improve their socio-economic status. Technical staffs such as ID
officers are not members of Township level PDC (hereinafter called as TPDC). However, they
regularly communicate with TPDC to share information among various departments. TPDC offices
acknowledged the selected village leader and assign one clerk as a VPDC member to each village. A
VPDC chairman provides information on new projects as informed by township officers and is also
delegated to inform the villagers and sometimes gives necessary instruction to the people. TPDC
consists of chairman, project officer and township police officer.
A township office has detail information about land use right distribution of responsible villages. Since
the land use right is renewed every year, township officers revise the distribution map based on the site
survey in collaboration with Settlement and Land Record Department (SLRD). If they find out that
private construction for settlement is being constructed in prohibited area they warn the illegal
occupiers through the village headman. If a private company wants to acquire farmland for
development, township offices intervene between the land holders and the private developer and fix
6
TCG, January 2009, Post-Nargis Social Impacts Monitoring: November 2008
20
the rate for land acquisition. Payment is also under the control of township officers, not directly paid
from the private company to the individuals.
The minimum administrative unit is VT with an average of about 6 villages under a VT in the target
area. Each village tract has an organization so called Village Peace and Development Council (VPDC),
which consists of chairman, secretary, clerk and so on. VPDC is the lowest Peace and Development
Council (PDC) in the country. People select their leaders at three stages, namely, one leader per 10
households, another leader per 100 households and a VT head. The VT head is also the VPDC
chairman and with a responsibility (generally village leader is male) to inform coming events or
projects implemented by the government to villagers through his frequent contact with township office
staff. The clerk is assigned by the responsible townships office.
According to the Notification No. 8/2011 issued by the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC)
on 30th March 2011, PDCs of the district, township, ward/village tract were dissolved and all their
duties and function were handed over to the following personnel as shown below:
a) District PDC Deputy Commissioner of District General Administration Department
b) Township PDC Administrator of Township General Administration Department
c) Ward or Village-tract PDC Head of Ward or Head of Village-tract
2.2.5 Gender Issues in the Project Area
Seven (7) States/Regions in Union, literacy rates of male and female in Ayeyawady Region are 91.6%
and 88.2%, respectively, while that of the whole union are 88.2% and 82.0%, respectively.. Therefore,
it can be said that educational level in Ayeyawady Region is relatively high, with as little gender
difference as compared to the national average rates. Generally, women in Myanmar society have
equal position to men and wives keep and manage the house income even though husbands have a
duty to earn to make living. According to the interview done by the Project Team in January 2010,
women can make decision on how to spend money to some extent, such as their accessories and their
clothes; however, for big amount of money, couples decide it based on discussion.
Womens main tasks are housekeeping, taking care children and water fetching and so on. If husbands
own land tillers right, wives assist in farming their lands. Women join in farming activities such as
transplanting and harvesting, however, land preparation is regarded as mens job. The cash income that
women can get is relatively limited, since wage of female is less than mens, sometimes almost half.
For instance, female can earn Kyats 2,000/day for road construction work while male can get daily
wage at Kyats 4,000 according to the interview by the Project Team near Labutta North Polder. The
reason cited was that men generally do harder work than women. It means that conditions are very
tough for households headed by female to survive. However, retail selling is regarded as womens job,
where some women are actively involved. Women can attend official meeting and sometimes express
their opinions, however, they are not very active in these situations and generally only men are
supposed to fill seat of public position such as village head.
Basically, women can inherit fortune from their parents as well as men do and children have equal
right to do that. However, there is tendency/custom that parents distribute bigger part of their property
to the poorest child and smaller part to the richest one. In addition, there is another case that
son/daughter who takes care of his/her parents inherits more than his/her brothers and sisters. The way
of property inheritance depends on each condition. Still, it is common that women sign over their land
tillers right to their husbands after marriage since farming is generally mens job even though wives
assist their husbands. In such cases, husbands become official land users and women cannot transfer
the land tillers right to others without permission from their husbands.
2.2.6 Disaster occurred by Cyclone Nargis
(1) Victims of Cyclone Nargis
21
The scale of damage by Nargis was unprecedented and many human lives were lost in the Project Area.
According to TCG (July 2008), the numbers of dead and missing in the six townships (including
Ngaputaw) in Ayeyawady Region were 77,647 and 51,701, respectively, with a total number of
129,348, as shown the following table. The grand total number of dead and missing due to cyclone
Nargis including casualties in Yangon Region and other townships in Ayeyawady Region was 138,373.
Labutta Township was the most severely damaged area by cyclone Nargis with a population decrease
of about 20% due to deaths.
Table 2.2-5 Number of Victims by Nargis in Target Townships
Township Population before Nargis Number of Dead Number of Missing Missed Houses
Ngaputaw7 330,058 4,178 10 13,021
Labutta 394,553 33,344 48,464 9,297
Bogalay 285,909 34,744 3,198 No Data
Phyapon 240,091 1,258 10 -
Daydaye 211,353 4,111 19 8,593
Kyaiklatt 177,339 12 - -
Total 1,639,303 77,647 51,701 30,911
Source: TCG, July 2008, Post-Nargis Joint Assessment, for number of dead and missing, and MIMU, Township Profile,
March 2009 for population before Nargis and number of missed houses
(2) Damages to Infrastructures

1) Housing
There are two types of housing structures, namely, traditional type and modern type in the
affected area. The materials of the former is a mixture of wooden and bamboo. Before cyclone
Nargis, around half of houses were constructed by using bamboo and wooden; about 35% of
structures were all wooden and 15% were made of brick or concrete. Many houses were
vulnerable to storms, which led to the significant damage by cyclone Nargis. It is estimated that
around 450,000 houses were totally destroyed and 350,000 houses were lightly damaged in the
whole affected area. The total damage and losses in both Ayeyawady Region and Yangon Region
is estimated as around 686 billion Kyats (TCG, 2008, PONJA).
2) Schools
Present Condition Survey revealed that educational level in most of the villages are satisfactory
for rural people before Nargis since local communities established self reliant schools in most of
the sample villages for their children. Though almost all educational facilities were damaged by
Nargis, reconstruction and repairing of these infrastructures had been urgently undertaken by the
government agencies and NGOs, cooperating with the local organizations and communities.
School attendance and educational activities are functioning as usual at present.
3) Water Supply
The most common water source in Ayeyawady Region is the pond. Other sources of domestic
water use are the river and open well. During rainy season, most houses collect water by using
roof-rainwater system. Only handful people can access to piped water supply system before and
after Nargis. Communal ponds were affected by Nargis significantly as 43% of communal ponds
were damaged in Ayeyawady Region according to PONJA. Many households were enforced to
shift water sources from pond to rain water tanks due to high salinity of pond water as shown
below.
7
The administrative Region is that of the time of Nargis.
22
Table 2.2-6 Source of Water before and after Cyclone in Ayeyawady Region
Water Sources Before Nargis After Nargis
Hand Pump 2% 2%
Tube Well 4% 4%
Pond 42% 24%
Rain Water Tank 16% 30%
Water Truck 1% 2%
River 21% 19%
Open Dug Well 21% 19%
Others 8% 0%
Source: TCG, July 2008, Post-Nargis Joint Assessment (PONJA)
During Nargis, all water resources existing in 34 sample villages were damaged due to in flow of
salt water, debris in the ponds and wells, and rising up of salt water table. Immediate measures
were provided by various agencies by providing drinking water and water saving tanks to save the
rain water. Renovation and cleaning of the ponds were carried out during the short period of time
before monsoon in order to restore the rain water in the ponds. In the sample villages, water
quality is still salty, impure and insufficient in most places (in 23 villages out of 34) during the
survey period. There is still a need to improve and upgrade the basic infrastructures to become
functional for rural household.
4) Transport and Communications
The damage 8 to the transport and communication sector covering road, rail, water and air
transport is estimated at over 120 billion Kyats and total losses is estimated at nearly 63 billion
Kyats in the whole area affected by the cyclone. Most affected facilities were the water transport,
the damage and losses of each was about 100 billion and 31 billion Kyats, respectively.
5) Other facilities
Public building such as outreach health stations, village libraries, administrative offices and
religious facilities were damaged by Nargis. Some of the infrastructures have been reconstructed
and some are still under construction in order of priority and urgency.
(3) Damages to Industries
The detailed damages to agricultural sector is mentioned in Section 2.3.5, therefore, hereinafter
damages in other sectors such as processing industry, fishery and so on by Nargis is described.
1) Rice Mill Factories
Around two-thirds of small scale rice mills and more than 80% of medium-large mills in the 6
target townships were damaged by the cyclone as shown in the table below. The sector suffered
from significant losses due to suspension of their business, destruction of paddy stocks, lower
expected yields and deterioration of quality of the next paddy crop.
Table 2.2-7 Damage and Losses to Rice Mills in Target Townships
Township Small Scale Medium to Large Scale Damage Losses
Total Damaged Total Damaged (Million Kyat) (Million Kyat)
Ngaputaw9 271 200 (74%) 8 6 (75%) 2,561 19,712
Labutta 149 100 (67%) 22 22 (100%) 3,008 18,260
8
In PONJA, damage is defined as the estimated replacement value of totally or partially destroyed physical
assets and losses are estimated changes in the flow of the economy that arise from the temporary absence of the
damaged assets; they include losses in production and higher cost in goods and services.
9
23
Bogalay 254 170 (67%) 31 31 (100%) 4,532 28,211

Phyapon 222 148 (67%) 25 20 (80%) 3,310 21,469
Daydaye 259 159 (61%) 30 21 (70%) 3,512 22,849
Kyaiklatt 323 142 (44%) 28 20 (71%) 3,250 20,957
Total 1,478 919 (62%) 144 120 (83%) 20,173 131,458
Source: TCG, July 2009, Post-Nargis Periodic Review II, the number in parentheses is percentage to the total one
2) Fishery
Fishery is the second important income source in this area, for instance, 32.9% of households in
Labutta Township had fishing gear items before Nargis. However, many fishery gears were lost
by the cyclone and the worst record is 28.4% loss in Labutta as shown below, which led to the
serious impact on the fishery sector.
Table 2.2-8 Percentage of Loss in Fishing Gear Items by Nargis
Township10 Lost Fishing Gear Items
Ngaputaw 18.2%
Labutta 28.4%
Bogalay 10.3%
Phyapon 10.2%
Daydaye 6.0%
Kyaiklatt 24.6%
Source: TCG, July 2009, Post-Nargis Periodic Review II
3) Salt Farms
Most of salt production farms are located in the coastal area, and these areas were severely
affected by Nargis. Around 80% of salt farm area was destroyed by Nargis and many workforces
of this industry and their families passed away. After Nargis, salt price increased from 200 Kyats
before Nargis to 1,300 Kyats at peak time due to shortage of salt. This situation caused problem
to the food processing industry e.g. salt fish, fish paste and fish sauce.
Table 2.2-9 Estimated Damage and Losses to Salt Farms in the Target Townships
11
Township Total Area (acres) Affected Area Damage Loss
(acres) (Million Kyat) (Million Kyat)
Ngaputaw 19,855 15,781 (79%) 22,882 9,863
Labutta 9,011 7,162 (79%) 10,385 4,476
Phyapon 1,794 1,425 (79%) 2,066 891
Total 30,660 24,368 (79%) 35,333 15,230
Source: TCG, July 2009, Post-Nargis Periodic Review II, the number in parentheses is ratio to the total one
(4) Change of Main Income Source

According to the survey by FAO in February 2009, main income sources distribution was changed by
Nargis. Percentages of farming and fishery sectors decreased, while the rate of daily labors increased
into the 2nd main income source instead (see the table below). The reasons for the change may be
thought to be the result of damages to farmland by salt intrusion, loss on fishery tools and so on.
10
11
24
Table 2.2-10 Change of Main Income Sources before and after Nargis
Before Nargis (%) After Nargis (%) Balance (%)
Farming 43.3 38.7 -4.6
Fishery 21.8 9.0 -12.8
Livestock 4.6 3.8 -0.8
Casual labor 16.4 30.3 +13.9
Others 13.9 18.2 +4.3
Total 100.0 100.0 0.0
2.3 Present Condition of Agriculture in the Project Area
2.3.1 Agricultural Production
(1) Character of Agriculture in Ayeyawady Area
Agriculture in Ayeyawady Region (Project Area) is characterized particularly by paddy cultivation in
polder dikes. Table 2.3-1 gives sowing area of major crops in Ayeyawady Region.
Table 2.3-1 Sowing Area of Major Crops in Ayeyawady Region (1,000 Acre)
Increase % Increase %
Crops 1985-86 1990-91 1995-96 2000-01 2005-06 2007-08
1985-2007 2000-2007
Paddy 3,243 3,241 4,892 4,988 4,801 4,956 53% -1%
Maize 40 20 18 48 31 16 -60% -67%
Sesame 166 29 26 21 27 30 -82% 47%
Major Pulses 329 407 916 1,202 1,632 1,920 483% 60%
Sesame 166 29 26 21 27 30 -82% 47%
Sunflower 229 82 132 n.a n.a n.a - -
Chili 27 20 24 44 84 87 222% 98%
Source: Agricultural Statistics 1985-86 to 1995-96, Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation,
Statistical Yearbook 2008, Central Statistic Organization
Remark: Major Pulses (Ground Nuts, Black Gram, Green Gram, Garden Pea, Pigeon Pea, Chick Pea, Soybean, Cow Pea)
As shown in Table 2.3-1, paddy area in 25,000 40%

Ayeyarwady Total Mayanmar Share of Ayeywady Division
the Region is significant as compared to (1,000 acre) (1,000 acre) (%) 35%
other major crops. Paddy production 20,000
30%
area in 2007-08 cropping season is 4.9
25%
million acres equivalent to 24.8% of 15,000
total production area in Myanmar. 20%
Drastic increase of paddy production 10,000 15%
area in Ayeyawady Region has not been 10%
observed since 1995-96 cropping 5,000
5%
season while the areas in other region
have strongly increased. As a result, the 0 0%
1999-2000
1997-98
1998-99
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
share of Ayeyawady Region has been

decreased. Ayeyawady Region, however,
is still the most important rice
Figure 2.3-1 Paddy Sowing Area of Myanmar and
production area in Myanmar keeping its
Ayeyawady Region
position as the largest rice production
area. Source: Statistical Year Book 2004, 2008 Central Statistical
A large part of Ayeyawady Region is located in the delta brackish water area. The delta was isolated
area lapped in Mangrove trees. In 1974, a large-scale agricultural development of the delta area was
commenced by Ayeyawady Development Project with United Kingdoms technical assistance.
The Project developed included the reclaiming of farming land for the construction of polder dikes,
25
gates and drains for controlling water flow between the land and rivers.
Rain-fed paddy cultivation in wet season is popular in the polder area. Irrigated paddy cultivation in
dry season is practiced mainly in upstream of delta where is not affected by inflow of saline water.
Since change of government policy on crop production, farmers can select cultivation crops by
themselves. However, crop diversification has not progressed except pulses in dry season. The
following are possible reasons of farmers high preference of paddy cultivation.
1) Unsuitable soil and water conditions in reclaimed land for cultivation of other crops
2) High importance of paddy as food for self consumption
(2) Farming Purpose
Farming is most important activity for both land owners and landless farmers to secure food especially
rice and, to earn income in Ayeyawady Region. Land owing farmers usually get income selling surplus
of harvested crop after keeping food for home consumption. Landless farmers earn income working as
casual labor for agriculture.
Estimated average yearly consumption of rice / capita in Myanmar ranges between 140 - 200 kg. 200
kg / capita can be considered as paddy weight according to result of interview with farmers (200 kg of
paddy * 55-65% of milling recovery rate = 110-130 kg of milled rice). Therefore, average annual
consumption of rice / capita may be estimated to be around 110-130 kg. Rice production in
Ayeyawady Region has important role to sustain such high consumption (demand) of rice.
Table 2.3-2 gives percentage of farmer population in 34 polders. The percentage is very high
indicating 49% at the minimum in Phyapon Township and 93% at the maximum in Labutta Township.
As the percentage implies, agriculture is most important economic sector in the polders sustaining
livelihood of the people.
Table 2.3-2 Percentage of Farmer in 34 Polders
(%)
Farm
Land
No Township Tenant worker Non-farm Total Farmer
Holder
(Landless)
1 Bogalay 20 1 58 21 100 79
2 Daydaye 23 1 41 35 100 65
3 Kyaiklatt 36 - 45 19 100 81
4 Labutta 28 1 64 7 100 93
5 Ngaputaw (Labutta-New) 27 1 64 8 100 92
6 Phyapon 28 1 20 51 100 49
Source: Present Condition Survey by JICA Project Team, March 2010
(3) Land Holding

All of the farming land belongs to Table 2.3-3 Average Land Holding Size (2007)
nation in Myanmar. Farmers cultivate No. of Sample Average
the land under tillers right and are not Landholding Size
Township Landowner Landholding Size
(Acres)
subjected to land sale or release. (Nos.) (Acres)
According to FAO report and the Bogalay 20 527 26
Daydaye 32 777 24
Present Condition Survey by the
Kyaiklatt 15 105 7
Project Team at 34 polders, percentage Labutta 46 1,158 25
of landless farmers in the area is Ngaputaw 27 545 20
64-80%. As shown in Table 2.3-3, Phyapon 32 1,144 36
estimated average land holding size of Total 172 4,256 25
farmers with cultivation right (land Source : Present Condition Survey by JICA Project Team, March 2010
holding farmer) is 25 acres. Its rental cost ranges from 33,000 to 50,000 Kyats/acre in Labutta North
Polder.
26
(4) Natural Condition and Cropping Pattern

Climate of Ayeyawady Region is typical tropical monsoon. Annual rainfall is around 3,000 mm and, is
concentrated in monsoon season from April to October. Maximum and minimum temperature ranges
between 15-25 and 30-35, respectively. Such climate condition and existence of agricultural
infrastructure dominate cropping pattern and selection of crop in Ayeyawady Region. Usual cropping
pattern is shown in Figure 2.3-2.
Jan Feb M ar Apr M ay Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Transplanting
Rain-fed Paddy
Land & Nursry P reparation Weeding / P est Control Harvesting

(Fertilization) 1st 2nd 3rd
Irrigated Paddy or Pulses
(mm) (Co)
800 40
Rainfall Max. T Min. T
600 30
400 20
200 10
0 0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Figure 2.3-2 General Cropping Pattern of Paddy

Source: Agricultural Atlas of the Union Myanmar 2001-2002, World Meteorological Organization (WMO),
Estimated by JICA Project Team based on result of interview to farmers
Cropping pattern depends on natural condition especially rainfall. Farmers start wet season cultivation
at the beginning of rainy season (May to June) and, harvest at the beginning of dry season (November
to December) after drying paddy at the field.
Farmers in irrigated area practice

dry season paddy between
December and April. And, the
farmers who have farming land
with high moisture contents
usually cultivate beans such as
black gram, green gram, ground
nuts, etc.
Subject : Soil at Polder Subject : Soil at Polder
Location : Labutta North Polder Location : Soil is acid sulfate soil which is
Labutta North Polder
Date : 20 January 2010 Date : 20 January 2010
widely exists in delta region of
Irrigated Paddy Field in Ayeyawady Region Southeast Asia. Acid sulfate soil
has character of strong acidic
and high absorbability of phosphoric acid. Such characters affect growth of crops. Normally, Lime and
phosphoric acid are applied for improvement of acid sulfate soil. However, farmers who apply such
materials are very few in Ayeyawady Region due to mainly lack of farming budget etc.
2.3.2 Paddy Cultivation
(1) Cropping Yield and Quality of Rice
Cropping yield of paddy in Ayeyawady Region is still low. According to Agricultural Census 1985-86
to 1995-96, average cropping yield of paddy in Ayeyawady Region is 1,315 kg/acre or 63 baskets/acre.
However, cropping yield on 34 polders in 2007-2009 monsoon seasons surveyed by JICA Project
Team in March 2010 is 30-42 baskets/acre, lower than the average as shown in figure below. Cropping
27
yield of 2008 monsoon season was drastically decreased due to the damage by Cyclone Nargis.
Potential cropping yield of local

55
Bogalay Dedaye Kyeik Latt variety is originally low because of
50 Laputta Ngaputaw Phyapon
All T ownship low response to fertilizer etc. In
45
40
case of Pawsanyin (local variety)
which is widely cultivated in
(Basket / Acre)
35
30
Ayeyawady Region, potential
25
cropping yield is 60 baskets.
20
Therefore, HYV is necessary, if
15
drastic increase of paddy production
10 is required. For applying HYV,
2007 Wet Season 2008 Wet Season 2009 Wet Season constraints like a) high investment
cost, b) Unstable paddy price, c)
Figure 2.3-3 Average Cropping Yield in 34 Polders Unverified appropriateness and
cropping technology of HYV in
(2007-2009 Wet Seasons)
field, should be solved to reduce
Source : Present Condition Survey by JICA Project Team, March 2010 farmers risk.
In addition, quality of rice is also low. Many broken and cracked rice were observed at small scale rice
mill located in the villages of Labutta North Polder.
Under the abovementioned situation, improvement on both production amount and quality is
indispensable to secure stable supply of high quality rice for the country and to grow paddy as an
export crop.
(2) Variety and Seed
Local and High Yielding Variety (HYV) is widely cultivated in Ayeyawady Region. Major paddy
variety cultivated in Ayeyawady Region is summarized in Table 2.3-4 and Table 2.3-5.
Table 2.3-4 Type of Paddy Variety in Ayeyawady Region in Monson Season 2010
District Total HYV / Improved Variety Local Variety
Pathein 793,262 584,070 73.6% 209,192 26.4%
Hinthada 526,207 381,118 72.4% 145,089 27.6%
Myaungmya 490,791 274,822 56.0% 215,969 44.0%
Labutta 667,177 253,239 38.0% 413,938 62.0%
Maubin 398,888 251,428 63.0% 147,460 37.0%
Pyapon 834,440 332,107 39.8% 502,333 60.2%
Total 3,710,765 2,076,784 56.0% 1,633,981 44.0%
Data Source : MAS Pathein Office
Table 2.3-5 Major Paddy Variety in Ayeyawady Region in Monson Season 2010
Share against total paddy sowing
No. Variety Type Acres
area in Ayeyawady Region (%)
1 Manawthukha HYV 847,030 22.9%
2 Hnan Gar Local 573,599 15.5%
3 Sin Thwe Lat HYV 447,767 12.1%
4 TheeHtatyin HYV 321,697 8.7%
5 Paw San Yin Local 241,157 6.5%
6 Mee done Local (High Eating Quality) 173,442 4.7%
7 Aye yar min Local (High Eating Quality) 152,210 4.1%
8 Sin Thu Kha HYV 127,176 3.4%
9 Nga sein Local 103,481 2.8%
10 Kyaw Zay Ya HYV 103,321 2.8%
28
Share against total paddy sowing

No. Variety Type Acres
area in Ayeyawady Region (%)
Total 3,090,880 83.4%
Source: MAS Pathein Office
As shown in Tables 2.3-5, in Ayeyawady Region, local variety such as Hnan Gar, Paw San Yin still
have high share. Especially, the share of local variety in Phyapon and Labutta Districts located in
downstream of the delta where many polders are located is very high (more than 60%).
There are many reasons of cultivation of local variety such as high quality of milled rice (test and
flavor) and high price, low agricultural input requirement as compared to with HYV and, high
appropriateness to natural condition. Among these reasons, appropriateness to natural condition will
be the most important reason. Based on the result of interview to farmers carried out by the JICA
Project Team in selected 10 polders, 70.5% (62 farmers out of 88 farmers) answered that natural
condition related aspects such as rainfall and drainage is main reason (criteria) for variety selection.
High share of local variety in Phyapon and Labutta Districts (downstream of the delta) where
problems of salt water and flood are relatively serious also implies the importance of natural condition
for variety selection.
Table 2.3-6 shows procurement method of seed. Usually, farmers use previous harvesting paddy
(seed) for next cropping without selection and disinfection. About 80.4% of farmers apply previous
harvesting paddy as seed. On the other hand, farmers who apply purchased seed and department seed
is only 23.8% and 0.5%, respectively.
Table 2.3-6 Procurement Method of Seed
No. of Sample Previous Purchase MAS Donation
Township
Farmer Harvesting Paddy Seed Seed Seed
Bogalay 20 16 6
Daydaye 33 33 1
Kyaiklatt 15 15
Labutta 54 30 31 1 11
Ngaputaw 29 23 4 3
Phyapon 38 35 3
Total 189 152 45 1 14
% 100.0 80.4 23.8 0.5 7.4
Remark: Multiple selections / answers
Quality of seed (previous harvested paddy) is very possibly low genetically and physically. In fact,
some of farmers use 3-4 baskets of seed for 1.0 acre. That is 2.0-3.0 times higher than the standard
(less than 1.5 baskets/acre).
Table 2.3-7 gives result of question on problems of Table 2.3-7 Problem on Seed Quality
seed where 47.8% and 35.4% of farmers have
problems of mixture of red rice or other variety. Problem Total
Mixture with Red Rice 77 47.8%
Result of seed quality check carried out for 18 Mixture with Other Variety 57 35.4%
participant farmers in the on-site seed production Low Germination Rate 11 6.8%
pilot project in March 2010 (refer to Chapter 4) Bad Growth of Seedling 9 5.6%
also shows problem of the mixture with red rice or Others 7 4.3%
other variety. Out of the 18 sample seeds checked Total 161 100.0%
only one (1) sample passed the seed quality Source :Farmer interview at 10 polders, JICA Project
standard of MAS. Main problem of farmers seed is Team, 2011
high contents rate of red rice. Remark : Multiple Answer
According to the farmers in Labutta North Polder, mixture level of other variety or red rice is very
important factor to set up selling price of harvested paddy. Moreover, in recent years, paddy brokers
29
check quality not only of paddy but also cooked rice to set up the price. As abovementioned,
realization of the importance of quality of seed is increasing.
(3) Land Preparation and Seedling
Land preparation (plow) is very hard work for the farmer due to very hard soil dried up by strong
sunshine in dry season. Usually,
water buffalo is used for plowing
at beginning of monsoon season.
Use of hand tractor is limited
because of its low availability in
the village area, financial deficit
and also low quality of
machinery (or low durability
against hard soil). Subject : Farmers Seed Subject : Farmers Seed Quality
Location : Labutta North Polder (left : Good, Right :
Many water buffalos died during Date : 27 January 2010 Poor)
the Cyclone Nargis. As a result, Location : Labutta North Polder
Date : 23 January 2010
many farmers rented out water
buffalo (4,000 Kyats/acre, 40,000 Farmers Rice Seed
Kyats/season) for farming. Hydro
tiller is used mainly in irrigated paddy field (rental cost is 15,000 Kyats/acre) as well.
Nursery at paddy field is popular seedling method in the upstream area of delta Ayeyawady Region.
Farmers prepare nursery on May-June after plow and hallowing (for rain-fed). Transplanting is done
after 25-30 days of Seedling period. Planting density of transplanting or seedling is relatively high due
to low quality of seedling and lack of technology (regular transplanting is not popular).
Especially in deep water and flood areas, broadcasting is still practiced. In addition, according to MAS
staff, many farmers shifted to broadcasting from transplanting after Nargis attack to reduce production
cost.
(4) Fertilization and Pest Control
Table 2.3-8 shows percentage of farmers who apply fertilizer and pesticide. 84% of surveyed farmers
use Nitrogen fertilizer (Urea: N46%) which is most common fertilizer for the farmers. Percentage of
farmers who apply phosphoric (T-Super: P46%) and potash fertilizers is one 41% and the other only
4%. Reason of low application of potash fertilizer may a) high price and, b) low understanding about
its importance.
Table 2.3-8 Use of Fertilizer and Pesticide
No. of Compound
N : Urea P : T-Super K : MOP Organic Pesticide
Township Sample Fertilizer
Farmer No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
Ngaputaw 29 28 97% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 22 76%
Labutta 54 41 76% 18 33% 4 7% 1 2% 8 15% 16 30%
Bogalay 20 10 50% 3 15% 0 0% 5 25% 2 10% 2 10%
Phyapon 38 36 95% 27 71% 3 8% 3 8% 0 0% 15 39%
Daydaye 33 29 88% 20 61% 0 0% 7 21% 2 6% 28 85%
Kyaiklatt 15 15 100% 10 67% 1 7% 0 0% 0 0% 10 67%
Total 189 159 84% 78 41% 8 4% 16 8% 12 6% 93 49%
Farmers who own large farming land applied 1-3 bags (50-150 kg) of Urea for 1.0 acre before Nargis
attack. According to interview to participant farmers of On-site Seed Production Pilot Project (refer to
Chapter 4), they usually apply 0.5 bags (25 kg) of Urea and 0.5 bags (25 kg) of T-Super for a acre.
30
Most of farmers emphasize only color of leaf to decide timing of fertilization. In addition, they do not
recognize exact size of farming area. Such situation causes excess and/or insufficient use of
agricultural fertilizer and other inputs. As a result, the effectiveness of fertilization and other inputs
may be low.
(5) Harvesting and Post-Harvest
Harvesting period of paddy is from November to December for monsoon season paddy, March to
April for dry season irrigated paddy. Harvesting is done manually by hand remaining 30-50 cm of
straw on original ground. Straw is usually used as animal feed.
Subject : Harvest (30cm height Subject : Paddy Drying Subject : Paddy straw for
of paddy straw is Location : Labutta North Polder animal feed
remained) Date : 31 December 2009 Location : Irrigated paddy field
Location : Labutta North Polder near Myaungmya City
Date : 31 December 2009 Date : 21 January 2010
Harvest of Paddy
Water buffalo or wooden roller at ground threshing floor is common threshing method. Farmers
mainly in irrigated paddy area use portable rice thresher. Milled rice contains many broken and
cracked rice due to lack of paddy quality and post-harvest technology.
Main problem of harvesting and post harvesting are: a) Un-uniform growth of paddy plant due to lack
of leveling, mixture with other variety b) Lack of labor force for harvest and post harvesting, 3) Lack
of storage facility and, 4) Sudden rain in some area or year etc.
Usually, farmers sell harvested paddy immediately to rice miller or broker after harvest for repayment
of agricultural loan (refer to Section 2.3.4 (3) Agricultural Finance). There are many small-medium
scale rice mill factories in the village. In case of Labutta North Polder, one large scale rice mill factory
with milling capacity of 1,000 baskets/day and many small-medium scale rice mill factories with
capacity of less than 500 baskets /day exists. According to large scale rice miller, trading volume of
paddy is decreasing after Nargis attack.
Subject : Removable Threshing Subject : Paddy threshing yard Subject : Paddy drying
Machine : of village (threshing by Location : Irrigated paddy field
Location : Irrigated paddy field buffalo) : near Myaungmya City
: near Myaungmya City Location : Labutta North Polder Date 29 January 2010
Date 29 January 2010 Date 27 January 2010
Post Harvest Process (1)
31
Subject : Paddy Transportation Subject : Price of Paddy at Small Subject : Rice Mill Machine at
Location : Irrigated paddy field : Scale Rice Mill : Small Scale Rice Mill
near Myaungmya City Factory Factory
Date : 29 January 2010 Location : Labutta North Polder Location : Labutta North Polder
Date 20 January 2010 Date 20 January 2010
Subject : Quality of milled rice Subject : Storage at Large Scale Subject : Rice in Market
Location : Labutta North Polder Rice Mill Factory Location : Labutta City
Date : 20 January 2010 Location : Labutta North Polder Date : 27 January 2010

(6) Price of Paddy
Figure 2.3-4 shows fluctuation of paddy price between January 2005 and February 2011 in Pathein
Market, Ayeyawady Region. As shown in the figure, Price of Paddy in Myanmar is characterized by
strong yearly fluctuation.
The price is usually at its lowest price during the harvest season of monsoon season paddy and highest
price after 6-7 months after harvest. As shown Table 2.3-9, the difference between the lowest and
highest prices is 26.5% to 147.6% in past 5 years. Therefore, it is ideal for farmers to sell paddy
several months after harvest to get high profit. However, such sales method is not realistic due to lack
of farmers storage capacity and for repayment of agricultural loan.
Table 2.3-9 Difference of Lowest and Highest Price of Paddy
2005-2006 2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010
Season Season Season Season Season
Paw San Yin (Local Variety)
Lowest Price during Harvesting Period
a) 254,400 410,000 475,200 392,094 414,438
of Monsoon Paddy (Kyat / 100 Baskets)
Highest Price after Harvesting Period of
b) 630,000 640,000 N.A 566,875 670,000
Monsoon Paddy (Kyat / 100 Baskets)
Increase (%) c)=b)/a)-1 147.6% 56.1% N.A 44.6% 61.7%
Manautuka (HYV)
Lowest Price during Harvesting Period
d) 193,750 280,000 350,000 238,050 362,250
of Monsoon Paddy (Kyat / 100 Baskets)
Highest Price after Harvesting Period of
e) 374,200 475,000 N.A 393,300 458,160
Monsoon Paddy (Kyat / 100 Baskets)
Increase (%) f)=e)/d)-1 93.1% 69.6% N.A 65.2% 26.5%
Source: Paddy Price at Pathein Market. Market Information Service Project, Department of Planning, MOAI
32
670,000
700,000
640,000
630,000
Paw San Yin
(Local Variety)
566,875
Mhanawthka
600,000
(HYV)
475,000
541,025
458,160
500,000
(Kyat/100 Baskets)
475,200
393,300
374,200
400,000
414,438
410,000
392,094
362,250
Harvesting Period of Monsoon Paddy

350,000
Harvesting Period of Summer Paddy

300,000
280,000
254,500
238,050
200,000
193,750
100,000
May-05
May-06
May-07
May-08
May-09
May-10
Nov-05
Nov-06
Nov-07
Nov-08
Nov-09
Mar-05
Nov-10
Jan-05
Jul-05
Mar-06
Sep-05
Jan-06
Jul-06
Mar-07
Sep-06
Jan-07
Jul-07
Mar-08
Sep-07
Jan-08
Jul-08
Mar-09
Sep-08
Jan-09
Jul-09
Mar-10
Sep-09
Jan-10
Jul-10
Sep-10
Jan-11
Figure 2.3-4 Fluctuation of Paddy Price in Pathein Market (Kyat /basket)
Source: Paddy Price at Pathein Market. Market Information Service Project, Department of Planning, MOAI
(7) Production Cost and Income of Paddy Cultivation

Paddy cultivation cost in 2010 monsoon seasons was estimated based on result of interview with
participant farmers of On-site Seed Production Pilot Project and other concerned information.
Estimated paddy production cost and income of local and HYV is shown in Table 2.3-10 and Table
2.3-11.
Table 2.3-10 Estimated Production Cost and Income of Paddy Cultivation
(Monsoon Season: Local Variety) (Kyat/acre)
Quantity
Items Unit Cost *2 Total
*2
Production Cost
Material Cost
Seed 6,000 /Basket 2.0 12,000
Registered Seed 8,000 /Basket 0.0 0
Fertilizer (Urea:N46%) 22,000 /Bag (50kg 0.5 11,000
Fertilizer (T-Super:P16%) 12,000 /Bag (50kg 0.0 0
Fertilizer (T-Super:P46%) 22,000 /Bag (50kg 0.5 11,000
Fertilizer (PotashK50%) 35,000 /Bag (50kg 0.0 0
Agricultural Chemical etc. 3,000 /Season 1.0 3,000
Sub-Total 37,000
Labor / Animal Cost
Plow / Harrow
5,000 /man-day 7.0 35,000
(Labor and Animal Power)
Broadcasting 1,000 /man-day 1.0 1,000
Nursery Preparation 2,000 /man-day 0.0 0
33
Quantity
*2
Seedling Preparation 3,500 /man-day 0.0 0
Transplanting 30,000 /Acre 0.0 0
Weeding 1,500 /man-day 0.0 0
Rouging 1,500 /man-day 0.0 0
Harvesting 12,000 /Acre 1.0 12,000
Threshing / Dry 3,000 /man-day 5.0 15,000
Transportation 4,000 /Time 1.0 4,000
Sub-Total 67,000
Total 0.0 104,000
Contingency (5% of Total) 0.0 5,200
Grand Total 0.0 109,200
Gross Income
Cropping Yield (Baskets / Acre) 42
Price (Kyat / Basket) *1 5,956
Gross Income (Kyat) 250,152
Net Income
Net Income (Kyat) 140,952
Source: *1: On Site Seed Production Pilot Project,
*2: Average Price of Pawsanyin (Local Variety) in Pathein Market Mar 2010- Feb 2011
Price Cropping Yield (Baskets / Acre)

(Kyat / Basket) 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
5,000 40,800 65,800 90,800 115,800 140,800 165,800 190,800
5,500 55,800 83,300 110,800 138,300 165,800 193,300 220,800
6,000 70,800 100,800 130,800 160,800 190,800 220,800 250,800
7,000 100,800 135,800 170,800 205,800 240,800 275,800 310,800
7,500 115,800 153,300 190,800 228,300 265,800 303,300 340,800
Table 2.3-11 Estimated Production Cost and Income of Paddy Cultivation

(Dry Season: HYV Variety) (Kyat/acre)
Quantity
*2
Production Cost
Material Cost
Seed 4,000 /Basket 2.0 8,000
Registered Seed 6,000 /Basket 0.0 0
Fertilizer (Urea:N46%) 22,000 /Bag (50kg) 0.5 11,000
Fertilizer (T-Super:P16%) 12,000 /Bag (50kg) 0.0 0
Fertilizer (T-Super:P46%) 22,000 /Bag (50kg) 0.5 11,000
Fertilizer (PotashK50%) 35,000 /Bag (50kg) 0.0 0
Agricultural Chemical etc. 3,000 /Season 1.0 3,000
Sub-Total 33,000
Labor / Animal Cost
Plow / Harrow
5,000 /man-day 7.0 35,000
(Labor and Animal Power)
Broadcasting 1,000 /man-day 1.0 1,000
Nursery Preparation 2,000 /man-day 0.0 0
Seedling Preparation 3,500 /man-day 0.0 0
34
Quantity
*2
Production Cost
Transplanting 30,000 /Acre 0.0 0
Weeding 1,500 /man-day 0.0 0
Rouging 1,500 /man-day 0.0 0
Harvesting 12,000 /Acre 1.0 12,000
Threshing / Dry 3,000 /man-day 5.0 15,000
Transportation 4,000 /Time 1.0 4,000
Sub-Total 67,000
Total 100,000
Contingency (5% of Total) 5,000
Grand Total 105,000
Gross Income
Cropping Yield (Baskets / Acre) 54
Price (Kyat / Basket) 4,131
Gross Income (Kyat) 223,074
Net Income
Net Income (Kyat) 118,074
Source: *1: On Site Seed Production Pilot Project,
*2: Average Price of Manhawthka (HYV ) in Pathein Market Mar 2010- Feb 2011
Price Cropping Yield (Baskets / Acre)

(Kyat / Basket) 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
3,000 15,000 45,000 75,000 105,000 135,000 165,000 195,000
3,500 35,000 70,000 105,000 140,000 175,000 210,000 245,000
4,000 55,000 95,000 135,000 175,000 215,000 255,000 295,000
4,500 75,000 120,000 165,000 210,000 255,000 300,000 345,000
5,000 95,000 145,000 195,000 245,000 295,000 345,000 395,000
Estimated production cost of monsoon season paddy is 109,200 Kyats/acre for local variety and
105,000 Kyats/acre for HYV variety. Around 60% of the production cost is spent for labor and animal
power. Most of farmers use agricultural loan more or less. Therefore, net income decreased depending
on interest rate of the loan.
2.3.3 Other Crop Production and Livestock
Apart from paddy, maize, beans, chili, sesame are widely cultivated in Ayeyawady Region. Particularly,
production of beans, which are viable in dry condition, has been increasing. The production has
increased more than 400% in 22 years between 1985 and 2007 while increase of paddy production in
the same period was only 53%.
Cash crop production like vegetables is important income source mainly for landless farmer. Some
farmers in Labutta North Polder cultivate cauliflower, cucumber, water melon, pumpkin, leaf on small
scale farm land. According to the farmers, profit of vegetable production is higher than paddy
production. The farmer gained 50,000 Kyats with 150,000 Kyats of investment in 2009 dry season
(cultivated area is unclear). Constraints of vegetable production are 1) Limited cropping is depending
on high quality water distribution and / or soil moisture contents, 2) Low storage stability and limited
demand in rural area, 3) High investment cost etc.
Livestock is important asset and work force for farmers. Most of farmers own water buffalo, pig
and/or poultry. It is reported that actually, many village in Ayeyawady Region have inadequate work
force due to lost of huge number of water buffalo caused Cyclone Nargis. The price of water buffalo in
the rural area is 260,000 Kyats for purchase and 35,000 - 40,000 Kyats for seasonal rental.
35
Subject : Small Scale Cucumber Subject : Vegetables in Market Subject : Poultry breeding at
Cropping using natural Location : Labutta City farmers house
pond Date : 27 January 2010 Location : Labutta North Polder
Location : Labutta North Polder Date : 28 January 2010
Cash Crop Cultivation and Livestock

2.3.4 Agricultural Supporting Service
(1) Extension Work
Myanma Agricultural Service (MAS) under the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation is the agency
responsible for extension work. The MAS Extension Division assigns a manager and an assistant
manager in district, village extension manager in township and village.
Recently, the number of MAS

including extension worker was
reduced drastically. Number of
MAS staff as of March 2007 is
7,538 staff, equivalent to -57% as
compared with 17,870 staff
before reduction.
Subject : Sunflower and Green Subject : Number of Labutta North
Extension Material
Gram Cultivation at Township MAS office also was
prepared by MAS staff
MAS demonstration trained by JICA
reduced to 15 staff from 50 staff.
farm projectIn addition, transportations such
Location : Labutta North Polder
Location : Labutta North Polder
Date : 27 January 2010 Date : as motor cycle for extension
27 January 2010
work are not available. Therefore,
Extension Work of MAS Labutta MAS office provides extension
work to farmers mainly through
demonstration (0.5 acre) and pamphlet distribution. These limited activities are not also viable due to
insufficient resources (equipment and tools). According to the Present Condition Survey carried out by
the Project Team in 33 polders, percentage of farmers who received at least one time of extension
service is only 6.7% for 2007 and 30.2% for 2009.
(2) Seed Production
The MOAI is the agency responsible for the production of all classes of seeds which are needed for
seed multiplication.
The Department of Agricultural Research (DAR) is responsible for the production of Breeder Seed
(BS), the Seed Division of the MAS responsible for the production of foundation seeds (FS), and
registered seeds (RS) while the Extension Division of the MAS has the responsibility to distribute
certified seeds (CS: Seed used for paddy grain production) to farmers and also technical support to
farmers for CS production. According to Hmawby Rice Research Station and DAR Myaungmya
Agricultural Research Station, common price of registered and certified seed is 6,000 Kyats/basket for
HYV and 8,000 Kyats/basket for local variety.
36
Out of abovementioned four classes of the seed, production of certified seed is open for private sector
by Seed Law established in January 2011. Private sectors are allowed for seed production and seed
quality check (e.g. operation of seed quality check laboratory) under license controlled by the
government. However, seed production by individual farmers, is excluded from the Law.
There are 5 main MOAI farms for paddy seed production in Ayeyawady Region. Table 2.3-12 shows
production amount of seed by the five (5) main farms.
Table 2.3-12 Production Amounts of Paddy Seed by Major MOAI Farms in Ayeyawady Region
(Baskets)
Total Production (Baskets)
Seed Farm Area 2008 2009 2010
(Acre) BS FS RS CS BS FS RS CS BS FS RS CS
1 Tagontaing 98 0 0 2,293 165 0 0 701 0 0 397 3,279 0
Shwelaung Kyun
2 1 500 0 20 0 4,258 0 0 0 400 0 4,065 135 1,800
Shwelaung Kyun
3 2 67 0 0 0 750 0 0 0 300 0 1,470 50 0
Thayaung
4 Chaung 125 13 161 2,505 0 0 75 2,922 0 0 201 4,166 0
5 Aukkwingyi 72 0 0 2,726 0 250 2,317 0 0 0 105 2,945 0
Myaungmya
6 Agricultural 50 15 170 1,530 0 15 170 1,530 0
Research Station
Total 912 13 181 7,524 5,173 265 2,562 5,153 700 15 6,407 12,105 1,800
Source: MAS Pathein Office
Remark: BS (Breeders Seed), FS (Foundation Seed), RS (Registered Seed), CS (Certified Seed)
Potential production amount of certified seed (CS) in 2010 can be estimated at 403,500 baskets or for
269,000 acres as follows.
Assumption - Production Amount of RS in 2010 (a) : 12,105 Baskets
- Amount of RS for CS Production / Acre (b) : 1.5 baskets
- Estimated Cropping Yield of CS / Acre (c) : 50 baskets
- Amount of CS for Paddy Production / Acre (d) : 1.5 Baskets
Estimated Potential Production Amount of CS
12,105 (a) / 1.5 (b) * 50 (c) = 403,500 Baskets of CS / 1.5 (d) = 269,000 Acres
This amount covers only 5.4% of
total paddy sowing area of wet
and dry seasons in Ayeyawady
Region (5,020,779 acres 2009 -
2010). Covering rate can be
increased to 16.0% based on
assumption seed renovation per
4 years. Therefore, it is assumed
that there is still a high potential Subject : Seed Production Subject : Seed Selector
demand of CS in Ayeyawady : Paddy Field introduced by UNDP
Location : Hmawby Rice Location : Agricultural Research
Region. Research Station Station, Myaungmya
Date 25 January 2010 Date : 25 November 2010
(3) Agricultural Finance
There are government and Seed Production at Hmawby Rice Research Station and
Myaungmya Agricultural Research Station
private agricultural finance
support in the rural areas.
Government agricultural finance is provided by Myanma Agricultural Development Bank (MADB)
and private agricultural finance.
Many farmers utilize MADBs farming loan with interest rate of 17% per year. However, amount of
37
MADB Loan is limited to 20,000 Kyats/acre for paddy (10,000/Kyats/acre for other crops) equivalent
to only 10-20% of total production cost. Therefore, many farmers borrow the money (farming budget)
from private agricultural finance even though the interest rate is very high (5-15%/month). Private
agricultural finance has more flexibility than MADB loan. Loan condition like interest rate and
amount is fixed depending on negotiation between borrower and leaser. This difference of flexibility
between the loans is one of the reasons to accelerate use of private agricultural finance.
For some farmers, access to private agricultural finance has been difficult due to delay of repayment
due to the reduction of production caused by Nargis attack in 2008.
2.3.5 Agricultural Damage by Cyclone Nargis
(1) Damage in Agriculture
Inflow of saline water into paddy field by Nargis attack decreased agricultural production. According
to farmers in Labutta North Polder, cropping yield of paddy of immediate crop after Nargis attack was
decreased to 10 - 20 baskets/acre equivalent to minus 50 -75% from 40-50 baskets of cropping yield
before Nargis (local variety). However, cropping yield of 2009 cropping season has recovered with a
yield of 40-50 baskets/acre.
Table 2.3-13 shows farming constraint before and after Cyclone Nargis attack in 34 polders.
Table 2.3-13 Farming Constraint before and after Cyclone Nargis Attack
No. of Sample
Constraint Before Nargis After Nargis Difference
Farmer
a) b) c) d) e) f) g)=f)-d)
Lack of Labor 189 16 8% 29 15% +7%
Lack of Farming Tech. 189 13 7% 18 10% +3%
Pest & Disaster 189 35 19% 63 33% +15%
Lack of Water 189 18 10% 25 13% +4%
Flooding 189 43 23% 72 38% +15%
Salt Injury 189 23 12% 75 40% +28%
Lack of OM of Polder (Muddy) 189 1 1% 9 5% +4%
Lack of Extension 189 14 7% 25 13% +6%
Lack of Access to Finance 189 43 23% 109 58% +35%
Lack of Market 189 6 3% 12 6% +3%
Low Price of Product 189 9 5% 20 11% +6%
Lack of Farming Tool 189 20 11% 57 30% +20%
Lack of Draft Animal 189 7 4% 74 39% +35%
Low Quality Seed 189 9 5% 42 22% +17%
Lack of Fertilizer 189 28 15% 82 43% +29%
Others 189 3 2% 29 15% +14%
Main farming constraint is lack of input such as Table 2.3-14 Received Support
farming tool, draft animal, fertilizer and access to
Assistance Total
agricultural finance. These constraints became
Seed 69 39%
worse after Cyclone Nargis attack. Especially, Fertilizer 40 22%
number of farmers without draft animal was Farming Machinery 36 20%
increased from 4% to 35%. Others 26 15%
Farming Tool 4 2%
Table 2.3-14 shows situation of support for
Animal Power (Cattle) 2 1%
farmers after Nargis attack. Many agricultural Farming Budget / Agri. Loan 2 1%
inputs mainly seed; fertilizer and farming Total 179 100%
machinery were provided to farmers even at Source: Farmer interview at 10 polders, JICA Project Team,
present time. According to the results of Remark: Multiple Answer
interview of farmers, demand of support for
38
agricultural inputs and agricultural loan is still high.

Agricultural inputs (seed, fertilizer and loan) are required for every cropping season and for all rural
areas of Myanmar. Therefore, fundamental measure which is not limited to Nargis damage may be
necessary.
2.4 Present Condition of Irrigation and Drainage in the Project Area
2.4.1 Irrigation
(1) General Situation
As the average annual rainfall is more than 3,000 mm and concentrated in the rainy season from May
to October, no irrigation is practiced for rainy season paddy cultivation in the area.
The irrigation is practiced in the limited paddy fields located nearby the large drainage canal by
pumping the water from drainage canal in the dry season from November to April. Diesel pumps are
used and lifted water is conveyed through small ditches or in plot to plot method. The slide gates of
the sluice regulators are usually opened on 15 May and are kept open until mid-September when the
rainy season is terminating and the water inside the drainage canal keeps the stable level. The fresh
rainwater is stored in the drainage canal for
irrigation, livestock and miscellaneous purposes for
the dry season.
There are several special polder areas where
irrigation water is conveyed from the intake of the
upstream reach of the tidal river where the water is
fresh and free from salt water contamination. In
Labutta North polder, the irrigation water in the dry
season from October to April is conveyed from the
sluice gate intake located 16 miles (26 km) from
the north boundary polder dike in the upstream of
Ywe River. The irrigation water is conveyed Small scale pump irrigation
through the feeder canal and it is filled in the
drainage canals. Then the irrigation water is to be supplied to the field along the drainage canal by
pumping. The project was completed in the year 2000, and it is said the beneficial area is 2,500 acre
(1,000 ha). However, it seems that the project did not accomplish the initially proposed target of the
irrigation area and paddy production.
(2) Water Quality
6.0 22.0
Because the annual rainfall of more 5.0 20.0
than 3,000 mm is concentrated in 4.0 18.0
the rainy season from May to 3.0 Max W.L. of River 16.0
Water Level (feet)
October, irrigation is not required in 2.0 14.0

1.0 12.0
the rainy season. On the other hand,
Ec (mS/cm)
0.0 Ec of Drainage Canal 10.0

the rainfall amount in the dry -1.0 8.0
season is not sufficient for growing -2.0 6.0
W.L of Canal
of any kind of crops and therefore -3.0 4.0
irrigation is necessary for dry -4.0 Min W.L. of River 2.0
-5.0 0.0
season crop cultivation. Generally
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr
the dry season irrigation is practiced 2010 2011
by using the water pumped up by
portable pumps from the drainage Figure 2.4-1 Ec at Danedan Sluice
canal in which water was stored in the last stage of the rainy season. Therefore, the irrigation areas are
limited to the land along on the drainage canals or the adjacent areas. The quantity of available water
39
is limited to the stored water in the drainage canal in the end of the preceding rainy season.
The periodic changes of water quality in term of salinity have been measured since January 2009
inside and outside of the eight (8) sluices. As a typical example of the monthly changes of Ec values,
the Ec values at Danedan Sluice are illustrated with the water levels of the drainage canals inside the
polders in Figure 2.4-1. It is clear from the figure, that the Ec values of the dry season are as high as
more than 10 mS/cm. In the dry season, the water level of the drainage canal is lower than the high
tide of the river side and the gates do not work properly, the leakage of salty water from the river side
occur and the Ec values in the drainage canal go up. When the rainy season starts in June, the water
level of the drainage canal is still lower than the high tide of the river side; saline water in the drainage
canal is diluted by the fresh rain water and the discharged water from the paddy field. The average
water levels of the drainage canal goes up continuously and in July, although the water level of the
drainage canal may be lower than the high tide of the river side and leakage of saline water may take
place during high tide but the during the low tide saline water may be extruded out from the drainage
canal. Eventually salinity of the drainage canal goes down until the water level of the drainage canal
goes down to allow the saline water leakage from the river side in December. The increase of the
salinity of the drainage canal is affected only in that part of the drainage canal within the short range
from the sluice. The salinity of the drainage canal is not affected in that part of the drainage canals that
is several hundreds meters far from the sluices.
The pilot project of high quality paddy seed production and the pilot project of vegetable cultivation
for income generation have been implemented. The paddy seed production was implemented during
the wet season and no direct irrigation water supply was expected from drainage canals, however,
vegetable cultivation was expected to produce vegetable during the dry season, and naturally the water
from the drainage canal was the vital source for irrigation to the vegetable cultivation. EC values were
obtained from the drainage canals 4.0
where the pilot project of vegetable
Thayetkone (Labuttaloke South)
cultivation was implemented. These
drainage canals are located several 3.0
hundreds meters away from the
sluices and the obtained EC values
2.0
are less than 3 mS/cm excepting one
Ec (mS/cm)
measurement in June before starting Nyaung Lein (Kyouk Hmaw)

the vegetable cultivation. The EC 1.0
values obtained in the periodic
measurements are less than 2 mS/cm
0.0
and it was judged adequate to be used
Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr
for irrigation water for vegetable 2010 2011
cultivation.
Figure 2.4-2 Ec of Canal Water for Irrigation of Vegetable
The measurement shall be continued
at the interval of preferably once a month. The monitoring of EC values is important for the
implementation of the vegetable cultivation pilot project. A number of sluice gates are going to be
rehabilitated by the pilot project. Therefore, the improvement of the salinity is one of the important
factors and the monitoring of EC should be continued for evaluation of the benefit and effect of the
Pilot Project of Dike Embankment and Sluice Rehabilitation.
(3) Treadle Pump
At present, small scale vegetable cultivation is practiced during dry season in the project area. The
irrigation water is carried and sprinkled by a pair of sprinkling cans with capacity of 4-5 gallons
(16-20 liters) each. Very limited numbers of farmers use engine pumps or treadle pumps. However,
when the sluices are rehabilitated and salt water intrusion from the river is prevented and naturally the
water quality of the drainage canal is improved, irrigated crop cultivation would be prevailed in the
40
area. Here we will discuss the future possibility of introduction of treadle pumps for dry season
cultivation.
a) Characteristics
The treadle pump is a portable, simple, low-cost, manpower operated water pump suitable for drawing
water from shallow wells, streams, canals or ponds where the water surface is less than 5 meters below
the ground surface of the pump installation.
The pump comprises two cylinders and pistons positioned side by side and a wire, which passes over a
pulley and joins the two pistons together so that when one piston is being pushed down, the other is
coming up. Each piston is connected to a treadle. The operator stands upright on the treadles and
presses them down alternately in a steady motion, similar to pressing the pedals of a bicycle.
It can be operated usually by one person. However, if two people can stand on the treadles, that will
increase the output of the pump and the operators will not tire as quickly and can operate the pump for
longer time.
The pump is usually provided with 50 mm diameter rigid suction hose with length suitable to reach the
water source and 50 mm diameter flexible layflat delivery hose. The suction hose connects the pump
to the water source and the mouth of the suction hose must placed deep in the water to avoid the air
entrainment. The delivery hose is laid out to convey the water direct to the plot of irrigation
application or the suitable place from where the flow is channeled by gravity to the plot of irrigation.
b) Capacity
The pump works by creating a vacuum in the cylinder of the piston that is raised. This sucks water into
pump through the intake pipe. On the down stroke of the piston, the water is discharged through the
discharge pipe.
The amount of water pumped per unit time will depend on:
- the strength, weight and stamina of the operator
- the vertical distance of the water surface below the pump intake
- the height of water raised from the pump to the end of delivery pipe
The numbers will differ in each situation. However the average pump that could be acquired in
Myanmar has discharge capacity 1.25 liter per stroke and it will deliver about 1 liter/second (l/s) when
operated by a single adult. The volume of water pumped will then depend on the length of time the
pumps is operating. An operator cannot pump continuously all day. Rather, the operator may pump for
20 or 30 minutes, rest, and then pump again.
If the total actual daily pumping time is 5 hours except time for setting and resetting the pump and
pipes and time for the rest and the average rate of flow is 4,800 liters/hour, the volume of water
pumped in one day for irrigation will approximately be 24 m3 (24,000 liters).
c) Store dealing in and price
Swiss NGO ESDAE (Ecological Systems by Development Aid, and Education) has introduced the
treadle pumps several years before and the pumps were applied to some projects. This organization has
already retreated from Myanmar. No equipment or information is available at present.
Irrigation Department suggested that another organization IDE (International Development Enterprise)
has the information and deals in treadle pumps. IDE is the leading organization established in
Myanmar in 2004 and distributed 67,000 sets of treadle pumps all over the Myanmar country.
However, very limited numbers of treadle pumps have been distributed in the project area because
irrigation water availability in dry season has been limited. The price of the treadle pump ranges from
15,000 Kyats to 43,000 Kyats depending on the specifications of the pump.
41
The information was also collected from one back-street workshop manufacturing treadle pumps.
According to the owner of the workshop only several sets of pumps has been sold up to now. The price
of one set of treadle pump including a suction pipe and a delivery pipe costs about 50,000 Kyats.
d) Possibility of treadle pump application to the project
Taking into consideration all the situations, the introduction of treadle pumps to the irrigation of dry
season crop cultivation would be recommended from the engineering point of view on the condition
that the dry season crop cultivation is prevailing and irrigation from the drainage canal is commonly
practiced.
2.4.2 Drainage
(1) General Situation
As the average annual rainfall is more than 3,000 mm, the role of drainage canal is very important.
There is no need to store abundant rainwater during rainy season. The slide gates of the sluice are kept
open from 15 May to mid-September and the drainage is controlled by the frap gates of the sluice to
keep the water level of the drainage canals as low as possible. The old river courses are functioning as
major drainage channels and small artificial drainage canals are connected as required in the areas with
embankment. Whereas in the areas surrounded by polder dikes, artificial drainage canals are
predominant.
In the final stage of the rainy season the slide gates of the sluice located end points of the drainage
canal are closed to store the fresh rainwater in the drainage canals. However, the salt water intrusions
are occasionally found through the degraded slide gates and also frap gates; hence the water
impounded in the drainage canal is contaminated with salty water.
The summary of the existing drainage canals in 34 polders are shown in Table 2.4-1. The dimension
of the cross sections of the drainage canals range as follows;
According to Hydrology Division, the capacities of the drainage facilities are usually so decided as to
drain the 5 days consecutive rain water of 5 years return period within 10 days. At the peak of the
rainy season, inundations on the paddy fields are sometimes found in the low-lying area or area with
insufficient drainage canal allocation. The drainage condition of the area with insufficient drainage
canal would be improved by providing new drainage canal. However improvement of drainage
condition in the low-lying area could not be achieved by the gravity drainage. The complete drainage
systems could be achieved by introducing the pumping-up drainage. However, the pumping-up
drainage systems cannot be proposed in this stage from the view point of cost and effect (benefit)
consideration. Top Width
Top width 10ft (3.0m) - 350ft (105.0m) Depth

Bottom width 4ft (1.2m) - 150ft (45.0m)
Depth 1.5ft (0.45m) - 18ft (5.4m) Bottom Width
1,200m
The length of the drainage canals varies from
0.03 mile to 13.0 mile. The total length of the
drainage canals in the project area of 1,342 km2
flow Drainage Canal
in 34 polders is 1,109 km. The average density
of the drainage canals is calculated at 0.83
flow flow
km/km2. That means 830 m of drainage canal is
830m
provided in each 1 km2 of drainage area which 600m 600m

is equal to 830 m x 1,200 m of area as illustrated
below;
It is easily understood that the average drainage
2 2 2
0.5km +0.5km =1.0km
42
Table 2.4-1 Summary of Existing Drainage Canal

Density of
No. of
Drainage No. of Length of Drainage
Township No. Polder Drainage Remarks
Area (km2) Sluice Drainage Canal Canal
Canal
(km/km3)
(mile) (km)
1 Alegyun(1)polder 16.7 3 9 16.62 26.7 1.60
2 Alegyun(2)polder 36.1 4 26 26.04 41.9 1.16
Ngaputaw 3 Alegyun(3)polder 36.4 4 14 19.87 32.0 0.88
4 Magyibinmadaukan 5.5 0.0 0.00 Embankment
Sub-total 94.7 11 49 62.53 100.6 1.06
5 Thingangyi 7.0 2 0.0 0.00 Embankment
6 Zinywe 6.2 0.0 0.00 Embankment
7 Leikkwin 3.8 0.0 0.00 Embankment
8 Labutta South 28.6 3 13 20.35 32.7 1.14
9 Labutta North 78.3 10 40 57.43 92.4 1.18
Labutta 10 U Gaungpu 3.7 3 0.0 0.00
11 Bitud Island (1) 19.0 2 12 14.69 23.6 1.24
12 Bitud Island (2) 27.8 4 33 37.59 60.5 2.18
13 Bitud Island (3) 32.1 4 26 28.80 46.3 1.44
14 Bitud Island (4) 76.4 6 45 80.57 129.6 1.70
Sub-total 282.9 34 169 239.42 385.2 1.36
15 Daunggyi polder 98.9 6 32 51.66 83.1 0.84
16 Daunggyi East 89.3 3 9 27.40 44.1 0.49
Bogalay 17 Daunggyi West 69.4 4 20 31.90 51.3 0.74
18 Daunggyi Upper 13.8 1 2 4.36 7.0 0.51
Sub-total 271.4 14 63 115.32 185.5 0.68
19 Dawnyein polder 12.0 1 10 14.00 22.5 1.88
20 Myokone polder 22.8 1 16 17.00 27.4 1.20
21 Kyetphamwezaung 125.7 7 50 66.25 106.6 0.85
22 Banbwezu 53.3 7 36 33.00 53.1 1.00
Pyapon
23 Daydalu 17.2 1 5 7.00 11.3 0.65
24 Letpanbin 34.6 4 11 14.00 22.5 0.65
25 Zinbaung 26.7 4 14 13.00 20.9 0.78
Sub-total 292.3 25 142 164.25 264.3 0.90
26 Myaseinkan 54.7 0.0 0.00 Embankment
27 Thandi 13.9 7 43.00 69.2 4.98 Embankment
28 Suclubbaluma 29.5 0.0 0.00 Embankment
Daydaye 29 Hleseikchaunggyi 9.1 0.0 0.00 Embankment
30 Tamatakaw 53.5 0.0 0.00 Embankment
31 Kyonsoat 2.4 0.0 0.00 Embankment
Sub-total 163.1 0 7 43.00 69.2 0.42
32 Maubin Island North 81.2 3 20.27 32.6 0.40
33 Maubin Island South 110.0 4 19.58 31.5 0.29
Kyaiklatt
34 Thonegwakyun 46.1 7 24.55 39.5 0.86
Sub-total 237.3 0 14 64.40 103.6 0.44
Total 1,341.7 84 444 688.92 1,108.5 0.83
Source: List of Drainage Canal in the Polder Area Ayeyarwady Division Department of Irrigation
path to the drainage canal on the surface of the land is estimated at 600 m. This figure is fairly large. It
is generally considered that the adequate drainage path to the drainage canal should be 300m-400m in
43
the flat topography like the project area. (For example if rainwater runs surface of the land with the
gradient of 1/2,000, 30 cm water level difference is required between runoff starting point and the edge
of the drainage canal.) It is reported that the low lying parts of the project area sometimes encounter
the drainage problems damaging paddy cultivation and is considered as one of the reason that the
production of paddy does not increase to the level of the paddy production in the upper area within
Ayeyawady Region.
(2) Behavior of Water Level of Drainage Canal
The water level of the drainage canal fluctuates according to the rainfall discharges, riverside water
level and the gates operation. According to the engineer of the Irrigation Department, the gates in the
polders in the Ayeyawady Delta are operated by the simple operation rule. That is open the slide gates
on 15th May and close the slide gates in the last half month of September. Of course, the flap gates are
operated arbitrarily by difference of water level without any human control.
The water levels of river sides and canal sides are measured and recorded 3 times a day at 6:00, 12:00
and 18:00 together with the maximum and the minimum water levels and occurrence times by the gate
men employed by the Irrigation Department. The records are reported to the Township Irrigation
Department Office monthly and compiled in the office.
The water level records from October 2008 to March 2011 of 8 sluices in Labutta North Polder were
collected. Within this observation period, September 2009 became the critical month, because this
month had more than 40 inches of rainfall after the preceding big amount of rainfall, soils are
completely saturated and water was impounded deep on the paddy fields. The water levels of the
drainage canals and the maximum and. minimum. River water levels in said eight (8) sluices are
shown in Appendix 5-2. It is understood from the figure that credibility of the data on Latwalkwal
Sluice is doubtful because water level fluctuation cannot be explained theoretically. The water level of
the drainage canal went down even the lowest level of the river water level although the big amount of
rainfall continued and drained water came out from the paddy fields.
The summary of drainage condition of highest drainage canal water levels in the year 2009 and 2010
and number of days of water levels above the average lowest paddy fields at eight (8) sluices are
shown in Table 2.4-2.
Table 2.4-2 Summary of Darinage Condition at the 8 Sluices in Labutta North Polder
No. Sluice Name R.D. River Name Lowest Year Max. Water Level of Drainage Canal
(feet) Paddy Field Water Leve Date Water depth above
Level (feet) (feet) (feet) Paddy Field
(Days)
2009 3.8 9.9.2009 1.3 6
1 Danedan 9,220 Sa Gyin 2.5
2010 0.5 5.8.2010 no 0
2 Latwalkwal 28,800 Sa Gyin 2.0 2009 4.1 7.9.2009 2.1 10
2010 2.5 5.8.2010 0.5 2
Thet Ke 2009 3.8 8.9.2009 1.8 7
3 Mayan 57,600 2.0
Thaung 2010 2.3 9.8.2010 0.3 1
Thet Ke 2009 5.6 7.9.2009 0.6 2
4 Laputttaloke 94,700 5.0
Thaung 2010 3.1 5.8.2010 no 0
2009 3.8 9.9.2009 1.3 11
5 Hpobe 135,200 Kyauk Pyu 2.5
2010 3.0 21.7.2010 0.5 10
2009 3.8 9.9.2009 1.8 50
6 Danechaung 156,400 Kyauk Pyu 2.0
2010 2.0 15.7.2010 no 0
Kyaukchaun Kyaukchaun 2009 3.8 10.9.2009 1.2 7
7 173,700 2.6
g g Yae Kyaw 2010 2.2 24.8.2010 no 0
8 Shansu 195,500 Ywe 3.2 2009 4.5 7.9.2009 1.3 3
2010 2.7 5.8.2010 no 0
44
For the discussion of the drainage capacity, the typical sample of the behavior of water levels of the
drainage canal side and the river side in September 2009 is shown in Figure 2.4-3. As seen from the
Figure, heavy rainfall is concentrated in the
10
beginning of September. The water levels of Rainfall
8
both the drainage canal side and river side
6
went up by the discharge caused by the large
Inch
amount of rainfall. The water level of the 4
2
drainage canal side exceeded the level of the
average lowest paddy field surface for five 0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
days with the maximum water depth above the 8.0
paddy field 0.6 feet and the water level
6.0 Max River Water Level
fluctuations have little correlation with the Average Lowest Paddy Field
daily water level fluctuations in the riversides 4.0
but have close correlation with the rainfall
discharges. The peak water level in the 2.0Feet
Water Level of Drainage Canal
drainage canals went down slowly for several
0.0
weeks. The drainage capacity of both canals 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
and sluices seems to be insufficient. However -2.0 Min River Water Level
for the monsoon paddy cultivation, the

-4.0
capacity deficiency would not bring vital Figure 2.4-3 Drainage Condition of Labuttaloke Sluice
damage.
(3) Salinity of Soil
Salinity is a negative factor for growing agricultural crop that affects seriously crop production.
Cyclone Nargis has brought salt to the agriculture land inside polder dikes by the result of damage of
polder dikes or overtopping over the crest of the dikes by the high tides or the waves generated by the
strong wind and low atmospheric pressure of cyclone Nargis. The cyclone struck the Ayeyawady Delta
on 2-3 May 2008, which was just before the wet season paddy cultivation started. It is considered that
there was no agricultural crop plant growing on the surface of the paddy land, however the surface soil
was almost saturated by the considerable amount of rainfall (say 60 mm that took place in the
preceding one week, but the water levels of the drainage canals were low. The intruded salt water
remained on the surface of the paddy field for relatively short periods (2 to 3 days), and during
occupation period of the salt water, the salt water did not go deep down into soils which were already
almost saturated with rain water. The remaining salt water flowed out as the water level of the river or
the sea went down.
The wet season paddy cultivation has started in the year 2008 in the condition described above. The
rainfall water in the wet season infiltrated into the soil and some leaching effects were accomplished.
However the salt content was still high and the proper growing of the wet season paddy was
discouraged. The yield of the paddy in the year 2008 was counted at only 10 baskets/acre (0.57
ton/ha).
Because the rainfall water was impounded for several months on the surface of the paddy field for the
wet season paddy cultivation, the leaching was accelerated and the salt concentration has remarkably
reduced. The growing of the wet season paddy cultivation in the year 2009 was much better than the in
2008 with a yield that has reached 40 baskets/acre (2.28 ton/ha). Judging from the amounts of yield, it
can be considered that the salt in the plow layer (about 20 cm depth from the surface) has almost been
leached.
The soil EC value in Labutta North has been obtained from practical field measurement by our
agronomist (refer to section 2.3.5 Agricultural Damage by Cyclone Nargis). According to the result of
45
the field test, EC value of eight 8 samples shows less than 3 mS/cm. Judging from the results of the
tests, it seems that salt has already leached out. The survey on the soil salinity was sub-contracted to
the local consulting firm Golden Plain Agricultural Products Cooperative Society Ltd.. The soil
samples were collected from the paddy fields of the selected plots in each polder from 28th January to
14 February 2010. Soil profiles from Table 2.4-3 Salinity (Electric Conductivity) of Soil
two different depths, 15 cm depth as Ece
surface soil samples and 50 cm depth. Township No. Polder Sample Village ms/cm Rank
In one sample plot, five places were dug 1 Alegyun(1)polder Hponyokone 9.49 B
2 Alegyun(2)polder Hpobagankone 10.36 C
and the samples from the same depth 3 Alegyun(3)polder Ingaday 10.87 C
were mixed for the test sample. Judging 4 Magyibinmadaukan Madaukan 18.69 C
from the result of the test, there is no 5 Thingangyi Nalinkyaw 22.34 C
significant diversity between the 6 Zinywe Koebo 22.46 C
7 Leikkwin Leikkwin 5.01 B
samples from the different depths. Labutta 8 Labutta South Kyarnkan 3.42 B
Therefore, the discussion hereafter will 9 Labutta North Daminchaunglay 2.67 A
10 U Gaungpu Kangyidaunt 14.27 C
be made based on the result of the 11 Bitud Island (1) Zeebyu 3.80 B
salinity tests of the samples from the 15 12 Bitud Island (2) Lay-ein tan 2.94 A
cm depth. 13 Bitud Island (3) Kabarkwin 2.82 A
14 Bitud Island (4) Leik-i 4.01 B
The results of the soil salinity tests are 15 Daunggyi polder Daunggyi 3.28 B
16 Daunggyi East Hpoe-nyo 4.92 B
given in Table 2.4-3. Polders are Bogalay
17 Daunggyi West Paung De 6.70 B
categorized according to the value of the 18 Daunggyi Upper Kamarkula 8.40 B
EC(e). The ranking of the EC(e) value is 19 Dawnyein polder Dawnyein 42.88 D
categorized as follows; 20 Myokone polder Hpa-yar-kone 11.86 C
21 Kyetphamwezaung Okkapar 3.45 B
However, these EC(e) values were Pyapon 22 Banbwezu Koe-ein tan 2.65 A
23 Daydalu Ngoat ta htaung 4.57 B
obtained from the soil samples taken in 24 Letpanbin Letpanbin 3.99 B
mid-dry season from the end of January 25 Zinbaung Tinpalwair 3.42 B
to beginning of February. The soils 26 Myaseinkan Akeichaungwa 12.46 C
27 Thandi Baygyi 3.39 B
where drainage conditions are poor and 28 Suclubbaluma Hnarkhaungchaung 4.80 B
water remains after the harvesting of Daydaye 29 Hleseikchaunggyi Lay 3.52 B
paddy, the salinity of soil will be 30 Tamatakaw Toe 4.52 B
31 Kyonsoat Kawet 10.64 C
increased by the condensation of 32 Maubin Island North Hlaingtar 1.54 A
stagnant water. Incomplete drainage Kyaiklatt 33 Maubin Island South Tharyawel 3.02 B
34 Thonegwakyun Tamatpyay 2.39 A
condition of sub-surface water (water Source: Water Quality an d S oil Quality Survey by Go lden Plain Co operative Soc ie ty Ltd.
logging) also causes the increase of the
salinity of the soil by the evaporation from the surface of the soil during the dry season.
FAO Field Guide gives the leaching water requirement for the each salinity level as follows;
Initial EC(e) value Required water
(mS/cm) (mm)
10 315
15 430
20 540
25 650
30 765
Judging from the above table, leaching water requirement for each salinity rank is estimated as
follows;
Rank EC(e) Required Water No. of Polders
(mS/cm) (mm)
A Less than 3 Non 6
B 3<EC(e)<10 300 18
C 10<EC(e)<25 600 9
D Greater than 25 900 1
46
Judging from the pattern of distribution of rainfall which usually starts mid-May, the required period
of rainfall is roughly estimated as follows;
- Rank A has no special restriction for growing paddy from the salinity point.
- Rank B needs leaching by flooding with rain water in the plots about one month duration with
frequent drainage.
- Rank C needs leaching by flooding with rain water in the plots about one and half month
duration with frequent drainage.
- Rank D is special case and the data has lack of creditability. If this data is true, more than two
month duration of leaching would be necessary.
The project area is blessed with affluent rainfall in wet season. Therefore, before transplanting paddy
in the beginning of wet season, it is practically possible to wait one or two months until the paddy
fields are leached by flooding of the rain water. It is the most applicable method for reducing the
salinity of the soil.
According to the FAO Field Guide, if the EC(e) is less than 3 mS/cm there will be practically no harm
to the crop and no yield loss will be incurred. If the EC(e) is greater than 3 mS/cm the yield loss is
given as follows;
- If the EC(e) is less than 4, the yield loss will be less than 10%
- If the EC(e) is more than 4, the yield loss will be 10 20%
- If the EC(e) is more than 6, the yield loss will be 20 50%
- If the EC(e) is more than 10, the yield loss will be more than 50%
However, the leaching effect on the plow sole and the consolidated clay or silt layer would have been
limited, and it is considered to take longer time to leach the salt completely from these layers. Taking
longer time for leaching means that the quantity of salt to be leached in one cropping season is small
and the salt contents could be regulated to the harmless level for the crops, and it is anticipated that the
ill effects of salt on crops would become minor.
As there is more than 3,000 mm of rainfall every year, the area already passed two rainy seasons and
the leaching process has been accelerated rapidly. It is expected that one or two more rainy seasons
will bring the solution on the salt concentration problems. However, in the restricted low lying areas
where thick consolidated clayey soil is prevailing or the areas where the distance to the drainage canal
is too far or the depth of the drainage canal is too shallow, there is a need to deepen by dredging the
existing drainage canal or to provide new on-farm drainage canals along the farm plots. But these
components will not be included in the project except rehabilitation of dredging deposited or collapsed
soil nearby the sluices. The only problems that remain are those located in the low lying area adjacent
to the swampy saline soils which face difficulties with drainage and reclamation will require huge
earth works and project cost.
The Labutta North polder was selected for the pilot project area. By the overall EC values of polder
wide measurement shows Labutta North is classified as Rank A which means safe for vegetable
cultivation. At the commencement of the On-site Seed Production Pilot Project, EC measurements at
the pin point sites have been carried out. The results are shown below:
Sr Farmers Name Village Name EC (1:5) ECe (1:5)

No. Soil: Water Soil: Water
ms/cm ms/cm
1 Daw Khin Yi Kyaut Hmaw 0.19 1.20
2 U Zaw Oo Kyaut Hmaw 0.12 0.75
3 U Hla Ngwe Myo Ma (9) 0.08 0.48
4 U Myint Lwin Myo Ma (9) 0.07 0.44
47
The results show there is no concentration of salinity in the soils and impounding of rain water in the
paddy fields before planting seedlings of paddy would not be required.
EC measurements were also conducted in the fields of Pilot project of Income Generation Vegetable
Cultivation. There is no EC problem on the soil together with irrigation water to be applied.
2.5 Present Condition of Agricultural and Rural Infrastructure in the Project Area
2.5.1 Polder Dikes and Sluices
The relation between river water level and rainfall inside the polder is as follows. During wet season,
rainwater is accumulated inside the polder then water is drained to the river outside of the polder
through the sluice gate. During dry season, on the other hand, canal water level inside the polder
becomes lower than the river water level at high tide, thus sluice gates need to have a function not to
flow salty river water into the polder. Consequently, sluice structure need to have both functions,
namely to drain excess rainwater inside the polder to the outside as well as to stop river water flowing
into the polder. From this reason, two types of gates are installed at the sluice, one is flap gates at the
river side to stop river water not flowing into the polder, and the other is slide gates at the polder side
to drain and control excess fresh water to the outside. Both the quality and quantity of the drainage
canal water inside the polder are controlled by using these two types of gates (refer to the illustration
below).
Mangrove
Monsoon rain
High tide Slide gate
Dike
River
(Saline) Polder
Farmland (paddy)
Sluice
Flap gate Canal (fresh water)
Figure 2.5-1 Polder Dike Schematic Section

Present condition and existing facilities of 34 polders in the Project Area are as follows;
Present Condition of Existing Dike: Small & Low Present Condition of Existing Sluice: Slide Gate Side
(January 2010, at the time of high tide ) (January 2010 )
48
Table 2.5-1 Existing Facilities of 34 Polders in Project Area

Protected Area Dike Length Sluice Protected Area Dike Length Sluice
Township No. Name of Polder 2
(km ) (km)
Township No. Name of Polder 2
(km ) (km)
(nos.) (nos.)
Labutta 1 Alegyun (1) 16.7 21.6 3 Phyapon 19 Daw Nyein 12.0 22.5 1
2 Alegyun (2) 36.1 36.5 4 20 Myokone 22.8 27.4 2
3 Alegyun (3) 36.5 28.4 4 21 Kyetphamwezaung 125.7 74.1 7
4 Magybinmadaukkan 5.5 5.5 0 22 Banbwezu 53.3 41.9 7
5 Thingangyi 7.0 10.1 0 23 Daydalu 17.2 20.9 1
6 Zinywe 6.2 9.7 0 24 Lepanbin 34.6 32.2 4
7 Leikkwin 3.8 6.0 1 25 Zinbaung 26.7 24.2 4
8 Labutta (South) 28.7 32.5 3 Sub Total 292.3 243.1 26
9 Labutta (North) 78.3 61.2 9 Daydaye 26 Myaseinkan 54.7 21.7 0
10 U Gaungpu 3.7 8.4 0 27 Thandi 13.9 6.8 0
11 Bitud Island (1) 19.0 22.6 2 28 Suclubbaluma 29.5 11.9 0
12 Bitud Island (2) 27.8 29.9 4 29 Hleseikchaunggyi 9.1 11.9 0
13 Bitud Island (3) 32.2 45.1 4 30 Tamatakaw 53.5 11.3 0
14 Bitud Island (4) 76.4 65.3 6 31 Kyonsoat 2.4 8.1 0
Sub Total 377.8 382.8 40 Sub Total 163.0 71.7 0
Bogalay 15 Daunggyi 98.9 59.6 6 Kyaiklatt 32 Maubin Island (North) 110.0 20.0 0
16 Daunggyi (East) 89.3 54.6 3 33 Maubin Island (South) 46.1 7.1 3
17 Daunggyi (West) 69.4 50.9 4 34 Thonegwakyun 81.2 35.8 6
18 Daunggyi (Upper) 13.8 16.9 1 Sub Total 237.3 62.9 9
Sub Total 271.4 181.9 14 Grand Total 1,341.7 942.4 89
The alignment of polder dike depends on the topographic condition. One is shown as full ring-shape in
case of lower elevation on whole polder and the other shown as half ring-shape of river side in case of
higher elevation on inland.
It is judged from the field inspection that the crest elevation of polder dikes had already lowered
considerably by about 0.9 - 0.6m (4.0 - 3.0 ft) on the average before the cyclone Nargis, from their
original heights when constructed by Lower Burma Paddy Land Development Project, Phase I & II in
1980s, due to settlement of embankment, erosion by rainfall, wind-drift and others. Under those
conditions, high tides and high waves of the river induced by the Nargis had overflowed the polder
dikes and caused a great deal of damage to the inside of the polder. After cyclone Nargis, emergency
restoration works for all damaged polder dikes have been implemented to recover the original height
of the embankment by ID.
Direction of overtopping of river water
Emergency rehabilitation done by ID
Erosion of dike
by overtopping
Traces of
side borrow
East Side in Labutta (North) Polder South West Side in Labutta (North) Polder
At the sluice facilities, leakage is observed through flap gates as well as slide gates. At some sluices,
entire gates have disappeared or gates are not operational due to broken gate hoist including damages
of concrete base.
49
Broken gate hoist by Nargis
A lot of leakage observed at slide gates
Function of gates has been assessed by evaluating the differences in water level (WL) and electric
conductivity (EC) between both sides of flap & slide gate. When such differences become big, the
functional condition of gates are judged as adequate and satisfactory. Table 2.5-2 shows the
differences in water levels and electric conductivities measured at sluices in the Labutta North and
Daunggyi polders. From the said table, it is evaluated that good condition is only when the EC value
of the external river exceeds more than twice as large as it internal water. From this point of view,
about one third of sluices in the Labutta North polder are evaluated to be functioning well, and on the
contrary all sluices in Daunggyi polder are evaluated as not functioning well.
Table 2.5-2 Differences in Water Level and EC Value at Labutta and Bogalay
Labutta North Polder in Labutta Township
Sluice Name Date/Time EC Difference of EC Date/Time WL Difference of
No. (River - Landside) WL (ft)
(Survey Side) of EC survey (mS/m) of WL survey (ft)
Danetan (Riverside) 30/01/2010 15.57 20/01/2010 -4.0
1 6.57 0.5
Danetan (Landrside) 1:00 p.m. 9.00 8:10 a.m. -3.5
Latwalkwal (R) 30/01/2010 12.77 20/01/2010 -4.0
2 3.50 1.7
Latwalkwal (L) 1:30 p.m. 9.27 8:45 a.m. -2.3
Mayan-S (R) 30/01/2010 5.20 20/01/2010 -0.5
3 1.40 2.7
Mayan-S (L) 2:30 p.m. 2.80 10:20 a.m. -3.2
Mayan-N (R) 30/01/2010 7.73 20/01/2010 -0.5
4 (good) 4.56 2.7
Mayan-N (L) 3:00 p.m. 3.17 10:20 a.m. -3.2
Labuttaloke (R) 30/01/2010 12.37 19/01/2010 2.0
5 (good) 9.87 3.0
Labuttaloke (L) 3:30 p.m. 2.50 1:00 p.m. -1.0
Shansu (R) 30/01/2010 15.07 19/01/2010 -3.1
6 (good) 9.07 2.6
Shansu (L) 4:45 p.m. 4.00 8:15 a.m. -0.5
Kyaukchaung (R) 31/01/2010 11.10 11/01/2010 -1.5
7 1.10 1.0
Kyaukchaung (L) 8:00 a.m. 10.00 2:00 p.m. -0.5
Danechaung (R) 31/01/2010 10.93 19/01/2010 -0.8
8 0.23 0.2
Danechaung (L) 10:00 a.m. 10.70 10:15 a.m. -1.0
Hpobe (R) 31/01/2010 3.20 19/01/2010 1.0
9 0.60 1.0
Hpobe (L) 11:00 a.m. 2.60 11:00 a.m. 0.0
Daunggyi Polder in Bogalay Township
Kathapaung (R) 02/02/2010 5.67 02/02/2010 1.5
1 0.27 1.0
Kathapaung (L) 10:00 a.m. 5.40 1:00 p.m. 0.5
Kyonekaw (R) 02/02/2010 5.80 02/02/2010 -3.0
2 1.67 2.0
Kyonekaw (L) 11:00 a.m. 4.13 11:00 a.m. -1.0
50
Ahseelay (R) 02/02/2010 11.67

3 2.37
Ahsselay (L) 11:30 a.m. 9.30
Thalchaung (R) 02/02/2010 8.63
4 0.20
Thalchaung (L) 12:00 p.m. 8.43
Myitkyo (R) 02/02/2010 13.80
5 0.00
Myitkyo (L) 2:30 p.m. 13.80
Kalagyichaung (R) 02/02/2010 9.60
6 1.67
Kalagyichaung (L) 3:00 p.m. 7.93
Riverside (Flap gate) Landside (Slide gate) Riverside (Flap gate) Landside (Slide gate)
Dike Dike
W.L Flow W.L W.L Flow W.L
Difference of W.L
Difference of W.L
Sluice Sluice
1.2m Hydraulic gradient
Hydraulic gradient 1.2m
Case in suitable condition of Flap Gate Case in suitable condition of Slide Gate
Figure 2.5-2 Functional Condition of Flap and Sluice Gate at Sluice
Furthermore, variation of yearly expenses for Year Personnel Material Total O/M
ordinary operation & Maintenance (O/M) by ID is Expenses Expenses Expenses
(Kyat/Year) (Kyat/Year) (Kyat/Year)
shown in the right table for these 5 years on Labutta 2006/7 9,300,000 17,682,000 26,982,000
North Polder. 2007/8 9,300,000 34,336,000 43,636,000
2008/9 9,300,000 6,092,000 15,392,000
Personnel expenses increased in 2010 according to
2009/10 9,780,000 6,409,000 16,189,000
revision of base salary. On the other hand, material 2010/11 21,228,000 108,372,000 129,600,000
expenses is divided into regular O/M and special
repair, and expenses of special repair depends on the conditions of facilities needed repairing. In
addition, material expenses became bigger due to the inclusion of rehabilitation of the sluice
surrounding together with JICA pilot project.
As mentioned above, operation and maintenance efforts have been undertaken to maintain in good
conditions the r facilities under a very limited expenses.
2.5.2 Other Rural Infrastructure
(1) Rural Roads
The Yangon-Pathein road is fairly good. However, this road runs in the north out of the project area.
The major roads which connect the project area with the Yangon-Pathein road or the roads connecting
between townships are poor. Tar paved sections are limited. Most of the sections are paved with small
cobble or gravel and the paving is under progress. However these gravel paving is carried out without
machinery. Most of the gravel paved sections are left without compaction and grading. The roads are
very much bumpy and only four wheel drive vehicles and large buses and trucks can drive through the
roads. The widths of the roads are narrow. The total width of the roads including shoulders is
approximately 15 ft - 20 ft (4.5 - 6.0 m). It means that two large vehicles cannot pass smoothly without
one of two vehicles slowing down to provide space to the other to pass through.
The roads within the polders are also poor in condition. Even four wheel drive vehicles cannot traverse
on some parts of the roads. Most of the crests of the polder dikes are used as road; however some part
of these roads cannot be traverse by vehicles.
51
The roads in the towns are paved with tar or concrete and they are free from muddy trails of vehicles
in rainy season and also free from dust winding up by driving in dry season.
(2) Water Ponds for Drinking Water
The dominant source of drinking water prior to the cyclone Nargis was rainwater harvested by
households in large earthen pots (used during rainy
season) or in large community ponds (used more in
dry season). People are now drinking and using
unsafe surface water, due to house damage that
collapsed roof-rainwater harvesting systems. In
addition, up to 40% of the ponds have turned saline
or turbid due to flooding by the cyclone. The ponds
are square shaped (30mx30m - 50mx50m) with
bottoms excavated to 5 feet deep and surrounding
bank of 5 feet high. After Nargis, the water of most
of the ponds has once been drained and new fresh
rainwater is stored and the water is used for A pond for drinking water in Labutta
drinking and domestic purposes.
People are using different water treatment methods for drinking purpose. The most common water
treatment method in the affected area was straining the water through a cloth, 39%, followed by
boiling, 29%, and letting the water stand and settle, 22%. (Post-Nargis Periodic Review II)
Most villages have ponds for domestic water use. Villagers store water in these ponds in the wet
season for use during the dry season. However, the water quality in some ponds is not necessarily
good. Although two rainy seasons have already passed, saline water is sometimes found. As villagers
do not use saline pond water for domestic use nor they do not remove saline water due to lack of
proper ditch or drainage canal, the pond water remain saline.
Lack of sanitation facilities in camps and transition shelters presented an increase risk of diarrhea
disease due to the potential for contamination of surface water source. Latrines that existed prior to the
cyclone collapsed or were unsafe for use due to flooding. However, these sanitation facilities are now
completed or under rehabilitation and people are expecting to get water from safe water source.
2.6 Emergency Rehabilitation and Reconstruction implemented by the Government and
Donors
2.6.1 Rehabilitation and Reconstruction implemented by the Government
As previously stated in Section 2.5.1, emergency rehabilitation works to restore the crest elevation of
the dike to its original height before the Nargis have been completed already by the Government. It is,
however, considered that the crest elevations are not safe enough, and reconstruction of dikes with
necessary height to protect the service area from river flooding has been implemented by ID. At
present, 13 polders have already been completed while 9 polders are under construction, as shown in
Table 2.6-1
Table 2.6-1 Rehabilitation of Polder Dike Embankment by ID - Accomplishment
Completed 100% as of end of March in 2011 Progress (%) Under Construction as of end of March in 2011
Townshi Dike Dike Progress
Name of Polder Length Township Name of Polder Length
p (%)
(mile) (mile)
No.3 Alegyun (3) 17.65 No.5 Thingangyi 6.30 68
No.4 Mgyibinmadaukan 3.40 No.11 Bitud Island (1) 14.02 23
Labutta Labutta
No.6 Zinywe 6.00 No.12 Bitud Island (2) 18.60 7
No.14 Bitud Island (4) 40.53 No.13 Bitud Island (3) 28.00 54
52
Bogalay No.17 Daungggyi (West) 31.60 No.15 Daungggyi 37.00 17

Bogalay
No.19 Dawnyein 14.00 No.16 Daungggyi (East) 33.90 36
No.20 Myokone 17.00 No.21 Kyetphamwezaun 46.00 6
Phyapon Phyapon
No.23 Daydalu 13.00 No.25 Zinbaung 15.00 18
No.24 Letpanbin 20.00 Daydaye No.26 Myaseinkan 13.50 72
No.27 Thandi 4.25
No.28 Suclubbaluma 7.40
Daydaye
No.30 Tamatakaw 7.00
No.31 Kyonsoat 5.00
Total 13 Nos. 186.83 Total 9 Nos. 212.32
2.6.2 Rehabilitation and Reconstruction implemented by Donors

It is reported that some donors have expressed their intent to participate in the rehabilitation and
reconstruction works of polders. However, to this day, the Consortium of Dutch NGOs (CDN) has
only participated in the rehabilitation of the whole sluice gates and a part of polder dike in Bitud Island
(1). Other plans and programs for rehabilitation works are still not clear at this time.
2.6.3 Reconstruction Plans by Government and Donors
Reconstruction works of polder dikes have been already undertaken by ID as mentioned above, and
consecutive program for remaining 12 polders will be implemented by ID after 2011/2012 dry season.
2.6.4 Design and Construction Standards on Civil Work
Technical standards as to polder dike and sluice have not been established yet by the Irrigation
Department (ID). At present however, design criteria for three civil engineering fields, namely fill
dam, head works and canal works, were prepared in 1997 as edited by ITC under ID from the land
improvement project in JAPAN with technical cooperation by JICA. For the technical fields other than
the above three, design and construction have been made based on standards of donor countries or
experience of engineers.
2.6.5 Procurement Procedure and Condition
Government projects in relation to polder dike are normally undertaken by force account work by ID
and contracted work by private contractors. Private contractors are usually procured through either
international tender or domestic tender depending on project nature. The following are the general
procurement procedure on government project for international and domestic tenders;
< Procurement procedure for international tender >
- Invitation of tender
- Opening international competitive bidding
- Various evaluations by technical and financial evaluation committee
- Decision by central procurement committee
- Approval of state trade council
< Procurement procedure for domestic tender >
- Invitation of tender
- Opening competitive bidding
- Various evaluations by technical and financial evaluation committee
- Negotiation and decision by the committee
- Approval of respective ministry
As to procurement conditions in Myanmar, basic plate and steel section of special steel (stainless steel)
are imported from China and Thailand while high quality cement is imported from Thailand. But
normal cement is mostly produced in Myanmar.
53
The ID has made many contracted works with private contractors since 1996 on condition that
contractors have necessary number of construction equipment as well as qualified and experienced
engineers. Therefore, many engineers retired from ID have been employed by private contractors and
made use of their experience in the design and implementation of the project. However, private
contractors with sufficient number of backhoes and bulldozers are only few. For instance, contractors
with more than 20 numbers of backhoes and bulldozers were only 3 out of 7 contractors who were
requested to submit quotation in the pilot project phase-1.
2.6.6 Government Budget
Figure 2.6-1 shows the organization of the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation (MOAI).
Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation

(MOAI)
Department of Agricultural
Planning (DAP)
Myanma Settlement and Land Agricultural Mechanization Yezin Agricultural Survey

Agriculture Records Department Department University (YAU) Department
Service (MAS) (SLRD) (AMD) (SD)
Irrigation Myanma Agricultural Myanma Industrial Department of Water Resource

Department Development Bank Crops Development Agricultural Research Utilization Department
(ID) (MADB) Enterprise (MICDE) (DAR) (WRUD)
Jute & Fiber Cotton & Sericulture Sugarcane Department Perennial Crops and
Department Department Farms Division
Figure 2.6-1 Organization Chart of Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation (MOAI)

The Government allocates annual budget in two categories, namely current and capital. The current
budget is used for O&M of existing facilities, staff salary and other services. The capital budget is for
new project (i.e. construction project), extensions and renovations. The total budget of ID was 110,811
million Kyats in the year 2010 2011.
Table 2.6-2 Annual Budget of Irrigation Department (Million Kyats)
Year Current Capital Total
2001 2002 4,111.55 17,201.11 21,312.66
2002 2003 4,639.42 21,394.71 26,034.13
2003 2004 7,995.54 27,919.69 35,915.23
2004 2005 9,977.17 27,495.93 37,473.10
2005 2006 11,642.11 43,755.57 55,397.68
2006 2007 20,259.28 48,862.95 69,122.23
2007 2008 24,796.41 70,560.54 95,356.95
2008 2009 27,186.94 126,043.13 153,230.07
2009 2010 32,635.77 88,134.43 120,770.20
2010 2011 37,112.88 73,698.86 110,811.74
54
2.7 Identification of Problems on Preservation of Farming Area for Urgent Rehabilitation

of Agricultural Production and Rural Life
2.7.1 Problems on Agricultural and Rural Infrastructure
As briefly mentioned in the previous paragraph 2.5, problems on agriculture and rural infrastructure
are shown as follows;
1) Low height of polder dike: Emergency rehabilitation work to restore the crest elevation of the
dike to its original height before the Nargis has been completed already by the Government (ID).
It is, however, considered that the crest elevations are not safe enough, because at the original
design and construction in the early 1980s, the heights of embankment are designed to protect a
flood of 20 years recurrence period only. Intrusion of saline water occurred several times in the
past causing considerable damages to the farming of the empoldered area. It seems that an
occurrence similar to Nargis will greatly affect the delta area again.
2) Poor water tightness of sluice gates: In accordance with non-rehabilitation of damage and leakage
on most of sluice gates, salt concentration of water in the drainage are kept high due to saline
water intrusion through damaged sluice, making difficult to improve farming activities in the
served areas. In addition, inundation on farm occurs due to poor drainage caused by uncontrolled
sluice gate in wet season. The said condition makes it difficult to improve the preservation of
farming area and farming activities in the served areas. These problems are usually caused by
astronomical tide through wet/dry season at present.
2.7.2 Problems on Farming
Based on the present condition of agriculture in the project area as explained in the previous section
2.3, major problems on farming in the project area can be summarized as follows:
1) Poor farming technique: Since natural condition of polder areas in terms of mainly soil have been
deteriorated, adequate farm management is essential to reduce such risk. Most of farmers in
polder areas have practiced traditional farming such as use of ordinary (low quality) seed,
inadequate use of fertilizer, non-regular row transplanting method, etc. which have kept their
productivity low. Such situation can decrease productivity of farming.
2) Lack of support on farming technique: Extension work has important role for improving farming
technique of farmers. However, the number of staff of MAS which is the responsible agency to
provide extension services to farmers was drastically decreased during the past 10 years.
Consequently it has resulted to the slowing of agricultural developments.
3) Lack of farming inputs: Lack of farming input is one of the major problems in the project area for
a longtime. Among problems, lack of seed, fertilizer, animal-power and agricultural finance have
become serious especially after Nargis. Inputs such as seed and fertilizer are required at every
cropping season on permanent basis. Therefore, supply of these inputs should be secured to
realize agricultural recovery and further development in the polder area on medium and long term
basis.
Lack of adequate agricultural loan is also serious issue and farmers have to go to the private
agricultural loan, which requires very high interest rate. Thus, most of farmers have practiced unstable
agricultural production in terms of financial condition. Farmers are forced to sell their paddy
immediately after harvest to repay their loan even at lower price.
2.7.3 Problems on Livelihood and Income Sources
Inhabitants of this area (or almost all rural areas in Myanmar) are divided into tillers right holders and
landless people. Almost all of tillers right holders are into paddy cultivation by employing farm
workers except those who own tillers right of smaller areas. Landless households account for more
55
than 40% of the people in Myanmar12 but it increase to more than three-fourths in Labutta North
Polder13 and 73% in all 34 polders14 after the cyclone. The income generation plan will target these
landless households.
Problems of landless households in the target area are identified as follows.
1) Low level of income: The main problem of landless households is low income and lack of income
generation opportunities. Present Condition Survey revealed that the average annual income in
2007 for farmer household is 5,381,009 Kyats while that of landless household is 1,743,234
Kyats; in 2009 it was 3,866,402 Kyats for land right holders and 1,422,448 Kyats for landless
household. If the annual income of landless household is divided by five (average household size),
per capita annual income was 348,647 Kyats in 2007 and 284,490 Kyats in 2009 or $269 in 2007
and $261 respectively15. This income is below poverty threshold of one dollar for one day, the
target of objective of the United Nation Millennium Development Goal.
2) Little opportunity of increasing income: Opportunity of increasing income for landless
households is limited in the project area. Many of landless people are paddy workers and casual
labour who do wage work or fishery as fishery worker, while very few landless households get
income as tenant of paddy cultivation. Especially in the former case, income of landless
households coming from farmers is rather low due to low productivity of rice production. Also, a
number of landless people go to the southern part of the Ayeyawady Delta as temporary fishery
worker. There are very few cottage industries like salt production and traditional manufacture in
the target area. However, opportunity of wage labour increases in some areas such as New
District Centre of Labutta District and construction of roads inside and connecting polders
3) Lack of skills for production: Landless households have very limited skills. They have low
capability to generate income themselves due to low education level and little opportunity for
learning modern technology/technique for generating new income. This means they have little
knowledge and experience of income generation activities. Also, they have no means of
production (land, boat) except to do manual labour. A few full-time fishermen have fishery
license and own fishery boats and fishing nets but they are rare exception (generally these people
are rich and out of the scope for income generation).
4) Lack of outside support: Systematical supports from outside for enhancing their capacity is not
generally available though there were many direct supports (in-kind, projects) in the years within
the areas affected by Cyclone Nargis. Market information has not been collected in the target area
and it may cause discrepancy of production/harvest volume and amount of income.
5) Limited usable natural resources: Natural resources are limited for landless households. Land is
largely used for paddy production and other land use is not common. Water inside polders is
actually saline but it will be fresh after dike embankments and sluices are rehabilitated. This is
only one positive condition for landless households.
2.7.4 Problems on Mangrove Windbreak
Regarding degradation of mangrove forest in the Ayeyawady Delta, the UNEP report, Learning from
Cyclone Nargis, describes detailed situation. According to this report, in the last 80 years, nearly 75%
of mangrove trees in the Ayeyawady Delta have been lost, mainly due to the result of human activities.
Figure 2.7-1 shows that from a peak of about 260,000 ha (625,222 acres) in 1924, mangrove forests
decreased to 67,000 ha (160,930 acres) in 2007. Nearly half of losses of mangroves were observed in
the last 15 years, especially after 2001.
12
Source: Agricultural Sector Review and Investment Strategy, UNDP/FAO, 2004
13
Source: Interview to village tract chairmen
14
Source: Present condition survey
15
Exchange rate was 1 USD = 1,296 Kyat in 2007 and 1,090 Kyat in 2009 according to the World Fact Book (CIA).
56
The main reason for mangrove deforestation is the harvesting of timber for firewood and charcoal for
home consumption as well as income generation. Other driving factors include conversion to paddy
fields, salt farms, shrimp ponds and settlement areas. Mangrove deforestation has taken place in
communal lands and land leased by individuals from the government, as well as in reserved and
protected forests.
The loss and damage of mangrove
700,000
forest as a result of Nargis is
600,000
particularly critical, which affected
500,000
about 16,800 ha (41,514 acres) of
Acres
400,000
natural forest and 21,000 ha
300,000
(51,892 acres) of forest plantation.
200,000
Survey by Mr. Maung Maung Than,
100,000
director of FD, indicated
0
significant destruction of mangrove
24 54 74 83 90 95 01 07
in the direct path of the cyclone
Year
and in adjacent areas. Defoliation
and damage to branches ranged
from 38.9 to 55.6% and damage to Figure 2.7-1 Changes of Mangrove Forest Areas in
crown was between 12.8 to 19.8%. Ayeyawady Delta
Uprooting of trees was notably higher in the direct path of the storm (56.7%) than elsewhere (4.2%).
On the other hand, the case that the mangrove defended a lot of resident against the damage of
Cyclone Nargis was reported. The report of rapid survey for damage by Cyclone Nargis which was
implemented by JICA project team for mangrove integrated management through participatory
approach in Ayeyawady Delta introduced some case. According to the report, a lot of residents who
received big damage by Cyclone Nargis were rescued by mangrove forest. The residents run into the
mangrove forest and they held tightly to branch of mangrove tree during the Nargis attack. Such case
shows that mangrove forest is useful for the residents when a natural disaster comes.
On March 2011, Study team conducted the survey for the remaining situation of mangrove windbreak
at 34 polders in the study area. The survey result is shown in Table 2.7-1.
According to this investigation, 66% of the polder dike had been covered with mangrove before
Nargis, but it was reduced to 50% just after Nargis. It passed almost 3 years since Nargis, but natural
regeneration of mangrove has not been observed. Moreover, activities for the restoration of mangrove
windbreak have not been carried out yet except No. 8, No. 9 and No. 15 polders which have been
carried by some organisations. It means that both governmental and non-governmental support
systems on restoration of mangrove along polder dike are almost lacking. From above situation,
problems of mangrove windbreak trees along polder dike in the project area are summarized as
follows;
1) Slow natural recovery of mangrove trees: Mangrove windbreak trees which are located along
polder dike suffered huge damage from Nargis and it is observed that natural recovery of
mangrove in such area is seen at very slow speed.
2) Lack of implementing organization for restoration of mangrove: It is necessary to replant for the
restoration of mangrove windbreak, however there are only a few organizations which are
working for the restoration of mangrove. Consequently recovery / rehabilitation of mangrove
windbreak along polder dike have not made progress.
57
Table 2.7-1 Current Situation of Mangrove Windbreak at 34 Polders
Length of dike Length of mangrove windbreak

Target for Implementat
Polder name rehabilitatio ion
Present
Before After n (miles) organization
km mile situation
Nargis(%) Nargis(%)
(mile)
1 Alegyun (1) polder 22.5 13.4 92% 80% 13.3 0.1 None
2 Alegyun (2) polder 38.6 22.7 90% 80% 20.2 2.5 None
3 Alegyun (3) polder 29 17.65 50% 30% 8 10 None
4 Magybinmadaukkan 5.8 3.4 60% 30% 2 1.4 None
5 Thingangyi 10.8 6.3 0 0 0 0 None
6 Zinywe 9.4 3.75 0 0 0 0 None
7 Leikkwin 6 6 100% 100% 6 0 None
8 Labutta (South) 33 20.5 96% 60% 19.75 0.75 FD
9 Labutta (North) 62.2 38 90% 80% 36.5 1.5 JICA
10 U Gaungpu 2.9 1.4 100% 100% 1.4 0 None
11 Bitud Island (1) 24.1 14.2 79% 60% 11.2 3 None
12 Bitud Island (2) 25.7 18.6 57% 30% 8 8 None
13 Bitud Island (3) 48.3 28 70% 50% 18 10 None
14 Bitud Island (4) 64.4 40.53 37% 20% 15 25.5 None

Myitta
15 Daunggyi 59.5 37 30 7
Foundation
16 Daunggyi (East) 54.5 33.9 33.9 0 None
17 Daunggyi (West) 50.8 31.6 31.6 0 None
18 Daunggyi (Upper) 16.9 10.5 10.3 0.2 None
19 Daw Nyein polder 22.5 14 14 0 None
20 Myokone polder 27.4 17 17 0 None
21 Kyetphamwezaung 74 46 39 17 None
22 Banbwezu 45.1 26 26 0 None
23 Daydalu 20.9 13 13 0 None
24 Letpanbin 32.2 20 20 0 None
25 Zinbaung 24.1 15 15 0 None
26 Myaseinkan 21.7 13.5 12 1.5 None
27 Thandi 6.8 4.25 2.75 1.5 None
28 Suclubbaluma 11.9 7.4 6.4 1 None
29 Hleseik chaunggyi 11.9 7.4 4.4 3 None
30 Tamatakaw 11.3 7 0 7 None
31 Kyonsoat 8.1 5 2.6 2.4 None
32 Maubin Island (North) 20 12.4 2.4 10 None
33 Maubin Island (South) 7.1 4.4 0.4 4 None
34 Thonegwakyun 35.8 22.25 10.25 12 None
58
CHAPTER 3 CHALLENGES AND MEASURES ON PRESERVATION

OF FARMING AREA FOR URGENT REHABILITATION
OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND RURAL LIFE
3.1 Challenges and Measures on Agricultural and Rural Infrastructure

The following challenges and measures for agricultural and rural infrastructure are considered based
on the problems mentioned in Section 2.7.1.
(1) Challenges
For the purpose of prevention from saline water intrusion, reconstruction of polder dike with the
required dike height and further replacement/repair of sluice gates are considered as urgent needs
to recover and/or improve the preservation of farming area in the polder. The ID, however, has
already completed emergency restoration works to recover the original height of dike
embankment.
(2) Measures
Measures to resolve such challenges are to immediately implement reconstruction of polder dike
and sluice.
For the formulating of the D/P of reconstruction of polder dike and sluice, it is very important to
comprehensively study the safety (quality), cost and construction schedule of rehabilitation plan
and recommend the most suitable and viable design and construction plan based on the technical
standard and construction technology in Myanmar.
Therefore, various aspects such as technical standards in design and construction, implementation
procedures, implementing body, administrative arrangement, environmental soundness, and so on
will be studied and verified through the implementation of pilot project for dike embankment and
sluice rehabilitation.
3.2 Challenges and Measures on Farming
The present situation and problems of agricultural farming in the Project Area are explained in
Sections 5.2 and 2.7.2. Challenges and measures to solve problems would be considered as follows:
(1) Challenges
Lack of Farming Technique and MAS Technical Support; Improvement of faming technique is
essential to increase crop productivity, and MAS support is primarily required to improve
farmers current farming techniques. However, most of farmers still practice traditional farming
technique. In addition, the total number of MAS extension staff was reduced drastically in the
recent years. The need for extension services by MAS is considered now as very necessary to
enable the fast and efficient reaching out to farmers and to lessen delays in project
implementation due to limited or non-presence of extension support services. Therefore, the
establishment of effective supporting system by MAS to improve and update farming technique
and skills is very important challenge.
Lack of Autonomous Agricultural Supply System in Rural Area; After the occurrence of the
cyclone (Nargis), many support and assistance were provided and extended by the government,
international organizations, NGOs, etc. for the urgent recovery of the area in terms of farming
input supply such as seed, fertilizer, farm machinery, draft animals, etc. The problem on farm
input supply after the disaster was gradually reduced. However, three years after Nargis, external
support and assistance has diminished. Therefore, it is necessary to consider strengthening of
59
input supply system in the rural areas to realize long term recovery.
(2) Measures
Strengthening of MAS technical support in farming technique; Strengthening of demonstration
activities is necessary utilizing MAS demo-farms and advanced farmers in order to provide
effective extension work with limited number of MAS staff. Especially, development of advance
farmer who have very important role in extension work in other country is needed.
Strengthening of production of agricultural input; Among agricultural inputs, seed is considered
as the most basic and important input that can also be produced in the rural area by farmers. In
line with this, the Myanmar Government has established the Seed Law in January 2011 to
enhance the production of high quality seed through the private sector. However, there is a need
to clarify the mechanism and viability of seed produced by farmers, and a pilot project for rice
seed production is planned for this purpose.
3.3 Challenges and Measures on Livelihood and Income Sources
(1) Challenges
To improve actual livelihood conditions examined in Section 2.7.3, especially core problem of
low income, the following challenges are considered to be tackled.
Poverty of landless households comes from lack of income generation opportunities and
production means. Limited knowledge, skills and experience also worsen this situation. There is
therefore a need to find solutions to improve this problem of creating livelihood opportunities.
Based on these livelihood conditions, the following challenges are set for the D/P for income
generation of landless households.
Opportunities for income generation must consider activities other than paddy cultivation.
Though increase in paddy yield will activate rural economy and increase farm budget and make
an impact on the economy of agricultural workers, there is still a need to consider other ways and
means of assisting the landless people to become self-reliant.
The challenges and basis of planning of income generation must consider income opportunities
that would require lower investment cost and something that will require low or limited
technology so that these landless people who have not much income and skills and experience
will be able to access and avail of these projects without problem. The natural conditions of the
area, the easy access to production factors especially land must also be considered in the
determination and planning of income generation opportunities. The support of the Government
of Myanmar including the local government units will also be needed for this project so that the
target priority areas and people will be able to access the project.
(2) Measures
To respond to these challenges, the following five (5) activities implemented in the target area at
a small scale by landless households were examined as possible sources of income generation
project. As a result, two (2) activities, vegetable cultivation and pig raising were identified to be
feasible in the framework of the D/P. Details and feasibility assessment are described in Section
5.5.2.
1) Vegetable cultivation using fresh creek water at the borrowed paddy field during dry season
2) Fruit tree plantation: one banana and one mango tree in the house compound
3) Technical improvement of primary processing of small fish and prawn: increase income through
grading up processing quality (drying) of small fish and prawn
4) Pig raising for breeding and fattening
5) Processing of farm produce as creation of special products of the village using planted
60
vegetables, fruits and processed fish (result of above mentioned activities).

3.4 Challenges and Measures on Mangrove Windbreak
It was realized by the people of the Ayeyawady Delta based on the Nargis experience, that mangrove
windbreak could prevent human life disaster or death from tidal surge which is caused by cyclones and
storms. From current situation and problems of mangrove windbreak as described in previous Section
2.7.4, challenges and measures to solve problems would be considered as follows:
(1) Challenges
It is strongly challenged to accelerate restoration of mangrove, through planting mangrove trees
in order to contribute to the preservation of the farming area through the protection of polder dike
from tidal surge and storms. Recovery of the mangrove will be very slow if no restoration will be
done.
(2) Measures
Measures to solve such challenge are to plant mangrove trees at Nargis affected area for
acceleration of mangrove recovery.
In the formulation of the D/P for the rehabilitation of mangrove windbreak, it is important to
conduct integrated study from technical, financial, institutional and social viewpoints, from which
the most appropriate rehabilitation plan can be established. For this purpose, mangrove planting is
tested at one polder as a pilot project. Through the pilot project, materials and equipment required,
technical input, operation and maintenance system, etc. will be verified including appropriate
technology to be employed in the plan. Based on the results of the pilot project area, viable and
implementable measures will be finally formulated for the whole area
61
CHAPTER 4 IMPLEMENTATION OF PILOT PROJECTS
4.1 Purpose and Scope of Pilot Projects

4.1.1 Purpose of Pilot Projects
Based on the discussion made in previous chapters on identification of current problems, challenges
and improvement measures, four components were prioritized for the D/P for the preservation of
farming area, as follows: 1) agricultural and rural infrastructure as a main component, 2) farm
management, 3) livelihood and income sources, and 4) mangrove windbreak trees. Careful study and
verification for sub-projects from each component were required before formulating into the D/P. For
this reason, selected sub-projects were implemented as a pilot project for verification.
The purpose of the pilot projects is to demonstrate and verify the contents of draft plans and designs of
the sub-projects under four components. Henceforth, the results and outcomes from the pilot projects
shall be used to finalize the D/P.
4.1.2 Basic Policy of Pilot Projects
One polder among 34 polders in the Project Area in Ayeyawady Division was selected as a pilot area
for the implementation of the various activities proposed. It was so intended to implement all activities
at one polder so that the operation and management of the pilot project would be efficiently carried out.
Duration of the pilot project implementation was from April 2010 up to April 2011.
Important aspects to be clarified and verified through the pilot projects were focused on technical
standards in design and construction, construction capacity, implementation process, implementing
body, social and institutional acceptability, environmental soundness and financial viability. Results
and outcomes of the pilot projects were evaluated together with government officers and farmers /
villagers who participated in the pilot projects. Lessons from the pilot projects were carefully studied
and used in the finalization of the draft D/P.
4.1.3 Scope of Pilot Projects
Scope and contents of the pilot projects were studied and determined on component basis as described
in later sections. The following are the basic frame of four components:
(1) Agricultural and rural infrastructure will focus on the rehabilitation of polder dike and sluice
gate, which are the most essential infrastructure for the preservation of farming area in the
Ayeyawady Delta. Scale of polder dike rehabilitation considered one whole polder so that
benefit can be obtained immediately when dike rehabilitation is completed under the pilot
project.
(2) Farm management will focus on increase of rice production by extension of quality rice seed
through the on-site rice seed production pilot project to produce certified rice seed by
farmers.
(3) Livelihood and income sources will focus on the establishment of small business for income
generation. Specifically, vegetable cultivation at very small-scale by landless households
who are residing in the rural villages will be demonstrated.
(4) Mangrove windbreak trees will focus on replanting of mangrove trees along polder dike to
protect dike embankment from tidal surge and storm.
4.1.4 Selection of Pilot Project Area
Two polders as a candidate for the pilot project site, namely Labutta North Polder in Labutta Township
and Bogalay Daunggyi Polder in Bogalay Township were initially listed. As a result of the study, the
62
Labutta North Polder was selected for the pilot projects because of the following reasons.
(1) Labutta Township was the most affected area by Nargis in terms of number of dead and
missing in the Project Area. Therefore it will be the most appropriate area for the pilot
projects for urgent rehabilitation.
(2) Labutta Township used to be under Myaungmya District and recently under Labutta District
merging with Ngaputaw Township which was under Pathein in August 2008 just after Nargis.
District capital is located in Labutta North Polder where socio-economic activities are
rapidly being expanded.
(3) In terms of accessibility in view of demonstration and exhibition of the model rehabilitation
and training activities, Labutta North is more convenient than Bogalay Daunggyi. Labutta
North can be accessed by only land while Bogalay Daunggyi can be accessed by land and
river boats.
(4) Labutta North has been prioritized by the ID, MOAI. The arrangement of the C/P officers at
the field level had been made when the JICA Project Team commenced the work in the
Union of the Myanmar.
4.2 Government Laws, Regulations and Institutions related to Pilot Projects
(1) Land Acquisition Act
Some of laws enforced and procedures enacted under the reign of British Government still remain
unchanged and effective. The Land Acquisition Act which was enacted in 1894 under the colonial
administration stipulates procedures of land acquisition such as award of land, publication of notice,
compensation and so on, and it is compiled in the Burma Code Volume X (1958). According to this act,
a land collector shall compensate for land based on the decision by Court and the Court determines
compensation considering market value of the land and damages to standing crops and trees and so on.
In addition to that, 15% plus of the market value to a person interested in the land, given it is
compulsory acquisition.
The act is seemingly still effective; some parts of the act above are cited in Burma Irrigation Manual
Volume II, which is mentioned below. However, based on present situation this act has not been
actually operational. In reality, the government does not compensate people for land acquisition based
on a concept that it is not necessary to compensate since national projects are implemented for the
public interest. Therefore, it is general that showing sympathy by certain payment for land acquisition
(limited to damages to crops) is needed and enough instead of full-scale compensation. Remarkable
complaint against this situation related to land acquisition for irrigation projects has not been reported
so far, it is probably because any affected person can counter balance a loss of land by production
increase by irrigation system to some extent.
(2) Burma Irrigation Manual Volume II
According to Burma Irrigation Manual Volume II, which was edited in 1948 and reprinted in 1962, a
strip of land on each side of dam (tank) embankments shall be allocated with pillar setting by ID staff.
Within the demarcated area, no lease or other permission shall not be given for cultivation purpose or
residence. The width of strip on the outside of the embankments shall be within 50 feet from the toe of
embankment for important tanks and within 25 feet for minor reservoirs. Moreover, concerning inner
strip, the width is specified within 100 feet. It can be said that the width of strip depends on the scale.
However, there is no mention about the scale of important tank and it is needed to determine the
width of reserved area under ID control considering natural conditions at each site and scale of tank.
(3) Land Nationalization Act
The Article 38 of the Land Nationalization Act (1953) says, If the President may deem beneficial to
the State or to the agriculturalists, by growing some specific crops in some areas and by using specific
63
means to agricultural lands, the President may deem to apply or ask to apply specific crops or specific
means to use on agricultural land respectively. The Article 39 the Land Nationalization Act (1953)
says, However, other provisions of this Act mentioned, the President or authority appointed by the
President for this particular matter, may deem necessary, any agricultural land can be summoned to
use specific mean or method, which means that farmlands can be acquired for the development
projects, if the President deems it is beneficial for the State. On the other hand, the Article 39 also
mentions that if and when there are projects for national development, related administrative bodies
make sure that the minimum area of lands is to be nationalized and reasonable amounts of
compensations are to be paid1. However, it does not clearly mention how to assess reasonable
amounts of compensations and what kind of compensation shall be provided for the affected people.
(4) Customary Law
Since there is no regulation to stipulate the width of a strip of land concerning polder dike in the Union,
the width to be reserved has been decided by ID technical officers considering surrounding natural
conditions, scale of structures and so on. However, there is a customarily rule that does not allow
anybody to cultivate or reside within 50 feet from toe of polder dike, which has been applied in the
pilot project area since 1981. ID and TPDC personnel declared that the within 50 feet is as reserved
area which is under the control of ID on the occasion of dike construction in 1981 and set some pillars
showing the boundary. Given that this rule is acknowledged by both community side and township
officers and that it is consistent with Burma Irrigation Manual Volume II to some extent, it is
recommended to apply this ordinal rule to the Pilot Project.
4.3 Implementation and Result of Pilot Projects
4.3.1 Dike Embankment and Sluice Rehabilitation Pilot Project
(1) Purpose of Pilot Project
The purpose of pilot project is to verify safety (quality), cost and schedule based on construction
technology in Myanmar by actual work and formulating best suitable design and construction plan.
Therefore, test embankment work as phase-1 was carried out for the purposes of evaluating
improvement of embankment materials, selection of heavy equipments and also evaluation of ability
of manual works, in order to determine appropriate construction method to be applied for major works
in phase-2. In addition, phase-2 was carried out to master technology of construction and supervision
for genuine rehabilitation of polder by ID in the future.
(2) Implementation and Result of Pilot Project
1) Phase-1 in Pilot Project
Test embankment was implemented at around station RD 180,000 in Labutta North Polder in
accordance with six (6) different embankment methods as given in Table 4.3.1-1 in April 2010.
Table 4.3.1-1 Contents and Quantity for Test Embankment
Test Case Improved Method of Method of Embankment Quantity
Banking Soil
Case-1 -Temporary dike Excavation and Temporary dike: Dozer + Backhoe L=200m
(Mechanic) -Natural drying up (2 Embankment: Backhoe(damping) + Dozer(spreading and V=700sud
days) compaction) + Road roller(finishing of surface on embankment) (2,000m3)
Spreading depth: 30cm (finishing depth is 25cm)
Case-2 Ditto Excavation and Temporary dike: Dozer + Backhoe L=200m
(Mechanic) Embankment: Backhoe(damping) + Dozer(spreading) + Tamping V=700sud
roller (compaction) + Road roller(finishing of bank-surface) (2,000m3)
Case-3 -Temporary dike Excavation and Temporary dike: Dozer + Backhoe L=200m
1
This Act (English version) was cited from The New Light of Myanmar on 10th March, 2011
64
(Mechanic) -Mixing coarse agree Embankment: Backhoe(damping) + Dozer(spreading and V=700sud

(gravel or crashed compaction) + Road roller(finishing of surface on embankment) (2,000m3)
brick by 10% volume Spreading depth: 30cm (finishing depth is 25cm)
ratio)
Case-4 Ditto Excavation and Temporary dike: Dozer + Backhoe L=200m
(Mechanic) Embankment: Backhoe(damping) + Dozer(spreading) + Tamping V=700sud
roller (compaction) + Road roller(finishing of bank-surface) (2,000m3)
Case-5 Non improvement Excavation: Dozer + Backhoe L=100m
(Manual) Slop: sand back, Compaction: vibrating tamper or compactor V=350sud
(1,000m3)
Case-6 -Temporary dike Ditto L=100m
(Manual) -Natural drying up(2 V=350sud
days) (1,000m3)
L=1,000m
Total V=3,500sud
(10,000m3)
i) Implementation of test embankment

- 24/3/2010: Meeting and confirmation with JICA study team, ID, Contractor and supervising
Consultant on the test embankment site
- 29/3/2010: Commencement of stripping and excavation for existing dike and borrow pit
- 31/3/2010: Commencement of mechanical and manual embankment
- 19/4/2010: Completion of whole embankment works
- 20/4/2010: Inspection for the completion of embankment works
ii) Working volume and bulk factor of soil
The total embankment volume as built was 3,648 sud (=10,324 m3) for the dike length of 1,000m in
the test embankment. Bulk factor of soil based on the actual result showed that C-value
(compacted/ground) was 3,648/3,947=0.9 & L-value (loosed/ground) was 1/0.9=1.1. It was almost
same value was assumed for the borrow pit width on plan of test embankment.
iii) Results of quality control
In accordance with compaction test of laboratory test for borrow pit soil, the quality control of
embankment has been carried out to clear 1.4 t/m3 as standard value which corresponds to D-value
90% of average maximum dry density on compaction test (refer to laboratory test in Appendix 4).
The result of field density test is shown in the following table and every mechanical embankment
works (case-1~4) almost clear the above standard value (1.4 t/m3). On the other hand, manual
embankment (case-5~6) shows a value of about D-value 85% (1.3/1.55) of maximum dry density on
compaction test and it is considered suitable as compared with Japanese standard of manual work.
Test Case Average (t/m3) Maximum (t/m3)) Minimum (t/m3)
Case-1 1.37 1.43 1.31
Case-2 1.43 1.49 1.31
Case-3 1.40 1.48 1.32
Case-4 1.46 1.58 1.38
Case-5 1.30 1.37 1.24
Case-6 1.28 1.32 1.24
iv) Evaluation for test embankment

Taking results of test embankment into consideration, case-1 (soil improvement by natural drying up
and dozer compaction) shall be adopted for the method of major embankment works on pilot project
phase-2 based on the following reasons.
65
- It is the most efficient and economical method.

- It has good quality (field dry density) for the embankment.
- It has good workability for the embankment works as compared with tamping roller under the
condition of wet soil especially during the early dry season.
However, manual embankment using case-5 shall be adopted at the portion adjacent to houses or
structures.
v) Construction photos
Compaction by dozer in case 1 & 3 (8 times passing on Compaction by tamping roller in case 2 & 4 (6 times
the same lane) in Test Embankment passing on the same lane) in Test Embankment
2) Phase-2 in Pilot Project

2-1) Dike Embankment
This work shall be carried out to pilot test project construction technology and supervision that will be
used in the genuine rehabilitation of polder dike by ID in the future.
Construction method to be adapted for Phase-2 Pilot Project shall be the one that was evaluated as the
most economical and technically viable in Phase-1 test embankment, namely soil improvement by
natural drying up and dozer compaction method. Construction length will be determined through
priority study for dike construction sections since the total dike length of Labutta North polder to be
rehabilitated is 56 km which seems quite big volume of work.
Priority study is made in consideration of expected tidal waves and surge at high tide due to
topographic condition of dike with relation to rivers. Priority ranking considerations were high and
low priority, with the high priority sections to be included in the Phase-2 Pilot Project for
implementation. Low priority sections are proposed to be implemented by ID in future arrangement.
As the result of the study, of the 56 km of total dike length evaluated a 39 km were evaluated as
priority while 17 km as low priority as shown in Table 4.3.1-2.
Table 4.3.1-2 Priority Study of Dike Sections for Rehabilitation
No Section Length Average Bank Vol. Priority Reasons of priority
(RD) (km) ECL (ft) Sud (m3)
1 2,500~46,000 13.3 6.0 69,000 High ECL is lower than total average (6.9ft) and
(195,000) experienced overtopping by Nargis.
2 46,000~61,000 4.6 6.9 29,000 Low Making dike inroad into inland side and
(82,000) keeping enough distance from Thet Ke
Thaung River, it is judged as a little effect of
wave in case of H.W.L.
3 61,000~79,700 5.7 7.6 18,000 High ECL is high, however adjacent to above river
(51,000) and experienced overtopping.
66
4 80,000~90,000 Deduct 8.2 Section of main road constructed by Road

(3.1) Project in MOC.
5 90,000~110,000 6.1 7.7 15,000 Low Making dike inroad into inland side and
(42,000) keeping enough distance from above river,
judged as a little effect of wave in H.W.L.
6 110,000~156,000 14.0 7.3 50,000 High ECL is high, however adjacent to Thet Ke
(142,000) Thaung River & Kyauk Pyu River and
worried overtopping due to wind direction.
7 156,000~177,800 6.6 7.7 30,000 Low ECL is high and not adjacent to big river, so it
(85,000) is judged as a little effect of wave in H.W.L.
8 177,800~199,400 6.6 6.9 24,000 High ECL is almost same as total av. (6.9 ft) and
(Test bank: 179,600 Deduct (68,000) experienced overtopping. Besides it is
~182,900) (1.00) adjacent to Ywe River and worried
overtopping.
Total Total av. 235,000 Except for 1.0 km by test embankment, 3.1
55.9
6.9 (665,000) km by Road Project and 1.1 km by others.
Total of high priority 161,000 For implementation in Pilot Project
38.6
(456,000) Phase-2
Total of low priority 74,000 For future implementation
17.3
(209,000)
It is expected that difficulties will be encountered in terms of project budget or number of construction
machine necessary for the work in case whole work is done by private contractors in one dry season.
Therefore, two construction methods will be employed, namely force account work by ID and
contracted work by private contractors. ID construction equipment will be utilized for the force
account work to be carried out by ID. The following conditions were taken into account in the work
distribution between ID and private contractors;
- Supplied equipment from ID shall be limited to 10 dozers and 10 backhoes.
- One dozer and backhoe shall be the basic set for embankment works and in this case backhoe
work shall be into two (2) shifts as excavation of borrow pit during night time and embankment
during day time.
- One dozer and backhoe shall be exclusive used for stripping and slope dressing work.
- Working ability of 1 set of dozer and backhoe shall be counted at 150 sud/day according to IDs
actual results. This value corresponds to 75% as compared with the actual results of test
embankment carried out in t April and it is evaluated for adequate ability considering conditions
after maintenance of machine.
- From harvesting time of paddy to the beginning of rainy season, available working days shall be
counted by 4 months between early December and early April. Furthermore, workable day ratio
shall be counted as 25/30 with one (1) holiday per week.
i) Implementation of dike embankment in phase-2
Construction was commenced in early December 2010 after selection contractor. Actual
implementation of dike embankment was completed at the end of March 2011 one week in advance of
the schedule due to some innovations in the construction method and additional input of heavy
equipment by ID, in spite of the unexpected consecutive rainfall and mechanical trouble between
December and March. A total embankment volume was 179,192 sud (= 507,113 m3) for actual dike
length of 38.6 km. (Refer to Appendix A6-4)
67
Table 4.3.1-3 Implementation Schedule for Dike Embankment Pilot Project

Year 2010 2011
Month Remarks
Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr.
Items
Mobilization (Plan) Including transportation
(Actual) of heavy equipment
Embankment (Plan)
(Actual)
Demobilization (Plan) Including transportation
(Acrual) of heavy equipment
ii) Results of quality control

Quality control by field density test was conducted based on standard D-value 90% (1.40 t/m3) and
lower limited D-value 85% (1.32 t/m3) in accordance with results of test embankment in phase-1.
Results of quality control test were very satisfactory showing that mean D-value shows 94% (1.47
t/m3) and lowest D-value shows 89% (1.39 t/m3) for 474 numbers of tested samples in the whole
embankment work site. (Refer to Appendix A6-5)
iii) Construction photos
Dike embankment in phase-2 Dike embankment in phase-2

Conditions of compaction by dozer Conditions of slope dressing by backhoe
Existing dike before rehabilitation New dike after rehabilitation
Dike embankment in phase-2 Dike embankment in phase-2

Conditions of existing polder dike surrounding Hpobe Dike raised up by about 1.2m (4ft) surrounding Hpobe
Sluice before rehabilitation Sluice after rehabilitation
68
2-2) Sluice Gates

Target of this work shall be the rehabilitation of the malfunctioned gates affected by Cyclone Nargis to
prevent intrusion of saline water and to keep sound drainage and improve agricultural production. In
addition, it would also be a showcase for ID in the implementation of master genuine rehabilitation of
sluice gates in terms of technology and construction supervision in the future. .
There are existing nine (9) sluices with 96 appurtenant gates (48 flap gates and 48 slide gates) in
Labutta North Polder. Generally, the rehabilitation method of the gates shall be divided into Replace
and Repair. Taking cost reduction into consideration, the rehabilitation method that will be
undertaken for each (gate leaf, guide frame and hoist) gate will be based on the results of the
functional evaluation survey for these gates and concrete structure.
Evaluation method on the functional survey and criteria for selection of rehabilitation method is
presented below. In addition, broken portion such as hoist bases shall be rehabilitated, and be replaced
by new concrete.
Evaluation on the functionality of the gates shall be conducted using point system based on survey
results as follows;
< Relation between gate conditions and converted point >
- 1 point for good condition, 2 points for medium condition 3 points for bad condition.
< Criteria for selection of rehabilitation method based on total points in each member of gate>
Table 4.3.1-4 Criteria for Selection of Rehabilitation Method for Sluice Gate
Evaluation Item and Example Point
Conditions Member Remarks
Method Total Points
of Gate of Gate Corrosion Damage Function (Items*Point)
Replace Not good Leaf & Hoist More than equal 7 >2 >2 >3 > 2i *2p+1i*3p
(by new one) Not good Guide frame More than equal 5 >3 >2 - > 1i*2p+1i*3p
Medium Leaf & Hoist Between 6 and 5 2 2 2 3i*2p or 2i*2p+1i*1p
Repair
Medium Guide frame 4 2 2 - 2i*2p
Good Leaf & Hoist Less than equal 4 <2 1 1 < 2i*1p+2i*1p
Non Repair
Good Guide frame Less than equal 3 <2 1 - < 1i*2p+1i*1p
Results of detailed evaluation on each sluice is shown in Table 4.3.1-6 (refer to Appendix A6-2)
while rehabilitation quantity of gates is presented in Table 4.3.1-5.
Table 4.3.1-5 Quantity of Sluice Gate Rehabilitation
Whole Repair & No-
Gate Type Replacement Replacement Repair Remarks
(nos.) (nos.) (nos.)
Flap Gate 6 28 (*) 14 *Repair a part of leaf and replacement of arm, hinge and seal.
Slide Gate 34 - 14
Table 4.3.1-6 Evaluation of Gate Function and Rehabilitation Method by Sluice
Gate Evaluation Point and Rehabilitation Method & Nos. Repair of

Name of
Type Gate Leaf Gate Guide Frame Gate Hoist Non Concrete
Sluice
(nos.) Repair Works
T-point Replace Repair T-point Replace Repair T-point Replace Repair
Flap (2) 5 - 2 - - - - - - - -
1. Denetan
Slide (2) 7 2 - 5 2 - 7 2 - - Hoist base
2. Latwalkwal Flap (5) 7 5 - - - - - - - - -
69
Slide (5) 7 5 - 5 5 - 7 5 - - Hoist base

Flap (5) 5 - 5 - - - - - - - -
3. Mayan (S)
Slide (5) 7 5 - 5 5 - 7 5 - - Hoist base
Flap (5) 5 - 5 - - - - - - - -
4. Mayan (N)
Slide (5) 7 5 - 5 5 - 7 5 - - Hoist base
Flap (9) 3 - - - - - - - - 9 -
5. Labuttaloke
Slide (9) 4 - - 3 - - 3 - - 9 -
Flap (10) 5 - 10 - - - - - - - -
6. Hpobe
Slide (10) 7 10 - 6 10 - 7 10 - - Hoist base
Flap (6) 5 - 6 - - - - - - - -
7. Danechaung Flap (1) 9 1 - - - - - - - - -
Slide (7) 7 7 - 5 7 - 7 7 - - Hoist base
8. Flap (2) 3 - - - - - - - - 2 -
Kyaukchaung Slide (2) 3 - - 3 - - 4 - - 2 -
Flap (5) 4 - - - - - - - - 5 -
9. Shansu
Slide (5) 4 - - 3 - - 4 - - 5 -
Flap (48) 6 28 - - - - 14 -
Total
Slide (48) 34 - 34 - 34 - 14 6 sluices
Note: Total point (T-point) means the amount of each evaluation point on each member of gate.
Selection of material for sluice gates

Generally mild steel, cast iron, aluminum alloy and Mild Steel
Corrosion (g/m2)
stainless steel shall be adopted for fabrication of

new gate in case of replacement. Herein, stainless
Cast Iron
steel shall be selected due to the following reasons.
Aluminum Alloy
1) Stainless steel is most resistant material
against corrosion among those shown in the
right figure. Stainless Steel
2) Considering maintenance in future,

Myanmar made is better to repair and
replace. Therefore, mild steel, cast iron and Inland Area Coastal Area Industrial Area
stainless steel will be adapted for the said
Figure 4.3.1-1 Corrosion Test for 5 Years
purpose.
3) Actual results of usage of stainless steel exist in Myanmar (e.g. Shwe Hlay sluice by ID
Construction No. 6) and at present no problem of corrosion has been seen after 7 years. On the
other hand, serious problem of corrosion with the usage of mild steel gate has appeared like a
big open hole within 3 years after completion of installation. Therefore, use of mild steel would
cause deterioration of the gates seriously affected by salt water.
4) Financial comparison was made for those materials in consideration of materials life span as
assumed. As a result, stainless steel was found the most economical material for the gate in the
pilot project.
- Fabrication cost for mild steel: 1,500,000 Kyats/no./5 years = 300,000 Kyats/year/no.
- Fabrication cost by cast iron: 4,000,000 Kyats/no. /15 years = 270,000 Kyats/year/no.
- Fabrication cost by stainless steel: 5,500,000 Kyats/no. /30 years = 180,000 Kyats/year/no.
i) Implementation of sluice gate in phase-2
Sluice rehabilitation work was commenced in early December 2010 after mobilization of the materials
70
and equipment. There were two categories of the work, i.e. repair of existing gates and new
manufacture. For repair, existing gates were removed from the sluice then transported to Yangon for
repair in the workshop. After repair gates were brought back to the sluice for installation. For new
manufacture of the gate, new gates were manufactured in the workshop according to the design then
brought to the site for installation.
Sluice rehabilitation was completed by the end of March 2011, one week ahead of the schedule due to
well operation of the work. (Refer to Appendix A6-4)
Table 4.3.1-7 Implementation Schedule for Sluice Gates Rehabilitation
Year 2010 2011
Month Remarks
Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr.
Items
Mobilization (Plan) Including dismantle and
(Actual) carry out existing gate
Workshop work (Plan) 20 nos./month
(Actual)
Installation (Plan) In order after fabrication
(Actual) and repair
Demobilization (Plan)
(Actual)
ii) Results of quality control
Inspection in workshop was conducted to confirm suitable work condition and adequate water sealing
was verified to secure by field water stop test using the following method.
< Water Stop Test for Flap Gate>
- Filling water upstream of flap gate before removal of coffer dam on both sides.
- To check the condition of water flow from slide gate after opening slide gate.
- If no water flows from slide gate, flap gate sealing is judged as good condition without leakage.
< Water Stop Test for Slide Gate>
- Consecutively the above test, dewatering flap gate side and filling water upstream of slide gate.
- To check the condition of water flow from flap gate.
- If no water flows from flap gate, slide gate sealing is judged as good condition without leakage.
iii) Construction photos
Sluice rehabilitation in phase-2 Sluice rehabilitation in phase-2

Inspection of trial manufacture in the workshop. Installation of slide gate at Danedan Sluice.
71
Sluice rehabilitation in phase-2 Sluice rehabilitation in phase-2

Completed condition of flap gate in Hpobe Sluice. Completed condition of slide gate in Hpobe Sluice.
Under field water stop test for flap gate. At the same time left photo, no leakage from slide
gate means good sealing of flap gate.
(3) Training and Study Tour

For the purpose of training to ID engineers, part of embankment was done by ID engineer. Number of
participants was initially 45 (15 civil engineers and 30 machine operators) from December to
mid-February. It was then increased to 70 in February 2011 after ID mobilized additional equipment.
A study tour was held as shown in Table 4.3.1-8. According to the questionnaire survey during the
workshop, 78% of participants indicated that mechanical & manual embankment and sluice
rehabilitation showed good result and that the study tour was very effective for them.
Table 4.3.1-8 Summary of Study Tour on Dike and Sluice Rehabilitation Pilot Project
Date 25th (Fri.) 27th (Sun.) March 2011 (site observation and work shop is on 26th )
Place Labutta North Polder, Labutta Township, Ayeyawady Division
Attendants ID 23 persons, DAP 2, Agri-Business News 2, General Administration Department 2
Objectives 1) To observe dike and sluice rehabilitation under JICA pilot project.
2) To learn design concept, construction plan, supervision and quality control.
3) To exchange views on the above items.
Study tour in polder dike and sluice pilot project Study tour in polder dike and sluice pilot project
Explanation of protection function for polder dike Explanation and exchange of views on design
by mangrove at the planted site. concept, construction plan and others.
(4) Evaluation and Lessons from Pilot Project
Formulated design concept and construction plan were verified as suitable for safety (quality) of
72
facilities, construction cost and construction schedule on the pilot project and evaluated as possible to
reflect those results to D/P in accordance with following reasons.
1) Results of quality control test (field density test) were completely cleared target as well as secured
necessary shape (ACL, crest width and slope gradient of dike) and function (sealing and operation
of gate). (Refer to Appendix A6-6)
2) Most economical filling method based on test embankment was confirmed to be able to ensure
quality and timely schedule of actual construction.
3) Resettlement of houses and effect to structure were minimized due to manual embankment and
shifting alignment on dike, therefore these methods were considered to be effective for
environmental and social consideration.
4) It is considered that check and maintenance of equipment before and under construction are most
important to ensure a timely construction schedule based on the result of consecutive mechanic
trouble shooting undertaken during pilot project.
(5) Villager Impact Survey on Polder Dike Embankment
Impact survey on polder dike embankment was conducted in November 2010 in the villages where
dike rehabilitation was completed under the pilot project. The survey obtained answers from 60
households whose average age was 44, average years of residence in Labutta was 37 years, with
occupation distribution of 33% for agriculture, 38% for casual labour, 10% jobless, 7% of fishery and
12 for others. Main results are presented below:
Villagers understanding on the necessity of polder dike / embankment are given in the following graph.
From this, it is observed that most villagers up to 80% to 90% have recognized basic function of
polder dike such as prevention of high tide, flood and saline water.
Necessity of Dike Embankment by Villagers Number of villagers

100%
Number of villagers
80%
60%
(%)
40%
20%
0%
To prevent from high To prevent from To improve To supply more canal To prevent from
tide & flood saline water transportation water strong wind
Purposes
4.3.2 On-site Seed Production Pilot Project

(1) Purpose of Pilot Project
Considerable challenges to solve problems on farming in the Project Area are explained in Chapter 3.
It was difficult to try and verify all challenges mentioned in Chapter 3 in the limited period and budget
of the Project. Therefore, pilot project was designed focusing mainly on high quality paddy seed
production in the rural area.
Purpose of the On-Site Seed Production Pilot Project (the pilot project) is to verify, Possibility of
expanding high quality paddy seed production by the farmers to improve farming of the Project Area.
The Pilot Project also aims at strengthening Faming technique of participant farmers of the Pilot
Project and MAS extension work as indirect effects expressed through implementation of the Pilot
Project.
Figure 4.3.2-1 shows conceptual diagram of high quality paddy seed production prepared for the Pilot
Project. The diagram was prepared in compliance with MAS certified seed production system.
73
Central Level Supporting Field Level Supporting Producer Consumer

(MAS Seed Division, ARD, (MAS Extension) (Farmer) (Farmer)
ADB etc..)
Provision of Information
(Problem) Collection of Information
Research & (Demand & Problem)
Collection / Research of
Technical
Basic Information
Development
Provision of Information
Provision of Verification and
Collection of Information
(Demand & Problem)
Information Feed back
(Countermeasure)
(Demand)
Trial / Demonstrative
technical Guidance
Demonstration for field work

Application of Trial /
Production of
Foundation Seed
Provision of
Production of Registered Seed
Breeders and Registerd
Indirect
Seed
Technical
Extension
through
Advanced
Farmer
Seed Production Cropping of
Production of Technical Guidance Certified Seed Paddy Production
Certified Seed (Cropping) (Advanced Farmer)
Certificaiton for
Certification of
Issue of
Seed &
Post Harvesting & Quality

Check of Certified Seed
Provision of cetified seed
Ma in Group a nd Activity of the Pilot Project
Group and Activity related to the Project
Figure 4.3.2-1 High Quality Seed Production Flow prepared for Pilot Project
Data Source : JICA project Team

The Pilot Project was implemented for 13 months from April 2010 to April 2011 (Phase-1 and 2 of the
Project). Implementing schedule and organization for the Pilot Project are shown in Figure 4.3.2-2
and Table 4.3.2-1.
Table 4.3.2-1 Schedule of On-Site Seed Production Pilot Project
2010 2011
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Activity
Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May
1st Phase 2nd Phase
Avtivity 1 : Preparatory Work (Selection of Variety, Selection of Farm
Avtivity 2 : Monitoring, Research and Survey Work
Activity 3 : Paddy Seed Cropping Trial
Activity 4 : Seminars
74
Myanama Agriculture Service (MAS)

Managing Director JICA Project Team
Director Director Reporting

(Extension) (Planning)
C/P
Director Rice Research
(Seed) Center
Instruction /
Monitoring
Labutta District
Pthein M AS
M AS
Labutta Township Project Management / Labutta Township

Local Consultant
M AS Monitoring (TPDC)
M AS Demo Farm Local Farmers TPDC Demo Farm
Figure 4.3.2-2 Organization for Implementation of On-site Seed Production Pilot Project
The Pilot Project was managed by sub-consultant under the JICA Project Team in cooperation mainly
with MAS Labutta Township Office. Tender for the selection of the sub-consultant for 1st Phase and 2
Phase was done in March and October 2010, respectively. Golden Plain Agricultural Products
Cooperative Society Ltd. was finally selected. The contract between the Project Team and the Golden
Plain were concluded on 23 March and 14 October 2010. Activities and result of the Pilot Project is
described below.
1) Selection of Farmers for Seed Production
Period of the Pilot Project was only one cropping season (one monsoon season). For efficient
operation and maximization of effect of the Pilot Project in this limited period, participant farmers
were selected based on the following criteria.
a) Farming land which has good access to MAS demonstration farm for easy project
administration
b) Farming land which has good access to neighboring farmers (non-project participant farmers)
for demonstration purposes.
c) Farmer with sufficient experience on paddy cultivation
As a result of discussion with MAS, 29 farmers / plots including MAS and TPDC demonstration farms
were selected as the pilot project area. Total pilot project area was 50 acres (adjusted to 45.40 acres
based on result of re-measurement of the area).
2) Selection of Paddy Variety
Paddy varieties to be produced by the Pilot Project were selected in consideration of a) farmers
experience, b) compatibility to the particular area, c) demand and d) availability of registered seed.
Varieties shown in Table 4.3.2-2 were selected through technical discussion with MAS and 29 farmer
participants.
75
Table 4.3.2-2 Paddy Varieties used in Pilot Project

Growth
Production Area in
Name Type Potential Cropping Yield Period
the Pilot Project
(days)
Paw San Yin Local 40-60 baskets / Acre (2.1-3.1 t/ha) 145 20.7 Acres
Manawthukha HYV 100-120 baskets / Acre (5.2-6.3 t/ha) 130-135 20.2 Acres
Sin Thwe Latt HYV 100 baskets / Acre (5.2 t/ha) 130-135 4.3 Acres
Hnangar Local 40-60 baskets / Acre (2.1-3.1 t/ha) 145 0.2 Acres
Theehtatyin HYV 100 baskets / Acre (5.2 t/ha) 110
3) Quality Check of Farmers Seed
Quality check of farmers seed was carried out for 13 project participant farmers who kept the seed.
Out of 13 sample seeds, only one seed passed seed quality standard of MAS. High content of red rice
which have low cropping yield is the main problem identified of the farmers seed. Some of samples
contain 450 red seed within 1,000 seeds.
4) Soil Investigation and Fertilizer Application Method for the Pilot Project
Simple Soil investigation for 29 project participant farmers (plots) was carried out for checking soil
character (ph, N and P contents). ATAGO EC, pH meters and Portable Soil Investigation kit produced
by Yezin Experimental Farm of Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation were used for the investigation.
Average pH value is 5.57, higher than 5.00 (Soil of which pH value is lower than 5.00 is classified to
acidic soil in general) and, N and P contents were diagnosed as low for 41% - 48% of 29 project
participant farmer.
According to abovementioned soil investigation and technical discussion with MAS, fertilizer
application was set up as shown in Table 4.3.2-3.
Table 4.3.2-3 Fertilizer Application in Pilot Project
Fertilizer Local Variety HYV
N (Urea) 1.5 bag/Acre 2.0 bag/Acre
P (T-Super) 1.0 bag/Acre 1.0 bag/Acre
K (Potash) 1.0 bag/Acre 1.0 bag/Acre
5) Paddy Seed Production Trial
Paddy seed production trial was implemented between June and December 2010 (2010 monsoon
season). Intensive cultivation technique such as regular row transplanting was applied for paddy seed
production. Several technical seminars and field guidance were conducted during the Pilot Project.
Photographs below show cropping practices applied in the Pilot Project.
1. Selection of Seed 2. Preparation of Nursery 3. Germination of Paddy Seed

(Salt Solution)
76
4. Seedling 5. Growth of Seedling at the Nursery 6. Transplanting

(Regular Row Planting)
7. Fertilization 8. Rouging 9. Threshing

(Elimination of other variety)
10. Dry of Paddy Seed 11. Moisture Contents Check 12. Storage of Paddy Seed
(Checked by Moisture Contents Meter (Store the Paddy Seed at Rice Mill
prior to MAS Official Quality Check) Factory Rental Storage)
Some participant farmers had difficulty carrying out farm activities especially rouging without the
close supervision and constant instruction and guidance from the Project Team. In addition, some pest
and diseases affected some of the plots. However, the pest and diseases did not cause serious damage.
7) Result of the Pilot Project
Result of Paddy Seed Quality Check and Production Amount
Two times of seed quality check (Field Inspection by MAS and Seed Quality Check by MAS
Laboratory) were carried out following MAS Certified Seed Production process. MAS Seed Quality
Standard is shown in Table 4.3.2-4.
As a result of the checks, most of participant farmers were requested to re-dry paddy seed until getting
optimum moisture content. As a result, 22 participant farmers (75.9%) passed the checks after
re-drying of paddy seed. Seeds of the seven (7) other farmers were rejected during the field inspection
a/or based on the results of the laboratory check. Production amount of paddy seed was 2,384 baskets.
Result of the check and paddy seed production amount is shown in Table 4.3.2-5
77
Table 4.3.2-4 MAS Seed Standard for Certified Seed

Moisture Red Rice
Purity (%) Germination Weed seed
Seed Class Content (%) (no./500gm seeds)
Minimum (%) Minimum Maximum Maximum
Maximum
Breeder Seed 99 90 13 0 3
Foundation Seed 98 90 13 1 5
Registered Seed 98 85 13 3 10
Certified Seed 97 80 13 5 10
Data Source : Seed Division MAS
Table 4.3.2-5 Result of Seed Quality Check, Production Amount and Cropping Yield
Participant No.
Area
Harvesting
(Baskets /
(Baskets)
Cropping
Variety
Difference
Acre)
Yield
Cropping
Cropping
Total
Planed
Actual
Seed Quality Check Result

Area
Area
Not certified due to High Red Rice Seed

1 Contents
2 PSY 1.00 1.04 0.04 45 43 Certified
3 Rejected by Field Inspection
4 MNTK 2.00 1.53 -0.47 96 63 Certified
5 PSY 2.00 1.58 -0.42 115 73 Certified
6 PSY 2.00 1.95 -0.05 120 62 Certified
7 MNTK 2.00 2.12 0.12 180 85 Certified
9 MNTK 1.00 0.80 -0.20 94 118 Certified
10 MNTK 2.00 1.94 -0.06 135 70 Certified
12 PSY 1.00 0.92 -0.08 46 50 Certified
13 MNTK 1.00 0.96 -0.04 70 73 Certified
14 Contents
15 PSY 2.00 1.50 -0.50 96 64 Certified
16 PSY 2.00 2.22 0.22 80 36 Certified
17 MNTK 2.00 1.91 -0.09 110 58 Certified
18 Contents
19 PSY 2.00 1.87 -0.13 100 53 Certified
20 MNTK 1.00 1.11 0.11 70 63 Certified
21 MNTK 1.00 1.04 0.04 110 106 Certified
22 MNTK 2.00 1.39 -0.61 95 68 Certified
23 STL 1.50 1.56 0.06 110 71 Certified
25 MNTK 2.00 1.96 -0.04 165 84 Certified
26 MNTK 2.00 2.23 0.23 140 63 Certified
27 STL 3.00 2.64 -0.36 215 81 Certified
28 PSY 2.00 2.09 0.09 112 54 Certified
29 PSY 2.00 1.80 -0.20 80 44 Certified
Total 38.50 36.16 -2.34 2,384 66
Average
PSY 16 14.97 794 53
MNTK 18 16.99 1,265 74
STL 4.5 4.2 325 77
Result of Cropping (Yield and Paddy Seed Production Amount)

As shown in Table 4.3.2-6, average cropping yield is 53 baskets / acre for Paw San Yin (Local
Variety), 74 baskets / acre for Manawthukha (HYV) and 77 baskets / acre for Sin Thwe Latt (HYV).
These cropping yields are still low as compared with potential yield of each variety. However, the
yield of the Pilot Project is approximately 30% - 50% higher than that of non-pilot project area.
78
Table 4.3.2-6 Comparison of Cropping Yield

(Baskets / Acre)
Potential Cropping Yield *1 Result of the Pilot Project Non Pilot Project Area *2
Paw San Yin 65-70 53 40
Manawthukha 100-110 74 54
Sin Thwe Latt 120-130 77 49
*1 Rice in Myanmar, MOAI *2 Harvesting survey by the Pilot Project, 2010 wet season in Labutta North Polder
Main reason of such high yield would be realized by synergy effect by 1) use of adequate amount of
fertilizer, 2) intensive farming management and 3) use of high quality seed.
Result of Sale of Paddy Seed
Sale of paddy seed was difficult. In the beginning of the Pilot Project, many international organisations
and NGOs signified their interest to buy high quality paddy seed to be produced by the Pilot Project.
However, such interest was reduced after seeds were harvested due to reduction of aid activity for
Nargis-affected area by these organisations. Therefore, participant farmers sold their seed mainly to
farmers and brokers and/or share the seed with neighbor farmers. Sales progress of the paddy seed as
of the end of April 2011 is 52% as is shown in Table 4.3.2-7.
Table 4.3.2-7 Sales Result of Paddy Seed produced by Pilot Project as of end of April
Seed Sales / Sharing
Sold /
Total Kept for Share to
Variety Sold to
Amount Next / with Total Remaining
Brokers
Season Neighbor
Farmer
Paw San Yin (Local Variety) 794 128 149 437 714 90% 80 10%
Manawthukha (HYV) 1,265 180 80 50 310 25% 955 75%
Sin Thwe Latt (HYV) 325 0 0 215 215 66% 110 34%
Total 2,384 308 229 702 1,239 52% 1,145 48%
Sales price of the paddy seed is varied among participant farmers. The price ranges from 6,200 to
8,000 Kyats/ basket for local variety and 4,000 to 6,000 Kyats/ basket for HYV. Highest price of both
varieties was offered by the broker. The prices are low as compared with the seed price of MAS (8,000
Kyats/ basket for local variety and 6,000 Kyats/ basket for HYV).
At the latest information, as seed demand was increased in the beginning of monsoon season of May
and June, seed sales also progressed to 91% as of June 2011.
Profitability
Table 4.3.2-8 shows estimated production cost and income of the participant farmers (22 farmers who
passed MAS seed quality check).
Average production cost / acre is Kyats 222,000. However, the production cost reported shows a wide
difference among participant farmers with a reported production expenditure of as much as 302,000
Kyats/ acre (highest) and of 179,000 Kyats/ acre as lowest. This difference is caused mainly by
difference of farming area (acreage) between the area recognized by the farmers and actual area.
As explained in Section 2.3.2, net income of grain paddy cropping is estimated at 120,000 - 140,000
Kyats/ acre. Of 22 participant farmers, 16 farmers (72.7%) gained net profit higher than the reported
average income from paddy production.
79
Table 4.3.2-8 Estimated Production Cost and Income in Pilot Project
Net Income / Acre

Area (Acres) Production Cost (Kyats 1,000)
Total Harvesting
(Kyat / Basket)
Participant No.
Gross Income
(Kyats 1,000)
(Kyats 1,000)
(Kyats 1,000)
Net Income
Sales Price
Cropping Area
Cropping Area
(Baskets)
Variety
By Farmer
Difference
Cost / acre
By Project
Planed
Actual
Total
c)= f)= g)= j)= k)= l)=
a) b) d) e) h) i)
b)-a) d)+e) f)/b) h)*i) j)-f) k)/b)
2 PSY 1.00 1.04 0.04 126 90 216 208 45 7,500 Actual 338 122 117
4 MNTK 2.00 1.53 -0.47 220 180 400 261 96 7,500 Actual 720 321 209
5 PSY 2.00 1.58 -0.42 224 180 404 255 115 6,500 Actual 748 344 218
6 PSY 2.00 1.95 -0.05 239 180 419 215 120 8,000 Actual 960 541 278
7 MNTK 2.00 2.12 0.12 245 192 437 206 180 5,750 Estimate 1,035 598 282
9 MNTK 1.00 0.80 -0.20 146 96 242 302 94 5,750 Estimate 541 299 374
10 MNTK 2.00 1.94 -0.06 256 192 448 231 135 5,750 Estimate 776 329 169
12 PSY 1.00 0.92 -0.08 130 90 220 239 46 7,500 Actual 345 125 136
13 MNTK 1.00 0.96 -0.04 129 96 225 234 70 5,750 Estimate 403 178 185
15 PSY 2.00 1.50 -0.50 192 180 372 248 96 7,000 Actual 672 300 200
Share /
16 PSY 2.00 2.22 0.22 216 180 396 179 80 7,113 569 173 78
Estimate
17 MNTK 2.00 1.91 -0.09 256 192 448 235 110 5,750 Estimate 633 184 97
19 PSY 2.00 1.87 -0.13 219 180 399 213 100 8,000 Actual 800 401 214
20 MNTK 1.00 1.11 0.11 127 96 223 201 70 4,000 Actual 280 57 51
Share /
21 MNTK 1.00 1.04 0.04 145 96 241 232 110 5,750 633 391 376
Estimate
Share /
22 MNTK 2.00 1.39 -0.61 151 192 343 247 95 5,750 546 203 146
Estimate
23 STL 1.50 1.56 0.06 198 144 342 219 110 6,000 Estimate 660 318 204
25 MNTK 2.00 1.96 -0.04 215 192 407 208 165 5,750 Estimate 949 542 276
Share /
26 MNTK 2.00 2.23 0.23 249 192 441 198 140 5,750 805 364 163
Estimate
27 STL 3.00 2.64 -0.36 331 288 619 235 215 6,000 Actual 1,290 671 254
28 PSY 2.00 2.09 0.09 203 180 383 183 112 6,200 Actual 694 312 149
29 PSY 2.00 1.80 -0.20 238 180 418 232 80 6,200 Actual 496 78 43
Total 38.50 36.16 -2.34 8,042 222 2,384 14,891 6,849 189
Paw San Yin 16.0 14.97 794 216 794 5,621 2,395 160
Manawthukha 18.0 16.99 1,265 227 1,265 7,319 3,464 204
Sin Thwe Latt 4.5 4.2 325 229 325 1,950 989 236
Remark : Estimated / Share (Participant farmers who share the seed with neighbor farmers)
Estimated (Participant farmers who have not yet sold the seed)
* Average price of sold seed is applied for Estimated / Share and Estimated
(3) Training and Workshop

In total, 12 workshops and seminars were carried out under the pilot project. General description of the
workshops and seminars are shown in the table below.
1) Introductory Meeting
Data and Time 30 March 2010
Venue TPDC Office, Labutta Township
Participants TPDC (1 person), MAS (7 persons), ID (1 person), FD (1 person),
SLRD (2 persons)
Purpose - Explanation of plan of the pilot project
2) 1st Workshop (Orientation)
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Data and Time 07 April 2010

Venue MAS Labutta Township Office,
Participants TPDC (1), MAS (9)
Purpose - Selection of Participant Farmers
- Explanation of Importance of High Quality Seed
- Explanation and discussion on implementation plan of the Pilot Project
3) 2nd Workshop (Technical Training)
Data and Time 05-07 May 2010
Venue TCG (Tripartite Core Group) Hole, Labutta
Participants TPDC (3), TPDC (3), Participant Farmers (27)
Purpose - Explanation about importance of high quality seed and present situation of
seed in rural area
- Technical Training on preparation of seed selection by salt solution, seed quality
check, preparation of organic fertilizer
- Preparation of mutual agreement about the Pilot Project
4) 3rd Workshop (Technical Training)
Data and Time 01-02 June 2010
Venue TCG Hole, Labutta
Participants TPDC (1), MAS (4), Participant Farmers (28)
Purpose - Explanation of implementation plan of the Pilot Project
- General technical training on paddy cropping and preparation of cropping plan
of the participant farmers
5) 4th Workshop (Technical Training)
Data and Time 09 July 2010
Purpose - Discussion on progress of cropping and difficulties encountered
- Technical training on transplanting and others
Data and Time 27 October 2010
- Technical training on harvesting and post harvesting
7) 1st External Workshop (Seed Promotion)
Data and Time 02 December 2010
Participants TPDC (2), MAS (4), Participant Farmers (26), International Organization /
NGO/Others (9)
Purpose - Explanation of importance of high quality seed
- Explanation of outline and progress of high quality seed
- Promotion of high quality seed production
- Confirmation of seed quality check process
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- Analysis and discussion on harvested amount and production cost

9) 2nd External Workshop (Seed Promotion)
Participants MAS (1), Participant Farmers (25), International Organization / NGO/Others (4)
Purpose - Explanation of importance of high quality seed and establishment of seed law
- Explanation of outline and progress of high quality seed
Promotion of high quality seed production
Data and Time 28 February 2011
Participants MAS (1), Participant Farmers (18)
Purpose - Confirmation of result of seed quality check
- Analysis and discussion on production cost and benefit
11) Evaluation Workshop
Data and Time 18 March 2011
Venue Demonstration Farm of MAS Labutta Township Office, Labutta
Participants MAS (2), Participant Farmers (20)
Purpose - Self evaluation of result of the Pilot Project (SWOT Analysis)
- Explanation of result of the Pilot Project analyzed by the Project Team
12) Extension Workshop
Data and Time 05 April 2011
Venue Lay Htet Monastery, Labutta
Participants MAS (3), Participant Farmers (20), International Organization / NGO/Others (9)
Purpose - Explanation of Importance of high quality seed and present situation of seed in
rural area (results of survey conducted by the Pilot Project)
- Explanation of result of the Pilot Project
- Presentation about contract farming for high quality seed production (presented
by private company)
(4) Evaluation and Lessons from the Pilot Project
1) Evaluation
Evaluation of result of the Pilot Project was carried out by the JICA Project Team and the participant
farmers. Evaluation results are summarized as follows.
General Aspects
- All the planned activities of the Pilot Project were carried out without particular problems.
Contract of sub-consultant did not cover all of the paddy seed production period/cropping season
(covered only seedling, transplanting and harvesting seasons) activities. However, technical
support to farmers and monitoring of the Pilot Project during the absence of the sub-consultant
(middle of July to middle of October 2010) were carried out properly by the counterpart from
MAS and MAS Labutta Township Office.
Technical Aspects
- All the participant farmers have long experience of paddy production. Therefore, the farmers
could apply seed production technique relatively easy with appropriate technical guidance.
Regarding to drying seed paddy, re-dry was needed due to high moisture content. However,
moisture contents could be reduced sufficiently by conventional method (solar drying) adding 1-2
days of additional drying period.
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- According to the participant farmers, there is limited number of casual labor familiar with
advanced cropping technology such as regular row transplanting. The labors employed by the
participant farmers experienced advanced cropping technology through the pilot project.
Therefore, securing these labor is important for continuous paddy seed production
- A total of 22 (75.9%) out of total 29 participant farmers can produce high quality paddy seed
(MAS certified seed). Therefore, it was generally verified that the farmers can produce high
quality paddy seed with adequate technical support.
Other Aspects
- Access to MAS registered seed and MAS seed quality test are insufficient in the pilot project area.
These insufficiencies would be one of the main reasons of delay of dissemination of certified seed
production. It is necessary to expand MAS supporting system for high quality paddy seed
production.
- Sales of the paddy seed were not satisfactory. Sales progress of paddy seed will ultimately depend
on the ability of individual farmers. However, it is fact that there are marketing constraints which
can not be changed easily by participant farmers themselves e.g. farmers low understanding
about advantage of high quality seed and meaning of certified seed, unstable price of paddy
seed, lack of communication method for promoting the paddy seed etc. Such constraints
reduce the value of the paddy seed and, cause unreasonable paddy seed price fluctuation which
links with price with grain paddy. Therefore, extension activity of MAS should not be limited
only for production technique but should also include overcoming abovementioned marketing
constraints to expand high quality paddy seed production.
2) Lessons Learned
Lessons learned from the Pilot Project are summarized as follows.
- Willingness and interest on farm management varies widely by farmers individual character.
There were two types of the participant farmers in the Pilot Project. Some farmers could practice
adequate farming management only with verbal instruction / explanation. On the other hand,
some farmers needed several times of instruction at the field. Therefore, it is important to select
seed production farmers in accordance with level of their willingness and interest on farm
management.
- Most of farmers use private agricultural loan with very high interest rate. Therefore, the farmers
usually sell the paddy immediately after harvest for repayment of the loan. On the other hand,
demand of paddy seed is usually increased after 5-6 months from harvest. Therefore, it is
important to select the seed production farmer and/or to set up seed production area in
accordance with their economic potential (availability of farming budget).
- Some of the participant farmers do not own storage or if available, storage capacity is not
sufficient. As mentioned above, 5-6 months of storage of paddy seed is required. Therefore, it is
important to select the seed production farmer with sufficient storage and/or to set up seed
production area in accordance with storage availability.
- A private agricultural company participated in the extension workshop held on 5th April 2011. The
company is now seeking possibility to start high quality paddy seed business in the form of
contract farming. The contract farming is a way to minimize the constraint on farming budget and
storage for paddy seed production. Therefore, it is important to share information about advanced
farmers between MAS and private company to accelerate high quality paddy seed production by
contract farming.
- Local variety sill has high demand in the Project Area (3 districts where 34 polders are located).
Good progress of paddy seed sales of the local variety in the Pilot Project also implies the high
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demand. Seed renovation is important for improved variety than local variety because of
difference of genetic stability. However, seed renovation of local variety is important taking
physical seed problem (mixture of other variety / red seed) into account.
(5) Farmer Satisfaction Survey
Satisfaction of the Pilot Project of the participant farmers was confirmed through questionnaire survey
on Evaluation Workshop held on 18 March 2011. Figure 4.3.2-3 shows result of the survey and
analysis of survey result.
Reason
Question 2 ; Are you satisfied with technical
assistance (at field) taken by the Project ? 1. Highly satisfied
11% - Simple and improved technologies (7)
11%
- Timely support on farming technology in the field (2)
Highly satisfied - *Reason unclear (7)
Satisfied 2. Satisfied
Yes and No - Technologies (*unclear answer)(3)
Not satisfied 3. Yes and No
- Support against farming weakness (1)
78%
Analysis
Counterpart from MAS provided field technical guidance continuously through out the Pilot Project
including absence period of the sub-consultant. Opportunity of receiving such continuous support is
really limited for the participant farmers. In addition, guided techniques are acceptable not only for
paddy seed production and also grain paddy production. Therefore, technical guidance was considered
as very useful to the farmers.
Reason
Question 4 ; Are you satisfied with result of
seed production (increae of yield / income etc.)? 1. Highly Satisfied
- Learning & understanding on characteristics of quality
26%
seeds (8)
Highly satisfied - Improvement of yield, quality and profit (2)
Satisfied 2. Satisfied
Yes and No - Improvement of quality but fairly profitable (* Paddy
Not satisfied Quality was improved. However, no significant
increase of profit) (4)
53%
21% 3. Yes and No
- Not much profitable on sales of seeds (5)
Analysis
Cropping yield was significantly increased by the Pilot Project. On the other hand, profitability was not
increased satisfactory due to delay of sale of paddy seed and its low price for some farmers.
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Reason
Question 5 ; Do you want to continue seed
11% production yourself ? 1. Yes
- Willing to continue seed paddy production because of
good quality (6)
Yes - Willing to continue seed paddy production with better
Yes on condition support (3)
Yes and No - *Reason unclear (1)
37% Not 2. Yes on Condition
- If, favorable seed market is available (5)
52% - Continue small scale paddy seed production (2)
3. Yes and No
- Seed market is not available (2)
Analysis
Participant farmers who clearly expressed intention of continuing high quality paddy seed production
was only 52%. It is conceivable that this percentage reflects more accurately the satisfaction of the
participant farmers. Main reason of unclear intention of continuing the seed production would be
difficulty on marketing and procurement of inputs for paddy seed production.
Figure 4.3.2-3 Result of Farmer Satisfaction Survey in Pilot Project

4.3.3 Income Generation Pilot Project
(1) Purpose of the Pilot Project
The pilot project of income generation is aimed at examining the possibility that participant
households would get substantial and higher income from vegetable production. The result of this pilot
project will be used to finalize the income generation plan.
(2) Implementation and Result of the Pilot Project
1) Overview of the pilot project implementation
(i) Income generation pilot project was not the extension of production to the public but a trial for
i) understanding problems and possibility in terms of land availability, cultivation technique and
fund management, ii) examination of feasibility as income generation, and iii) experiences of
good and bad practices to make an appropriate master plan.
(ii) In the pilot project, JICA study team executed: i) preparation of the framework for landless
household to start vegetables production (land use, technical transfer), ii) support in vegetables
production and marketing to participating households, and iii) establishment of sustainable
production framework.
(iii) This project aimed at income generation by own effort of project participants. They made a
contract with JICA study team and did necessary works related to the pilot project such as
attending to workshops, doing cultivation, recording and reporting of their production activities.
(iv) From the viewpoint of inhabitants sustainability, this project chose crops that required neither
new farm exploitation nor expensive input. Basically, it used means of production that they used
for vegetables production (land, water and so on).
(v) Easy growing crops were selected for beginners and people having little production skill which
will enable them get income easily. Five crops were chosen based on the intention of inhabitants
in Labutta North polder and advise of MAS (Vegetable and Fruit Research and Development
Centre = VFRDC): cucumber, okra, water cress, roselle (leaf crop used for soup), and yard long
bean.
(vi) Paddy field after harvest was borrowed for the pilot project without payment. In consideration
85
of work burden of participants, especially watering by women, and of easiness of monitoring,

farm size was set at 0.15 acre (607 m2) for each participant.
(vii) Two pilot sites were selected for each of two markets actually existing in Labutta North
polder: Labutta market and New Town temporary market.
(viii) JICA study team and MAS supervised the supporting activity in collaboration with TPDC
and VPDC and field work was executed by a subcontracted Myanmar consultant.
2) Activities
The income generation pilot project composed of three activities: (i) preparatory works, (ii) vegetable
production and marketing, and (iii) establishment of sustainable production framework, items of each
activity. The project was planned that the JICA study team provided vegetables seeds and fertilizer of
for one cultivation cycle and gave training on cultivation and management (including financial
management).
3) Role Sharing among Stakeholders
JICA study team expected landless households to continue vegetables cultivation with sustainable
process using experiences in the pilot project after termination. To fulfill this expectation, inhabitants
efforts as well as support of institutions are necessary.
Participants received training, cultivated vegetables themselves on the paddy field after harvest
that they borrowed from land right holders free of charge and got profit, they kept records of
cultivation and sale.
VPDC intermediated and guaranteed land use and took measures against problems that may
occur.
TPDC managed overall project procedure.
MAS gave technical comments to the cultivation.
JICA study team managed all the procedure.
4) Selected Villages
a) Social condition
Thet Yat Kone and Pharar Gyi Kone are located along the road connecting Labutta town and
western part of the Labutta North polder. Distance to the Labutta market is 5 to 6 km and
villagers frequently go there on foot and by trailorji (tractor cart). Thet Yat Kone is the centre of
Labutta South VT where there is a school, some shops and video houses. Phayar Gyi Kone is a
village located eastward of Thet Yat Kone. There are some small shops and a monastery.
Thet Yat Kone spreads approximately 1 to 3 km west from Labutta New Town being under
construction at the study period. Damage of Nargis was greater here than other candidate villages
in terms of the number of collapsed houses. Comparing with other candidate villages, paddy
harvest per acre is much lower and MAS staff cited low altitude and bad water drainage as
reasons for low production. A lot of landless people are working as construction workers during
the dry season, but they said that wage labour is not stable as they do not have the chance to work
all days of the month and they are worried about the day after construction work terminates.
b) Actual situation of vegetables cultivation in the target villages
In the villages of Labutta Loke south, water of the creek east of the Labutta Loke sluice has of
low salinity and inhabitants did vegetable cultivation using this water. Also, a great ditch in the
south of the village was full of rain water till February or March and used for vegetables
cultivation. About 45 landless households in Thet Yat Kone and at least ten households in Phayar
Gyi Kone had been producing vegetables for several years, especially cucumber and water cress,
in their yard, river bank and paddy field after harvest. The households had no formal training on
86
vegetable production but have relied on information from others Vegetables that they strongly
wanted to produce were cucumber, yard long bean and water cress. For the present vegetable
cultivators, vegetable cultivation problems identified are vegetable diseases and they wanted to
learn the measures against this disease infection.
In Tha Yet Kone, Kyauk Hmaw VT, around 80 landless households had experience of vegetables
cultivation on the creek bank and paddy field after harvest. They have indicated that vegetable
cultivation is their second income source before the New Town construction started. However,
like Labuta Loke South villages, they have no formal training on vegetable cultivation and get
their know-how from other villages like Myaungmya. For the inhabitants who showed interest to
participate, vegetables they wanted to cultivate first was water cress, next comes roselle, and the
third was okra2. The subject that they wanted to learn was, at first, disease prevention, the second
was prevention of harmful insects and the third was appropriate way of fertilizer application.
Result of Baseline Survey shows that all participants have experience on vegetables cultivation in
the paddy field after harvest on a small scale basis. A third of the participants started vegetable
cultivation after 2000 while more than half of participant households started before 2000 in
Kyauk Hmaw. They learnt technical know-how mainly from other growers in and nearby villages,
but they did not get training on systematical cultivation technique.
Area for vegetable cultivation was set at 0.15 acre / HH that became 9 acre (= 3.645 ha) in total
for the Pilot Project at two sites.
Table 4.3.3-1 Summary of Social Condition of Target Villages
Village tract Labutta Loke South Kyauk Hmau
Village Thet Yat Kone Phayar Gyi Kone Tha Yet Kone
Population 853 526 641
Households All households 214 120 142
Land right holder 39 12 38
Landless households 175 108 104
Paddy worker 145 85 99
Small fishery 5 13 5
Other casual works 25 10 (construction work is
important income
source)
Social Primary school 1 0 1
infrastructure Drinking water source Wells (68) Open wells, ponds Open well (1),
Pond (1)
Paddy production Registered paddy field (ac) 571.73 144.34 550
Paddy harvest 2008/2009 35 basket/ac 35 basket/ac 20 basket/ac
Paddy harvest 2009/2010 35 basket/ac 35 basket/ac 18 basket/ac
Damage by Nargis Human death (person)3 7 6 3
Collapse of house 44 9 99
Half collapse of house 113 66 30
Damaged social facilities School, Library Pagoda, Monastery Primary school,
monastery, church
5) Implementation process
The Pilot Project was implemented in the following process.
2
Interview of all candidate villages except Nyaung Lein with interest to cultivate high value crops. Cucumber, long bean,
okra, roselle and watercress are the identified top five vegetables the villagers want to cultivate.
3
Villagers died of Nargis in the southern part of Ayeyawady delta when they worked for fishery and crab catching.
87
a) Work of Activity 1 (establishment of implementation body, selection of participants, and

confirmation of land use, preparatory workshop and baseline survey) were done from the end of
October 2010 to the end of November 2010.
b) Vegetables cultivation and marketing (technical workshop, distribution of input, cultivation and
sale by participants, recording, on site training) were executed form the beginning of December
2010 to the end of March 2011.
c) Establishment of sustainable production framework consists of evaluation workshop, extension
workshop, manual making, and satisfaction survey were done in April 2011 and the draft D/P
was formulated.
6) Result of the pilot project
Of the sixty selected households, 28 households in Thayetgone & Phayagyigone villages in
Labutta Loke South Village-tract (LLS) and 29 Thayetgone villages in Kyauk Hmaw
village-tract (KH) started cultivation, but three households, all in LLS, stopped due to illness,
starting other job and moving to other place.
More than 80% of the participants harvested cucumber, roselle and water cress while harvest
rate was low in okra and especially yard long bean. Among 54 remaining participants, 52 were
able to harvest at least one crop. The remaining two households started too late due to
agricultural labour and illness and are expected to harvest in April.
A problem for verification of income generation was found that the volume of selling unit
(bundle/bunch) was not regularly fixed in size, and villagers made bundles/bunches according
to market trend and their instinct. Measured weight on site was applied and average weight per
acre was calculated.
Comparing the yield from the pilot project and that of the median yield of MAS manual4, yield
of cucumber and yard long bean was much lower than the MAS median yield, that of okra was
almost same, and yield of roselle and water cress was higher than the median. Some
participants regarded roselle and water cress as low risk-low return crops and were not eager
to plant at the beginning, but gross return of these two vegetables were higher than those of
other vegetables.
Cultivation in the pilot project revealed that rural, non-skilled people could produce low-risk
crops but difficult to produce relatively high risk and highly technical crops, especially in the
year of unusual weather. But to get sufficient income, they need to become familiar with these
difficult vegetables, and effective support is needed for them.
Almost all participants expressed to continue cultivation after the termination of the pilot
project till the beginning of May when the rainy season starts. For such circumstances, sales
proceeds till the beginning of May were estimated in the condition that production quantity
decreased gradually.
As a result, average gross benefit was 49,300 Kyats per participant and that of net return was
negative when production cost of 49,401 Kyats was considered5. About 30% of participants got
positive net return. However, some participants who started later continue cultivation till May
and this figure will become better a bit.
The percentage of participants who succeeded (got harvest) one crop was higher in KH than in
LLK. However, participants in LLS got 1.4 times gross benefit as much as those in KH and net
4
MAS Manual-2000 (4th version)
5
Participants did not really feel they lost investment, as JICA study team provided seeds, fertilizer and
chemicals.
88
return of KH was negative while that in LLS was positive.

A remarkable difference was observed between KH and LLS in understanding and practice of
new technique. Also, KH was located in the remoter area than LLS till the time when the
construction of the new district center was started and difficult to communicate with other
villages. For generating income in future, more support shall be given to the more vulnerable
villages where inhabitants are not accustomed to learn new matters.
Table 4.3.3-2 Result of Vegetables Production in Pilot Project
Item Unit Cucum long bean okra roselle water- Per HH
ber cress
Successful participants HH 44 20 40 49 47 (total 52)
% of continuing participants 84.6% 38.5% 76.9% 94.2% 90.4% -
Gross profit/ participant Kyat 9,674 12,872 8,356 19,944 12,107 49,300
Production cost Kyat Kyat 16,859 12,019 6,784 6,888 6,850 49,401
Net return Kyat/participant Kyat -7,185 852 1,572 13,056 5,257 -2,790
7) Price fluctuation
Selling unit price fluctuated widely according to the selling period and place. If the participants
sell the produces directly to consumers in and near villages, unit price is high but the selling
amount is not so large.
Almost all participants sold their produce at Labutta Konelay no tax market that is open only
during night time. A new market was planned to be constructed in the new district center near
the KH site in 2010-2011 dry season, but it has not yet materialized.
Generally, selling unit price went down from February to March for cucumber, roselle, and
water cress while there is no change in the price for yard long bean and okra.
During the pilot project period, market price of target vegetables was surveyed at Labutta
Konelay market (night market without tax) and Labutta Ywainadi market (official market)
every two weeks. The result indicates that unit price of all vegetables except roselle was
decreasing form December to March. It means that landless households should start vegetable
cultivation as early as possible to get higher profit if the yield is same. However, it was also
found that they are forced to start only after the completion of agriculture labour work (which
sometimes continues till the end of January).
Nine workshops were held during the income generation pilot project from preparation to extension as
summarized in Table 4.3.3-3.
Table 4.3.3-3 Trainings and Workshops for Income Generation Pilot Project
Workshop Date Subject Attendant
1) Preparation Workshop - Explanation of the pilot project
24/11/2010
(at LLS) - Confirmation of intension of participation Participants, MAS,
2) Preparation Workshop - Agreements between participants and JICA PDC
25/11/2010 study team, participants and land right holders
(at KH)
3) 1st Workshop (Technical
9-10/12/ 2010
training at LLS) - Training on improved cultivation method and
Participants, MAS
4) 1st Workshop (Technical book keeping
11-12/12/ 2010
training at KH)
5) 2nd Workshop
25/2/2011
(Technical training at LLS) Participants, MAS,
- Instruction of proper chemical use
6) 2nd Workshop PDC
26/2/2011
(Technical training at KH)
89
7) Evaluation Workshop (at

28/3/2011 - Confirmation and sharing of the outputs of the
KH) Participants, MAS,
pilot project among stakeholders
8) Evaluation Workshop PDC
29/3/2011 - SWOT analysis
(LLS)
- Information sharing about the result of the pilot Participants, MAS,
9) Extension Seminar 5/4/2011 project among participants, government staff, NGO, government
and NGOs staff
Note: LLS = Labutta Loke South, KH = Kyauk Hmaw

1) Self evaluation by participants
As mentioned in the previous section, net return was negative. Participants evaluated their activities by
applying SWOT analysis at the evaluation workshop. Though they were not accustomed to present
own opinion to others and to analyze reasons of good or worse production result, following strengths
(strong points and positive factors internal/ own to the participants or village), weakness (negative
factors internal/own to the participant or village), opportunities (positive factors external/ outside to
the participants and outside the village) and threats (negative factors external/outside to the
participants and outside the village) were extracted from the participants during the session..
As the result, labour force availability, location of cultivation plot, experience, and knowledge and
technique were regarded important as internal factors. Free land use, work schedule of rice production,
and natural (soil, water) condition were found important as external factors.
2) Lessons learnt from pilot project for sustainable vegetables cultivation
From the result of SWOT and monitoring by the JICA study team, the following lessons were
extracted as internal factors.
(i) Balance of labour force and cultivation area is an important key for success. 0.1 acre is
suitable for two persons while 0.2 acre is possible for four person work force.
(ii) Distance of cultivation plot and water source should be less than 100 feet (at farthest
point) to avoid watering burden.
(iii) Distance of cultivation plot and house is important for avoiding cattle penetration and
thieves. The distance that the participants can watch from the house is ideal.
(iv) Rural people understand they need knowledge and experience of improved cultivation
method, fertilizer and chemical application for generate income. However, it was difficult
for many participants to achieve it while a few of them could. They were too
low-educated to understand new technique (especially in KH) and not familiar to this type
of learning experience. They were cautious to accept new knowledge unless they are very
sure of a positive outcome. Thus, longer time training (1 week), understandable approach
and manual, model farm that shows precise production method and profitability are
indispensable.
(v) Starting time is important. Early start brings more profit. However, many landless
households are agricultural labour and for this reason, it is not easy to start early and thus
sometimes they miss high market price time. It is a constraint to generate good income
through vegetables cultivation particular for landless households. Thus, if a landless
household want to start vegetables cultivation, he/she needs to manage own rice
production work.
These are internal factors that the cultivators should overcome. When landless households start
vegetables cultivation to get more income, they need to consider these matters. Guidance and
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assistance of the government organization (MAS, local government) are needed to provide cultivators
to get a stable income.
Lessons learnt as external factors are as follows.
(i) Land use must be guaranteed for sustainable vegetables cultivation by landless households.
(ii) Soil and water condition must be checked before cultivation.
Cultivators cannot deal with these issues though they are key points for sustainable vegetables
cultivation by landless households living in remote areas. Organizations in charge (MAS and local
government) are proposed to be responsible for dealing with these issues.
In addition, many participants, especially low-educated ones, are not easily prone to accepting
immediately new ideas and technology. Supporting system must be carefully prepared to meet this
demand when the project of income generation through vegetables cultivation starts.
3) Effect on household economy
a) Family budget of the participant households
Result of Baseline Survey shows that main income sources of the participant households are
vegetables cultivation, casual labour, agriculture labour, poultry and pig raising, and fishery in
this order. But the biggest contribution to the family budget is income from casual labour (more
than 80% of casual labour households, it is the first income source) and in agricultural labour
(for two- thirds of agriculture labour households, it is the first income source). Vegetables
cultivation is the most common income source in the project site, but it plays a rather low
important role; for more than 55% of vegetables cultivation households, it is the second or lower
income source.
There are many factors to consider in understanding household income. One is that the income
from vegetables cultivation and sale is not clear because the growers do not have an idea the
concept of net return. Declared income from vegetables seemed too high when the result of the
pilot project, productivity and market price are considered. Also, even for agriculture labour,
participants could not know clearly declare their income because they get labour fee both in
cash and in-kind (paddy, rice) and price of paddy and rice fluctuates widely. In this report,
household income was estimated based on the following procedure. (i) For the case of the
in-kind income, a basket of paddy is set at 4,000 Kyats and a basket of rice is set at 10,000
Kyats6, and (ii) declared vegetables sale is divided into 30% consistent to the result of the pilot
project. The result of estimate is shown in Table 4.3.3-4 and used for the analysis of effect of
pilot project, but to get more accurate information on income of rural households, there is a need
to undertake a more precise survey.
Table 4.3.3-4 Estimated Annual Household Income
Village Tract Income maximum Income minimum Income median
Kyat/year Kyat/year Kyat/year
Kyauk Hmaw 2,275,000 50,000 535,000
Labutta Loke South 1,030,000 45,000 357,500
b) Effect on household economy
As mentioned above, net return of sales of five vegetable participants was negative in KH (when
input cost was considered) and average percent of the net return to the household annual income
was -2.9% on the average. However, net return is expected to be positive if the lessons learnt
from the pilot project are carefully followed.
6
As large portion of in-kind income is consumed at home, market price (gate price) was applied expediently for the
estimate.
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Other works for participants to do during the pilot project period was examined (this is other
reason of low harvest adding to above mentioned issues). It was found that two reasons/causes
possibly affected their vegetables cultivation. A participant could not harvest till the beginning
of April due to his labour work for the landowner (repayment of debt by labour). Another
participant preferred to undertake labour work due to low vegetable production. They regarded
labour work for debt repayment as more urgent activity than getting another income from
vegetables cultivation. Also, payment for labour in the fishery sector was higher. Households
who got chance to work as temporary construction worker stopped vegetables cultivation. On
the other hand, interview result said that some income opportunities were lost by participation in
the pilot project. Vegetables cultivation is not as competitive as construction works and labour in
terms of income due to socio-economic aspect in the Project Area.
Table 4.3.3-5 Estimate Income Increment in Vegetable Cultivation Pilot Project
Village Tract Average Net return from Average % of the net return to the
pilot project Kyat estimated household annual income
Kyauk Hmaw -7,606 -4.0%
Labutta Loke South 9,363 -1.4%
Two sites -101 -2.9%
4.3.4 Mangrove Windbreak Rehabilitation Pilot Project
(1) Purpose of Pilot project
Objective of the pilot project for the rehabilitation of mangrove windbreak trees is to obtain data and
information regarding mangrove reforestation to be undertaken along the dike embankment. The
mangrove windbreak trees are commonly seen along polder dike embankment at river side as natural
vegetation, with the function to protect embankment from direct attack of tidal wave and storms.
Result will be used for the formulation of the D/P for the rehabilitation of mangrove windbreak to
cover other polders and embankments in the Project Area in the Ayeyawady Delta.
1) Site selection for pilot project
From result of site selection investigation on February of 2010, the river bank in front of Damin
Chaungalay village was selected as site of pilot project. Damin Chaungalay village is located in the
North-western part of Labutta North Polder, which faces Thet Ke Thaung River.
2) Planted mangrove species
Three mangrove species, namely Sonneratia apetala (Sa, local name is Kanbala), Nipa fruticans (Nf,
local name is Dani) and Avicennia officinalis (Ao, local name is Thame Gyi), were selected as species
for the project site. Sa was planted in most of the river side, Nf was planted in the middle and Ao was
planted in the land side. Planting width of Sa and Nf was 30 m each and planting width of Ao was 40
m to made 100 m in total planting width. Planting length was 500 m along dike embankment and
planting spacing was 2 m x 2 m.
3) Procurement of seeds and seedlings, installing of temporary nursery
Seedlings of Sa and Ao were obtained from Thar Kone nursery which is managed by FD. NF seeds
also are prepared by FD. However seedling breeding of Nf was carried out by local villagers in Damin
Chaungalay. For the seedling breeding of Nf, temporary nursery for Nf was prepared at planting site.
4) Fencing
Bamboo fence, which was made by knitting a bamboo in the pin grid array format, was installed
around the plantation. The bamboo fence surrounding the plantation also prevented the invasion by
animals.
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5) Implementing body
Figure 4.3.4-1 shows Operation & financial support by Study Team
structure of implementation
for the pilot project. Pilot Managemen
project was implemented by t by local
local villagers of Damin Mangrove Windbreak consultant
Establishment
Chaungalay village through Committee
management by Myanmar
local consultant which was
contracted by JICA Study Request for cooperation Cooperation to
Instruction for work the Activity
Team. The study team
supervised the Myanmar Residents of Damin
local consultant and the Technical
Chaungley Village
overall pilot project support by FD
activities. FD Labutta office
supported technical aspects Figure 4.3.4-1 Implementation Structure of Mangrove
regarding planting of Pilot Project
mangrove tree species.
Local consultant hosted workshop for explanation of pilot project. The consultant established the
local villagers group, which was called Mangrove Windbreak Establishment Committee for
implementing mangrove tree planting. This committee became the core implementing body of the
pilot project operation, the villagers of Damin Chaungaley village gather to the committee and the
pilot project was implemented.
6) Result of Implementation
The mangrove windbreak with planted area of about 5 ha was established along the polder dike in
Damin Chaungalay village through the implementation of the mangrove windbreak rehabilitation pilot
project (See Figure 4.3.4-2).
Figure 4.3.4-2 Site Arrangement of Mangrove Windbreak Rehabilitation Pilot Project
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Table 4.3.4-1 Implementation Process of Mangrove Windbreak Rehabilitation Pilot Project
Material cost
Activity Timing Contents Man/day
Kyat
Measurement of boundary
Location fixing for temporary nursery
Land survey April, 2010 and fence
Implementing by local consultants
Temporary Material procurement by project

nursery
May, 2010 Implementing by residents with payment 4.5 29,760
Procurement of Nf seed from FD

nursery by project
Procurement of Transportation of Nf seed by boat which
Nf seeds
May, 2010 prepare by project 367,500
Unloading of Nf seed from boat by
residents without payment
Patrol at the nursery

Breeding of Nf May-July, 2010 Implementing by residents without
payment
Installing at surround of planting site
Fencing May-June, 2010 Material procurement by project 215 2,150,700
Implementing by residents with payment
Bamboo stick for marking and support of
Marking for seedling
planting place
May-June, 2010 Material procurement by project 131 62,500
Procurement of Ao and Sa seedlings

Procurement of from FD nursery by project
Ao and Sa June, 2010 Transportation of seedlings by boat 22.5 1,175,000
seedlings which prepare by project
8000 seedlings of Ao ,5000 seedlings of
Planting June-July, 2010 Sa and 920 seedlings of Nf were planted 163 84,740
Grass weeding was conducted along the
Grass weeding September, 2010 planted row
Monitoring October, 2010 Implementing by local consultants

8000 seedlings of Ao ,5000 seedlings of
Sa and 920 seedlings of Nf were planted
Supplemental October, 2010,
planting January, 2011
Procurement of seedlings from FD 176,000
nursery by project
Total 536 4,046,200
i) Land measurement for planting site

Measurements of planting are along the river bank of the Thet Ke Thaung River and conducted by
local consultants together with the local villagers. As a result of area measurement, planting place
was fixed to be 12 acres (about 4.8 ha). At the same time, location for fencing to surround the
planting site and temporary nursery for Nf seedling was selected.
ii) Establishment of temporary nursery and transportation of Nf seeds
Temporary nursery for breeding of Nf seedling was established on the first week of May 2010.
After establishment of the nursery, Nf seeds was transported from FD Thar Kone nursery to the
plantation site on 8 May 2010. Nf seed from FD nursery had relatively low germination rate as
94
only 920 seeds was germinated. It has only a 15% germination rate.
iii) Installation of fence and marking for planting location
The installation of the fence around the pilot project site was undertaken from the last ten days in
May, 2010 to the first ten days in June. The bamboo used as the material of the fence was procured
from the Damin Chaungalay village suburbs. A 6 feet fence was installed at the riverside to
prevent tidal intrusion and 3 feet at the inland side to prevent the entry of livestock Bamboo stakes
were placed to mark planting location which shows a 2 m interval.
iv) Planting
The seedling of Ao and Sa was carried in from FD Thar Kone nursery on the last ten days in June,
2010 and planting activity was implemented by the end of June, 2010. Nf was also planted on first
week of July 2010. About 8,000 seedlings of Ao, 5,000 seedlings of Sa and 920 seedlings Nf, were
planted at that time.
v) Grass weeding and monitoring
Grass weeding of pilot project site was conducted on September. Monitoring of survival rate for
planting tree also was conducted at the same time.
vi) Supplemental planting
In Accordance with the result of monitoring, supplemental planting of Nf was conducted on
October. 2010. About 1,950 seedlings of Nf were planted at that time. Also, 500 seedlings of Ao
and 300 seedlings of Sa were planted on January, 2011. Ao and Sa seedlings were also procured
from the FD nursery.
As presented in Table 4.3.4-1, implementation of the mangrove windbreak rehabilitation pilot project
required a total of 536 man-day labours and 4,046,200 Kyats for materials to establish the pilot project
site. Most complex work was the installation of the fence, as it needed 215 man-day labour forces.
Second most complex work was planting, as it needed 163 man-day labour forces. Most costly work
was the installation of fence, as it needed 2,150,700 Kyats. Second most complex work also was
planting, as it needed 1,175,000 Kyats.
7) Cost-Benefit Analysis of Mangrove Windbreak Pilot Project
A cost-benefit estimate of the mangrove windbreak pilot project was prepared and is presented in
Table 4.3.4-2.
Table 4.3.4-2 Cost-Benefit Analysis of Mangrove Windbreak Pilot Project
Anuual income Annual expence Annual profit
Species Products Lotation Products volume
1000Kyat/ha) 1000Kyat/ha) 1000Kyat/ha)
After 5 years375logs/ha
Sonneratia Constluction
Every 5 years After 10 years188logs/ha 877 43 834
apetala (Sa) materials
After 5 years187logs/ha
Nipa fruticans
Roofing Every year sheets/ha 188 9 179
(Nf)
After 5 years43,000bandles/ha
Avicennia
Fire wood Every 5 years After 10 years40,000bandles/ha 502 57 445
officinalis (Ao) After 15 years58,000bandles/ha
Total1000Kyat 1567 109 1458
Villages can get fire wood from Ao, construction material from Sa, roofing materials from Nf. Nf can
produce 750 sheets of roof material per ha every year, 3 years after planting. With the production of
the material of this roof thatching, the profit of 188,000 Kyats/ha is expected every year. On the other
hand, annual expense of Nf management is only 9,000 Kyats/ha, hence, the annual net profit of Nf
becomes 179,000 Kyats/ha. Annual profit of Sa is 877,000 Kyats/ha, while the annual expense is
43,000 Kyats/ha, hence an annual net profit of 834,000 Kyats/ha. The annual profit of Ao is 502,000
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Kyats/ha, and with the annual expense is 57,000 Kyats/ha, the annual net profit becomes 445,000
Kyats/ha. The annual profit of the 3 tree species in total is 1,567,000 Kyats/ha, the annual fee is
109,000 Kyats/ha and the annual net profit is 1,458,000 Kyats/ha. Because the pilot project site has
about 5 ha area, the annual net profit of is expected to be about 7,290,000 Kyats from the pilot project
site.
Several training and workshops were conducted during the implementation of the pilot project as
described below:
i) Introductory Meeting
Date 29 March 2010
Place TPDC office, Labutta
Attendants TPDC chairman, officer of FD, MAS, SLRD, IDTotal 13 persons
Objective - To know the objectives and contents of the pilot projects to be carried out in Labutta
township.
- To know the overall schedule and project scheme of the pilot project implementation.
- To have common understanding on the project and promote close relationship between the
personnel of different organizations representing the pilot projects.
ii) First Workshop (Orientation)
Date 4 April 2010
Place Damin Chaungalay
Attendants VPDC chairmanVillagers of Damin ChaungalayTotal 13 persons
Objective - To know the objectives, planned activities and expected results of the pilot projects by all
the beneficiaries and relevant local authorities in Damin Chaungalay village, Laputtaloke
VT.
- To understand the overall schedule and methods of operations of the pilot project
activities.
- To improve knowledge and awareness of local people on advantages of the presence of
mangrove trees and disadvantages of its absence in the coastal region.
- To understand potential problems and difficulties that will be encountered during
implementation, and to find possible solution.
- To agree to a common direction that would lead to the smooth implementation of the pilot
project.
iii) Second Workshop (Technical Training)
Date 12 May 2010
Attendants VPDC membersVillagers of Damin ChaungalayTotal 29 persons
Objective - To provide updated information on changes made in the planned activities.
- To promote better understanding and close relationship between the villagers and the
personnel representing to the pilot projects.
- To understand potential problems and difficulties which may have been encountered
during implementation, and find appropriate solutions to identified problems.
- To agree on specific tasks, time schedule, roles and responsibilities of each personnel in
future project activities.
iv) Third Workshop (Technical Training)
Date 17-18 May 2010
Attendants Villagers of Damin ChaungalayTotal 54 persons
Objective - To enhance technical skills and knowledge of the local community on the rehabilitation of
mangroves.
- To understand more in detail about the nature of mangroves.
96
- To improve capacity of the local community in maintaining mangroves.

- To achieve effective and efficient cooperation of the local community in project activities.
- To improve close relationship between the local villagers and Mangrove Management
Committee of Damin Chaunglay village.
v) Picture Competition by School Students
Date 28 January 2011
Attendants Students of primary school in Damin ChaungalayTotal 40 persons
Objective - To understand the importance of the mangrove windbreak through the picture contest.
vi) Fourth Workshop (Technical Training)
Date 1 March 2011
Objective - To acquire technique for maintenance of mangrove windbreak
vii) Fifth Workshop (Technical Training)
Date 17 March 2011
Attendants Villagers of Damin Chaungalay85 adults and 110 children
Objective - To improve awareness and knowledge to more villagers regarding the proper maintenance
and conservation of mangrove plantation in local region.
- To understand sustainable management of mangrove windbreak which has the function
against disaster
- Motivating children and their parents by giving awards to the winners of picture
competition
viii) Evaluation Workshop
Date 31 March 2011
Objective - To understand the real situation (strengths/ weaknesses) of the project activities
- To learn lessons and take necessary actions based on the evaluation results
- To be able to maintain windbreak mangrove plantation systematically.
Table 4.3.4-3 gives the way of villager's participation in the work and the manner of procurement of
materials and equipment required for the work.
Table 4.3.4-3 Villagers Participation in Pilot Project Activity
Procurement Procurement
Activities With-pay Without-pay
from outside by own
Temporary nursery o o
Procurement of seed & o o
Breeding o
Fencing o o
Marking o o
Planting o
Grass weeding o o
i) Establishment of temporary nursery and installation of fence
The establishment of temporary nursery and the installation of the fence were conducted by
97
villagers work with wage payment. Labor force from outside for the activity was not required.
Materials and equipment were procured by the project side.
ii) Procurement of seedling and breeding of Nf seed
Ao and Sa seedling and seed of Nf were procured by the project from FD nursery and private
nursery. Quality of Ao and Sa seedlings were good. Unloading from boat was carried out by
villagers work with wage payment. On the other hand, Activity of Nf breeding was conducted
without wage payment. Seed from FD nursery had low germination rate, so number of seedling
obtain was relatively low quantity.
iii) Marking
Marking of planting location was done by villagers with pay. Therefore outside labor force was
not required. Marking stakes which were made from bamboo was procured by the project side.
iv) Planting
Planting was conducted by villagers work with wage payment. Labor force from outside for the
activity was not necessary. Planting activity did not need any materials and equipment.
v) Grass weeding
Grass weeding was conducted by villagers work without wage payment. Labor force from
outside for the activity was not required. Bush cutter was prepared by villager.
Evaluation of technical aspects for the Pilot Project is presented below.
i) Planting species
From the result of monitoring, which
140
was carried out four (4) month after
the planting activity, mortality rate of 120
Ao seedling was 17%, Sa was 12% and 100
Nf was 15%. According to U Win
80
(cm)
Naing, former chief officer of Labutta

After 1month
FD office, this mortality rate was 60
After 4month
relatively low compared with other 40 After 8month
mangrove plantation work in Myanmar.
20
Also tree growth monitoring, which
was carried out eight (8) months after 0
planting, showed good growth of three Ao Nf Sa
Species
mangrove species. For instance, Ao
Figure 4.3.4-3 Mangrove Height Monitoring after Planting
became 45 cm, Sa became 69 cm and
Nf became 96 cm (See Figure 4.3.4-3).
This result shows that three mangrove species used are suitable for mangrove windbreak
rehabilitation.
ii) Fencing
The fence was installed surrounding the planting site. Functions of the fence are; (i) To reduce
power of strong wave, (ii) To protect entering trash and water lily from outside into planting site,
and (iii) To avoid entering of boat.
iii) Implementation body
The pilot project activity was conducted smoothly within the original schedule. So, it was
understood that implementation plan for the pilot project is suitable. When the evaluation
workshop was held, Mangrove Management committee which is the body for maintenance of
mangrove windbreak was established. Mangrove Management committee is composed of 11
98
members of villagers. The committee identified the roles of the villagers in the maintenance and
utilization of mangrove wind break.
Lessons obtained from the Pilot Project implementation are explained as follows;
1) The materials and equipment which the villagers can procure personally are extremely limited.
Outside investment is indispensable for the procurement of materials and equipment.
2) Establishment of mangrove windbreak can be conducted by labor force of villagers only.
However, volunteer work was limited, almost work needs payment for villagers.
3) Ao and Sa seedling are available from FD nursery, Nf seed also available from FD nursery and
private nursery in the Ayeyawady Delta. These three are very common mangrove species in
Ayeyawady Delta, and nursery activity of these species is relatively easy. Therefore these 3
species are suitable for the rehabilitation of mangrove windbreak in this area.
4) Due to obtain good result for Nf breeding, mature Nf seed should be used for planting.
5) Although installation of fence required much labor force, equipment and materials, the
function of protection of the planting site is very effective.
(5) Villager Impact Survey
An evaluation workshop about the mangrove windbreak rehabilitation pilot project was undertaken in
the Damin Chaungalay village on March 31st in 2011. Attendants of the evaluation workshop were 69
villagers. They expressed many opinions regarding mangrove windbreak rehabilitation project as
presented in Table 4.3.4-4 below.
Table 4.3.4-4 Villagers Response in Evaluation Workshop on Mangrove Pilot Project
Number of
Questions Answers
Respondent
One time 21
The number of times participated n the mangrove
Two times 23
technology transfer seminar
More than Three times 25
Well 14
Understanding the meaning of windbreak
Moderate 54
mangroves establishment
Not well 1
Well 40
Understanding the technology transfer of
Moderate 28
windbreak mangroves
Not well 1
Nursery 0
Fencing 0
The activity which is possible do ourselves
Planting 51
Grass Weeding 31
Good activity 69
The windbreak establishment activity
Not good activity 0
Answers from the attendants are summarized as follows;

1) All attendants of evaluation workshop joined at least one technical transfer workshop. 68
numbers of attendants could understand contents of technical transfer workshop.
2) The Villagers cannot provide by themselves the material and equipment for temporary nursery,
and material and equipment for fencing. However, 51 participants indicated their capacity to
provide labor force for planting, and 31 for grass weeding.
3) All participants of evaluation workshop understood that mangrove windbreak rehabilitation
99
activity is very good activity.

Lessons obtained from the above result are as follows;
1) Villagers could get knowledge and information about the mangrove rehabilitation at the
technology transfer workshop. In case of rehabilitation of the mangrove windbreak, the
preliminary technology transfer and the orientation activities are indispensable.
2) To recognize that it is difficult for the villagers themselves to procure the seedling, materials
and equipment in the implementation of similar projects in the future. The seedling, materials
and equipment should be sourced out outside assistance in case of rehabilitation of the
mangrove windbreak.
3) From the implementation result of the mangrove windbreak pilot project, villagers could
understand that mangrove rehabilitation work is a good and effective project in their area.
Villagers recognize that mangrove rehabilitation is good activity for the villagers. Villagers
have big potential for implementing mangrove windbreak rehabilitation by themselves.
4.4 Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)
The components of the Pilot Project are 1) Dike embankment and sluice rehabilitation, 2) On-site seed
production, 3) Income generation and 4) Mangrove windbreak rehabilitation. The impact of the
hereinto pilot project components are discussed below.
(1) Social Impacts
1) Expected social impacts by the embankment works and countermeasures against them
The expected impacts by the polder embankment widening are resettlement and land acquisition.
Proposed necessary width including borrow pits for the rehabilitation is around 70 feet from the toe of
existing dikes. According to the customary rule described in Chapter 4.3, it is allowed for people to
use land outside 50 feet from the toe of dike, for residential purpose or farming activities and actually
the people got used to cultivating the land. However, due to the widening of embankment, a part of
farmlands, from 50 feet to 70 feet should have been acquired. In addition to that, there are about 10
huts along the dike that are considered as illegal.
Since there is no specific standard related to polder dike slope in Myanmar, application of the Japanese
standard for the slope (1:2 to 1:3) was examined. If the slope is designed at 1:2 or 1:3, the necessary
land to be acquired can be wide. Therefore, the proposed slope was set at 1:1.5 to minimize the land
acquisition. It would not cause any problem in terms of safety, since the height of embankment is 7 to
8 feet (= 2.1 to 2.4 m) from the ground level, which is not very high. This was the environmental
consideration taken at the design level.
At the construction stage, if houses were situated close to polder dikes, soil was carried manually,
which did not require the area for temporary stockpile for drying soils (refer to Figure 4.4-1,
Method-1). Further measure to minimize the disturbance of existing huts / houses was to obtain
embankment soils from the area nearby but not from the hut lot (refer to Figure 4.4-1, Method-2). It is
noted that ordinal construction method, namely, use of machines e.g. bulldozers and set of borrow pit
along the dike, which requires temporary dike, was applied if there were no houses, since it is
cost-effective and possible to save time. Taking consideration into the site conditions, the method to be
applied was determined.
If standing crops are damaged by the works, there is a need to provide compensation. At the Pilot
Project, no standing crops were observed along the polder embankment. Therefore, it was not
necessary to consider this matter.
2) Social impacts by other components
Concerning other pilot project components, namely, On-site Seed Production and Income Generation,
100
the former aimed to improve present farming and targeted farmers who have cultivation right and the
latter targeted landless people, who are called casual labor. Therefore, both groups were covered by the
Pilot Project, which means people in various conditions could access to good opportunities. In addition
to that, another component, namely, Windbreak Mangrove Rehabilitation can prevent their lives from
disasters and contribute to fish resource increase by bio-diversification, which leads to income
increase for the people. Therefore, it can be said that the impacts by those components were not
negative.
Crest width: 3.6m Inside of polder dike
Freeboard: 1.2m
Carriage by manpower from neighboring borrow pits
H.W.L=2.1m
1.5 1.5
1 Existing 1
Outside G.L
polder dike House
polder dike
Method -2: Construction by manpower (the soil materials are carried from neighboring Borrow Pits)
Crest width: 3.6m

Inside polder
Freeboard: 1.2m dike
H.W.L=2.1m
1.5 1.5
Outside polder 1 Existing 1 G.L
dike Polder Dike House
Borrow Pit
1.1m
10.0m
Method-1: Construction by manpower (the Borrow Pit along the polder dike)
Figure 4.4-1 Cross Sections of Construction Method to Minimize Resettlement
(2) Natural Impact

In general, there were no negative impacts caused by the Pilot Project, since the projects considered
only the rehabilitation the original situations. There are no sanctuaries, special landscapes and other
valuable places in terms of flora and fauna along the embankment which was affected by the project.
Regarding mangrove windbreak rehabilitation, three main local mangrove species, namely, Sonneratia
apetala (Sa, local name: Kanbala) for river ward zone, Avicennia officinalis (Ao, local name: Thame
Gyi) for middle portion and Nypa fruticans (Nf, local name: Dani) for land ward zone were planted.
They are suitable for the natural conditions in the Pilot Project site. This work was implemented
without mechanical equipment, chemicals and fertilizers, and in an environment-friendly manner.
Generally, mangrove forest plays a role as shelter in case of natural disasters and can contribute to
bio-diversification. Moreover, these Pilot Project components were small-scale which could cause
little adverse effect. Therefore, it can be said that the adverse natural impacts by Pilot Project are
negligible.
(3) Pollution
The main anticipated pollutions were air pollution, water deterioration, waste, noise and vibration and
so on. The pollutions mentioned were tentative and the period was limited to the construction stage
only. Concerning dust generation by the embankment works, the soil in the field is relatively wet and
there was low possibility that the works generated dust and it was not needed to spray water at the
construction sites. In and around the residential area, manual embankment was applied, which made it
possible to suppress dust generation. The number of houses in the sites, where machinery works were
101
implemented, was limited.

(4) Orientation of the Pilot Project
Prior to the Pilot Project implementation, a series of consultations were held targeting the people.
Concerning the dike embankment and sluice rehabilitation, ID requested and informed Labutta TPDC
implementing scheme of Pilot Project. In general, TPDCs are the responsible organization for such
project to send notice to people through VPDC. Labutta TPDC provided information on the
rehabilitation of embankment and sluice to VPDCs on March 2010, and sent notice of land acquisition
and resettlement in December 2010 to VPDCs during the regular monthly meeting. There was no
comment on the explanation of TPDC at the meeting. On the other hand, regarding other components,
namely, on-site seed production, income generation and mangrove windbreak rehabilitation,
workshops to introduce these components to the people were organized. The series of notifications
were made as follows:
Table 4.4-1 Notification of Pilot Project to the People
Dike embankment and sluice rehabilitation
Date and Venue Subjects of explanation Organizer Targets
March 2010 at the - Test embankment Labutta TPDC VPDC members
Labutta Township - Rehabilitation of whole embankment
office
1st December, 2010 - Necessity of resettlement and land Labutta TPDC VPDC members
at the Labutta acquisition
Township office No comment from the VPDC
On-site seed production
Date and Venue Agenda Organizers Targets
7th April, 2010 at - Objectives of the pilot project TPDC Labutta, Farmers
the Labutta - Expected outcomes MAS, Golden representatives
Township office - Identification of problems regarding farming Plain and JICA from the 3 target
of MAS - Responsibilities of each stakeholder such as Team staff Pilot Project sites
farmers, JICA Team and MAS
- Agreement on the pilot project between the
project and the villages
Income generation
20th to 25th May, - Introduction of the pilot project objectives MAS and JICA VPDC members
2010 at the 5 and components Team and 40 to 70 people
villages tract - Number of people who are interested per village , who
assembly room - Confirmation of available land are interested (main
- Confirmation of current technical level target are landless,
- Market and some land
- Womens participation in vegetable owner also joined)
cultivation
Based on the acquired data, 2 villages out of 5
were selected as Pilot Project sites by the JICA
Team
16th to 18th June, - Result presentation of the sites selection JICA Team and Villagers who are
2010 in the 2 - Schedule of the Pilot Project MAS, VPDC interested
selected villages - Social condition survey on the village members
population (ratio of landless people, main
income sources etc.)
Mid of June, - Notice of the selection results to the 3 JICA Team and VPDCs members
2010 not-selected VT PDCs MAS of Not-selected VT
VPDC members Villagers in
not-selected
102
Mangrove windbreak rehabilitation

4th April, 2010 at - Introduction of the pilot project objectives VPDC members 11 Villagers
the temple of and components and Golden
Damin - Schedule of the Pilot Project Plain
Chaungalay - Discussion to enhance awareness of
village mangrove forest functions and conservation
As a result of 1st workshop, Mangrove
Management Committee consisting of 13
villagers was established.
th
12 May, 2010 at - Updating schedule, plan, schedule and VPDC 34 villagers
one residence activities of the Pilot Project members,
compound of - Explanation about commitment & Golden Plain
Damin participation by villagers and JICA team
Chaungalay - Identification of problems member
village - Discussion on how to overcome the expected
difficulties during the Pilot Project
(5) Attitude of People toward the Embankment Works

According to VPDCs within the Labutta North Polder, a total of 96 household lost some parts of their
farmland by the embankment works. Taking consideration into that the embankment works gave some
adverse impacts on the surrounding people, an attitude survey targeting the affected people was
implemented in March 2011. The target was 86 households within the Labutta North Polder, which
corresponds to 90% of total. In addition interview to the resettled households was also implemented in
March 2011. The survey results are shown below.
1) Notice to the affected people
Labutta TPDC provided information on the resettlement and land acquisition to the VPDC concerned
in December 2010 during the monthly meeting. However the information was not transmitted to the
individuals in the villages sufficiently. Only 31
(36%) out of the 86 interviewed got the
information in advance (refer to Figure 4.4-2). In Explained
the Dami Chaunglay village, the people were in advance
familiar with the embankment works very well, 36%
since they were informed of this matter at the
orientation workshop of mangrove windbreak No
rehabilitation. Also, the household that will be explanation
resettled did not receive official notice about the 64%
need of resettlement. They came to know about Figure 4.4-2 Prior Explanation about Land
the situation through observation of the survey by Acquisition to affected Farmers
ID staff around the polder embankment.
2) Land Acquisition
As mentioned above, the questionnaire survey targeting 86 households (= 90% of total) was
undertaken for the purpose of identification of their notion about land acquisition. According to the
results, the mean farmland per households is 19.3 acres, and 2.1 acres on the average, which
corresponds to 11% of their whole farmland, were acquired without compensation. However, there is a
high possibility that people regard a part of ROW also as their farmland, given that total acquired area
in the Pilot Project area is calculated at 183 acres, which is much larger than roughly estimated legal
acquired area, namely, around 60 acres (=20 feet times 39 km). It is a fact that 36% of the affected
people responded that they did not know the area of ROW.
103
Breakdown
of36% Farmland
36%
13%
64% Cash
Farm
26%
machine
It is inevitible for the safty and public interest , however, any 61%
sampathy/compensation is needed
It is inevitible for the safty and public interest in spite of no
compensation
Figure 4.4-3 Farmers Attitude on Embankment Work and Land Acquisition
In general, people think that land acquisition for the embankment works is inevitable for security and
the public interest. 64% of respondents accepted the land acquisition without compensation. Still, 36%
of those responded that some supports, e.g. provision of farm machine (water pump) were needed as
shown in Figure 4.4-3. In practice, compensation for the land acquisition would not be provided,
following the regulation in Myanmar that all farmlands are owned by the State.
3) Resettlement
The measures and efforts to minimize resettlement of existing huts along the embankment were taken
as planned. Still, it was observed that 5 huts stayed on the crest of embankment and 3 huts were
located just beside of the embankment, therefore, 8 huts in total, which were illegal, relocated their
huts to other places. The resettlement of those huts had already been completed without compensation
in early December 2010 with little grievance from the persons involved. The interview results
regarding the resettlement situations are shown in the following table.
Table 4.4-2 Situations of Resettlement
Resettled No.1 No.2 No.3 No.4 No.5 No.6 No.7 No.8
Permanent or Permanent Permanent Permanent Permanent Permanent Permanent Temporary Temporary
temporary hut hut hut hut hut hut hut hut
Occupation Fishery Fishery Fishery Casual Casual Farming Casual Casual
labor labor labor labor
Cost for Kyats Kyats Kyats Kyats Kyats Kyats Not Not
relocation 5,000 10,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 confirmed confirmed
shouldered
by owners
Period for hut 3 days Yet to be 3 days 1 week 1 week 1 month 2 days by 2 days by
resettlement reconstructed VPDC village head
Note: Hut owners of No7 and No.8 have gone to outside of the Labutta North polder before the embankment works, hence,
they were not anymore personally interviewed and their huts were moved by the VPDC members and village head.
Two casual labor households out of the eight households were temporary emigrants came from outside
the polder and their shelters were just temporary in Labutta. When ID officers commenced initial
survey along the polder dike, they went back to their hometowns. On the other hand, remaining six
households originally had resided at landside or riverside of the dike nearby before Nargis, however
they moved their shelter to the crest or just beside the embankment due to the damage from Nargis.
Among them, three households being engaged in fishery went back to their original places nearby and
they have just kept their work in fishery. Other two households, who work as a casual labor, have
already moved near the sluice gate to find a job after the resettlement for the work. They used to move
from place to place for the job opportunity. The last one makes a living by farming and the family also
has a plan to move to another place again after the replacement for the embankment works.
After the relocation, their living conditions are not changed very much, since their living places are
almost the same, at most, there are only several hundreds meters between the original and new
locations, and their livelihood is the same as before. The paid amounts for the resettlement shouldered
by the owners were 5,000 or 10,000 Kyats/household for rental of boat and house construction
104
materials. Given that their daily labor cost is 2,000-4,000 Kyats/day, the replacement cost mentioned
above is not significant for their household account. Therefore, it can be judged that those
resettlements are not involuntary. The detailed information of relocation by household is described in
Appendix 10-3.
(6) Support to the People at the Construction Sites
In addition to the planned components of Pilot Project, some supports to the people were implemented
at the construction site. One is water pond construction by modification of borrow pits. Based on the
request by the people, some water ponds for school use and villages use were prepared. After the on
set of rainy season, these ponds will be very useful for their lives. Furthermore, since a part of polder
embankment was paved with stones, which people had collected with difficulty in the past, these
stones were reused for the rehabilitated embankment based on peoples request.
(7) Scoping Checklist
A scoping checklist describing environmental impacts by the Pilot Project is given below:
Table 4.4-3 Scoping Checklist for Pilot Project
No. Impacts Rating A Brief Description
Social Environment: *Regarding the impacts on Gender and Childrens Right, might be related to all criteria
of Social Environment.
1 Involuntary Resettlement B Some efforts to minimize the resettlement were implemented.
Still, there were 8 illegal huts, their resettlement was already
completed with little grievance. They did not have to purchase
lands for their new residence.
2 Local economy such as D The rehabilitation works generated employment opportunity to
employment and livelihood, etc. local people.
3 Land use and utilization of local B Due to the widening of ROW under the control by ID, namely,
resources from 50 feet to 70 feet from the toe of dike, parts of farmland,
which had been cultivated by 96 farmers, were acquired. Since
crop was not planted, there was no crop damage.
4 Social institutions such as social D The activities implemented under the project did not influence
infrastructure and local directly social infrastructure and local decision-making
decision-making institutions institutions.
5 Existing social infrastructures D The activities implemented under the project did not influence
and services adversely on the social infrastructure and local decision-making
institutions.
6 The poor, indigenous and ethnic B In general, majority in the Pilot Project Area is Burmese with few
people minorities. These people are new residents due to new setting
history of Ayeyawady Delta, indigenous people are not observed.
Landless people who resided on and around the polder, who are
illegal residents, moved to other places for the embankment
works.
7 Misdistribution of benefit and D The project can contribute to protection of peoples lives and
damage farmland equally.
8 Cultural heritage D Important cultural heritages such as temples are not located near
polder dikes.
9 Local conflict of interests D No severe conflict over the job opportunities was observed.
10 Water Usage or Water Rights and D Saline water from outside can be prevented through the
Rights of Common rehabilitation works, which leads to improvement of water
quality.
11 Sanitation D The rehabilitation works can prevent flood, which deteriorates
sanitation.
105

12 Hazards (Risk), Infectious D Those who worked as labors were recruited from the neighboring
diseases such as HIV/AIDS villages, which led to very low risk of infectious diseases.
Natural Environment
13 Topography and Geographical D The structural measures were of small-scale such as repair works
features to cause any significant effects on these features.
14 Soil Erosion D The slope of embankment was determined considering safety.
For manual embankment, sand bags made from jute were utilized,
which is eco-friendly, and vegetation on the embankment slope is
expected in near future.
15 Groundwater D All project activities did not extract groundwater and have no
significant effect on groundwater or its quality.
16 Hydrological Situation D The sluice repair works enables to drain saline water from the
polder effectively and it is expected not to cause negative impacts
on hydrological situation.
17 Coastal Zone (Mangroves, Coral D Rehabilitation of windbreak mangrove is effective for the coastal
reefs, Tidal flats, etc.) zone protection.
18 Flora, Fauna and Biodiversity D Since new civil engineering facilities were not constructed, no
significant impact on biodiversity was generated.
19 Meteorology D There were no activities that affected the meteorology.
20 Landscape D The civil engineering works were mainly rehabilitation and too
small-scale to cause any significant adverse effects including
visual impact on landscape.
21 Global Warming D There are no activities with constant emission of green house
substances.
Pollution
22 Air Pollution B The construction vehicles could increase exhaust gas and
rehabilitation works could generate dust, however, these
situations was temporary. Moreover, manual works around the
residential area were useful to suppress dust generation.
23 Water Pollution B Construction works along rivers could cause short-term
deterioration in water quality due to increased turbidity, however,
it was just tentative.
24 Soil Contamination D There were no activities promoting the use of toxic materials that
may lead to soil contamination.
25 Waste B Construction wastes generated were managed appropriately
focused on reuse of the wastes as much as possible.
26 Noise and Vibration B Construction works generated short-term noise and vibration.
However, machinery works were implemented in non-residential
area. Manual works near residential areas could suppress noise
and vibration to some extent.
27 Ground Subsidence D There was no extraction of groundwater which leads to ground
subsidence.
28 Offensive Odor D Temporary offensive odor was expected due to exhausted gas
from the construction vehicles and machine only during
construction period, at low level and at non-residential area.
29 Bottom sediment D Dispose of harmful substances such as heavy metals or organic
chlorine compounds to river/sea was not implemented.
30 Accidents D With the greatest care, embankment works were implemented and
no accidents were reported.
Rating: A: Serious impacts are expected. B: Some impacts are expected.
C: Extent of impact is unknown D: No or negligible impacts including positive impact are expected.
106
CHAPTER 5 DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR PRESERVATION OF

FARMING AREA
5.1 Basic Policy for Formulation of Development Plan

5.1.1 Basic Policy for Preservation of Farming Area
The objective of the Project is to formulate the Development Plan (D/P) for Preservation of Farming
Area for Urgent Rehabilitation of Agricultural Production and Rural Life in the Ayeyawady Delta. In
order to formulate the D/P, the work shall be made through appropriate procedures, i.e. i) survey and
confirmation of present situation, ii) identification and clarification of current problems and challenges,
and iii) planning of possible solutions / measures. As a result of the work through such procedures,
realistic and implementable D/P can be formulated.
The Ayeyawady Delta where rich river deposit soils are widespread is the largest rice production and
the most important food supply area in Myanmar. Therefore, it has been an important policy to
maintain and increase rice production in this area from the food security viewpoint. Before Nargis
attack, farming area had been preserved with construction and maintenance of polder dikes,
embankments and sluices and rice production had been maintained. However, rice production declined
remarkably due the serious damages of these infrastructures and farming area due to the Cyclone
Nargis attacked in 2008.
With above-mentioned circumstances, discussions were presented in Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 on the
confirmation and identification of current problems in the Project Area, challenges and improvement
measures. As a result, two aspects were prioritized for the urgent preservation of farming area and the
rehabilitation of crop production and rural life. They were; 1) rehabilitation of polder dikes,
embankments and sluices as well as mangrove windbreak for the preservation of farming area, 2)
improvement of farming and income generation for the rehabilitation of crop production and rural life.
In order to formulate the D/P for the preservation of farming area and crop production it is required to
clarify natural condition from the viewpoint of meteorology, hydrology and topography which seems
to be very severe and critical to preserve farmland and to practice farming in this area. The following
are the overview of natural condition in this area.
The Project Area is situated in the coast of the Ayeyawady Delta where due to severe natural condition
only limited people are inclined to reside and develop their farming for a long time. The principle of
such severe natural condition is the lowland polder area, where people reside and agriculture is
practiced, as it is surrounded with saline river water due to sea water penetration up to 40 to 80 km
upstream of the rivers from the coastline. In fact, it is observed that at the Labutta North Polder,
situated 30 km inland from the coastline, the river water levels are much higher than the farmland
level during high tide. From this, it is understood that polder dikes which separate farmland from the
river shall be the key to the preservation of the farmland. Heavy rainfall is another critical natural
factor that the delta area is receiving annually with a rainfall of more than 3,000 mm during the
monsoon season. It causes floods and inundation to farmland, seriously damaging monsoon paddy and
other crops.
However, the greater risk for the people in this area will be generated by a big cyclone like that of
Cyclone Nargis that actually occurred in May 2008. It claimed 140,000 lives and damaged polder
dikes causing saline water intrusion to farmlands damaging crops.
In the Project Area, therefore, it is primarily necessary to rehabilitate polder dikes, embankments,
sluices and mangrove windbreak to prevent damages to farmland through river water overtopping and
salt water intrusion and to preserve farming area.
107
On the other hand, since agriculture is the most basic industry in the polder area as well as the most
important income source for the residents, there are several urgent issues that has to be solved
including low productivity of rice that was observed clearly after Nargis damage, lack of farm inputs
such as fertilizer and seed in both quantity and quality, and insufficient agricultural extension services
by government. For the issue particularly on rice seed as a farm input, improvement has not been
observed due to interaction between poor cropping technique by farmers and lack of government
support. In such circumstances, it is strongly required to work in cooperation between government
extension services to be strengthened and farmer level self-improvement in farm inputs and cropping
technique to be improved in order to restore and increase agricultural production.
From the above, it can be stated that urgent development for the preservation of farming area and
agricultural rehabilitation in the Project Area shall focused on the establishment of firm agricultural
infrastructure against severe natural condition as well as on the restoration and increase of agricultural
production. Basic policy for the preservation of farming area in the Project shall be set as follows:
1) To preserve farming area through establishment of safe and stable infrastructure: This is essential
and urgent for the preservation of farming area in the polders that were seriously damaged by
Cyclone Nargis. Farmland in the Project Area can be preserved through physical rehabilitation of
related infrastructure particularly polder dikes and sluices as key facility. In addition to that,
rehabilitation of mangrove trees, which function as windbreak for the protection of dikes and
embankment from erosion caused by tidal surge, are also included as important facility.
2) To restore and increase agricultural production and reconstruct rural life at preserved farming
area: Agriculture is the most important subject in this agro-based rural area to rehabilitate and
develop and its development shall focus on the improvement of farm management for rice
cropping and agriculture-related activities. As to farm improvement, focus is given to the
improvement of farm inputs on rice cropping and strengthening of MAS extension services. For
agriculture-related activity, on the other hand, income generation plan with focus on vegetables
and livestock by landless people shall be formulated in the D/P.
5.1.2 Basic Concept for Formulation of Development Plan on Preservation of Farming Area
According to the discussion made above, development subject is set as; 1) rehabilitation of polder dike
and sluices as well as mangrove windbreak trees to preserve farmland inside the polder, and 2)
improvement of farm management and income generation as agriculture-related field to increase
agricultural production. Based on this, basic concept and framework of the D/P are discussed below;
a) As to agricultural and rural infrastructure, polder dikes and sluices shall be the major targets for
urgent rehabilitation according to the survey on Nargis damage. In the design of dike,
embankment height as the most important factor in view of disaster prevention shall be
determined through appropriate meteorological and hydrological analysis. Mangrove trees
naturally seen along the polder dike have functioned as very effective windbreak to reduce tidal
surge and storms for the protection of polder dikes. At the time of Nargis, many mangrove trees
were destroyed and therefore it is vital and urgent to replant for future.
b) Agriculture and agriculture-related fields to be promoted in the D/P will be two subjects, namely
farm management, and income generation. Farm management is the most essential to increase
agricultural production particularly rice in the Project Area, which was seriously damaged by
Nargis. It is urgent and high necessity to strengthen the quality rice seed production by farmers
and MAS extension capacity and services. On the other hand, income generation shall target the
activities on vegetables cultivation and livestock at very small scale. Beneficiaries are the
landless households who are residing in the rural village as majority of residents in the
Ayeyawady Delta.
c) Implementation period of the D/P will be set based on the project size and volume to be
formulated on component basis. Consideration will also be made on the degree of urgency for
108
disaster prevention, implementation capacity and financial availability of the implementing

body.
d) Target area for the D/P will be 34 polders in Ayeyawady Region as stipulated in the Scope of
Work (S/W) for the Project.
e) Implementing body will be determined on the project basis. Basically, the project for the
rehabilitation of polder dikes will be done by ID, mangrove windbreak by local government
together with villager beneficiaries, the improvement of farm management by MAS together
with rice farmers, and income generation by local government and landless households together
with line-departments (MAS, LBVD) depending on subjects.
f) Implementation method and process will also be determined on the project basis. Study and
discussion will be made among the stakeholders concerned. There will be variations and
alternatives in both implementation method and process to be employed, such as hiring of
contractors for rehabilitation work, force account work by government agencies, extension
services by government, and so on. Participatory approach and work sharing arrangement with
farmer / villager beneficiaries may be employed in the implementation process. Such contents
shall be demonstrated and evaluated in the pilot projects.
g) Procurement of project budget will be made by the government especially for the public
infrastructure project for farming area preservation and disaster prevention such as rehabilitation
of polder dikes, sluices and mangrove trees. On the other hand, projects such as rice seed
production project under the farm management improvement and income generation project,
from which individual farmers or landless people will directly benefit, will be planned in view
of work sharing or cost sharing under self-help concept.
5.2 Scope of Development Plan
5.2.1 Components of Development Plan
This D/P is a basic proposal composed of various planning, technical and procedural guidelines for the
preservation of farming area for urgent rehabilitation of agricultural production and rural life in the
areas affected by Cyclone Nargis. Target areas of the D/P are 34 existing polders and embankments in
Ayeyawady Region that need urgent rehabilitation and improvement in the following fields:
(1) Agricultural and rural infrastructure, which includes rehabilitation of polder dikes and sluice
gates for urgent preservation of farming area,
(2) Farm management, which includes strengthening of extension services and production of
rice quality seed for urgent restoration and increase of agricultural production,
(3) Income generation, which includes support of small business for income generation for
urgent rehabilitation of rural life, and
(4) Mangrove windbreak trees, which include rehabilitation / replanting of mangrove trees along
polder dike to protect for urgent preservation of farming area.
109
5.2.2 Target Polders on Development Plan

Target area of the D/P is 34 polders, which are scattered in Ayeyawady Region in the Ayeyawady Delta
as listed in Table 5.2-1. It has a total population of about 248,000 (year 2010 estimate), a total
protected area of 1,342 km2 (134,200 ha) and a total dike length of about 940 km.
Table 5.2-1 List of 34 Polders for Development Plan
Sr. Protected Length of Sr. Protected Length of
Township Name of polder Population Township Name of polder Population
No. area (km2) dike (km) No. area (km2) dike (km)
1 Alegyun (1) polder 3,947 16.7 21.6 19 Daw Nyein polder 5,850 12.0 22.5
2 Alegyun (2) polder 6,139 36.1 36.5 20 Myokone polder 4,019 22.8 27.4
3 Alegyun (3) polder 2,967 36.5 28.4 21 Kyetphamwezaung 25,687 125.7 74.1
4 Magybinmadaukkan 1,601 5.5 5.5 22 Banbwezu 9,604 53.3 41.9
Phyapon
5 Thingangyi 474 7.0 10.1 23 Daydalu 4,072 17.2 20.9
6 Zinywe 633 6.2 9.7 24 Letpanbin 4,195 34.6 32.2
7 Leikkwin 392 3.8 6.0 25 Zinbaung 3,992 26.7 24.2
Labutta 8 Labutta (South) 4,166 28.7 32.5 Sub-total 57,419 292.3 243.2
9 Labutta (North) 15,547 78.3 61.2 26 Myaseinkan 9,866 54.7 21.7
10 U Gaungpu 205 3.7 8.4 27 Thandi 1,651 13.9 6.8
11 Bitud Island (1) 1,191 19.0 22.6 28 Suclubbaluma 4,935 29.5 11.9
12 Bitud Island (2) 7,315 27.8 29.9 Daydaye 29 Hleseikchaunggyi 2,026 9.1 11.9
13 Bitud Island (3) 3,743 32.2 45.1 30 Tamatakaw 10,459 53.5 11.3
14 Bitud Island (4) 14,169 76.4 65.3 31 Kyonsoat 316 2.4 8.1
Sub-total 62,489 377.8 382.8 Sub-total 29,253 163.0 71.7
15 Daunggyi 15,935 98.9 59.6 32 Maubin Island (North) 27,386 110.0 20.0
16 Daunggyi (East) 8,433 89.3 54.6 33 Maubin Island (South) 9,248 46.1 7.1
Kyaiklatt
17 Daunggyi (West) 12,921 69.4 50.9 34 Thonegwakyun 20,851 81.2 35.8
Bogalay
18 Daunggyi (Upper) 4,066 13.8 16.9 Sub-total 57,485 237.3 62.9
Sub-total 41,355 271.4 182.0
Total 248,001 1,341.7 942.6
Source: ID, TPDC, JICA Project Team
110
5.3 Rehabilitation Plan on Agricultural and Rural Infrastructure

5.3.1 Basic Concept of Rehabilitation of Agricultural and Rural Infrastructure
Basic concept for the rehabilitation of agriculture and rural infrastructure is set based on the result of
the pilot project as follows:
- In the rehabilitation of dike embankment, the construction method of soil improvement by
natural drying up and dozer compaction will be employed as it is evaluated most
economical and viable in construction. In addition, manual embankment method will be
considered at the place adjacent to houses and structures.
- In rehabilitation of sluice, rehabilitation method will either be repair or replacement and will
be determined based on the result of gate function evaluation survey in consideration of low
cost rehabilitation. For the gate material on new fabrication, stainless steel will be used in
consideration of service life.
- To improve drainage condition of protected farmland, side-borrow area along the dike for
embankment will be effectively utilized. Moreover, it will take into consideration utilization
for ponds for possible drinking water.
5.3.2 Project Contents and Volume
The Project Area is 34 polders in Ayeyawady Region and project contents are determined as follows;
- To reconstruct dike embankment with required crest levels for safety.
- To rehabilitate sluices with required functions as flap or slide gates.
Table 5.3-1 gives project volume for the rehabilitation of dike and sluice under the D/P.
Table 5.3-1 Project Volume for Rehabilitation of Dike and Sluice
Component of Project Project Volume Remarks
30 polders excluding 4 polders (No.
1 Dike embankment (sud/m3) 3,381,022 sud / 9,568,292 m3 3,4,9,26) for dike length of 825 km,
(see Table 5.3-4)
2 Rehabilitation of sluices 77 sluices 20 polders (see Table 5.3-7)
2-1 Flap gate (nos.) 332 (67 to replace & 265 to repair)
2-2 Slide gate (nos.) 339 (159 to replace & 180 to repair)
Total of gates 671 (226 to replace & 445 to repair)
5.3.3 Results of Hydrology Analysis
Hydrological study was made in order to determine the high water levels for embankment design.
Defining that the high tide level at the delta coastline is the sum of the highest normal tide in May,
when the majority of severe cyclone occurred in the past, and the probable storm surge residual of 50
year recurrence, astronomical tides are collected from two stations, Diamond Island situated 10 km off
the entrance of the Bassein River and Elephant Point located at the mouth of the Yangon River. There
exist 12 ocean outfalls along the delta coast between the entrances of the Bassein and Yangon Rivers,
and high tide levels are estimated at each outfall in accordance with pattern of the amplitudes of the
major four tidal constituents, namely O1, K1, M2 and S2, which are available from existing document.
Flood water levels along the river systems upstream-ward were then estimated, starting from the given
magnitude of tidal water levels (astronomical tide + surge amplitude) at the river mouths, employing
the hydraulically simulated pattern of river water stages during the severe flood that actually occurred
in 1974 and evaluated as once in 100 years event. High water levels estimated at river mouths and
along the river systems were plotted on a plane map. Iso-lines of high water levels thus generated are
shown in Figure 5.3-1. It is noted here that a freeboard is to be considered to determine the design
crest elevation of embankment.
111
Details are given in Appendix 3 of this report.
in
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9 Kyetsha 26
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Chaunggwa 5 Thingangyi Lamugyi 23 Iso-Line of Design High
Kangyaing
Pyinkayaing
2.2m
Thingandon Tawbaing
20
Myogon
Water Level
Bogon
2.5m Water Level in meter
Wagon 19
Ladaung Dawny ein above Mean Sea Level
Saluz eik 10 2.5m 23
2.
3m Kyaukta zi Polaung
Embankment Project
Mayan
S eikkyi Kadonkani Ama
4m
2.Aunghlaing Alandaing
5m Note: Freeboard is to be considered to determine
2. design crest elevation of embankment.
0 10 20 30 40 50km
Figure 5.3-1 Iso-lines of Design High Water Level
5.3.4 Design and Construction Plan

(1) Typical Cross Section of Dikes
Definition for determination of the design crest level (hereinafter called as A.C.L) is provided in two
ways separately for river dike and coastal dike, where extra height is added to the high water level, as
a freeboard, in the following equation.
- Case 1 (for river dike): A.C.L = H.W.L + Freeboard (0.6m to 2.0m)
- Case 2 (for coastal dike): A.C.L = H.W.L + Design wave height + Freeboard (0 to 1.0m)
Here, the freeboard for the above case 1 is taken at 1.2 m (4.0 ft) in accordance with the Japanese
Standard as shown in Table 5.3-2, and after considering that discharges of the external rivers of
embankments, which are distributaries of the Ayeyawady River, would be between 2,000 and 5,000
m3/sec during a severe flood of return period of 50 years or more.
Table 5.3-2 Relation between Design Flood Discharge and Freeboard
Design flood discharge Freeboard (H)
3
Q < 200 m /s H=0.6 m (2.0 ft)
200 < Q < 500 m3/s H=0.8 m (2.6 ft)
3
500 < Q < 2,000 m /s H=1.0 m (3.3 ft)
2,000 < Q < 5,000 m3/s H=1.2 m (4.0 ft)
5,000 < Q < 10,000 m3/s H=1.5 m (5.0 ft)
10,000 m3/s < Q H=2.0 m (6.6 ft)
Design wave height for case 2 is also taken at 1.2 m (4.0 ft) as explained in Figures 5.3-2 to 5.3-4.
112
Actual height of wave is considered to decrease obstruction by coastal plants (mangrove and others),
so that additional freeboard (0 to 1.0 m) is not adapted for the case 2.
In accordance with the results obtained above, extra height (freeboard) to be added to H.W.L is 1.2 m
(4.0 ft) for all river and coastal dikes.
Actual gradient
Wave
Direction Concentrated Parameter: Smax
H.W.L
Improved supposition
slope (Cot)
A: hatching area
Figure 5.3-3 Improved Supposition Slope
Wave Gradient: Ho/Lo
Figure 5.3-2 Wave Gradient Carve
- Ho/Lo=0.035 (refer to Fig-1), assumed

Smax=10 (in case of winding wave)
- Cot=1.5 (refer to Fig-2)
- R/Ho=1.3 (by Fig-3, Ho/Lo=0.035, Cot=1.5 )
- Lo=(gT2)/2=(9.8*4.02)/(2*3.14)=25
g: acceleration of gravity =9.8
T: wave cycle =4.0
(mean value of 0 to 8 in case of winding wave)
- Ho/Lo=0.035, Lo=0.035Lo=0.035*25=0.88 Figure 5.3-4 Improved Supposition Slope and Wave Run-up Height Ratio
R/Ho=1.3, R=1.3Ho=1.3*0.88=1.14=1.2m
In addition, slope gradient of 1:1.5 is adopted because of the following reasons.

- The height of dike is not more than 2-3 m (7-10 ft) from the ground elevation on the, so that the risk
of slope sliding would be extremely low.
- It is observed that mangrove trees would protect dike embankment at river side.
- As the side slope becomes gentler, loss of paddy field becomes larger.
- Gentle slope would require more construction cost.
Furthermore, the crest width of embankment is adopted at 3.6m (12 ft) in consideration of the traffic
conditions in the future, as presently designed by ID.
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Typical cross section and crest level of polder dikes are shown in Figure 5.3-5.
Freeboard 1.2m(4) Crest Width 3.6m(12) Banking V3V1
A.C.L 3.3m(11) Temporary Placing
V1 2.3m Excavating V2V3 Land Side

H.W.L=2.1m(7)
1.5 1.5
1 Existing Dike 1 V3 1.0 Borrow Pit (Drainage in future) G.L

River Side 1
2.5m(8)
V2 1.1m(4)
Example for calculation of construction space
Necessary Embankment Volume: V1=10m3/m 7.3m(24)
Necessary Excavation Volume:V2=101.1=11m3/m=101.1m
Temporary Dike Volume:V3=111.1=12m3/m=(2.3+7.3)2.5/2m 7.8m(26) 10.0m(33)
Figure 5.3-5 Proposed Typical Cross Section of Dike Embankment
In addition, as shown in the following table, there is different height by 0.0 to 4.0 ft between JPT
design ACL and ID design ACL. In addition, reconstruction works of some polder dikes have been
already completed by ID. Therefore, it shall consider the other method of additional embankment for
raising completed polder dike.
Table 5.3-3 Differences of Design Crest Level and Progress of ID Rehabilitation by Polder
Paddy Difference
Dike Average JPT ID Progress
I&II ACL height
Township No. Name of Polder Dike Length Existing Design Design (up to end of
Original of JPT & ID
(mile) ECL (ft) ACL (ft) ACL (ft) March 2011)
CL (ft) (ft)
(1) (2) (3)) (4) (5)=((3)-(4)
1 Alegyun (1) 13.40 13.5 11.8 13.5 13.5 0 0%

2 Alegyun (2) 22.70 13.5 10.8 14.0 14.0 0 0%
3 Alegyum (3) 17.65 13.5 11.4 14.0 14.0 0 100% Completed
4 Magyibinmadaukan 3.40 13.5 10.5 14.0 14.0 0 100% Completed
5 Thingangyi 6.30 8.5 3.6 11.5 10.0 1.5 68%

6 Zinywe 6.00 8.5 5.6 11.5 8.5 3.0 100% Completed
7 Leikkwin 3.75 8.5 4.8 11.5 8.5 3.0 0%

Labutta
8 Labutta (S) 20.20 12.0 5.2 11.0 10.0 1.0 0%
9 Labutta (N) 38.00 12.0 6.9 11.0 10.0 1.0 High priority only
10 U Gaungpu 5.20 8.5 1.8 12.0 8.5 3.5 0%
11 Bitud Island (1) 14.02 10.0 5.5 12.0 10.0 2.0 23%
12 Bitud Island (2) 18.60 10.0 6.3 12.0 10.0 2.0 7%
13 Bitud Island (3) 28.00 10.0 4.5 12.0 10.0 2.0 54%
14 Bitud Island (4) 40.53 10.0 6.8 12.0 10.0 2.0 100% Completed
15 Daunggyi 37.00 7.5 8.0 12.0 8.5 3.5 17%

16 Daunggyi (East) 33.90 7.5 6.4 12.5 8.5 4.0 368%
Bogalay
17 Daunggyi (West) 31.60 7.5 6.8 12.0 11.0 1.0 100% Completed
18 Daunggyi (Upper) 10.50 7.5 6.5 12.0 8.5 3.5 0%

Phyapon 19 Dawnyein 14.00 8.5 6.9 12.5 8.5 4.0 100% Completed
20 Myokone 17.00 8.5 6.8 12.5 8.5 4.0 100% Completed
21 Kyetphamwezaung 46.00 8.5 5.7 12.5 9.0 3.5 6%
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22 Banbwezu 26.00 8.5 7.8 12.0 8.5 3.5 0%

23 Daydalu 13.00 9.0 5.9 12.5 9.0 3.5 100% Completed
24 Letpanbin 20.00 8.5 7.9 12.5 8.5 4.0 100% Completed
25 Zinbaung 15.00 8.5 7.8 12.5 8.5 4.0 18%

26 Myaseinkan 13.50 13.0 8.3 13.0 13.0 0 72%
27 Thandi 4.25 13.0 8.5 13.0 12.0 1.0 100% Completed
28 Suclubbaluma 7.40 9.0 10.7 13.0 11.0 2.0 100% Completed

Daydaye
29 Hleseikchaunggyi 7.40 9.5 11.0 13.0 11.0 2.0 0%
30 Tamatakaw 7.00 12.0 12.7 14.0 12.0 2.0 100% Completed
31 Kyonsoat 5.00 12.0 11.3 14.0 13.0 1.0 100% Completed
32 Maubin Island (N) 12.40 10.0 8.5 13.5 10.0 3.5 0%

Kyaiklatt 33 Maubin Island (S) 4.40 10.0 9.3 12.0 10.0 2.0 0%
34 Thonegwakyun 22.25 12.0 10.3 13.5 12.0 1.5 0%
Note: Average ECL is based on longitudinal survey data by ID and JPT means JICA Project Team and progress is informed by ID.
When deciding the additional embankment method, it shall be important to take the following matters
into consideration.
- To reduce the quantity of additional embankment volume by considering budget of project.
- To reduce the borrow pit area so as not to reduce the farming land of farmers.
- To undertake actual and suitable method for the construction and site conditions.
The following two (2) methods shall be proposed according to the raising height value.
Case-1 (raising height is more than 2.0 ft)

In this case, it is considered to overlay on the present completed embankment to achieve good contact
between old embankment and new one.
12 ft (3.6 m)
Completed ACL Additional bank > 2 ft
Stripping 6 inches >2.5 ft (0.75m)
Existing slope1:1.5
Completed embankment Stripping (contact line)

by ID
Figure 5.3-6 Additional Embankment Method (Case-1)
Case-2 (raising height is less than 2.0 ft)

In this case, it shall add e embankment at crest portion only according to the following reasons.
- Overlay is within 2 layers (maximum thickness of layer is 1.25 ft), so that the spreading and
compacting works will not be so difficult on the existing crest.
- Filling soil is clayey, so stability of shoulder slope on additional embankment is secured due to
keeping slope gradient gentler than 1:0.3.
115
9 inches (0.23m) 12ft (3.6m) New Slope > 1:0.3
Completed ACL Additional bank Max 2 ft
Stripping 6 inches Max 2.5 ft (0.75m)
Completed embankment by ID Existing Slope 1:1.5
Figure 5.3-7 Additional Embankment Method (Case-2)
Moreover, according to the location of existing borrow pit it shall be necessary to consider whether the
river side or land side will be expanded (Figure 5.3-8 and 5.3-9).
Land side River side Land side

River side
Additional bank Expanded borrow pit Expanded borrow pit Additional bank
Completed bank Completed bank
Existing borrow pit Existing borrow pit
Figure 5.3-8 Case of Bank Expansion to River Side Figure 5.3-9 Case of Bank Expansion to Land Side
In accordance with design mentioned above, necessary embankment volume for rehabilitation is
calculated based on 3 items: remained volume for ID design, increased Volume for ID design and
additional volume for completed works by ID and results is shown in Table 5.3-4.
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Table 5.3-4 Embankment Volume Required for 34 Polders on Development Plan
JPT ID Difference Progress for Remained

ID Design Increased Additional
Name of Revised Original ACL ID Design Volume for
Township No. Volume Volume Volume
Polder Dike Design Design between Volume ID design
( Sud ) ( Sud ) ( Sud )
ACL ( ft ) ACL ( ft ) JPT&ID (ft) (%) (Sud)
1 Alegyun (1) 13.5 13.5 0.0 41,100 0 41,100 - -

2 Alegyun (2) 14.0 14.0 0.0 128,446 0 128,446 - -
3 Alegyun (3) 14.0 14.0 0.0 94,606 100 0 - -
4 Magyibinmadaukan 14.0 14.0 0.0 20,745 100 0 - -
5 Thingangyi 11.5 10.0 1.5 70,198 68 22,463 22,983 -
6 Zinywe 11.5 8.5 3.0 37,132 100 0 - 40,998
7 Leikkwin 11.5 8.5 3.0 25,743 0 25,743 20,194 -
Labutta
8 Labutta (S) 11.0 10.0 1.0 154,128 0 154,128 40,108 -
9 Labutta (N) 11.0 10.0 1.0 186,518 86 25,518 48,482
10 U Gaungpu 12.0 8.5 3.5 61,854 0 61,854 45,718 -
11 Bitud Island (1) 12.0 10.0 2.0 97,417 23 75,011 66,034 -
12 Bitud Island (2) 12.0 10.0 2.0 103,586 7 96,335 75,767 -
13 Bitud Island (3) 12.0 10.0 2.0 247,500 54 113,850 144,295 -
14 Bitud Island (4) 12.0 10.0 2.0 224,103 100 0 - 68,223
15 Daunggyi 12.0 8.5 3.5 35,692 17 29,624 151,047 -
16 Daunggyi (East) 12.5 8.5 4.0 125,000 36 80,000 246,292 -
Bogalay
17 Daunggyi (West) 12.0 11.0 1.0 226,630 100 0 - 32,961
18 Daunggyi (Upper) 12.0 8.5 3.5 41,156 0 41,156 65,917 -
19 Dawnyein 12.5 8.5 4.0 36,343 100 0 - 100,513
20 Myokone 12.5 8.5 4.0 59,286 100 0 - 130,915
21 Kyetphamwezaun 12.5 9.0 3.5 190,200 6 178,788 290,580 -
Phyapon 22 Banbwezu 12.0 8.5 3.5 45,114 0 45,114 145,188 -
23 Daydalu 12.5 9.0 3.5 61,943 100 0 - 92,932
24 Lepanbin 12.5 8.5 4.0 35,400 100 0 - 138,356
25 Zinbaung 12.5 8.5 4.0 22,800 18 18,696 96,433 -
26 Myaseinkan 13.0 13.0 0.0 134,274 72 37,597 - -
27 Thandi 13.0 12.0 1.0 16,931 100 0 - 4,151
28 Suclubbaluma 13.0 11.0 2.0 5,944 100 0 - 11,654
Daydaye
29 Hleseikchaunggyi 13.0 11.0 2.0 5,885 0 5,885 15,377 -
30 Tamatakaw 14.0 12.0 2.0 3,902 100 0 - 8,021
31 Kyonsoat 14.0 13.0 1.0 14,950 100 0 - 4,457
32 Maubin Island (N) 13.5 10.0 3.5 12,060 0 12,060 50,940 -
Kyaiklatt 33 Maubin Island (S) 12.0 10.0 2.0 660 0 660 7,865 -
34 Thonegwakyun 13.5 12.0 1.5 70,450 0 70,450 61,739 -
Total 2,637,696 52 1,264,479 1,594,959 633,181
Grand Total for remained, increased and additional embankment works 3,492,619 (9,884,112 m3)
Grand Total except for No.3, 4, 9. 26 Polder 3,381,022 (9,568,292 m3)
Note: 1. JPT means JICA Project Team and progress is informed by ID as of end of March 2011.
2. Increased Volume means necessary quantity added to ID design volume based on JPT design ACL.
3. Additional Volume means raising quantity for completed (nearly 100%) embankment.
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(2) Rehabilitation Method for Sluice Gate

Rehabilitation method for all sluice gates will consider the following aspects:
- Leakage from each gate is observed in greater or less degree.
- Majority of gate hoists are devastated by the cyclone Nargis and gates are hardly operable.
- Installation of facilities has been undertaken 30 years ago, hence, most of these facilities are
already old, dilapidated and non-functional.
Based on the functionality survey of 34 polder dikes, the extent of rehabilitation facilities were
evaluated and categorized and divided into 3 kinds of rank for replacement (new manufacture), for
repair (overhaul in workshop) and non-repair. Results are shown in Table 5.3-7 (Refer to
Appendix 6-3).
Presented below is the evaluation method and criteria used for the rehabilitation of the sluice gate.
Table 5.3-5 Point Distribution in Function Evaluation Survey for Sluice Gate
Items Corrosion Damage Function
Member
Good Medium Bad Good Medium Bad Good Medium Bad
Gate leaf 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Gate frame 1 2 3 1 2 3
Hoist 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Table 5.3.-6 Selection Criteria of Rehabilitation Method for Sluice Gate
Member Evaluation Item and Example Point Remarks

Method Total Points
of Gate Corrosion Damage Function (Items*Point)
Replace Leaf & Hoist More than equal 7 >2 >2 >3 > 2i *2p+1i*3p
(by new one) Guide frame More than equal 5 >3 >2 - > 1i*2p+1i*3p
Leaf & Hoist Between 6 and 5 2 2 2 3i*2p or 2i*2p+1i*1p
Repair
Guide frame 4 2 2 - 2i*2p
Leaf & Hoist Less than equal 4 <2 1 1 < 2i*1p+2i*1p
Non Repair
Guide frame Less than equal 3 <2 1 - < 1i*2p+1i*1p
In addition, stainless steel is proposed to be used for the replacement of gates based on the pilot
project study.
118
Table 5.3-7 Summary of Rehabilitation Plan for Sluice Gate at 34 Polders

Nos. of Flap Gate Slide Gate
Township No. Name of Polder
Sluice Nos. Replace Repair Non-repair Nos. Replace Repair Non-repair
1 Alegyun (1) 3 11 3 8 11 4 7
2 Alegyun (2) 4 22 22 22 13 9
3 Alegyun (3) 4 18 13 5 18 9 9
4 Magyibinmadaukan Non
5 Thingangyi Non
6 Zinywe Non
7 Leikkwin 1 2 2
Labutta 8 Labutta(South) 3 17 17 17 14 3
9 Labutta(North) 9 48 6 28 14 48 34 14
10 U Gaungpu Non
11 Bitud Island (1) 2 (10) Completed to repair (10) Completed to repair
12 Bitud Island (2) 4 35 35 19 19
13 Bitud Island (3) 4 16 7 9 7 7
14 Bitud Island (4) 6 32 7 25 16 7 9
Sub-Total 40 201 25 157 19 158 74 67 17
Sub-Total (Except Labutta-N) 31 153 19 129 5 110 40 67 3
15 Daunggyi 6 44 5 39 44 14 30
16 Daunggyi(East) 3 41 12 29 25 25
Bogalay 17 Daunggyi(West) 4 20 8 12 20 20
18 Daunggyi(Upper) 1 5 5 5 5
Sub-Total 14 110 12 42 56 94 39 55 0
19 Dawnyein 1 8 8 8 4 4
20 Myokone 2 10 10 10 4 6
21 Kyetphamwezaung 7 57 15 27 15 57 36 6 15
22 Banbwezu 7 35 33 2 26 26
Phyapon
23 Daydalu 1 7 7 7 2 5
24 Letpanbin 4 22 22 22 5 17
25 Zinbaung 4 17 17 17 3 14
Sub-Total 26 156 15 84 57 147 80 29 38
26 Myaseinkan Non
27 Thandi Non
28 Suclubbaluma Non
Dadeye 29 Hleseikchaunggyi Non
30 Tamatakaw Non
31 Kyonsoat Non
Sub-Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
32 Maubin Island (north) Non
33 Maubin Island (Southh) (3) (3) Under repairing
Kyaiklat
34 Thonegwakyun 6 33 21 10 2 29 29
Sub-Total 6 33 21 10 2 29 0 29 0
Grand Total 86 500 73 293 134 428 193 180 55

Grand Total (Except Labutta North ) 77 452 67 265 120 380 159 180 41
Note: No.11(Bitud-1) has already completed repairing assisted by CDN, so those nos. is not counted in this lis
(3) Construction Plan

In order to secure necessary quantity of the soil for embankment construction, the borrow pit at the
paddy field adjacent to the existing polder dike needs the size of about 10 m (33 ft) wide multiplied by
1.2 m (4.0 ft) depth. In addition, the space of stock yard to place temporary embankment materials for
improvement of moisture content by means of natural drying needs about 10 m (33 ft) in width.
However, each width shall be decided by exact calculation from necessary embankment volume on
each polder condition. Moreover, Location of borrow pit shall be selected in land side or river side
based on the site condition.
Dry work on the installation of gate shall be made possible by dewatering and coffer dam on both
119
outside of flap and slide gate. Therefore, it is very important to decide the height of coffer dam in
consideration of expected high tide during construction period.
Construction of embankment is made with special emphasis on quality control of the soil material,
especially, controlling the compaction density of the soil to keep the target density by D-value 90%
and lower limited density by D-value 85%, according to the standards for ordinary embankment work
of roads and small dams in Japan.
Maximum density (d max) Decreasing water content
Dry density Ideal compaction range

(d)
Target D value 90% (d max0.9)
Lower limited D value 85% (d max0.85)
Natural water content
Optimum moisture Water content

Content (W opt) (W)
Figure 5.3-10 Concepts for Management of Embankment

5.3.5 Implementation Method and Implementing Body
(1) Implementation Method of Project
The force account work is common practice in government public works. In 1990, construction by
contract has become acceptable norm for construction, hence from thereon, many private contractor
has begun to be established. Taking the above background into considering, the method to implement
polder dike and sluice gate as well as concrete work shall be by contract with private construction and
manufacture companies.
Furthermore, the Project shall establish a Project Management Unit (PMU) and the related section of
ID shall contract with consultant and be in charge of design, procurement and supervision under the
PMU.
However, at present time ID has many available heavy machines used to carry out force account work
for big project such as dam construction. With this in mind, it may also be possible for ID to
implement this project themselves.
(2) Related Organization and Role
1) Central Government (MOAI)
a) Department of Agricultural Planning (DAP)
DAP shall coordinate with concerned and related organizations and initiate discussion on
concerned project.
b) Irrigation Department (ID)
ID shall be responsible for the actual management and supervision of the Project from design to
project supervision.
c) Settlement and Land Records Department (SLRD)
SLPD shall provide necessary data and information on farming area and other necessary related
information and data.
2) Local Government and Local Office of Central Government
d) District and Township General Administration Department
120
The department shall be responsible to disseminate and inform people on coming events or
projects implemented by the government and conduct the necessary land acquisition for project.
e) Region Office and Township Office in ID Maintenance
They shall provide assistance necessary to conduct survey, study and construction for
implementation of the project.
(3) Implementing Body
The proposed implementing body based on the contract work by private contractor shall be as follows;
Steering Committee
Myanmar
Government Donors
DAP ID SLRD
Financial Steering and Technical Management of

Assistance Arrangement Management Farming area
Project Management ID section in charge

UnitPMU Planning & Work, Design Branch, Maintenance, Mechanical
Assistance for design and supervision Design and

Consultant Supervising
Dike Embankment Sluice Rehabilitation

by Contractor by Contractor
District and Township General Region and Township

Administration Department Office in ID Maintenance
Information and instruction to villagers and land acquisition Assistance to any site work on study and construction
Figure 5.3-11 Implementation Structure for Rehabilitation of Polder Dike and Sluice
5.3.6 Operation and Maintenance

(1) Basic Policy for Maintenance
It is effective to formulate appropriate management and preventive maintenance measures for dike and
sluice facilities by adopting the concept of stock management.
121
Figure 5.3-12 Concept of Preventive Maintenance Measures

Stock management refers to the technical system and management method for extending service life of
facilities and for reducing the life-cycle cost, through preventive maintenance measures implemented
based on facility function evaluation.
The life-cycle cost of facilities refers to the total of cost for their planning, design, construction,
maintenance and scrapping. The purpose of stock management is to reduce the life-cycle cost and
prolong the service life of facilities.
Moreover, judgment of shift from daily examination to function evaluation is very important in the
scheme of preventive maintenance measures.
122
Figure 5.3-13 Scheme for Preventive Maintenance Measures

(2) Daily Examination
In order to maintain facilities in good conditions, it is indispensable to carry out appropriate evaluation
and provide the necessary measures. In order to carry out appropriate evaluation, it is necessary to
obtain information related to the facility safety, usage situation, and effects by a third party in addition
to the information gained through daily inspections.
1) Variety of inspection on daily examination

a) Initial inspection
Initial inspections are performed to obtain the initial information on the facilities. The information
obtained is used as the default values of facilities. Since the results of initial inspections provide the
basic data for formulating maintenance plans, the survey items and methods should be selected so that
123
appropriate information can be obtained. Also, the obtained information needs to be managed
appropriately.
b) Daily inspection
Daily inspections are simple visual inspection and other types of inspections performed daily by the
facility administrator, within the scope that can be confirmed during a patrol, etc. The facilities need to
be maintained in a good condition; the operation records, and the history of accidents, inspections and
improvement work need to be organized and stored appropriately.
c) Routine inspection
Routine inspections are performed periodically from once every year to once every few years, in order
to clarify the changes in conditions of facilities. The structure is surveyed in a broad range by visual
inspection and utilizing measures instruments.
The reliability and safety of facilities can be ensured and their service lives can be prolonged, if
patrolling and visual inspection of structures and surrounding conditions and on the facility operation
are performed appropriately, along with minor improvement work within the scope of daily operation.
For this reason, facility administrators need to carry out daily maintenance appropriately, so that the
facility can be maintained in good conditions.
If facility administrators find any abnormality in the routine inspection, it should be reported
immediately to higher-ranking officers of the organizations. The higher-ranking officers of the
organizations will then perform function evaluation and proposed repair works needed based on the
results of the evaluation.
d) Extra inspection
Extra inspections are performed when facilities are damaged by an earthquake, cyclone, or collision
with vehicle or heavy equipment. In these cases, an extra inspection needs to be performed promptly.
e) Emergency inspection
When an accident occurs or severe deformation is found, even if no accident has occurred, in certain
facilities, emergency inspection should be performed in similar facilities in order to confirm whether
there is a possibility of occurrence of similar accidents or deformation. The inspections are performed
utilizing appropriate methods to determine the causes of the accident and to confirm the presence of a
similar deformation.
2) Survey items and contents on each facility
Survey items, necessary information, and survey method are formulated in the following table on each
facility and inspection.
Table 5.3-8 Survey Items and Contents on Each Facility and Inspection
Survey
Facility Inspection Frequency Survey Items Information Method
Point
-Specifications, design -Document Each
General standard checking structure
conditions of -Design drawings -Interviews
facility -Construction work records
Common Initial First time
-Maintenance records
-Usage conditions -Visual
Usage condition
-Surrounding conditions inspection
of facility
-Interviews
-Visual Around all
Daily Every day -Presence of big crack on
Abnormality inspection sluices
crest
Dike and deformation -Hand Every
Once a -deformation on slope,
Routine in appearance measuring 10,000 ft of
year presence of seepage
longitudinal
124
section
-Presence of crack -Visual All sluices
Daly Every day Abnormality -Breakdown, separation inspection
Sluice
and deformation -Presence of deformation
(Structure) Once a
Routine in appearance -Presence of leakage from
year structure
-Presence of corrosion and -Visual All sluices
Abnormality
breakdown inspection
Daily Every day and deformation
Sluice -Presence of leakage from
in appearance
(Gate) gate
Once a Operation -Conditions of hoist -Manual
Routine
year conditions checking
Sedimentation -Increase of sediment -Reading All sluices
Sluice Once a conditions gauge
Routine
(Surrounding) year Slope -Presence of erosion -Visual
conditions inspection
3) Methods of determination
The determination criteria need to be established if appropriate daily inspection is to be implemented.
The determination criteria comprise the conditions of facility function, past accidents, history of repair
works, conditions of surrounding environment and others.
The following three categories of determination criteria should be established, according to the facility
conditions; A: no repair work needs to be provided; B: functional evaluation for determining whether
repair or reinforcement measures are necessary; and C: prompt functional evaluation is necessary. The
determination criteria for concrete structure are shown below as an example.
Table 5.3-9 Examples of Determination Criteria for Daily Inspection on Concrete Structure
Category Description
There is no deformation or function degradation; or, if any, they are only minor ones, and
A
emergency measures or a functional evaluation is not necessary.
Even though there is deformity and function degradation, no emergency measure is needed.
B However, functional evaluation needs to be performed to determine whether repair and/or
reinforcement measures are necessary.
Significant deformity and function degradation is observed and facilities are judged to be
unable to fully perform their functions. Therefore, a functional evaluation needs to be
C
performed to determine whether fundamental measures are needed after providing emergency
measures.
Locations identified to fall under Category C have to be kept under surveillance by implementing
priority daily inspections until functional evaluation and emergency measures are provided and
completed.
(3) Functional Evaluation
The objectives of functional evaluation are to clarify the degree of deterioration of facilities as
quantitatively as possible and to identify the deterioration factors. In view of efficiency, functional
evaluation is performed in the following procedures.
1) Preliminary survey by collecting document and interviewing facility administrators.
2) First field survey by visual observation.
3) Second field survey for quantitative survey through visual observation from close proximity,
measurements and tests.
Additional detailed survey will be performed as necessary.
125
Figure 5.3-14 Procedural Flow of Function Evaluation

5.4 Improvement Plan on Farming
5.4.1 Basic Concept of Improvement of Farming
Purpose of improvement of farming project in the D/P is Recovery and improvement of agriculture in
34 polders affected by Cyclone Nargis.
As mentioned in Chapter 2 Present situation of the Agriculture in Ayeyawady Region, there are
several problems in agriculture. Among problems cited, the improvement of farming shall focus on the
Strengthening of Production of Agricultural Input that became serious issues after Nargis attack as
well as on the Strengthening of MAS Technical Support on Farming Technique from the viewpoint
of emergency. These challenges are not only for 34 polders but also other areas in Ayeyawady Region.
The project on the improvement of farming is prepared based on following basic concepts.
1) Strengthening of both aspects of Production and Demand of high quality paddy seed
Importance of dissemination of high quality seed is recognized by many governmental agencies
such as MAS. The establishment of the Seed Law in January 2011 implies its deep understanding
of the importance quality seeds in agricultural production. However, the farmers understanding is
not yet sufficient. In fact, sales of paddy seeds in the Pilot Project were difficult to determine due to
unstable price and insufficient seed demand. Therefore, the project intends strengthening of both
aspects of Production and Demand to realize dissemination of the seed.
2) Reflection of local demand (demand in the Project Area)
126
In the Project Area, demand of local variety is still high. And, it is highly possible that the
preferable variety is varied depending of the location of farming land (up, middle and downstream
of the delta area) due to different production environment. On the other hand, availability of high
quality seed for local variety is relatively low as compared with the improved variety. Therefore,
the variety for the high quality paddy seed production should be selected carefully in accordance
with demand in the Project Area.
3) Utilization of local resources for provision of extension work for wider area
Same as problem on seed quality, low farming technique is common problem for many farmers in
the Project Area. Extension work taken by MAS has important role for improving farming
technique. However, number of MAS staff was drastically decreased in recent years. Therefore,
maximum utilization of local resources like installation of village level demonstration farm in
cooperation with advance farmer should be considered for strengthening of the extension work.
4) Consideration and Contribution to the Government Policy
As mentioned above, Government of Myanmar established Seed Law on January 2011. One of the
important contents of the Law is encouragement of participation of private sector in high quality
seed production. The participation of the private sector is important to reduce farmers problem
such as lack of farming budget, lack of market channel etc. And, development of advanced farmers
would be important factor to encourage the participation of the private sector by adopting contract
farming.
On the other hand, excessive official support to the farmers on high quality paddy seed production
can lead to loss of market equilibrium and then discourages private sectors participation in the
seed production. Therefore, the support for the seed production should be limited to technical
aspects as much as possible and, information sharing between official and private sectors should be
promoted to enhance participation of private sector in the seed production.
(1) Project Contents
The project consists of the following three main contents.
1) Development and strengthening of contact farmers for high quality paddy seed production
The strategy here is to develop and strengthen contact farmers for high quality paddy seed
production through technical support. The support will be done through field guidance and in-room
seminar. The support will be implemented continuously for 2 years (for individual farmer) at the
maximum. It is proposed that that high quality paddy seed production area per farmer is limited to
approximately 2 acres in consideration of production budget, capacity of storage and others. Table
5.4.1 and Table 5.4.2 show comparison of net income for paddy grain and high quality paddy seed
production and for local variety and HYV.
Table 5.4-1 Comparison of Net Incomes / Acre between Grain and High Quality Paddy Seed
Production
Local Variety
Grain Paddy High Quality Paddy Seed Difference
Production Cost (Kyat) 109,200 220,500
Cropping Yield (Basket/Acre) 42 53
Unit Price (Kyat/Basket) 5,956 8,000
Gross Income (Kyat) 250,152 424,000
Net income (Kyat) 140,952 203,500 62,548
127
HYV (High Yielding Variety)

Grain Paddy High Quality Paddy Seed Difference
Production Cost (Kyat) 105,000 228,900
Cropping Yield (Basket/Acre) 54 74
Unit Price (Kyat/Basket) 4,131 6,000
Gross Income (Kyat) 223,074 444,000
Net income (Kyat) 118,074 215,100 + 97,026
Table 5.4-2 Increase of Farming Income by High Quality Paddy Seed Production
Local Variety
Grain PaddyHigh Quality
Grain Paddy
Paddy Seed
Difference
High Quality
Grain Paddy Grain Paddy
Paddy Seed
Production Area (Acres) 11 9 2
Net Income / Acre (Kyat) 140,952 140,952 203,500
Net Income (Kyat) 1,550,472 1,268,568 407,000
Total Net Income (Kyat) 1,550,472 1,675,568 + 125,096 (+8.1%)
HYV (High Yielding Variety)

Grain PaddyHigh Quality
Grain Paddy
Paddy Seed
Difference
High Quality
Grain Paddy Grain Paddy
Paddy Seed
Production Area (Acres) 11 9 2
Net Income / Acre (Kyat) 118,074 118,074 215,100
Net Income (Kyat) 1,298,814 1,062,666 430,200
Total Net Income (Kyat) 1,298,814 1,492,866 + 194,052 (+15.0%)
2) Strengthening of MASs supporting system for high quality paddy seed production
This is the content to strengthen MASs supporting system for high quality paddy seed production
through installation of equipment for seed quality check and training of MAS staff on seed quality
check. In addition, detailed survey on seed quality and seed demand will be done to develop basic
information required for the support.
3) Strengthening of MASs extension work about high quality paddy seed and farming technique
This is the content to strengthen MASs extension work mainly focus on dissemination of use of high
quality seed and advance farming technique through enhancement of demonstration farm etc.
In the demonstration farm, comparison between advance and traditional farming technique (seed
production) and comparison between high quality seed and low quality seed should be
demonstrated to show the difference visually to farmers. For establishment of the demonstration farm,
utilization of advanced farmers should be considered taking into account limited number of MAS
staffs.
These activities intend not only to improve farming technique but also to stabilize seed demand and
enhancing farmers understanding on importance of high quality seed.
128
(2) Project Volume

Target group of the program is farmers at 34 polders in Ayeyawady Region with 227,195 acres of
paddy growing area. Duration of program is 5 years as single project and 9 years as a component of
the D/P.
Annual target of dissemination of use of high quality seed is whole paddy growing area mentioned
above. Area for seed production is calculated based on estimated amount of seed assuming once in
four years of seed renovation frequency.
Yearly target of dissemination of use of high quality seed is 10% of the growing area and eventually
50% of the growing area as a result of the five or nine years of the program period. Area for seed
production is calculated based on estimated amount of seed that the farmers wish to renovate during
four years period.
Target area of direct extension work which intends development of high quality seed demand and
improvement of farming technique is 50% of the abovementioned high quality seed dissemination
target area. Nevertheless, all farmers will have opportunity to receive extension work indirectly from
the demonstration farm. Table 5.4-3 shows target extension work area, high quality seed production
area and direct extension work area.
Table 5.4-3 Project Volume (Target Area) for Improvement Plan on Farming
Target Extension Area for Direct
Area of High Quality Area for High Extension Work
Estimated Paddy
Paddy Seed and Quality Paddy Seed High Quality Paddy
Polder Area
Advance Farming Production Seed and Advance
(Acres)
Technique (Acres) Farming Technique
(Acre) (Acres)
1 Alegun (1) 1,753.2 1,753.2 10.9 876.9
2 Alegun (2) 4,036.8 4,036.8 25.0 2,018.0
3 Alegun (3) 5,196.0 5,196.0 32.2 2,598.6
4 Magyibinmadaukkan 337.9 337.9 2.1 168.7
5 Thingangyi 779.4 779.4 4.8 390.0
6 Zinywe 29.2 29.2 0.2 15.4
7 Leikkwin 11.4 11.4 0.1 6.5
8 Labutta (South) 2,453.2 2,453.2 15.2 1,226.6
9 Labutta (North) 9,826.7 9,826.7 60.8 4,913.5
10 U Gaungpu 106.6 106.6 0.7 53.4
11 Bitud Island (1) 662.4 662.4 4.1 331.2
12 Bitud Island (2) 4,572.5 4,572.5 28.3 2,286.9
13 Bitud Island (3) 3,881.3 3,881.3 24.0 1,940.3
14 Bitud Island (4) 10,179.5 10,179.5 63.0 5,089.7
15 Daunggyi Island 12,997.7 12,997.7 80.5 6,498.7
16 Daunggyi (East) 18,809.7 18,809.7 116.5 9,404.9
17 Daunggyi (West) 15,145.4 15,145.4 93.8 7,572.7
18 Daunggyi (Upper) 2,859.2 2,859.2 17.7 1,430.1
19 Daw Nyein 990.2 990.2 6.1 495.1
20 Myokone 3,082.3 3,082.3 19.1 1,540.7
21 Kyetphamwezaung 26,028.7 26,028.7 161.2 13,014.5
22 Banbwezu 9,898.5 9,898.5 61.3 4,949.1
23 Daydalu 2,165.5 2,165.5 13.4 1,082.9
24 Letpanbin 6,671.3 6,671.3 41.3 3,335.9
25 Zinbaung 5,437.7 5,437.7 33.7 2,718.7
26 Myaseinkan 9,532.1 9,532.1 59.0 4,765.7
27 Thandi 2,617.1 2,617.1 16.2 1,309.0
28 Suclubbaluma 5,879.8 5,879.8 36.4 2,940.1
29 Hleseikchaunggyi 1,742.8 1,742.8 10.8 872.1
30 Tamatakaw 10,084.8 10,084.8 62.4 5,042.9
31 Kyonsoat 403.4 403.4 2.5 201.9
32 Maubin Island (North) 22,681.5 22,681.5 140.4 11,340.4
129
Target Extension Area for Direct

Area of High Quality Area for High Extension Work
Estimated Paddy
Paddy Seed and Quality Paddy Seed High Quality Paddy
Polder Area
Advance Farming Production Seed and Advance
(Acres)
Technique (Acres) Farming Technique
(Acre) (Acres)
33 Maubin Island (South) 10,575.9 10,575.9 65.5 5,287.5
34 Thonegwakyun 15,765.1 15,765.1 97.6 7,882.7
Total 227,194.6 227,194.6 1,406.8 113,601.1
Above table shows high quality seed paddy production area for 34 polders in consideration for
calculation of benefit of the project for each polder. However, it is realistic to select the production
area in consideration of accessibility to MAS office (easiness of technical support), accessibility to
farmers for sales of the seed, production environment etc.
(1) Implementing Method
Implementing method of the program is as explained below and Figure 5.4-1.
Strengthening of supporting system of high quality seed production
Install equipment for seed quality check to three MAS district offices to improve accessibility of
farmers to MAS seed quality check at MAS laboratory. Then, conduct of training on seed quality
check to MAS township staff prior to commencement of seed quality / demand survey. Regarding to
venue of the training, MAS region office and three district offices are considerable.
Implementation of seed quality / demand survey
Carry out the seed quality / demand survey to determine correctly detailed situation of problem and
demand of the seed. At least, 1) seed quality of farmers, 2) variety and yield, 3) cultivation method, 4)
knowledge about high quality seed, and 5) accessibility to high quality seed should be surveyed.
Through the survey, candidate farmers for seed production and management of demonstration
farm should be selected. Considerable selection criteria of farmers for seed production based on the
experience in the Pilot Project are as shown in Table 5.4-4.
Table 5.4-4 Selection Criteria of Farmers for Seed Production
Criteria / Consideration Detailed Explanation
1 Cultivation Method Advance cultivation method is required for high quality paddy seed production. Farmers
(experience in advance presently practicing advance management systems and practices maybe more easy to
Cultural practices convince and participate.. Therefore, it is recommended to select the farmers who have
experience of advance cultural practices as much as possible.
2 Grade of reliance on debt Harvested seed usually should be stored 5-6 months until that the seed demand is
increased for next growing season. On the other hand, most of farmers prefer to sell
paddy immediately after harvest to re-repay agricultural loan. Therefore, it is
recommended to select the farmers who do not strongly depend on loan as much as
possible.
3 Availability, capacity and As abovementioned, seed should be stored 5-6 months. Therefore, storage is
condition of the storage indispensable for seed production. It is recommended to select the farmers who have
own a storage that is clean and with sufficient capacity.
4 Location and condition of Condition of farm land such as drainage, fertility should be good for seed production.
farm land Also, farming land should be isolated from cropping area of other variety. Therefore, it is
recommended to select the farmers who have farm land in good condition as mentioned
above.
Preparation of training plan, activity materials such as technical manuals and plantlets shall be based
on the result of the survey. Beginners Manual for High Quality Seed Production was prepared in the
pilot project. Preparation of the materials takes long time and large amount of work. Therefore, it is
considerable to use the Beginners Manual with necessary modification for effective preparation of the
130
materials.
Technical support for high quality paddy seed contact farmer
Technical support will be provided to selected farmers for high quality paddy seed production. As
mentioned in Section 5.4.1, the Government of Myanmar established the Seed Law to promote
participation of private sector in high quality seed production. Therefore, provision of input required
for seed production is assumed as farmers responsibility to keep effectiveness of the law (fairness of
the market). Program of the technical seminars is shown in the Table 5.4-5.
Table 5.4-5 Program of Technical Seminar on High Quality Paddy Seed Production
Title Program
Orientation and Seed - Explanation on Importance and Advantage of High Quality Paddy Seed
Production Technique 1 - Explanation of Official High Quality Seed (Certified Seed) Production Procedure
- Seed Production Technique 1 (Land Preparation, Seed Selection, Nursery Preparation)
- Preparation of Production Plan (Production Amount, Variety, Cropping Schedule,
Sales Method etc.)
Seed Production Technique 2 - Confirmation of Progress and Discussion on encountered difficulties
- Seed Production Technique 2 (Transplanting, Fertilization, Weed Control, Rouging,
Pest and Disaster Control)
Seed Production Technique 3 - Confirmation of Progress and Discussion on encountered difficulties
- Seed Production Technique 3 (Harvesting and Post Harvesting)
As a result of the pilot project, stages of land preparation, rouging and harvesting are considered as the
most serious stages of decreasing seed quality like mixture with other varieties seed etc. It is therefore
necessary to carry out at least 3 times of field technical guidance in abovementioned stages. These
stages are almost same with timing of MASs field seed quality check (field inspection). Therefore,
this field technical guidance schedule can realize effective work for entire Project.
Extension work on high quality seed and advance cropping technique
Extension seminar will be conducted for farmers (non seed producer) on importance of high quality
seed and advance cropping technique. This is an important activity to improve cropping technique and
also to increase the demand of the seed. Therefore, the extension work should be carried out in parallel
with production of high quality paddy seed.
Implementation of demonstrative activity on high quality seed and advance cropping technique
Carry out demonstrative activity on high quality paddy seed and advance cropping technique. This
activity is implemented in all 34 polders to realize technical extension work and disseminate advance
cropping technology to farmers in wider area. Location of demonstration farms will be MAS
demonstration farm, township demonstration farm and/or farmland of advanced farmers in the village.
Two cropping trials comparison between advance cultural practices and cultural practices and
comparison between high quality seed and low quality seed is implemented in the demonstration
farm. The purpose of theses trials includes verification of effectiveness of the seed and practices.
Therefore, input for the demonstration activity is provided by the program (implementing body).
Demonstrative activity is very effective way to promote farmers understanding and motivation
because people saying that seeing is believing. Also, it is expected that demonstration farm (base of
extension work) increases effectiveness of the extension work. On the other hand, failure of the trial
can be clearly shown or bad lesson / unsuccessful story. Therefore, farmers who manage
demonstration farm should be selected very carefully.
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Table 5.4-6 Implementation Schedule for Improvement Plan on Farming

Year
Activities
1 2 3 4 5
Strengthening of Supporting System of High Quality
1
Seed Production
2 Seed Quality and Demand Survey
Technical support for High Quality Paddy Seed
3
Production Farmer
Extension work on high quality seed and advance
4
cropping technique
Implementation of demonstrative activity on high
5
quality seed and advance cropping technique
Installation of Equipment of Seed Quality Check and

Training on seed quality check
Installation of Training on Seed

Equipments Quality Check
Seed Demand / Quality Survey
Selection of Farmers for seed

Selection of Variety
prodction & Demo Farm
Extension work for enhancing famrers

understanding about importance of high quality Technical support for Seed Production Farmer
seed
Feedback
Demonstration activity for seed production and
Feedback
advanced paddy cropping technique
Distribution of Cropping Trial (High Quality Field Technical Tehcnical

Phaflet vs Low Quality Seeds) Guidance Workshop
Cropping Trial (Advance vs

Extension Seminar Land and
Traditional Farming Practice) Field
Nursery Management Harvesting and
Preparation / (Fertilization, Post Harvesting
Importance of Advance Transplanting Rouging, IPM)
High Quality Cropping
Seed Practice
Evaluation
Figure 5.4-1 Implementing Flow for Improvement Plan on Farming

MAS region office is core organization for implementation of the Program, and MAS district and
township offices are responsible for field activities. Table 5.4-7 and Figure 5.4-2 show the
implementing body and role of related organizations for the Program
132
Table 5.4-7 Implementing Body for Improvement Plan on Farming

Organization Role
Implementing Organization
Headquarter of Myanma - Coordination with related governmental organizations (Central Level)
Agricultural Services - Provision of equipment for seed quality check
(MAS) - Provision of technical support
MAS Region Office - Coordination with related governmental organizations (Region Level)
- Monitoring and progress control of whole of the program
- Provision of technical support & preparation of material to be used in the program
MAS Seed Farms - Provision of Registered Seed
- Implementation of technical training of seed quality check to MAS staffs
MAS District Offices - Monitoring and progress control of the program (District Level)
- Provision of seed quality check service
- Provision of technical support
MAS Township Offices - Monitoring and progress control of the program (Township Level)
- Provision of seed quality check service
- Coordination with private sector etc.
- Implementation of technical support to farmers on high quality paddy seed production
- Implementation of extension work about importance of advance farming technique and
high quality seed
- Management of demonstration farm
Related Organizations -
TPDC and Private - Coordination with implementing organizations on seed demand and advance farmers
Companies - (Participation in the Program, if possible)
Rice Research
MAS Headquater Planning
Center Extension Division Division Seed Division
MAS Seed Farms MAS - Region

(Hmawbi) (Pathein)
Provision of Registered Seed Private
MAS - District Companies
Provision of Equipments for
Seed Quality Check
MAS - Township Township GA
Dissemination
Technical Support
Collection of Information
Demonstration of Advanced farming technique and on Seed Demand and
advantage of high quality seed at village level Advanced Farmers
MAS Demo Contact Township
Farm Farmers Demo Farm
Dissemination of Improtance of High Quality Seed and Advanced Farming
Farmers
Provision of Information on Seed Demand and Advanced Farmers
Technical Support
Extension Work (Dissemination)
Input Support
Figure 5.4-2 Implementation Structure for Improvement Plan on Farming
133
As mentioned above, participation of private sector is key factor to achieve a sustainable work
program and full awareness of the process of high quality paddy seed production. In addition, the
collaboration of the government officials and private sector can lead to smooth implementation of the
program (e.g technical support by government and inputs and sales support by private sector).
Therefore, information sharing between government officials and the private sector should be
promoted to seek possibility of cooperation and/or collaboration.
5.5 Income Generation Plan
5.5.1 Basic Concept of Income Generation
Landless households are the poorest group in the Project Area, as their physical and financial
situations makes it difficult for them to generate income. Also, the Project Area has less resource for
income generation if compared with other regions. Several social and economic situations were
identified during the study, which must be considered in the formulation of the master plan.
1) The goal of the D/P for income generation is to increase income generation opportunities for
landless people who live in weak living condition and thereby their income will be increased by
self-help efforts and rural life will be improved at 34 polders.
2) Income generation activities must:
- Require only small amount of initial investment so that the people will be able to re-pay
without difficulty.
- Use simple techniques that will be easy for them to understand and comprehend.
- Small scale and small risk to encourage people to participate without hesitation.
- Require short time investment short term return cycle so that vulnerable people will be able
to see and realize income within a short-period of time.
- Presence of basic infrastructures such as transportation, roads and available local market to
guarantee product sales.
3) To meet these requirements, activities that some inhabitants have already experienced are
appropriate to extend.
4) Commencement of such activities requires supports from outside resources (information, awareness,
improved techniques, and administration matters)
(1) Scope of Income Generation Activities
1) Target area and target people
Villages inside 34 polders are the target area. Town areas are not included because industrial
job opportunities exist there to a certain extent.
Landless households, who get income as paddy workers, wage labours, casual labours or small
scale fishermen, are the planned target people in this D/P. They have neither means of
production except their labour force nor opportunity of getting cash income from stable and
annual sources. The ratio of landless households to all households is estimated at 69.3% for all
townships in the study area (source: TPDC and TS-SLRD). On the other hand, for farmer
households, improvement of rice production is the best way of income generation.
Though the study area is spread over 1,342 km2 in the delta, there is no great difference among
villages in these polders from the social, economic, physical and natural conditions except the
difference between riverside areas and inland areas.
2) Activities
After the polder embankments and sluice gates are rehabilitated according to the D/P for
134
Preservation of Farming Area, quality of creek water inside polders will be improved (become
fresh water); therefore, to obtain the maximum benefit from project, activities in agriculture are
considered as an appropriate one.
However, other activities can be promoted if they meet the natural condition.
Also, land used for agriculture-related activities must be arranged and guaranteed by
administrative organisations.
As the target households are poor and dont have enough money for investment, combination
of activities creates more net return. For example, they can use residue of vegetables (stem,
leaves) as feed for pigs, manure of animals can be converted as fertilizers, etc.
(2) Selection of Target Activities
Among income generation activities that some landless households actually do on a small scale, five
activities of low initial investment and relatively easy production technique (vegetables cultivation,
fruit tree plantation, technical improvement of primary processing of small fish and prawn, raising of
domestic animals and processing of farm produce) were identified. Project feasibility in the framework
of this D/P was examined from several viewpoints: precondition to start, profit return period,
government support, and scope and scale of implementation. As a result, two activities, vegetable
cultivation and pig raising, were considered feasible as income generation projects to be implemented
in this D/P. Examination is summarized in Table 5.5-1 and the preliminary project sheets for five (5)
candidate activities are presented in Appendix 8-1.
Table 5.5-1 Examination of existing income generation activities
Viewpoint Activity-1 Activity-2 Activity-3 Activity-4 Activity-5
Vegetable Fruit tree (banana, Technical Breeding or Processing of farm
cultivation mango) plantation improvement of fattening pig produce
fish/prawn
processing
Activity of Cultivation of Plantation of one Processing fish/ Breeding and Processing value
participant vegetables on 0.1 banana tree and prawn using fattening pigs (1 added produces
household acre land one mango tree improved pig per using rural raw
on house garden technique household) produces/materials
Precondition to Guarantee of Availability of Existence of Existence of Opportunity of
start land use small plot of land food hygiene/ animal market appropriate raw
Availability of for 30-40 years quality standard materials
fresh water Market price Continuous
increase identification
according to of market value
the quality processed goods
Profit return 2- 3 months More than 3 years Institutional 1 year Finding of
settings may take appropriate goods
long time. and market may
take long time
Government Nil but MAS has Nil but MAS has No support to Nil but LBVD has Nil, Local
support potential potential improve marine potential governments have
products no experience.
processing quality
135
Scope and scale 1-2 year 1 day training on Establishment Extension of 3 year study and
of project technical planting of quality veterinary trial
support standard and service Establishment
Land use dissemination 2 to 4 year of producing
guarantee 1-2 year technical method
technical support Marketing
support
As income Easy to start and Easy to start if Difficult due to Easy to start if Difficult due to
generation by get income they have small absence of quality they can afford to lack of
landless quickly when land but only one standard and buy piglets and government
households they can use land day training is guarantee of get trained. support and
and get technical enough. profit increment marketable
skill. produces
Need of project High Low (MAS Low (institutional High rural development
implementation normal work can setting up project project high
cover) medium)
1) Activity-1: Vegetable cultivation

Vegetables cultivation can provide additional cash income to the growers within a few months with
relatively low techniques, and MAS has human resources to support them. Thus it is judged as
appropriate for income generation activity.
2) Activity-2: Fruit tree (banana, mango) plantation
Banana and mango trees bear fruits for a long period of time, easy to grow and also, fruits can
contribute to improvement of nutrition condition when they are consumed at home.
From viewpoint of project effect, this activity would not require continuous technical support after
basic techniques are once transferred to growers7. Even if MAS does not provide extension work on
site, local farmers/ growers having empirical knowledge could harvest fruits in certain quality and
quantity over a period of time.
Based on the above considerations, fruit tree plantation activity is judged as an effective means for
income generation but not included in the sub projects of the D/P because it does not need special
technical support of project scale. However, raising awareness of landless households on the
importance of planting fruit trees is recommended to be undertaken by the local government in
charge of poverty reduction and to consider fruit tree plantation as potential activity.
3) Activity-3: Technical improvement of primary processing of small fish and prawn
This activity is effective if farm gate price increases according to the quality level. However, it was
found that neither quality standard was established nor its necessity is widely known at this moment.
Thus, the actual condition is that processors cannot get proper amount of incremental profit even
when they improve processing technique.
Quality improvement is an important factor for strengthening future marine products industry, but
this scope is different from income generation of landless households, the purpose of the income
generation D/P. For this reason, this activity was not judged to be included in the D/P. It is better to
start this activity for landless households when DOF and regional government establish the quality
standard and incremental profit is generated in consistency with the improved range of products
quality.
7
According to the experts of MAS
136
4) Activity-4: Breeding or fattening of domestic animal (pig)

Pig raising brings additional cash income to the implementer and LBVD has human resources and
experience to support them. Though profit is generated one year after the start of breeding, and is
not a quick responding activity, people keep pigs regarding it as a kind of saving. Thus it is feasible
to apply for income generation activity.
5) Activity-5: Processing of farm produce
This activity is regarded as not only household income generation but also a kind of village
development activity.
Though inhabitants in the target area produce rice powder cake and other products, it is generally
difficult for landless households to get raw materials other than rice. This activity is more
appropriate to be implemented as second phase after the landless households will have succeeded in
producing vegetables and fruits and have sufficient materials for processing. Adding to this, the
local government is supposed to be in charge of providing support to village development planning,
technical training and market research for production of value added products; however, they have
no experience at the moment. This activity must be carefully promoted by the local government for
village economy development activities, but local government has not experienced in this matter at
this moment.
In conclusion, this activity is proposed to be implemented as second stage after landless people
succeed vegetables cultivation and fruit tree plantation. When the local government staff will have
obtained sufficient enough knowledge and experience in poverty reduction activity, this activity can
be started with the survey of available materials and market.
(3) Vegetables Cultivation Sub-project
This sub-project aims to generate cash income through effective use of the result of rehabilitation
component of the project proposed in the D/P. Lessons learned from the Pilot Project are applied to
technical support.
1) Target area and target people: 10% of landless households in 34 polders8.
2) Components of the project
The goal of the project is to promote income increase to landless households (implementers)
and make them self-reliant through sustainable vegetables cultivation.
The output of the project is to provide knowledge and experience to landless farmers necessary
for vegetables cultivation.
To achieve the project goal and identified output, implementers will cultivate four (4) types of
vegetables (yard long bean, okra, roselle and water cress) in a 0.025 acre each (total 0.1 acre)
on borrowed paddy field during dry season without payment. They will be guided to keep a
record of all activities and cost during their cultivation to understand real profit. Cucumber was
also tried at the pilot project but resulted in low yield and negative profit for many participants.
Cucumber cultivation is difficult and risky for landless people who are almost beginners. It is
difficult for them to undertake systematic taking care of cucumber cultivation when condition is
bad (like long rain). For this reason, cucumber was not selected.
Staff of MAS township office will provide support activities to implementers for 2 years in
terms of technical assistance in collaboration with the local government (region, district,
township and village tract). VFRDC and MAS extension divisions will provide technical
support to the township offices.
8
Set in consideration with supporting capacity of MAS.
137
3) Key points for project implementation

Following are key points of vegetables cultivation. Lessons learned from the pilot project area were
reviewed and most of them applied to this plan.
Generally landless implementers lease paddy field from land right holders during dry season.
To assure of cultivation place, local authorities (township, village tract) guarantee the land use.
Implementer need to confirm following issues.
- enough labour force for 0.1 acre vegetables cultivation;
- cultivation plot is appropriately located near water source and house;
Implementer must start as early as possible because the earlier they harvest, the higher the
market price.
Training must be given on basic techniques in a week course, using simple words and
explanation for low-educated, less experienced people to understand easily. MAS show a
concrete way of good practice to the implementers in the demonstration farm. Support of MAS
and local administration staff for income generation recognized that it is helpful for
implementers to gain confidence in vegetables cultivation.
4) Project period
The project of each polder starts one year after the rehabilitation of embankment and sluices in
the polder.
Project period is two years at each polder and will take 7 years to cover all polders (refer to
Table 5.8-6).
5) Project volume
Number of target polders: 34 polders
Number of target households: 4,023 HH (10% of total landless households)
Number of townships concerned 5 townships
Based on these figures, project volume is estimated as shown in Table 5.5-2.
6) Project costs
Project costs are estimated at 249,097,750 Kyats, with 61,918 Kyats/HH.
Table 5.5-2 Project Volume of Vegetable Cultivation Sub-project
No. Item Volume setting Total unit unit price total Kyat
quantity Kyat
V1 Extension workshop to 1 time/ HH 4 times 4,996 20,100,000
implementers
V2 Technical workshop for 4 time/ HH 16,092 times 4,996 80,400,000
implementers
V3 Print of manual for implementers 1 HH 4,023 copies 2,500 10,057,500
V4 Technical training for MAS staff 3 time/ township 15 times 300,000 4,500,000
V5 Management of demonstration 1 Polder 34 farms 1,500,000 51,000,000
farm (2 years)
V6 Onsite consultation (2 years) 1.5 day/ HH 6,035 days 10,000 60,345,000
Sub-total 226,452,500
Physical contingency (10% of sub-total) 22,645,250
Total (2 years) 249,097,750
Total per household (2years) 61,918
138
7) Crop budget and effect on income generation

a) Crop budget
Production cost and net profit are estimated based on the result of the pilot project and data
described in the MAS vegetable manual as shown in Table 5.5-3. As a result, it is estimated that a
household will earn 29,343 Kyats of net income by one dry season cultivation.
Table 5.5-3 Crop Budget for Vegetables Cultivation Sub-project
Items Long yard Okra Roselle Watercress 4 vegetables/1.0
bean acre (household)
Cost for 0.025 acre cultivation (Kyat)
Seed 788 1,125 30 150 2,093
Fertilizer 2,240 2,435 2,123 1,798 8,596
Agrochemicals 2,700 750 113 113 3,675
Transportation 125 333 373 334 1,165
Sub-Total 5,852 4,643 2,639 2,394 15,529
Physical Contingency (5%) 293 232 132 120 776
Total cost (Kyat) 6,145 4,875 2,771 2,514 16,305
Return from 0.025 acre cultivation
Yield kg/ 0.025 acre each 50 98 50 50
Losses 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9
Net Yield (kg/ 0.025 acre) 45 88 45 45
Farm gate price (Kyat/ kg) 496 128 143 128
Gross return (Kyat) 22,302 11,188 6,419 5,739 45,648
Net return (Kyat) 16,157 6,313 3,648 3,225 29,343
Source: Pilot Project, MAS manual
b) Effect on income generation

Result of the Present condition survey indicates that the 2009 annual income of landless
households in the target five townships was between 655,000 Kyats and 2,333,000 Kyats with the
average of 1,422,000 Kyats9. When a household earns 29,343 Kyats from vegetable cultivation,
1.3% to 4.5% of income generation will be expected.
Table 5.5-4 Effect on Income Generation Unit: Kyat/HH/year
Township 2009 Household income Net profit from vegetable Incremental rate
Kyat cultivation Kyat (2009 income = 100)
Labutta 1,231,685 29,343 1.024
Bogaley 655,000 29,343 1.045
Phyarpon 1,512,333 29,343 1.019
Daydaye 2,333,214 29,343 1.013
Kyaiklatt 1,354,333 29,343 1.022
All townships 1,422,448 29,343 1.021
(4) Pig Raising Sub-project

This project is planned to give income generation opportunities to the landless households living in 34
polders after dike embankment and sluice gates are rehabilitated.
1) Target area and target people: 5% of landless households in 34 polders10.
9
Main income sources of the respondent households were casual labour (29%), agricultural labour (21%) and
/fishery labour (19%).
10
Set in consideration with supporting system and capacity of LBVD as well as the return period <initial
investment income gaining> longer than that of vegetable cultivation.
139
2) Components of the project

The goal of the project is that target landless households (implementers) will implement
sustainable pig raising livelihood activity that would give them additional income and will
make them self-reliant.
The output of the project is that the implementers gain knowledge and experience necessary
for pig raising, and at the same time additional income by selling pigs;
To achieve the project goal and identified the output, implementers will organize a unit of
sixteen households for the raising of the pig. Each 6 households will breed pigs with a
4-year-cycle and the remaining ten households will fatten pigs with a 1-year-cycle, and
LBVD support will be required to improve implementers technical knowledge by holding
extension workshops, technical workshops, and providing printing materials/manuals to the
participants. Also, LBVD will undertake on-site coaching/consultation with landless farmers
specifically on health matters and vaccination.
3) Key points for project implementation
LBVD shall collect basic information of capacity and problem of implementers as much as
possible in the beginning months and provide training and coaching/consultation on-site.
4) Project period
The period of implementation is the same as that of the rehabilitation of embankment and
sluices project and the year of commencement is one year after the rehabilitation of each polder.
Project period is four years at each polder (length of breeding). It will take 9 years to support all
polders (refer to Table 5.8-7).
5) Project volume
Number of target polder: 34 polders
Number of target households: 2,080 HH (5% of total landless households)
Number of pig raising unit (16 HH) 130 units
Number of townships concerned 5 townships
Based on these figures, the project volume is estimated as follows.
6) Project costs
Project costs are estimated at 79,640,000 Kyats for the four year support covering 34 polders.
Project costs per target unit of 16 households are 612,615 Kyats and 38,288 Kyats/HH for four
years. Table 5.5-5 shows project volume and estimated project cost of the pig raising sub-project.
Table 5.5-5 Project volume and project cost of pig raising sub-project
Total unit price
No. Item Volume setting unit total Kyat
quantity Kyat
P1 Extension workshop (breeding) 1 time/ polder 34 times 100,000 3,400,000
P2 Extension workshop (fattening) 1 time/ polder 34 times 100,000 3,400,000
Printing of manual for
P3 2080 HH 2,080 copies 2,500 5,200,000
implementers
P4 Technical workshop (breeding) 2 time/ polder 68 times 100,000 6,800,000
P5 Technical workshop (fattening) 1 time/ polder 34 times 100,000 3,400,000
P6 Technical training for LBVD staff 2 time/ township 20 times 300,000 6,000,000
Onsite consultation on breeding
P7 4 day/ HH 3,120 days 10,000 31,200,000
(4 years)
140
Onsite consultation on fattening

P8 1 day/ HH 1,300 days 10,000 13,000,000
(1 year)
Sub-total 72,400,000
Physical contingency (10% of sub-total) 7,240,000
Total (4 years) 79,640,000
Total per household (4 years) 38,288
7) Pig raising budget and effect on income generation

(a) Pig raising budget
Pig raising cost and net profit are estimated based mainly on the data described in LBVD manual as
shown in Table 5.5-6. As a result, it is estimated that the net income of a household doing breeding
will be 741,155 Kyats for a 4-year-cycle and that of pig fattening will be 361,976 Kyats for the
same period.
Table 5.5-6 Cost and Benefit of Pig Raising per Household Unit: Kyat
Activity Item 1st Year 2nd Year 3rd Year 4th Year 4-year-cycle
Breeding cost
Breeding cost 113,508 204,275 232,175 134,656 684,615
Physical Contingency (5%) 5,675 10,214 11,609 6,733 34,231
Total Cost 119,184 214,489 243,784 141,389 718,845
Income from breeding
Breeding
Sale of piglets 0 106,667 133,333 200,000 440,000
Sale of medium pigs 0 320,000 400,000 200,000 920,000
Sale of parent pigs 0 0 0 100,000 100,000
Gross Income 0 426,667 533,333 500,000 1,460,000
Net income -119,184 212,178 289,550 358,611 741,155
Fattening cost
Fattening cost 107,744 77,744 77,744 77,744 340,975
Physical Contingency (5%) 5,387 3,887 3,887 3,887 17,049
Fattening
Total Cost 113,131 81,631 81,631 81,631 358,024
Gross Income 180,000 180,000 180,000 180,000 720,000
Net Income 66,869 98,369 98,369 98,369 361,976
(b) Effect on income generation

Effect of the income increment got from pig raising is calculated using the 2009 income of landless
households as mentioned in Table 5.5-7. As the result, households doing pig breeding will have
losses in the first year but increase in their income by 15% to 25% of 2008 household income
from the second to the fourth year. Households doing pig fattening will increase household income
by 4.7% in the first year and 7% in the second year on the average.
Table 5.5-7 Effect on Income Generation unit: kyat
Item Labutta Bogaley Phyarpon Daydaye Kyaiklatt All townships

Income 2009 Kyat 1,231,685 655,000 1,512,333 2,333,214 1,354,333 1,422,448
Breeding
Breeding 1st year -119,184 -119,184 -119,184 -119,184 -119,184 -119,184
Incremental rate 0.903 0.818 0.921 0.949 0.912 0.916
Breeding 2nd year 212,178 212,178 212,178 212,178 212,178 212,178
Breeding 3rd year 289,550 289,550 289,550 289,550 289,550 289,550
141
Breeding 4th year 358,611 358,611 358,611 358,611 358,611 358,611

Fattening
Fattening 1st year 66,869 66,869 66,869 66,869 66,869 66,869
Fattening 2nd year 98,369 98,369 98,369 98,369 98,369 98,369
Source: Manual of LBVD
5.5.3 Implementation Method and Implementation Body

Administration system of local governments in Myanmar is actually in transition stage and work
demarcation between both the central government and the regional government and among
departments within the regional/district/township governments is not clearly defined at the study
period. However, it is said that the regional government will have financial and administrative
responsibility of rural development. The latest information will be added in this section as soon as the
study team gets it.
(1) Vegetables cultivation sub-project
1) Process of implementation and role
The D/P proposes the implementation method of vegetable cultivation sub-project be as follows:
landless households do the cultivation; regional government takes the initiative of project
implementation by assuring land use guarantees, budget allocation and other administration matters;
and MAS will provide technical support. Procedure of implementation and stakeholder in charge of
each activity is shown in Table 5.5-8.
Table 5.5-8 Implementation Procedure of Vegetable Cultivation Sub-project
No. Activity Explanation Stakeholder in charge
1 Planning and establishment of implementation system
1.1 Budget acquisition for MOAI (DAP, MAS) / Region
supervision/administration Govt.
1.2 Establishment of MOAI (DAP, MAS) and Region
implementation supporting Govt.
structure
1.3 Action plan making for MAS
each polder Region, District & Township
1.4 Budget acquisition for MOAI (MAS) / Region Govt.
project implementation
and budget allocation
2 Preparation of implementation
2.1 Polder-wise survey of - Natural conditions: water source, - MAS and Township & Village
natural and social land availability, soil and water Tract
condition quality (pH, EC) - Landless households
- Intention of landless households
2.2 Selection of the project - according to the soil and water - MAS and Township
area in each polder conditions and intention of landless
people
2.3 Training of MAS township - vegetables cultivation technique Trainer: MAS extension division
staff - extension work method & VFRDC
Trainee : township office
2.4 Printing manual - MAS (extension division)
3 Implementation in the target polders
3-1 Selection of implementer - based on the intention and - Landless household
and cultivation plot willingness of landless household - Village tract
- Arrangement of head of village - MAS township office
tract.
- MAS township office confirms.
3.2 Preparatory workshop - land use agreement (implementer - Landless implementers
142
& farmer) - MAS township office

- confirmation of role of each - Village Tract
stakeholder
- schedule of implementation
3.3 Technical workshop 1 - 5 day workshop at the beginning - Implementers (landless HH)
of the project - MAS township office
- on basic technique of vegetable - Support from VFRDC
cultivation
3.4 Onsite consultation for 2 - during cultivation period - MAS township office
years/polder
3.5 Management of - 0.1 acre for four vegetables - MAS township office
demonstration farm - hiring workers - Support from VFRDC
3.6 Technical workshop 2 - observation of the demo farm - Implementers (landless HH)
- MAS township office
- Support from VFRDC
3.7 Technical workshop 3, 4 - 2 day workshop based on the - Implementers (landless HH)
result of monitoring - MAS township office
- Support from VFRDC
3.8 Coordination - Between implementers and other
stakeholders
3.8.1 Coordination at the village - Intervention in the village tract - Implmenter
tract level level problems: land use problem, - Village Tract
cattle penetration etc. - Other inhabitants
3.8.2 Coordination between - Transfer of implementers requests - Village Tract
village tract and township and information to MAS and - MAS township office
Township - Township general
- Arrangement of MAS consultation administration Dpt.
3.8.3 Coordination of related - Information exchange - Township general
authorities - Problem/conflict solution among administration Dpt.
ministry offices concerned - Ministry township offices
3.9 Evaluation Evaluation of two year cultivation - Implementers
- MAS township office
- VFRDC
- Township general
administration Dpt.
According to this procedure, stakeholders share role for implementation.
Table 5.5-9 Roles Sharing for Vegetable Cultivation Sub-project
Stakeholder Important roles
Implementer of the project - Shows intention and willingness to start vegetable cultivation
- Agrees with land right holders about land use for vegetable cultivation
- Participates in technical trainings
- Cultivate
- Cultivates vegetables using own seed and according to the trained
cultivation method
- Gets income by selling harvest
MAS Management Direction - Overall decision making of the income generation project
- Financial assistance
- Establishment of implementation supporting system
MAS Extension Division - Makes extension plan
- Provides training to MAS staff in charge of onsite project
implementation (Extension works)
VFRDC - Provides technical advice
- Provides training to MAS staff in charge of onsite project
implementation (vegetable production)
MAS Division Office - Coordination with Region Government on implementation plan and
budget acquisition
- Supervision of making action plan of 34 polders
Ayeyawady Regional - Coordination with MAS Region Office on budget acquisition
Government - Coordination with district general administration departments
MAS district Office - Coordination with Region Government on implementation plan
- Support in the preparation of the action plan
District General - Coordination with township general administration departments
143
Administration Department
MAS Township Office - Polder-wide survey for implementation
- Selection of the project area and target households
- Project implementation: Organizes preparatory workshop and technical
workshop, manages demo farm management, and on site consultation for
2 years
- Supervision of implementers vegetable cultivation
- Evaluation
Township General - Polder wide survey for implementation
Administration Department - Administrative supervision: coordination with related organizations and
district and village tract organizations
- Evaluation
Village Tract - Support selection of implementers
- Intervenes and guarantees use of paddy field for vegetable cultivation
- Conflict/problem resolutions
- Coordination with Township on conflicts/problems outside the village
tract
Figure 5.5-1 shows a flow chart of implementation and supporting system consisting of technical
matters and administration matters.
(Naypyitaw) (Pathein)
Union Government - MOAI Ayeyawady Region
DAP MAS
Government
- Budget acquisition
- Administration
Extension coordination Ministry of Planning
VFRDC Division and Economy
Technical support Financial support

Administrative
MAS&Region
Budget technicalOffice support
(Pathein)
arrangement
Coordination of
implementation District General
MAS District Office MAS District Office Administration Department
(Labutta) (Phyapon) (Labutta & Phyapon)
MAS Township Office Township General

Labutta Bogalay Phyapon Kyaiklatt Daydaye

Office Office Office Office Office
Project implementation Project implementation

& supervision & supervision
Landless Household (4,023 HH) Head of

Implementation of Vegetable Cultivation at 34 Polders Village-tract
Figure 5.5-1 Implementation Structure for Vegetable Cultivation Sub-project
144
(2) Pig Raising Sub-project

1) Process of implementation and role sharing
The method of implementation is that sixteen landless households are organized as one unit. Of this
unit six will do breeding and the remaining ten households will do fattening works. The number of
this unit of sixteen households will depend on the number of landless household in each polder but
every polder will have at least one unit.
LBVD will provide technical support while the local government will provide budget allocation and
support to other administration matter. Procedure of implementation and stakeholder in charge of
each activity is shown in Table 5.5-10.
Table 5.5-10 Implementation Procedure of Pig Raising Sub-project

No Activity Implementation body Stakeholders in charge
1 Planning and establishment of implementation system
1.1 Budget acquisition for MOLF (LBVD) / Region Govt.
supervision/administration
1.2 Establishment of technical MOLF (LBVD) and Region Govt.
supporting structure
1.3 Action plan making for each LBVD
polder Region, District & Township
1.4 Budget acquisition for project MOLF (LVD) / Region Govt.
implementation and budget
allocation
2 Preparation of implementation
2.1 Polder-wide survey of market - Natural conditions: water source, land LBVD
and social condition (piglet availability, soil and water quality And Township & Village Tract
availability, intension of - Intention and willingness of landless
landless households) households
2.2 Training of LBVD township - Pig raising technique including health MOLF (extension div. ) & LBVD
staff in pig raising and issues
extension work - extension work method
2.3 Printing pig raising manual MOLF (extension div. ) & LBVD
3 Implementation in the target polders
3.1 Selection of implementers - Based on the intention and willingness Landless household
of landless households Village Tract
- Arrangement by head of village tract LBVD township
3.2 Preparatory workshop - Organization of unit consisting of 6 Implementers
(breeding) households (breeding) LBVD township office
- confirmation of role of each Village Tract
stakeholders
3.3 Preparatory workshop - Organization of unit consisting of 10 Implementers
(fattening) households (fattening) LBVD township office
- confirmation of role of each Village Tract
stakeholders
3.4 Technical workshop (breeding) - for the first two years of breeding Implementers
LBVD township office
3.5 Technical workshop (fattening) - for one year Implementers
LBVD township office
145
3.6 Onsite consultation - Including vaccination LBVD township office

3.7 Coordination - Problem solution inside village tract Village Tract
- Transfer to township
3.8 Coordination - Problem solution among villages or Township general administration
ministry offices department
3.9 Evaluation Evaluation of two years activity - Implementers
- LBVD township office
- Township general administration
Dpt.
According to this procedure, stakeholders share role for implementation.

Table 5.5-11 Role Sharing for Pig Raising Sub-project
Stakeholder Important roles
Implementer of the - Receives training
project - Prepare pig hut and buy piglets
- Feed pigs till they sell pigs and vaccination
- Continues pig raising
MOLF planning direction - Decision making of the income generation project
- Financial assistance
LBVD central level - Extension plan
- Training to LBVD staff in charge of onsite project implementation (Extension
works)
- Technical advice
LBVD Regional office - Coordination with Region Government on implementation plan and budget
acquisition
- Supervision in the preparation of the action plan of 34 polders
LBVD district office - Coordination with Region Government on implementation plan
- Support in the preparation of the action plan
LBVD township office - Project implementation: Organize extension workshop, organize technical
training, and on site consultation for 4 years
- Supervision of pig raising activities of the implementers
Township General - Administrative supervision: coordination with related organizations, district and
Administration village tracts
Department
146
Figure 5.5-2 shows flow chart of implementation and supporting system consisting of technical and
administration matters.
(Naypyitaw) (Pathein)
Union Government - MOLF Ayeyawady Region
Government
- Budget acquisition
Planning LBVD - Administration
coordination Ministry of Planning
Department and Economy
Technical support
Financial support
Administrative
LBVD Region Office
support
(Pathein)
Coordination of
implementation District General
LBVD District Office LBVD District Office Administration Department
(Labutta) (Phyapon) (Labutta & Phyapon)
LBVD Township Office Township General

Labutta Bogalay Phyapon Kyaiklatt Daydaye

Office Office Office Office Office
Project implementation Project implementation

& supervision & supervision
Landless Household (2,080 HH) Head of

Implementation of PigRaising at 34 Polders Village-tract
Figure 5.5-2 Implementation Structure for Pig Raising Sub-project
5.6 Rehabilitation Plan on Mangrove Windbreak

5.6.1 Basic Concept of Rehabilitation of Mangrove Windbreak
The objective of the subproject is to rehabilitate mangrove trees for the protection of the polder dike.
The windbreak mangrove tree is planted in front of the dike to protect the dike from direct attack of
tidal wave. As mentioned in Section 2.7, deterioration of the mangrove forest directly contributed to
the increase in the damages caused by Cyclone Nargis. The proposal to rehabilitate and re-forest the
mangrove along the polder dike will ensure protection of the dike against cyclones that damage and
destroy dikes and embankments.
Basic concept for the rehabilitation of mangrove windbreak in the D/P is explained below:
Implementation of rehabilitation activities for windbreak mangrove tree in target polders
(1) To plant mangrove species in the depleted and degraded area beside polder dike to protect the
dike from disasters.
(2) To consider planting design feature that will to protect the area from tidal wave.
(3) To use planting techniques acceptable to FD District/Township Officers and local residents.
147
(4) To select suitable mangrove species that will help control the area from tidal wave.
(5) To select suitable mangrove species considering natural and socio-economic conditions of
planting site.
(6) To select suitable mangrove species considering local demand and utilization for villagers.
(7) To select suitable mangrove species considering availability of seeds and seedling supply from the
nursery.
(8) The mangrove windbreak subproject would need the village participation to undertake the
maintenance activities after subproject implementation as it is not under the management of the
Forest Department. For this purpose, a village committee to manage and maintain and at the
same time to determine utilization of the mangrove windbreak shall have to be organized

(1) Scope of Project
The scope of the mangrove windbreak restoration subproject is along the bank of 34 polders in the
Ayeyawady Delta. The study team investigated the damage situation of mangrove windbreak by
Cyclone Nargis at 34 polders in the target area in March 2011. The result of the investigation is shown
in Table 5.6-1. The result of the investigation shows that mangrove windbreak of the 22 out of 34
polders had had been affected by Cyclone Nargis. Total estimated required length of mangrove
windbreak in 22 polders was 206.9 km. It is about 22% of total length of 34 polder
dikes/embankments.
Table 5.6-1 Target Length of Mangrove Windbreak Rehabilitation by Polder
Sr. Polder Name Length of Polder Current length of Target for rehabilitation
No mile km mangrove (mile) mile km
1 Alegyun (1) polder 13.40 21.60 13.30 0.10 0.20
2 Alegyun (2) polder 22.70 36.50 20.20 2.50 4.00
3 Alegyun (3) polder 17.65 28.40 8.00 10.00 16.00
4 Magybinmadaukkan 3.40 5.50 2.00 1.40 2.20
5 Thingangyi 6.30 10.10 0.00 0.00 0.00
6 Zinywe 6.00 9.70 0.00 0.00 0.00
7 Leikkwin 3.75 6.00 6.00 0.00 0.00
8 Labutta (South) 20.20 32.50 19.75 0.75 1.20
9 Labutta (North) 38.00 61.20 36.50 1.50 2.40
10 U Gaungpu 5.20 8.40 1.40 0.00 0.00
11 Bitud Island (1) 14.02 22.60 11.20 3.00 4.80
12 Bitud Island (2) 18.60 29.90 8.00 8.00 12.80
13 Bitud Island (3) 28.00 45.10 18.00 10.00 16.00
14 Bitud Island (4) 40.53 65.30 15.00 25.50 40.80
15 Daunggyi 37.00 59.60 30.00 7.00 11.20
16 Daunggyi (East) 33.90 54.60 33.90 0.00 0.00
17 Daunggyi (West) 31.60 50.90 31.90 0.00 0.00
18 Daunggyi (Upper) 10.50 16.90 10.30 0.20 0.30
19 Daw Nyein polder 14.00 22.50 14.00 0.00 0.00
20 Myokone polder 17.00 27.40 17.00 0.00 0.00
21 Kyetphamwezaung 46.00 74.10 39.00 17.00 27.20
22 Banbwezu 26.00 41.90 26.00 0.00 0.00
23 Daydalu 13.00 20.90 13.00 0.00 0.00
24 Letpanbin 20.00 32.20 20.00 0.00 0.00
25 Zinbaung 15.00 24.20 15.00 0.00 0.00
26 Myaseinkan 13.50 21.70 12.00 1.50 2.40
27 Thandi 4.25 6.80 2.75 1.50 2.40
28 Suclubbaluma 7.40 11.90 6.40 1.00 1.60
148
29 Hleseik chaunggyi 7.40 11.90 4.40 3.00 4.80

30 Tamatakaw 7.00 11.30 0.00 7.00 11.20
31 Kyonsoat 5.00 8.10 2.60 2.40 3.80
32 Maubin Island (North) 12.40 20.00 2.40 10.00 16.00
33 Maubin Island (South) 4.40 7.10 0.40 4.00 6.40
34 Thonegwakyun 22.25 35.80 10.25 12.00 19.20
Total 585.35 942.40 450.65 129.35 206.90
(2) Planning and Design

1) Planting mangrove species
Considerations in the selection of mangrove tree species were based on natural condition of plantation
site, seedling supply, local demand, biodiversity and so on. For the D/P, three mangrove species,
namely Sonneratia apetala (Sa, local name is Kanbala), Nypa fruticans (Nf, local name is Dani) and
Avicennia officinalis (Ao, local name is Thame Gyi) are chosen based on the experience of the Pilot
Project.
Selected three mangrove speciesSonneratia apetala (left) Nypa fruticans (center)

Avicennia officinalis (right)
Sonneratia apetala is suitable mostly in river ward zone like long submerging place. Sa has wider
spread aerial roots, and is resistant to strong tide and wave. To protect the village from further disasters,
it would be necessary to plant Sa in most of river ward zone. Moreover, as huge number of Sa is
available in the FD Thar Kone nursery, seedling procurement of Sa is relatively easy.
Nypa fruticans are suitable in middle and land ward zone, and are found in flat wetland like back
marsh of river. Nypa leaflet is good material for roofing and house construction. It will be a good cash
income source for local residents.
Avicennia officinalis has widest adaptation against any circumstance of mangrove habitat. Ao can
survive over wet area like river ward zone, also drought area like land ward zone. Ao can multiply by
vegetative propagation, and a possible good source for fuel wood.
2) Planting design and amount
Planting design of the D/P is shown in Figure 5.6-1 and Figure 5.6-2. Sonneratia apetala is planted at
most river ward zone, Nypa fruticans at the middle portion and Avicennia officinalis most at the land
ward zone. Width of Sa and Nf are 15m each, width of Ao is 20m, total width is 50m. Planting length
is dependent on the required length of windbreak rehabilitation along the dike. Planting spacing of
each three species are 2m x 2m. Spacing of planting trees is arranged as equilateral triangle shape, as it
is more effective protection from tidal wave.
149
Land side River side

Dike
30m 15m 15m

Ao Nf Sa
Figure 5.6-1 Cross Section of Typical Planting Site
Dike Embankment
Bamboo Fence
2m Avicennia officinalis 2mx2m

20m 2m (5,000seedlings/km)

2m
Nypa fruticans 2mx2m
15m 2m
(3,750seedlings/km)

2m
Sonneratia apetala 2mx2m
15m 2m
(3,750seedlings/km)

Bamboo Fence
River side
Figure 5.6-2 Typical Design for Mangrove Plantation
Planting volume of Sa and Nf are 3,750 seedlings and Ao is 5,000 seedlings, each for one kilometer.
3) Procurement of seeds and seedlings
Information for procurement of seeds and seedlings for planting mangrove species is shown in Table
5.6-2. Seedling of Sa and Ao Seedling can be obtained from the Thar Kone nursery and Kwakwakalay
nursery which are managed by FD. NF seeds also are prepared by FD and local farmers who are at
present managed Nf plantation. For the seedling breeding of Nf, temporary nursery for Nf will be
prepared at the planting site.
Table 5.6-2 Seed and Seedling Information for Three Mangrove Species
Species Type of Seed Procurement Type of Price Breeding Transportatio
body seedling place n
Sonneratia Non-viviparous FD nursery Pot 100k/seedling FD Boat
apetala (Sa) seed nursery
Nipa fruticans Non-viviparous FD and private Without 50k/seed Planting Boat
(Nf) seed nursery pot site
Avicennia Non-viviparous FD nursery Pot 100k/seedling FD Boat
officinalis (Ao) seed nursery
5) Fencing
150
In the Ayeyawady Delta area, when

8 in Small vertical bamboo
monsoon season onset, waves become big
Big bamboo
and rough. Rough waves affect negatively
the growth of planted mangrove trees, as Small horizontal
bamboo
the trees are often severely damaged by the
rough wave. To avoid this negative affect, 14 in
6 ft
bamboo fence made by knitting a bamboo
in the pin grid array format, will be
installed around the plantation. The 2m
bamboo fence will also serve as protection
of the plantation, from entry of animals. 4 ft Underground
The fence will be 10 feet long bamboo
trunk where part of four feet is put under
the ground, and the remaining part of 6 feet Figure 5.6-3 Dimension of Bamboo Fence
is on the ground. Dimension of the fence is
shown on Figure 5.6-3.
6) Temporary nursery
For the nursery activity of Nf seeds, a temporary nursery
is installed in the planting site. The temporary nursery is
made of bamboo sticks and Nypa leaves. Bamboo sticks
are used to support the roof and the small fence is made
around the nursery for the protection of seedlings from
tidal waves. Nypa leaves are used for shade.
7) Work schedule
As suitable mangrove planting season starts middle of
May, Ao and Sa seedling are prepared according to this Temporary nursery
planting season at the FD nursery. Although suitable
season for collecting seed of Nf is middle of March to middle of May, seed of Nf is available
throughout the year. As mentioned above, breeding of Nf seedling is carried out at the temporary
nursery in the planting site. Working process will be implemented as follows; (i) Land survey for
planting site, (ii) Establishment of temporary nursery, (iii) Breeding of Nf seedling, (iv) Installation
of fence, (v) Planting of Sa, Ao seedling, (vi) Planting of Nf seedling, (vii) Maintenance, (viii)
Monitoring for supplemental planting, (ix) Supplemental planting. Work schedule is shown as Table
5.6-3.
Table 5.6-3 Typical Schedule for Mangrove Windbreak Rehabilitation Work
Work contents Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar
Land survey for planting site

Establish temporary nursery
Breeding of Nf seedling
Fencing
Procurement of Ao & Sa seedlings
Planting
Maintenance
Monitoring
Supplemental planting
(3) Project Volume
151
1) Unit Quantity required

Facilities, materials and equipment required to establish mangrove plantation site of 1.0 km in length
along the dike embankment are presented in Table 5.6-4. And Table 5.6-5 gives project volume
required for the mangrove windbreak rehabilitation 34 polders.
Table 5.6-4 Unit Quantity required for Mangrove Windbreak Rehabilitation
Length of fence Number of Sa Number of Nf Number of Ao Number of Number of
seedling seedling seedling temporary nursery marking stick
2,000 3,750 3,750 5,000 1 12,500
Table 5.6-5 Project Volume by Polder for Mangrove Windbreak Rehabilitation

Sr. Polder name Target of Planting Length No. of No. of Nf No. of Ao No. of
no. rehabilitatio area of fence Sa seedling seedling temporary
n (km) (ha) (m) seedling nursery
1 Alegyun (1) polder 0.2 1 400 750 750 1,000 1
2 Alegyun (2) polder 4 20 8,000 15,000 15,000 20,000 4
3 Alegyun (3) polder 16 80 32,000 60,000 60,000 80,000 16
4 Magybinmadaukkan 2.2 11 4,400 8,250 8,250 11,000 3
5 Thingangyi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 Zinywe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 Leikkwin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 Labutta (South) 1.2 6 2,400 4,500 4,500 6,000 2
9 Labutta (North) 2.4 12 4,800 9,000 9,000 12,000 3
10 U Gaungpu 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
11 Bitud Island (1) 4.8 24 9,600 18,000 18,000 24,000 5
12 Bitud Island (2) 12.8 64 25,600 48,000 48,000 64,000 13
13 Bitud Island (3) 16 80 32,000 60,000 60,000 80,000 16
14 Bitud Island (4) 40.8 204 81,600 153,000 153,000 204,000 41
15 Daunggyi 11.2 56 22,400 42,000 42,000 56,000 12
16 Daunggyi (East) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
17 Daunggyi (West) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
18 Daunggyi (Upper) 0.3 1.5 600 1,125 1,125 1,500 1
19 Daw Nyein polder 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
20 Myokone polder 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
21 Kyetphamwezaung 27.2 136 54,400 102,000 102,000 136,000 28
22 Banbwezu 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
23 Daydalu 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
24 Letpanbin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
25 Zinbaung 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
26 Myaseinkan 2.4 12 4,800 9,000 9,000 12,000 3
27 Thandi 2.4 12 4,800 9,000 9,000 12,000 3
28 Suclubbaluma 1.6 8 3,200 6,000 6,000 8,000 2
29 Hleseik chaunggyi 4.8 24 9,600 18,000 18,000 24,000 5
30 Tamatakaw 11.2 56 22,400 42,000 42,000 56,000 12
31 Kyonsoat 3.8 19 7,600 14,250 14,250 19,000 4
32 Maubin Island (North) 16 80 32,000 60,000 60,000 80,000 16
33 Maubin Island (South) 6.4 32 12,800 24,000 24,000 32,000 7
34 Thonegwakyun 19.2 96 38,400 72,000 72,000 96,000 20
Total 207 1,035 413,800 775,875 775,875 1,034,500 217
The total target length of the mangrove windbreak rehabilitation in the whole region at 34 polders is
207 km, and the rehabilitation area is 1,035 ha. The total length of the fence to be prepared is 413,800
152
m. The required number of Nf and Sa seedlings required for the rehabilitation works is 775,875
seedlings each, while the required number of Ao seedlings for rehabilitation is 1,034,500 seedlings.
The total number of the temporary nursery to be put up is 217 nurseries.
The composition of the organization which is proposed to implement mangrove windbreak
rehabilitation project is shown in Figure 5.6-4.
Local Government
Purpose and tasks of Mangrove Local Government
Donors
windbreak rehabilitation (Financial support) Overall management &
project is to plant mangrove budget control
along the polder dike. NGO
However, this kind of
Project operation
rehabilitation project is out of
the administrative scope of ID
and FD, as both departments Mangrove Windbreak
does not have the mandate to Establishment Committee
manage planting activity along
the dike. Therefore, support to
the mangrove windbreak Request for cooperation, Cooperation
rehabilitation project will have Instruction for work to work
to be provided by local Residents of
administration. Unfortunately, target village FD technical
local administration does not support
have implementation body for
mangrove wind break
rehabilitation so far. The local Figure 5.6-4 Implementation Structure for Mangrove
administration will contract Windbreak Rehabilitation Project
local consultant to implement
the mangrove wind break
rehabilitation activities.
Local consultants
The consultant will organize the local villagers group, and will organize a Mangrove Windbreak
Establishment Committee to implement mangrove tree planting in each target village. The local
consultant will control and manage the windbreak rehabilitation project through this committee. The
local consultant will receive budget allocated by the local administration for the required materials and
equipment. The villagers residing within the Project Area will be provided the required training and
skill through the conduct of technology transfer training by a local NGO. The local villagers will have
the responsibility to participate not only in the rehabilitation activities but also in the operation and
maintenance of the project after project completion
Mangrove Windbreak Establishment Committee
A mangrove windbreak development committee is composed of members of the village community.
The committee will be provided guidance and assistance by the local NGO specifically in the
delineation of roles and responsibilities and in the preparation of work schedule of the windbreak
rehabilitation project
Local residents
153
The local resident will be requested to cooperate and assist in the work activities for the mangrove
windbreak rehabilitation project according to the request of the mangrove windbreak establishment
committee.
Forest Department (FD)
FD conducts technical support for the mangrove windbreak rehabilitation project. The seedling which
is used for the planting is procured from the FD nursery.
Donors
There is a need to look for donors that will provide financial support for the mangrove windbreak
rehabilitation project.
(2) Implementing Method
Figure 5.6-5 describes the implementation process of the mangrove windbreak rehabilitation project.
In the mangrove windbreak rehabilitation project, the role of the local NGO is very important as it
would be involved in almost all aspects of the implementation process. The local NGOs will organize
the mangrove windbreak establishment committee that would be the core of project. The NGO will
also provide the necessary training and technology transfer necessary for the efficient and effective
implementation and management of the by the committee.
(1) Management of mangrove windbreak rehabilitation

project is entrusted to NGOs from local government. (10) The Mangrove Windbreak Administration
Committee is organized. O&M activities and use
of mangrove trees are discussed as a important role
among villagers.
(2) NGOs go to the village which is dealt with
mangrove windbreak rehabilitation and hosts the first
workshop about the mangrove windbreak rehabilitation.
(9) NGOs conduct technical workshop for
Committee and villagers on maintenance of
mangrove windbreak.
(3) With cooperation of NGOs, the Mangrove

Windbreak Establishment Committee is organized in
target villages. (8) Mangrove windbreak is
established.
(4) The Committee becomes core implementing body

and fixes the role and the work schedule for villagers (7) Plantation and establishment of mangrove
windbreak is carried out with cooperation of NGOs
activity for participation. and village Committee.
(5) NGOs conduct technical workshop to villagers (6) Procurement of materials and equipment such
on mangrove rehabilitation / plantation. as bamboo and seedlings through NGOs.
Figure 5.6-5 Implementation Process of Mangrove Windbreak Rehabilitation
154
5.7 Environmental Study

5.7.1 Guideline on Environmental Impact Assessment
Myanmar has environmental problems such as deforestation, decrease of biological resources, land
degradation due to wind and water erosion, urbanization and improper waste management nationwide.
In 1990, a new organization known as the National Commission for Environmental Affairs (NCEA)
was initiated by the Ministry of Foreign Affair to act as a central management agency for
environmental concerns. This organization was transferred under the stewardship of the Ministry of
Forestry in 2005. Current NCEA is responsible for environment issues within the Forest Reserve area
only thus it is not mandated to control the area outside of the forestry reserved area. According to
NCEA officers, TPDCs have authority on environmental matters such as land acquisition. Therefore,
the collaboration between a proponent organization and township office is essential to assess the
environmental impacts.
Currently, the country has no formal system for environmental impact assessment (EIA). EIAs are
conducted to some extent, however, they are implemented on a case-to-case basis for projects or
particular activity funded by international organizations and some foreign corporations. The ID has
some experiences in assessing environmental effects caused by irrigation structure constructions,
however, there are no stipulated guidelines or manuals describing specified procedures to assess
effects and mitigate negative impacts so far. Taking into consideration this situation, the proponent was
recommended to comply with JICA Guidelines for Environmental and Social Considerations as
stipulated in M/M on S/W signed between GoJ and GoUM.
5.7.2 Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)
The proposed components of Development Plan are 1) rehabilitation of agricultural and rural
infrastructures, 2) Improvement of farming, 3) Income generation, and 4) rehabilitation of mangrove
windbreak and are almost same as those in the Pilot Project. Therefore, expected impacts are also
almost the same as the ones described in Chapter 4.4. Considering that main activities are
rehabilitation of existing structures or promotion/ improvement of current activities, negative impacts
on the natural environment by the development plan can be very minimal. Furthermore, since
improvement of farming shall target farmers, and income generation will target landless people, there
will be more people that benefit from the project, in other words, there will be less inequality of
benefit among people.
However, increasing of the height of existing polder dikes, which will need large quantity of soil, is
proposed to secure farmland and rural life, therefore, this component needs land acquisition. Taking
into consideration that a customary rule (described in Chapter 4.3) restricts the land use for private
purposes within 50 feet from toe of dike of Labutta North Polder, it is needed to confirm the area of
ROW to be reserved in each target polder to clarify the boundary of legal and illegal area, since it is
possible that the ROW can be different depending on polders. Moreover, it is necessary, that when the
Development Project is implemented, investigation should be carried out on the land use conditions
and presence of illegal occupants in the 34 polder dikes in collaboration with TPDCs concerned. Main
anticipated impacts, countermeasure against them and monitoring plan are shown below.
(1) Social Impacts
Generally, in the Ayeyawady Delta, agriculture is the most important income source. On the other hand,
some villages depend on fishery. Since both farmers and fishermen lost their necessary properties e.g.
cattle, farming equipments to make living caused by cyclone Nargis, the rehabilitation plan is
beneficial for the most of people in terms of security of their lives and economic activities.
Furthermore, since the plan will be introduced by ID in collaboration with TPDCs to the people,
existing social institutions will not be affected.
As to ethnic distribution in the area, Burma people is the major ethnic group (more than 90%) in
155
Daydaye, Kyaiklatt, Labutta, Ngaputaw and Phyapon, while 13 percent of the population in the
polders of Bogalay is Karen tribe (2010, JICA Team)11. According to TCG, January 2009, Post-Nargis
Social Impacts Monitoring: November 2008, the relationship among various people is relatively good,
sometimes, mixed ethnic group reside in the same villages. At the implementation stage of
development plan, there will be no need to consider ethnic groups because of their limited number and
their minimal cultural differences.
Probable affected people will be legal/illegal cultivators and legal/illegal residents around the polder
dikes. Before implementation, it is necessary to handle carefully this issue. Principally, it is not needed
to provide new farm lands or residential area for illegal occupants. However, considering that these
people are the poorest stratum in community, there is a need to exert efforts to minimize the negative
impacts on them. Construction methods are proposed according to the situations in the sites. This
attempt consists of two stages, namely, design stage and construction stage.
Concerning the design stage, as mentioned in Chapter 4.4 for the Pilot Project, the construction
methods to minimize the negative impact on the people are also proposed for the Development Plan.
The proposed side slope of dike embankment for rehabilitation is 1:1.5, which is the same as that
proposed in the Development Plan, to minimize loss of farmlands. This slope is also appropriate in
terms of safety.
At the construction stage, machinery equipment is very useful in terms of efficiency and cost
effectiveness, however, in this case, temporary dike setting is needed for soil moisture adjustment,
which needs wide area. Therefore, if there are some houses along the embankments, manpower
utilization for banking is proposed, which can adjust soil moisture by manpower tamping without
temporally dike setting. Furthermore, when borrow pits are set near the embankment, it can damage
neighboring houses. For minimization of resettlement, the location of borrow pits can be determined
based on the site conditions, which means that soil will be transported from neighboring borrow pits.
(2) Natural Impacts
The natural impacts caused by the implementation of master plan are generally negligible since the
plan aims to rehabilitate the existing structures instead of new constructions. Rehabilitation of
Mangrove Tree is one of components of the Development Plan and it is to rehabilitate the damaged
Mangrove caused by Cyclone Nargis. Mangrove has various species, and the most common species in
the area was taken into consideration for eco-system conservation. The planting of mangrove will be
carried out in environment-friendly manner, i.e.; without machinery, equipment, chemicals and
fertilizers. Therefore, the impacts on the natural environment can be very limited.
(3) Pollution
The main anticipated negative impacts are air pollution, water deterioration, waste, noise and vibration
and so on. They are tentative activities and the period is limited to construction stage only. Concerning
dust, if manpower is used for the construction, it is possible to suppress the dust generation to some
extent. According to the lessons learnt in the Pilot Project, since the soil is relatively wet, the
possibility to generate dust can be low. In addition, machines will be used in non-residential areas.
Water pollution due to disposal of used fuel and lubricants can be expected. Proper disposal of used oil
and lubricants and/or recycle used oil and lubricants should be ensured. Solid waste such as
construction materials will be generated and it is needed to set a stockyard for all the construction
materials far from rivers and bodies of water. It is proposed that waste material as recycled as much as
possible. Since construction works can cause noise and vibration around the sites, working hours can
be set from morning to evening to avoid disturbing the people. In addition, maintenance of
construction equipment and vehicles, and using appropriate sound abate devices are needed.
(4) Scoping Checklist
11
Present Condition Survey (JICA Team, 2010)
156
A scoping checklist describing environmental impact by the project in the Development Plan is
summarized below.
Table 5.7-1 Scoping Checklist for the Development Plan
Social Environment: *Regarding the impacts on Gender and Childrens Right, might be related to all criteria
of Social Environment.
1 Involuntary Resettlement B It is essential to confirm distribution of houses around polder
dikes. Based on the result, it is necessary to minimize
resettlement of households including illegal residents by
construction works. It is necessary to provide compensation for
the legal residents that will be resettled, if any.
2 Local economy such as D The rehabilitation works will generate employment opportunity to
employment and livelihood, etc. local people that is expected to be beneficial for the local
economy. Equal employment opportunity should be provided for
the people.
3 Land use and utilization of local B It is needed to study the current width to be reserved in each
resources polder, which is managed by ID. Due to expansion of the area
under control by ID, there is possibility that some farmers will
lose their lands. Standing crops which can be spoiled by the
Development Plan should be compensated.
4 Social institutions such as social D The possible activities to be implemented under the project are
infrastructure and local not expected to influence directly social institutions.
decision-making institutions
5 Existing social infrastructures D The possible activities to be implemented under the project are
and services not expected to influence adversely on the social infrastructure
and local decision-making institutions.
6 The poor, indigenous and ethnic B Majority of the residents in the Project Area are Burmese with
people limited number of minority. These people are new residents due
to new development history of Ayeyawady Delta, where
indigenous people are not observed. It is important to pay
attention to equal job opportunity provision instead of targeting
specified ethnic, cultural, religious groups. The residents along
the polder dike can be affected by the Development Plan,
construction method to minimize the resettlement and land
acquisition e.g. manpower use and so on should be applied.
7 Misdistribution of benefit and D Sufficient attention to equal employment of local work force can
damage avoid misdistribution of benefit.
8 Cultural heritage C Important cultural heritages are temples; however, they are not
located on or near the polder dikes and possibility of negative
effect on the cultural heritages is negligible. It is needed to
confirm the situation based on result of on-going socio-economic
survey.
9 Local conflict of interests D Lack of consideration to hire local work force as per Item 7
above has potential to lead to local conflict of interest.
10 Water Usage or Water Rights and D Saline water from outside can be prevented through the
Rights of Common rehabilitation works, which leads to improvement of water
quality.
11 Sanitation D The project will not cause impairment on sanitation and flood
prevention by the repair works can lead to improvement of
sanitation.
12 Hazards (Risk) Infectious B It is recommended to employ workers within the study area as
diseases such as HIV/AIDS much as possible to minimize hazard from outside.
Natural Environment
157

13 Topography and Geographical D The structural measures are of small-scale such as repair works to
features cause any significant effects on these features.
14 Soil Erosion D During the rehabilitation works, soil erosion might occur at
construction spots without using appropriate construction method.
Bank protection such as vegetation should be implemented to
prevent bank from soil erosion.
15 Groundwater D All project activities do not extract groundwater and have no
significant effect on groundwater or its quality.
16 Hydrological Situation D The repair works will enable to drain saline water from the polder
effectively and it is expected not to cause negative impact on
hydrological situation.
17 Coastal Zone (Mangroves, Coral D Master plan will include rehabilitation of windbreak such as
reefs, Tidal flats, etc.) mangrove plantation. The project will not give adverse effects on
the coastal zone.
18 Flora, Fauna and Biodiversity D Since new civil engineering facilities will not be constructed, no
significant impact on biodiversity is expected.
19 Meteorology D There are no activities that may affect the meteorology.
20 Landscape D The civil engineering works are mainly rehabilitation and are of
small-scale to cause any significant adverse effects including
visual impact on landscape.
21 Global Warming D There are no activities with constant emission of green house
substances.
Pollution
22 Air Pollution B The construction vehicles could increase exhaust gas, however, it
will be temporary. Moreover, manual works will be applied in the
residential areas. Machines will be mainly used in the
non-residential areas, which can minimize dust generation and
gas emission.
23 Water Pollution B Construction works along rivers would cause short-term
deterioration in water quality due to increased turbidity.
24 Soil Contamination D There are no activities necessitating the use of toxic materials that
may lead to soil contamination.
25 Waste B Construction wastes will be generated that has to be managed
appropriately focused on reuse of the wastes as much as possible.
26 Noise and Vibration B Construction works have potential generate short-term noise and
vibration. This has to be managed appropriately in particular
when such work is carried out near residential areas.
27 Ground Subsidence D There is no extraction of groundwater which leads to ground
subsidence.
28 Offensive Odor D Temporary offensive odor is expected due to exhaust gas of
construction vehicles and machine during only construction
period and at low level.
29 Bottom sediment D Disposal of harmful substances such as heavy metals or organic
chlorine compounds to river/sea is not planned and there is no
possibility that bottom sediment will be polluted by the project.
30 Accidents B Accidents may occur in any construction work, basically
occupational health and safety issue is limited to the period of
construction works. Careful consideration to avoid any accident is
necessary.
Rating: A: Serious impact is expected. B: Some impact is expected.
C: Extent of impact is unknown D: No or negligible impact including positive impact is expected.
158
(5) Recommendations on Environmental Consideration

1) Set-up of the committee for orientation of the Development Plan
The information of land acquisition and resettlement resulted by the embankment works was not
transmitted effectively at the Pilot Project, even though there is information distributing system,
namely, from the TPDC to VPDC and finally, to the villagers. If people can get information early, they
will be able to prepare or take countermeasures, e.g. abandon of seeding in the affected area. Therefore,
it is recommended to form a committee consisting of personnel from various agencies e.g. ID, SLRD,
TPDC, which will be responsible for effective information dissemination at the village level.
Accordingly, this committee will arrange compensation/supports for resettlement of legal residents.
2) Explanation of ROW to the people
Some people in the Pilot Project area did not understand area of ROW sufficiently, it is needed to
enhance peoples understanding about this matter. Therefore, it is recommended that ID has to confirm
area of ROW in each polder dike and to take initiative to explain about ROW in collaboration with
other authorities.
3) Minimization of resettlement
Through the Pilot Project, resettlement was minimized t by application of manual works based on the
site conditions, e.g. house distribution, even though they were illegal. It is recommended to ID to
consider these experiences in the development plan implementation.
4) Support for the people
In the Pilot Project implementation stage, based on the request from villages, some borrow pits were
modified into water ponds for village and school use, which made people happy. Such support for the
surrounding people can be disseminated through the Development Plan.
(6) Monitoring Plan on Environmental Consideration
Based on the recommendations mentioned above, a series of consideration to minimize adverse effect
will be necessary to be undertaken in the Development Plan. The main negative impacts can be caused
by the embankment works. It is needed to monitor the situations during the pre-construction stage and
construction stage of the implementation of Plan. The items to be monitored are as follows:
Table 5.7-2 Proposed Monitoring Plan
Stage Items to be monitored Responsible Number of times/
organization Frequency
Pre-construction Identification of house location that ID Once
will be affected by works and their
numbers
Notice of project to people and Committee consisting of Notice: once
confirmation of peoples awareness ID, SLRD, TPDC and Confirmation of awareness:
of project so on once per two months
Identification of standing crop and Committee consisting of Once
its area ID, SLRD, TPDC and
so on
Monitoring of peoples ID in collaboration with Once per two months
understanding of ROW other authorities
In case of legal resettlement, Committee consisting of Once per month
compensation for the affected ID, SLRD, TPDC and
people have to be provided so on
Construction Minimization of resettlement and ID Once per month
number of resettled houses
159
5.8 Implementation Plan and Schedule

5.8.1 Overall Implementation Plan
The D/P will require certain period to implement its component projects over 34 polders. Therefore, in
order to formulate the implementation schedule on polder basis, the selection of grouping and priority
of polders will be needed through the various studies. Method and flow of overall study are shown
below.
Step-1 Contents of Study

Grouping of 34 polders - Available yearly embankment volume
- Geographical conditions

Study on priority ranking Among each group and each polder
1 Emergency (Risk) evaluation 1 Difference between planed height and existing height
2 Effective disaster prevention 2 Economic benefit with implementation of development

Implementation schedule - Overall construction period
- Schedule plan considering priority of polder group
In addition, each project for Improvement Farming, Income Generation and Mangrove
Windbreak shall be implemented one by one in the polder when rehabilitation of polder dike and
sluice will be completed.
5.8.2 Selection of Priority Polders and Embankments
(1) Grouping of 34 polders
For the grouping of 34 polders, the following conditions are taken into account:
1) Available yearly embankment volume by IDs actual results and work sharing with contractor
- Actual results by ID in 2 DS (dry season): 2,637,696 sud x 0.52(progress)/3=457,200 sud/DS
- Target volume considering work sharing: 235,000 sud / 1 season (refer to pilot project in
Labutta North)
Therefore, grouping shall be decided based on target unit volume by 346,000 sud/DS (979,000
m3/DS) which is almost mean volume of above. However, polders (No.3, 4, 9, 26) of more than 70%
of present construction progress shall be deducted from the grouping, since these polders are supposed
to be completed within dry season.
2) Considering geographical conditions
- 1 group of polders shall be kept in the same township taking IDs supervision into
consideration.
- To unify near distance of polders by 1 group considering flexibility of equipment
transportation.
Based on the above, 34 polders were divided into 10 groups as presented in the following table.
160
Table 5.8-1 Grouping of 34 Polders for Construction Planning in Development Plan

Township No Name of ID Design Progress Remained Increased Additiona Remained Constru Bank
Polder Dike Volume for ID Volume Volume l Volume Necessar ction Volume
( Sud ) Design for ID (2) (3) y Volume Groupi on Each
Volume design (1) ( Sud ) ( Sud ) (1)+(2)+( ng Group
(%) (Sud) 3) (Sud) No. (Sud)
Labutta 1 Alegyun (1) 41,100 0 41,100 - - 41,100 1
2 Alegyun (2) 128,446 0 128,446 - - 128,446 1 363,782
3 Alegyun (3) 94,606 100 0 - - 0 -
4 Magyibinmadaukan 20,745 100 0 - - 0 -
5 Thingangyi 70,198 68 22,463 22,983 - 45,446 2
6 Zinywe 37,132 100 0 - 40,998 40,998 2
7 Leikkwin 25,743 0 25,743 20,194 - 45,937 2 239,953
8 Labutta (S) 154,128 0 154,128 40,108 - 194,236 1
9 Labutta (N) 186,518 86 25,518 48,482 74,000 -
10 U Gaungpu 61,854 0 61,854 45,718 - 107,572 2
11 Bitud Island (1) 97,417 23 75,011 66,034 - 141,045 3
12 Bitud Island (2) 103,586 7 96,335 75,767 - 172,102 3 313,147
13 Bitud Island (3) 247,500 54 113,850 144,295 - 258,145 4
14 Bitud Island (4) 224,103 100 0 - 68,223 68,223 4 326,368
Bogalay 15 Daunggyi 35,692 17 29,624 151,047 - 180,671 6
16 Daunggyi (East) 125,000 36 80,000 246,292 - 326,292 5 326,292
17 Daunggyi (West) 226,630 100 0 - 32,961 32,961 6
18 Daunggyi (Upper) 41,156 0 41,156 65,917 - 107,073 6 320,705
Phyapon 19 Dawnyein 36,343 100 0 - 100,513 100,513 7
20 Myokone 59,286 100 0 - 130,915 130,915 7 421,730
21 Kyetphamwezaun 190,200 6 178,788 290,580 - 469,368 8 469,368
22 Banbwezu 45,114 0 45,114 145,188 - 190,302 7
23 Daydalu 61,943 100 0 - 92,932 92,932 9
24 Lepanbin 35,400 100 0 - 138,356 138,356 9
25 Zinbaung 22,800 18 18,696 96,433 - 115,129 9 346,417
Daydaye 26 Myaseinkan 134,274 72 37,597 - - 37,597 -
27 Thandi 16,931 100 0 - 4,151 4,151 10
28 Suclubbaluma 5,944 100 0 - 11,654 11,654 10
29 Hleseikchaunggyi 5,885 0 5,885 15,377 - 21,262 10
30 Tamatakaw 3,902 100 0 - 8,021 8,021 10
31 Kyonsoat 14,950 100 0 - 4,457 4,457 10
Kyaiklatt 32 Maubin Island (N) 12,060 0 12,060 50,940 - 63,000 10
33 Maubin Island (S) 660 0 660 7,865 - 8,525 10
34 Thonegwakyun 70,450 0 70,450 61,739 - 132,189 10 253,259
Total 2,637,696 52 1,264,479 1,594,959 633,181 3,492,619 10 3,381,022
Grand Total for remained, increased and 1sud=
3,492,619 (9,884,112 m3)
additional vol. 2.83m3
Grand Total except No.3,4,9,26 Polder 3,381,022 (9,568,292 m3) Group av. 338,000 (956,000m3)
Note: 1. JPT means JICA Project Team and progress is informed by ID as of end of March 2011.
2. Increased Volume means necessary quantity added to ID design volume based on JPT design ACL.
3. Additional Volume means raising quantity for completed (nearly 100%) embankment.
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(2) Study on Priority Ranking

1) Evaluation of Emergency Risk
Criteria of Emergency Risk
Criteria for evaluation of each polder are shown in the table
and evaluation method for each polder group is estimated by ACL ECL Evaluation
weighted average on each polder point in the group as follows; (ft) Points
> 6.0ft (1.8m) 3 (High)

- Evaluation point of group = (VP) / (V)
Where, V: embankment volume on each polder 6.0~3.0ft (1.80.9m) 2 (Mean)
P: evaluation point on each polder < 3.0ft (0.9m) 1 (Low)
Results shall be referred to Appendix A6-7 Table 6-7-1.
2) Evaluation of Disaster Prevention Effects
Disaster prevention effect on each polder has been ranked in Criteria of Disaster Prevention Effects
terms of ratio of annual prevention value to embankment Annual prevention Evaluation
volume according to the evaluation criteria as shown in table. value/embankment volume Points
- Evaluation point of group = (AP) / (A) 4.0 3 (High)
Where, A: annual prevention value on each polder,
1.5 4.0 2 (Mean)
P: evaluation point on each polder
1.5 1 (Low)
Results are presented in Appendix 6-7-2.
162
3) Selection of Priority Polder Groups

As for overall evaluation, the sum up points for emergency evaluation and points for disaster
prevention effects shall be added to determine the priority ranking of polders and group. As shown in
Table 5.8-2, priority ranking of polder groups in Labutta & Bogalay Township was evaluated higher
than others.
Table 5.8-2 Priority Ranking of Polder Groups
Pold Evaluation of Evaluation of Overall
Gr. Priority
Township er Name of polder Disaster Prevention Remarks
No No. Emergency Effects Evaluation Ranking
Each Each Each Each Each Each Progress

Group
Polder Group Polder Group Polder Group by ID's
Basis
(1) (2) (3) (4) (1)+(3) (2)+(4) Work (%)
Labutta 1 Alegyun (1) 1 3 4 0
1 2 Alegyun (2) 2 2 4 0
8 Labutta (South) 2 1.9 2 2.3 4 4.2 4 0
- 3 Alegyun (3) 1 3 4 100
- 4 Magybinmadaukkan 2 2 4 100
- 9 Labutta (North) 2 3 5 70
5 Thingangyi 3 1 4 68
6 Zinywe 2 1 3 100
2
7 Leikkwin 3 1 4 0
10 U Gaungpu 3 2.8 1 1.0 4 3.8 8 0
11 Bitud Island (1) 3 1 4 23
3
12 Bitud Island (2) 2 2.5 2 1.7 4 4.2 4 7
13 Bitud Island (3) 3 1 4 54
4
14 Bitud Island (4) 2 2.8 2 1.5 4 4.3 3 100
Bogalay 5 16 Daunggyi (East) 3 3.0 2 2.0 5 5.0 1 36
15 Daunggyi 2 3 5 17
6 17 Daunggyi (West) 2 3 5 100
18 Daunggyi (Upper) 2 2.0 2 2.9 4 4.9 2 0
Phyapon 19 Daw Nyein 2 1 3 100
7 20 Myokone 2 1 3 100
22 Banbwezu 2 2.0 1 1.0 3 3.0 10 0
8 21 Kyetphamwezaung 3 3.0 1 1.0 4 4.0 7 6
23 Daydalu 3 1 4 100
9 24 Letpanbin 2 1 3 100
25 Zinbaung 2 2.3 1 1.0 3 3.3 9 18
Daydaye - 26 Myaseinkan 2 2 4 72
27 Thandi 2 2 4 100
28 Suclubbaluma 1 3 4 100
29 Hleseikchaunggyi 1 2 3 0
30 Tamatakaw 1 3 4 100
10
31 Kyonsoat 1 1 2 100
Kyaiklatt 32 Maubin Island (N) 2 2 4 0
33 Maubin Island (S) 1 3 4 0
34 Thonegwakyun 2 1.8 1 2.3 3 4.1 6 0
5.8.3 Implementation Schedule

Project period for the D/P depends on the construction period of dike embankment which is the most
critical and dominant work in all projects. According to the above study and implementation period on
each project, total implementation period is estimated as nine (9) years for 34 polders. Overall
implementation schedule for the whole project is shown in Table 5.8-3.
163
Table 5.8-3 Implementation Schedule by Polder and by Component

Rehabilitation of
2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th
Sr. No Polder name 1st Year Agricultural and Rural
Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Infrastructure Group
1 Alegyun (1)
No.1
2 Alegyun (2)
3 Alegyun (3) Only for sluice gate
4 Magybinmadaukkan -
5 Thingangyi
6 Zinywe No.2
7 Leikkwin
8 Labutta (South) No.1
9 Labutta (North) -
10 U Gaungpu No.2
11 Bitud Island (1)
No.3
12 Bitud Island (2)
13 Bitud Island (3)
No.4
14 Bitud Island (4)
15 Daunggyi No.6
16 Daunggyi (East) No.5
17 Daunggyi (West)
No.6
18 Daunggyi (Upper)
19 Daw Nyein
No.7
20 Myokone
21 Kyetphamwezaung No.8
22 Banbwezu No.7
23 Daydalu
24 Letpanbin No.9
25 Zinbaung
26 Myaseinkan -
27 Thandi
28 Suclubbaluma
29 Hleseikchaunggyi
30 Tamatakaw
No.10
31 Kyonsoat
32 Maubin Island (North)
33 Maubin Island (South)
34 Thonegwakyun
: Rehabilitation of agricultural and rural infrastructure : Improvement of farming
: Rehabilitation of mangrove windbreak : Income generation
(1) Rehabilitation Plan on Agricultural and Rural Infrastructure

This project period is proposed to be implemented within five (5) years because of the following
reasons.
- Embankment volume of polder dike with high ranking for emergency (much difference
between ACL and ECL) still remains comparatively so much, so it is necessary to complete
early to prevent disaster caused by high tide or high flood.
- Taking existing construction results into consideration, it was estimated that it will be possible
to complete two (2) groups of embankment by 700,000 sud/DS (1,980,000 m3/dry-season).
164
In addition, rehabilitation work of sluice shall be carried out simultaneously with the rehabilitation
works of the dike embankment. It is also proposed that for the remaining sluice rehabilitation in
Alegyun (3) shall be implemented at the same time as the rehabilitation of group No.1 or No.2 which
is located near Alegyun (3).
Table 5.8-4 Implementation Schedule for Rehabilitation on Agricultural and Rural Infrastructure
Group Polder Name Nos. of 1st year 2nd year 3rd year 4th year 5th year
Polders
No. 1 Alegyun (1)~(2), Labutta (S) 3
No. 2 Thingangyi, Zinywe, Leikkwin, UGaungpu 4
No. 3 Bitud Island (1)~(2) 2
No. 5 Daunggyi (East) 1
No. 6 Daunggyi, Daunggyi (West, Upper) 3
No. 7 Dawnyein, Myokone, Banbwezu 3
No. 8 Kyetphamwezaun 1
No. 9 Daydalu, Lepanbin, Zinbaung 3
Thandi, Suclubbaluma, Hleseikchaunggyi,
No.
Tamatakaw, Kyonsoat, 8
10
Maubin Island (N)&(S), Thonegwakyun
(2) Improvement Plan on Farming

The Project will be implemented in accordance with the priority group on polder rehabilitation as
explained in Section 5.8.2. The implementation period is five (5) years for each group, a total of nine
(9) years for 34 polders. Table 5.8-5 shows overall implementation schedule of the Project.
Table 5.8-5 Implementation Schedule for Improvement Plan on Farming
Grou Nos. of Year
Polders
p Polder 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
No. 1 Alegyun (1)~(2), Labutta (S), 3
No. 2 Thingangyi, Zinywe, Leikkwin, UGaungpu 4
Daunggyi (East) , Alegun (3),
No. 5 Magyibinmadaukkan, Labutta (North), 5
Myaseinkan,
No. 6 Daunggyi, Daunggyi (West, Upper) 3
No. 7 Dawnyein, Myokone, Banbwezu 3
No. 8 Kyetphamwezaun 1
No. 9 Daydalu, Lepanbin, Zinbaung 3
Thandi, Suclubbaluma, Hleseikchaunggyi,
No. 10 Tamatakaw, Kyonsoat, 8
Maubin Island (N)&(S), Thonegwakyun
(3) Income Generation Plan

Income generation sub-projects start one year after the rehabilitation work on each polder dike. The
implementation period is two (2) years for each group on Vegetable Cultivation sub-project and
expected to be completed within seven (7) years, and 4 years for each group for the Pig Raising
sub-project, a total of nine (9) years for 34 polders. The schedule proposed for each sub-project is
presented in the two (2) tables below.
165
Table 5.8-6 Implementation Schedule for Vegetable Cultivation Sub-project on Income Generation
Year of Year of IG Nos 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th
No Polder
rehabilitation starting HH year year year year year year year
1 Alegun (1) 2nd Year 3rd year 75

3 Alegun (3) Completed 1st year 60
4 Magyibinmadaukkan Completed 1st year 28
5 Thingangyi 4th Year 5th year 11
6 Zinywe 4th Year 5th year 12
7 Leikkwin 4th Year 5th year 7
8 Labutta (South) 2nd Year 3rd year 78
9 Labutta (North) Completed 1st year 271
10 U Gaungpu 4th Year 5th year 4
11 Bitud Island (1) 3rd Year 4th year 25
13 Bitud Island (3) 2nd Year 3rd year 72
15 Daunggyi Island 1st Year 2nd year 236
16 Daunggyi (East) 1st Year 2nd year 112
17 Daunggyi (West) 1st Year 2nd year 320
18 Daunggyi (Upper) 1st Year 2nd year 51
19 Daw Nyein 5th Year 6th year 93
20 Myokone 5th Year 6th year 69
21 Kyetphamwezaung 4th Year 5th year 363
22 Banbwezu 5th Year 6th year 156
23 Daydalu 5th Year 6th year 62
24 Letpanbin 5th Year 6th year 60
25 Zinbaung 5th Year 6th year 63
26 Myaseinkan Completed 1st year 180
27 Thandi 3rd Year 4th year 29
28 Suclubbaluma 3rd Year 4th year 94
29 Hleseikchaunggyi 3rd Year 4th year 38
30 Tamatakaw 3rd Year 4th year 199
31 Kyonsoat 3rd Year 4th year 6
32 Maubin Island (North) 3rd Year 4th year 369
33 Maubin Island (South) 3rd Year 4th year 127
34 Thonegwakyun 3rd Year 4th year 294
Note: IG means income generation
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Table 5.8-7 Implementation Schedule for Pig Raising Sub-project on Income Generation
Year of Year of
No Nos 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th
Polder rehabilita IG
. HH year year year year year year year year year
tion starting
3 Alegun (3) Completed 1st year 32
4 Magyibinmadaukkan Completed 1st year 16
5 Thingangyi 4th Year 5th year 16
6 Zinywe 4th Year 5th year 16
7 Leikkwin 4th Year 5th year 16
8 Labutta (South) 2nd Year 3rd year 32
9 Labutta (North) Completed 1st year 128
10 U Gaungpu 4th Year 5th year 16
15 Daunggyi Island 1st Year 2nd year 112
16 Daunggyi (East) 1st Year 2nd year 64
17 Daunggyi (West) 1st Year 2nd year 160
18 Daunggyi (Upper) 1st Year 2nd year 32
19 Daw Nyein 5th Year 6th year 48
20 Myokone 5th Year 6th year 32
21 Kyetphamwezaung 4th Year 5th year 176
22 Banbwezu 5th Year 6th year 80
23 Daydalu 5th Year 6th year 32
24 Letpanbin 5th Year 6th year 32
25 Zinbaung 5th Year 6th year 32
26 Myaseinkan Completed 1st year 96
27 Thandi 3rd Year 4th year 16
28 Suclubbaluma 3rd Year 4th year 48
29 Hleseikchaunggyi 3rd Year 4th year 16
30 Tamatakaw 3rd Year 4th year 96
31 Kyonsoat 3rd Year 4th year 16
32 Maubin Island (North) 3rd Year 4th year 192
33 Maubin Island (South) 3rd Year 4th year 64
34 Thonegwakyun 3rd Year 4th year 144
Support in fattening and breeding Support in breeding
(4) Rehabilitation Plan on Mangrove Windbreak

The mangrove windbreak rehabilitation project will be implemented along with the polder dike
restoration project. Period implementation of this project is four (4) years for 22 polders within 34
polders. The implementation schedule for the mangrove windbreak rehabilitation project is shown in
Table 5.8-8.
167
Table 5.8-8 Implementation Schedule for Rehabilitation Plan on Mangrove Windbreak

Target for
Polder name rehabilitation 1 year 2 year 3 year 4 year 5 year
(km)
1 Alegyun (1) polder 0.2 0.2
2 Alegyun (2) polder 4 4
3 Alegyun (3) polder 16 16
4 Magybinmadaukkan 2.2 2.2
8 Labutta (South) 1.2 1.2
9 Labutta (North) 2.4 2.4
11 Bitud Island (1) 4.8 4.8
12 Bitud Island (2) 12.8 12.8
13 Bitud Island (3) 16 16
14 Bitud Island (4) 40.8 40.8
15 Daunggyi 11.2 11.2
18 Daunggyi (Upper) 0.3 0.3
21 Kyetphamwezaung 27.2 27.2
26 Myaseinkan 2.4 2.4
27 Thandi 2.4 2.4
28 Suclubbaluma 1.6 1.6
29 Hleseik chaunggyi 4.8 4.8
30 Tamatakaw 11.2 11.2
31 Kyonsoat 3.8 3.8
32 Maubin Island (North) 16 16
33 Maubin Island (South) 6.4 6.4
34 Thonegwakyun 19.2 19.2
Total (km) 206.9 34.5 62.2 83.0 27.2 0
5.9 Cost Estimates

5.9.1 Condition of Cost Estimates
Project costs are estimated based on the following conditions.
i) Project costs for four components, namely 1) rehabilitation of agricultural and rural
infrastructure, 2) improvement of farming, 3) income generation, and 4) rehabilitation of
mangrove windbreak, will be estimated separately because of different implementation
arrangement to be employed.
ii) Rehabilitation of agricultural and rural infrastructure, such as dike embankment and
rehabilitation of sluice gates, will be carried out in combination of force account work by ID
and contracted work by private contractors.
iii) The component for the improvement of farming, income generation and rehabilitation of
mangrove windbreak, only government support costs were included as they are self-benefited
self-help projects.
iv) Price level of the cost estimates is as of March 2011.
v) Exchange rate applied is US$ 1 = 869 Kyats (market rate).
5.9.2 Project Costs
The total project costs are estimated at 41,541 million Kyats (equivalent to 47.8 million US Dollar) as
summarized in Table 5.9-1 and Table 5.9-2.
168
Table 5.9-1 Summary of Total Project Costs

Component Project Costs Remark
(1000 Kyats)
1. Rehabilitation of agricultural & rural To cover 30 polders for embankment &
39,661,713
infrastructure 20 polders for sluice, for 5 years
2. Improvement of farming 231,509 To cover 34 polders for 9 years
3. Income generation 328,738 To cover 34 polders for 9 years
4. Rehabilitation of mangrove windbreak 1,070,583 To cover 22 polders for 4 years
Total 41,292,543
(In US Dollar) (47,517,311)
Table 5.9-2 Summary of Project Costs by Polder and by Component
Unit: 1,000 Ks
Sr. Polder name Rehabilitation Improvement Income Rehabilitation Total
No of agricultural of farming generation of mangrove
& rural windbreak
infrastructure
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)=(1)+(2)+(3)+(4)
1 Alegyun (1) 533,278 1,788 5,869 1,035 541,970
2 Alegyun (2) 1,576,725 4,112 9,385 20,698 1,610,920
3 Alegyun (3) 121,300 5,296 4,940 82,790 214,326
4 Magybinmadaukkan 0 345 2,346 11,384 14,075
5 Thingangyi 498,179 795 1,294 0 500,268
6 Zinywe 449,420 32 1,356 0 450,808
7 Leikkwin 512,721 13 1,046 0 513,780
8 Labutta (South) 2,214,215 2,500 6,055 6,209 2,228,979
9 Labutta (North) 0 10,014 21,681 12,419 44,114
10 U Gaungpu 1,179,204 109 860 0 1,180,173
11 Bitud Island (1) 1,546,136 675 2,161 24,837 1,573,809
12 Bitud Island (2) 2,028,182 4,660 10,562 66,232 2,109,636
13 Bitud Island (3) 2,929,946 3,955 5,683 82,790 3,022,374
14 Bitud Island (4) 913,821 10,372 17,663 211,116 1,152,972
15 Daunggyi 2,190,115 13,244 18,901 57,953 2,280,213
16 Daunggyi (East) 3,868,073 19,166 9,385 0 3,896,624
17 Daunggyi (West) 446,918 15,431 25,940 0 488,289
18 Daunggyi (Upper) 1,190,735 2,915 4,383 1,552 1,199,585
19 Daw Nyein 1,143,024 1,008 7,596 0 1,151,628
20 Myokone 1,462,690 3,140 5,498 0 1,471,328
21 Kyetphamwezaung 5,542,112 26,521 29,215 140,744 5,738,592
22 Banbwezu 2,338,090 10,086 12,722 0 2,360,898
23 Daydalu 1,064,921 2,208 5,064 0 1,072,193
24 Letpanbin 1,551,158 6,798 4,940 0 1,562,896
25 Zinbaung 1,367,744 5,541 5,126 0 1,378,411
26 Myaseinkan 0 9,711 14,821 12,419 36,951
27 Thandi 45,504 2,667 2,408 12,419 62,998
28 Suclubbaluma 127,751 5,992 7,658 8,279 149,680
29 Hleseikchaunggyi 233,074 1,777 2,966 24,837 262,654
30 Tamatakaw 87,926 10,276 15,997 57,953 172,152
31 Kyonsoat 48,858 412 984 19,663 69,917
32 Maubin Island (North) 690,606 23,110 30,199 82,790 826,705
33 Maubin Island (South) 93,451 10,776 10,314 33,116 147,657
34 Thonegwakyun 1,665,836 16,064 23,718 99,348 1,804,966
169
Total 39,661,713 231,509 328,738 1,070,583 41,292,543

(In US Dollar) (45,640,636) (266,409) (378,295) (1,231,971) (47,517,311)
5.9.3 Disbursement Schedule

Disbursement schedule of the project costs is presented in Table 5.9-3.
Table 5.9-3 Disbursement Schedule of Project Costs
Unit: 1,000 Ks
Component-1 Component-2 Component-3 Component-4
Rehabilitation of Improvement of Income Rehabilitation of Total Amount
Agricultural & Rural Farming Generation Mangrove
Infrastructure Windbreak
1st Year 7,695,841 23,146 26,847 178,517 7,924,351
2nd Year 8,167,985 22,284 50,627 321,848 8,562,744
3rd Year 6,567,324 42,546 48,152 429,474 7,087,496
4th Year 8,302,936 42,901 83,239 140,744 8,569,820
5th Year 8,927,627 41,631 59,157 - 9,028,415
6th Year - 28,337 40,120 - 68,457
7th Year - 19,070 17,494 - 36,564
8th Year - 8,510 2,046 - 10,556
9th Year - 3,083 1,056 - 4,139
Total 39,661,713 231,509 328,738 1,070,583 41,292,543
(In US$) (45,640,636) (266,409) (378,295) (1,231,971) (47,517,311)
Note: The 4th year cost of component-1 includes the costs of Alegyun (3) that require only sluice rehabilitation.
5.10 Project Justification

5.10.1 Technical Evaluation
(1) Rehabilitation of Agricultural and Rural Infrastructure
Appropriateness of Design Standards
In formulating the D/P for embankment and sluice gates, design standards for polder
embankments and other major facilities in terms of technical safety, cost effectiveness,
implementation scheduling, as well as local conditions were taken into consideration. Therefore,
the standards to be adopted in the Plan are deemed technically sufficient to prevent impacts from
high cyclone tidal waves like that of Nargis.
Effective Utilization of Machine and Manual Construction
For the embankment work, effective and efficient use of construction machines has been planned
by assessing construction conditions in-situ and confirming specifications and availability of
heavy equipment such as excavators and compaction machines, as well as analyzing the
construction period required for polder rehabilitation. The importance of manpower embankment
construction is also taken into consideration since combination of manpower with machine
showed more effective result. As a result, selection of either machine or manual construction, or an
appropriate combination thereof suited to local conditions is considered technically feasible and
economically viable.
(2) Improvement of Farming
Transfer of Technology
To accomplish the D/P, it is essential to take advantage of seed multiplication technology. MAS
170
transfers technology and experience to beneficiary farmers, and registered seeds can be purchased
from MAS for certified seed production. Technology transfer is technically feasible, and good
linkage and close relationship between farmers and MAS can be tied.
Fostering Awareness about Quality Control
As appropriate quality control ensures an advantageous farm gate price, as well as a more
attractive for seed collection agents, it is planned to educate farmers through MAS training
programme to develop awareness and knowledge about the importance of quality control. Such
training is equally important to seed multiplication technology.
(3) Income Generation
Under the D/P, for vegetables production and pig fattening/breeding concerned departments will
support technically i.e. MAS for vegetables production and LBVD for pig fattening/breeding.
Such support to rural poor having socio-economically weak segment, i.e. landless households,
who generally lack knowledge and modern technique, is deemed to be feasible. Understanding of
new techniques by beneficiaries will be continually reinforced as they achieve such activities
repeatedly and can reduce reliance on traditional agriculture and pig fattening/breeding.
(4) Windbreak Mangrove Rehabilitation
Technical support (training and guidance) for planting and management for 3 species of mangrove
from FD to beneficiary communities in the polder areas is deemed to be feasible. Once mangroves
are planted, very little labour-intensive management is expected to be needed.
5.10.2 Financial and Economic Evaluation
(1) General
1) Purpose of Evaluation
The purpose of financial evaluation is to assess the benefit of a particular project from an individual
economy standpoint, while economic evaluation assesses the project in terms of its contribution to
the national economy as a whole.
2) Methodology of Evaluation
On the basis of project benefit and cost comparison for the two cases of (i) future without project
(FW/O) and (ii) future with project (FW), the economic viabilities of the projects are examined in
terms of the three criteria of net present value (NPV), benefit-cost ratio (B/C ratio) and internal rate
of return (IRR), except for two projects, i.e. improvement of farming and income generation.
3) Evaluation Criteria
a) Interpretation of Future Without Project Case
Considering future direction, it is assumed that the present conditions will keep status quo without
project.
b) Project Life
Project life for agricultural and rural infrastructure rehabilitation is set at 50 years considering the
utility life of the proposed facilities and the O&M capacity of the line agency, including
construction period works. The other three project components, i.e. improvement of farming, and
income generation are assumed to have 20-year project life, while windbreak mangrove
rehabilitation is assumed to have the same project life as that of agricultural and rural infrastructure.
c) Project Benefit and Cost
171
Under financial evaluation, project benefit and cost are expressed in terms of market prices
(financial prices). Economic evaluation, on the other hand, eliminates transfer payment and
application of respective conversion factors. Moreover, project benefit and cost are based on
2009/10 prices.
d) Inputs and Outputs
With regard to traded and non-traded goods expressed in financial prices, these are based on
2009/10 prices. On the other hand, in the case of economic prices the composition of non-traded
goods is broken down into traded component, non-traded component, labour and transfer payment.
In the case of the traded, non-traded and labour components, border price, standard conversion
factor (SCF), and shadow wage rate are applied, respectively.
e) Opportunity Cost of Capital
Referring to past agriculture-related reports, a discount rate of 12% is applied as the opportunity
cost of capital for Myanmar.
f) Foreign Exchange Rate
In the evaluation, the foreign exchange rate of US$ 1 = 869 Kyats as of 2011 March is applied.
g) Labour
Nominal wages are used for financial evaluation. Under economic evaluation, on the other hand, (i)
skilled labour is multiplied by the SCF and (ii) unskilled labour is also multiplied by the SCF but
with adjustment of a coefficient of labour productivity, i.e. 0.8.
4) Conversion Factors
a) Standard Conversion Factor (SCF)
Estimation of a precise SCF is constrained due to unavailability of recent customs data (the latest
published data covers only the period 1997/98~1999/2000) and lack of reliable figures in the
breakdown of annual customs duties into export and import categories. Under these circumstances,
the following estimation method has been adopted to calculate annual export and import customs
duty values in recent years. Annual customs duties in the recent years have been computed based
on (i) official average customs duty value for the period 1997/98~1999/2000, and (ii) estimated
import-export ratio to breakdown estimated custom duty values in recent years into import and
export portions. Under this method, the same average tariff rate is applied for both imported and
exported commodities.
As a result, the SCF is computed at 1.02 based on the official 1997/98~1999/2000 trade and
customs data and the recent trade data as shown in Table 5.10-1.
Table 5.10-1 Standard Conversion Factor (SCF)
Unit: Million Kyats
Value of imports Import Value of exports Export Custom SCF
Year
(CIF) duties* (FOB) duties* duties
1997/98 14,366.1 5,922.0* 6,446.8 2,657.0* 8,579.0 0.86
1998/99 16,871.7 3,696.0* 6,755.8 1,479.9* 5,175.9 0.91
1999/2000 16,264.8 3,226.0* 8,947.3 1,774.0* 5,000.0 0.95
Total/average 47,502.6 12,844.0* 22,149.9 5,910.9* 18,754.9 0.91
2004/05 11,338.6 1,017.7 16,697.0 1,498.6 2,516.3** 1.02

2005/06 11,514.2 1,033.5 20,647.0 1,853.2 2,886.6** 1.03
2006/07 16,835.0 1,511.0 30,026.0 2,695.0 4,206.0** 1.03
2007/08 18,418.9 1,653.2 35,297.0 3,168.1 4,821.2** 1.03
2008/09 24,873.8 2,232.5 37,028.0 3,323.4 5,556.0** 1.02
Total/average 82,980.5 7,447.9 139,695.0 12,538.3 19,986.2** 1.02
Note: 1) *Estimated in terms of ratios of export/import values due to non-categorization of customs duties into
172
export and import duties.

2) ** Applied by average custom duty value calculated for the period 1997/98~1999/2000.
Source: Statistical Yearbook 2002 & 2009, Central Statistical Organization.
Commodity-wise tariff rates for 2010 which are assumed to have not changed for the last 4~5 years
indicate 10% for exported rice, 5% for imported chemical fertilizers, 5~15% for imported food
(20% for frozen chicken, and 26% for imported fruit juice), and 10~16% for imported textile.
b) Other Conversion Factors
Estimated other conversion factors are summarized in Table 5.10-2.
Table 5.10-2 Other Conversion Factors
Item Conversion factors Remarks
Paddy 1.23 See Table A12-1 for details
Chemical fertilizers See Table A12-2 for details
- Urea 0.99
- TSP 0.98
- MOP 0.99
Rain-fed and irrigate paddy 1.47 See Table A12-3 for details
cultivation incomes
- Rain-fed paddy cultivation income 1.53
- Irrigated paddy cultivation income 1.40
Skilled labour 1.02 See A12-4 for details
Unskilled labour 0.82
Construction work 0.98 See Table A12-5 for details
- Embankment work 0.98
- Sluice gate rehabilitation work 0.96
- Construction supervision 1.00
(2) Financial and Economic Evaluation

The pilot projects (Polder No.9 Labutta North) comprise four (4) components, i.e. (i) rehabilitation of
agricultural and rural infrastructure (rehabilitation of 40 km of dikes and 6 sluice gate sites), (ii)
improvement of farming (targeted are potential/land possess farmers to promote the production of
quality rice seed in 50 acres of land), (iii) income generation (targeted at landless farmers to promote
the production of vegetables in 2 designated villages), and (iii) rehabilitation of windbreak mangroves
(introduction of 3 species of mangrove in a five (5) ha land). For other 33 polders, the pilot project
results are applied to compute the respective project costs and benefits for the D/P.
1) Rehabilitation of Agricultural and Rural Infrastructure
Among 34 polders, financial and economic evaluation for four polders, i.e. No.3, 4, 9, and 26 were
excluded due to completed or on-going construction works.
a) Project Cost
Polder-wide project costs comprise the construction cost (rehabilitation of existing embankment,
sluice gate rehabilitation and construction supervision), the annual O&M cost, the replacement/
repair cost of the sluice gates during the project life, and other relevant costs. It is noted that the
salvage value of the facilities is not included in this evaluation. Additionally, resettlement cost is
not taken into account due to a negligible proportion of its cost to the total project cost.
i) Construction Cost
The construction cost for 30 polders excluding four (4) polders f (No.3, 4, 9 and 26) from the
financial and economic terms has been estimated at 39,540 million Kyats and 38,750 million Kyats,
respectively, as shown in Table A12-6.
ii) Annual O&M Cost
Annual O&M cost in the FW case remains unchanged, compared to that of the FW/O case.
173
Therefore, no additional cost will be incurred.

iii) Replacement/repairing Cost of Sluice Gates
Sluice gates will generally be replaced every 30 years. Replacement/repairing cost in financial
terms is converted to economic terms applying a conversion factor of 0.96. As a result,
replacement/repairing costs of sluice gates from the financial and economic terms have been
estimated at 2,478 million Kyats and 2,379 million Kyats respectively, as shown in Table A12-6.
b) Project Benefit
The benefits to be generated under the project are diverse, including external economic benefits
(secondary benefits). The direct benefits which can be quantified are considered in this evaluation.
In calculating the project benefit from rehabilitation of agricultural and rural infrastructure,
damaged asset valuation survey has been carried out to estimate the assets damaged by high
cyclone tidal waves in each village tract exhibiting different socio-economic backgrounds. As a
result, anticipated disaster prevention values for the respective polders have been computed by
applying the land proportion of village tract to the whole polder area, respectively. The disaster
prevention value is based on damage to humans, crops (paddy, pulses and oilseeds), livestock
(buffalo, cattle, goat, pig, poultry and duck/goose), agricultural machinery (hand tractor), fishery
equipment (medium sized fishnet and wooden boat), public facilities (library, RHC, school, water
pond and temple), and water shortage.
i) Calculation Criteria for Anticipated Disaster Prevention Value
Human damage, affected assets comprising crops, livestock, agricultural machinery, fishery
equipment and public facilities, and water shortage have been valued based on the criteria shown
below.
Human damage
Human damage was severely more acute in the coastal region (low-lying areas) where the
majority of the polders are located than inland region; and victims have been calculated by
number in terms of the proportion of the respective polder area to total township area. It is
noted that calculation of the estimated number of victims is based on the assumption that 50%
of the deceased persons and 100% of the missing persons officially recorded by TGC are the
result of high tidal waves.
Anticipated net incomes of the victims have been estimated if their remaining life span does
not decrease, considering income differential by gender (25% lower for female) and the farm
income survey results.
Basic indicators for estimation of human damage value are shown in Table 5.10-3.
Table 5.10-3 Calculation Criteria for Human Damage
No. of victims Estimated no. of victims Anticipated net income in
Item estimated by TCG* by high tidal waves the predicted remaining life span
(No.) (No.) (1,000 Kyats/person)
Village Annual net Workable Total net
Townships Polders
tracts income years income
Labutta 85,996 67,235 37,060 10,200 391 30 11,730
Bogalay 37,942 20,570 13,332 4,967 648 30 19,440
Phyapon 1,268 639 616 199 1,163 30 34,890
Daydaye 4,130 2,075 1,164 522 760 30 22,800
Kyaiklatt 12 6 2 2 386 30 11,580
Total 129,348 90,525 52,174 15,890 670 20,088
(average) (average)
Note: * Including missing persons.
Sources: (1) Post-Nargis Joint Assessment, TCG, July 2008.
(2) Farm income survey, 2010.
To convert the anticipated net income in the predicted remaining life span from financial
174
terms into economic terms, calculation of human damage value in economic terms is assumed
to comprise 50% of net crop income (CF 1.53 for rain-fed paddy cultivation area and CF 1.40
for irrigated paddy cultivation area) and 50% of net fishery income (CF 1.02) as shown in
Table 5.10-4.
Table 5.10-4 Human Damage Value in Economic Terms
Per capita annual human Per capita annual human
damage value in Conversion damage value in
Township Polder no.
financial terms factor economic terms
(Kyat) (Kyat)
Labutta 1~10 & 12* 391,000 1.275 529,805
11 & 13~14** 391,000 1.243 555,220
Bogalay 15~18* 648,000 1.275 878,040
Phyapon 19~20 & 23~25* 1,163,000 1.275 1,575,865
21~22** 1,163,000 1.243 1,651,460
Daydaye 28 & 30-31* 760,000 1.275 1,029,800
27 & 29** 760,000 1.243 1,079,200
Kyaiklatt 32~34** 386,000 1.243 548,120
Note: * Indicates rain-fed rice cultivation only, while ** implies a combination of rain-fed and irrigated rice
cultivation.
Crops (monsoon paddy, summer paddy, pulses and oilseeds)
Crop losses are assumed to be 50% in the first, 25% in the second and 10% in the third year as
compared to normal season yields, due to saline water intrusions.
Calculations for the estimated loss value, prices (2009) and damage rates as shown in Table
5.10-5 are applied.
Table 5.10-5 Calculation Criteria for Crop Losses
Paddy Pulses Oilseeds
Item
Monsoon Summer (Green/black grams) (Sunflower)
Price (Kyat/basket) 4,050~5,500 3,300~4,000 25,000~33,500 13,000
Damage rate (%) 50, 25, 10 50, 25, 10 50, 25, 10 50, 25, 10
Source: Damaged asset valuation survey, June 2010.
The estimated crop loss value in economic terms has been computed based on Table 5.10-6.
Table 5.10-6 Crop Loss Value in Economic Terms
Price in financial terms Conversion Price in economic terms
Crop
(Kyat/basket) factor (Kyat/basket)
Monsoon paddy 4,050~5,500 1.23 5,549~7,535
Summer paddy 3,300~4,000 1.23 4,521~5,480
Green/black grams 25,000~33,500 1.02 22,750~30,485
Sunflower 13,000 1.02 11,830
Livestock (buffalo, cattle, goat, pig poultry and duck/goose)

In the case of the ages of affected animals, it is assumed across the board that half of their full
breeding periods have elapsed due to the impossibility of precisely ascertaining the animals
age at death.
Calculations for the estimated loss value, prices (2009), damage rates and breeding periods as
shown in Table 5.10-7 are applied.
Table 5.10-7 Calculation Criteria for Livestock Losses
Item Buffalo Cattle Goat Pig Poultry Duck/goose
Price (Kyat/head) 280,000 220,000 17,000 37,000 5,000 7,000
Damage rate (%) 100 100 100 100 100 100
Breeding period (years) 15 15 2 2 1.5 1.5
Livestock losses in economic terms have been calculated by applying an SCF of 1.02.
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Agricultural Machinery (hand tractor)

Assuming that half of the full depreciation period (15 years) for the affected hand tractor has
elapsed with a damage rate of 100%, its assessed value (2009) has been computed at
525,000~575,000 Kyats/unit.
The affected hand tractors have been valued in economic terms by applying an SCF of 1.02.
Fishery Equipmentmedium sized fishnet, wooden boat
It is assumed that half of the full depreciation periods for affected fishery equipment such as
medium sized fishnets and wooden boats have elapsed.
Calculations of the estimated damage value, prices (2009), damage rates and depreciation
periods as shown in Table 5.10-8 are applied.
Table 5.10-8 Calculation Criteria for Fishery Equipment Damage
Item Medium sized fishnet Wooden boat
Price (Kyat/unit) 157,500 400,000
Damage rate (%) 100 100
Depreciation period (years) 5 15
The estimated damage value of fishery equipment has been computed by applying an SCF of
1.02.
Public Facilities (library, RHC, school, water pond and temple)
It is assumed that half of the full depreciation period for affected public facilities such as
libraries, RHCs, schools, water ponds and temples has elapsed respectively.
Calculations for the estimated damage value, prices (2009), damage rates and depreciation
periods as shown in Table 5.10-9 are applied.
Table 5.10-9 Calculation Criteria for Public Facility Damage
Price Damage rate Depreciation period
Facilities
(Kyat/unit) (%) (Years)
Library 400,000 100 3
RHC 2,000,000 100 3
School 21,600,000 50 5
Water Pond 170,000 50 15
Temple 300,000 50 10
The estimated damage value of public facilities has been computed by applying an SCF of
1.02.
Water Shortage
It is reported that 70% of affected households suffered from severe water shortage with regard
to potable water and cooking purposes, particularly during the two months immediately after
Nargis. Subsequently, water supply assistance has been provided by donor countries.
Water price has risen three-fold after Nargis.
Basic indicators for estimation of human damage value are shown in Table 5.10-10.
Table 5.10-10 Calculation Criteria for Water Shortage Volume
Water demand Water price Water purchase cost
(gallon/HH/2 months) (Kyat/gallon) (Kyat/HH/2 months)
308~368 10 3,080~3,680
Note: Per capita water consumption is estimated at 1.25 gallons.
Source: Township interviews, June 2010.
The water price of 10 Kyats/gallon in financial terms has been converted into economic price
by applying an SCF of 1.02.
ii) Calculation Criteria for Anticipated Disaster Prevention Value
176
Polder-wide annual anticipated disaster prevention values in financial terms are illustrated in
Table A12-7 ~A12-41. The annual values have been computed based on the assumption that high
tidal wave surges have a return period of 30 years (the previous disaster occurred in 1975). As a
result, total disaster prevention value for 31 polders in financial terms has been estimated at about
221 billion Kyats (261 billion Kyats in economic terms) with an annual value of about 7.2 billion
Kyats (8.8 billion Kyats in economic terms) (see Table 5.10-11~5.10-12 for details). Human
damage is predominant in total disaster prevention value, being 65% of the total in financial
terms.
c) Financial and Economic Viabilities of the Project
In terms of the three criteria of Net Present Value, B/C Ratio and IRR, financial and economic
viability indicators for the project are shown in Table 5.10-11 (see Table A12-42 ~A12-43 for each
polder).
Table 5.10-11 Summary of Financial and Economic Viability Indicators
Net present value
B/C ratio IRR (%)
(12% discount rate)1,000 Kyats
Financial Economic Financial Economic Financial Economic
24,813,932 36,940,367 1.87 2.33 15.3 28.1
The above result shows that despite large fluctuations in EIRRs by individual polders the project
as a whole is financially and economically viable, indicating an EIRR of 28%, with even greater
benefit when indirect socio-economic ripple impact of the project such as agricultural land
conservation, e.g. reduced crop damage due to saline water intrusions, and more stable living
environment is considered. Annual project benefits in terms of beneficiary population and
households have been calculated at 33,200 Kyats/person and 150,400 Kyats/HH indicating a high
financial profitability.
d) Sensitivity Analysis
The following cases were assumed in analyzing the impact of economic uncertainty on the financial
and economic viability indicators of the project.
Case 1: Total project cost increased by 10% due to increased prices of construction
equipment, labour and unforeseeable factors.
Case 2: Total project benefit dropped by 10% due to low assessed values of lost properties
and other negative factors.
Case 3: Combination of cases 1 and 2.
Results of sensitivity analysis on the basis of the above three cases are summarized in Table
5.10-12.
Table 5.10-12 Summary of Sensitivity Analysis
Net present value (1,000 Kyats) B/C ratio IRR (%)
Case
1 21,970,966 34,154,475 1.70 2.11 11.7 21.6
2 19,489,573 30,460,438 1.69 2.09 11.3 21.0
3 16,646,606 27,674,545 1.53 1.90 8.4 16.2
Although project economic viability is more sensitive and highly correlated to a decrease in project
benefit rather than an increase in project cost, no significant negative effect on economic
justifiability is anticipated.
2) Improvement of Farming
a) Project Cost
Costs of this project by polder comprise quality paddy seed production and supporting services for
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MAS extension workers. The latter cost is shown in Table 5.10-13 (see Table A12-44 for details).
The seed production cost which is included in the net return calculation will be discussed in the
Section Project Benefit later.
Table 5.10-13 Annual Per Acre Supporting Cost for MAS
Year Kyat/acre Year Kyat/acre
1st 200,105.88 4th 63,666.51
2nd 66,449.47 5th 70,601.83
3rd 63,635.38 10~20th 820.99
b) Project Benefit
This project aims at quality paddy seed production by land owned farmers. Anticipated project
benefit can be interpreted as the differential between the net returns from the traditional paddy
cultivation and new paddy seed production. Per acre crop budget for quality paddy seed production
is shown in Table 5.10-14.
Table 5.10-14 Calculation Criteria for Quality Paddy Seed Production
Local variety Improved variety
Item
(Kyat/acre) (Kyat/acre)
Production cost 220,500 228,900
Gross return 424,000 444,000
Net return 203,500 215,100
Differential net return

- Past paddy cultivation 140,952 118,074
- New seed production 203,500 215,100
- Differential 62,548 97,026
As a result of calculation based on the crop budget table, the differential between the net returns in
the traditional paddy cultivation and the new paddy seed production has been computed at 62,548
Kyats/acre for local variety and 97,026 Kyats/acre for improved variety. Total net project benefits
for 34 polders in a 20-year life span have been computed at 1,702 million Kyats (see Table A12-44
for details).
c) Financial Viability of the Project
Evaluation of this project centers only on farm economy analysis and agricultural production loan
due to its project nature characterized as a self-reliance project.
i) Farm Economy Analysis
Farm economy analysis aims to calculate the annual income increase for a typical paddy
production farm as a result of project implementation. It is noted that off-farm income is not
considered. The positive impact of implementation on increased farm income for households in
the Project Area will be considerable for both rain-fed paddy production and quality paddy seed
production as shown in Table 5-10-15.
Table 5.10-15 Farm Economy Analysis
FW
Item FW/O
Local variety Improved variety
Land holding size (acre) 11.0 11.0 11.0
Family size (no.) 4.5 4.5 4.5
Seed production area (acre) 0 2.0 2.0
Production cost (Kyat) 218,400* 441,000 457,800
210,000**
Gross income (Kyat) 500,304* 848,000 888,000
446,148**
Net income (Kyat) 281,904* 407,000 430,200
236,148**
178
Incremental income (Kyat) - 125,096 194,052
Note: * and ** indicate rain-fed paddy cultivation figures for 2 acres of land for local variety
and that for improved variety.
With project implementation, annual net farm income for 2 acres will increase from 281,904 to
407,000 Kyats for the local variety and from 236,148 to 430,200 Kyats for the improved variety.
This indicates an increase in farm income by 44% for the local variety and 82% for the improved
variety, thereby leading to a high degree of poverty alleviation, together with promotion of
agro-businesses by the private sector.
ii) Agricultural Production Loan
Assuming a 6-month repayment period with interest rate of 17%/annum (short-term loan
conditions of the Myanmar Agricultural Development Bank), the annual production cost
repayment of farmers loans and its incremental net farm income in the FW case are presented in
Table 5.10-16, wherein the net farm income is calculated subtracting additional production cost
from gross farm income.
Table 5.10-16 Agricultural Production Loan
Item Local variety Improved variety
Loan amount for additional 222,600 247,800
production cost (Kyat)
Interest/6 months (Kyat) 18,921 21,063
Net income (Kyat) 388,079 409,137
Incremental income (Kyat) 106,175 172,989
As a result of analysis, the additional production cost repayment to be made by beneficiary

farmers has been estimated at 15% of the incremental net farm income for local variety and at
11% of that for improved variety. Therefore, farmers capability to repay the 6-month-loan would
be high enough to cover the cost, and the bank interest is concluded to pose no heavy burden to
their farm economies.
3) Income Generation
a) Project Cost
Costs of the project by polder comprise vegetables production and pig breeding/fattening, and
supporting services for MAS and LBVD extension workers. The latter costs are shown in Table
5.10-17. The vegetables production and pig breeding/fattening costs, which are used in the net
return calculation, are discussed in the next section Project Benefit.
Table 5.10-17 Annual Supporting Costs for MAS and LBVD
Vegetables production Pig breeding/fattening
Item
(Kyat/ac) (Kyat/ac)
1st year 154,646,250 46,860,000
2nd year 94,451,500 15,620,000
3rd year - 8,580,000
4th year - 8,580,000
Total 249,097,750 79,640,000
Target households 4,023 2,080
Average cost/HH 61,918 38,289
Annual average supporting costs required for MAS and LBVD are computed at 61,918 Kyats/ HH
and 38,289 Kyats/ HH, respectively.
b) Project Benefit
This project aims at opening up new income sources for landless households through vegetables
production and pig breeding/fattening activities. Anticipated project benefit can be interpreted in
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terms of net return. Budgets for vegetables production and pig breeding/fattening activities are
shown in Table 5.10-18~5.10-19.
Table 5.10-18 Calculation Criteria for Vegetable Production per 0.025 Acre
Production cost Gross return Net return
Vegetables
(Kyat) (Kyat) (Kyat)
Yard long bean 6,145 22,302 16,157
Okra 4,875 11,188 6,313
Roselle 2,771 6,419 3,648
Water cress 2,514 5,739 3,225
Table 5.10-19 Calculation Criteria for Pig Breeding/Fattening Activities

Pig breeding Pig fattening
Item
(Kyat/HH) (Kyat/HH)
Annual average cost 179,712 92,131
Annual average gross return 365,000 180,000
Annual average net return 185,288 87,869
As a result of calculation based on the above, yard long bean production is most profitable at
16,157 Kyats/0.025 acre. For the pig breeding and fattening activities, on the other hand, annual net
returns have been computed at 185,288 Kyats/HH for pig breeding activities and 87,869 Kyats/HH
for pig fattening activities. Total net project benefits for 34 polders in a 20-year project life span
have been computed at 6,804 million Kyats comprising 1,640 million Kyats for vegetables
production and 5,164 million Kyats for pig breeding and fattening activities (see Table A12-45 for
details).
c) Financial Viability of the Project
Evaluation of this project centers only on farm economy analysis and agricultural production loan
due to its project nature characterized as a self-reliance project.
Farm economy analysis aims to calculate the annual income increase from vegetables production
during the dry season and pig breeding/fattening activities throughout the year for a typical
landless household as a result of project implementation. It is noted that its principal source of
income entirely depends on temporary labour wages throughout the year. The impact of
implementation on the income increases for households in the Project Area will be considerable
given the generation of new income opportunities as shown in Table 5-10-20.
Table 5.10-20 Farm Economy Analysis
Item FW
Vegetables production Livestock production
Rental land size (acre) 0.025 -
Family size (no.) 4.5 4.5
Yard long Okra Roselle Water Pig breeding Pig fattening
bean cress
Production cost (Kyat) 6,145 4,875 2,771 2,514 179,712 92,131
Gross income (Kyat) 22,302 11,188 6,419 5,739 365,000 180,000
Net income (Kyat) 16,157 6,313 3,648 3,225 185,288 87,869
Incremental income 16,157 6,313 3,648 3,225 185,288 87,869
(Kyat/HH)
With project implementation, average annual household income will increase by 16,157 Kyats in
the case of yard long bean, as well as 185,288 Kyats for pig breeding activities, thereby leading to
a high degree of poverty alleviation.
ii) Agricultural Production Loan
180
Assuming a 6-month repayment period with interest rate of 17% per annum for vegetables
production and a 1-year repayment period with the same interest rate (short-term loan conditions
of the Myanmar Agricultural Development Bank), the annual production cost repayment of
households loans and its incremental net farm income in the FW case are presented in Table
5.10-21, wherein the net farm income is calculated subtracting production cost from gross farm
income.
Table 5.10-21 Agricultural Production Loan
Vegetables production Livestock production
Item Yard long Okra Roselle Water Pig Pig
bean cress breeding fattening
Loan amount for production cost (Kyat) 6,145 4,875 2,771 2,514 179,712 92,131
Interest/6 months or one year (Kyat) 522 414 236 214 30,551 15,662
Net income (Kyat) 15,635 5,899 3,412 3,011 154,737 72,207
Incremental income (Kyat) 15,635 5,899 3,412 3,011 154,737 72,207
As a result of analysis, the production cost repayment to be made by beneficiary households has
been estimated at 3~7% of the incremental net farm income for vegetables production and at
16~18% of that for livestock production. Therefore, beneficiary households capability to repay the
6-month or one year loan would be high enough to cover the respective costs, and the bank interest
is concluded to pose no heavy burden to their household economies.
4) Windbreak Mangrove Rehabilitation
a) Project Cost
Costs of this project by polder comprise planting costs of 3 species of mangrove, i.e. Ao and Sa
having a replanting period of 15 years and Nypa which is assumed to have a replanting period of 50
years, as shown in Table 5.10-22.
Table 5.10-22 Breakdown of Project Cost for 1 km-long Windbreak Mangroves
1st year 16th year
Item Cost (Kyat) Cost (Kyat) Cost (Kyat) Cost (Kyat)
CF CF
(financial) (economic) (financial) (economic)
- Temporary nursery - -
Materials 29,760 1.02 30,355 0 0
Labour 9,000 0.82 7,380 0 0
Sub-total 38,760 - 37,735 0 0
- Fencing
Materials 2,150,700 1.02 2,193,714 2,150,700 1.02 2,193,714
Labour 430,000 0.82 352,600 430,000 0.82 352,600
Sub-total 2,580,700 - 2,546,314 2,580,700 - 2,546,314
- Planting
Materials 1,209,740 1.02 1,233,935 1,003,490 1.02 1,023,560
Labour 633,000 0.82 519,060 443,100 0.82 363,342
Sub-total 1,842,740 - 1,752,995 1,446,590 - 1,386,902
- Transportation 480,000 1.02 489,600 300,000 1.02 306,000
- Supplemental planting 232,200 1.02 236,844 176,000 1.02 179,520
Total 5,174,400 - 5,063,488 4,503,290 - 4,418,736
As a result of calculation based on the above, conversion factors for planting costs of the 1st year
and the 16th year have been estimated at 0.98 and 0.98, respectively.
b) Project Benefit
This project aims at reforestation of three species of mangrove (Sonneratia apetala, Avicennia
officinalis and Nypa fruticans) on the coastal area damaged by Cyclone Nargis. The anticipated
multiple functions of mangroves and Nypa are directly converted into marketable goods and
services to calculate the benefits in monetary terms. Direct benefits comprise (i) fuelwood and log
181
production and (ii) Nypa roofing materials production. It is noted that mangroves protect or reduce
the erosion of coastlines, thus preventing the loss of valuable agricultural land and property through
the binding and stabilization of soil by plant roots and deposited vegetative matter, the dissipation
of erosion forces such as wave and wind energy, and the trapping of sediments. However, the
function of the above described coastal erosion and storm protection by mangroves is not included
in the project benefits, because valuation of such effects in monetary terms is difficult to estimate
compared to the cost of embankment generating the same effects as mangroves. Moreover,
prevention of global warming is not included in the benefits.
Anticipated project benefit can be interpreted as returns from the production of fuel wood, logs and
Nypa roofing materials as shown in Table 5.10-23.
Table 5.10-23 Breakdown of Project Benefit for 1 km-long Windbreak Mangroves
5th year (Kyat) 10th year (Kyat) 15th year (Kyat)
Species
Financial CF Economic Financial CF Economic Financial CF Economic
Ao 4,340,000 1.02 4,426,800 4,020,000 1.02 4,100,400 5,800,000 1.02 5,916,000
Sa 5,625,000 1.02 5,737,500 5,640,000 1.02 5,752,800 14,025,000 1.02 14,305,500
Nypa 937,500* 1.02 956,250 937,500 1.02 956,250 937,500 1.02 956,250
Note: * Harvested every year from the 3rd year.
As a result of calculation based on the above, annual returns in the 5th year for the production of
fuelwood, logs and Nypa thatching have been estimated at 4,340,000 Kyats/km, 5,625,000
Kyats/km and 937,500 Kyats/km (4,426,800 Kyats/km, 5,737,500 Kyats/km and 956,250 Kyats/km
in economic terms) respectively.
c) Financial and Economic Viabilities of the Project
Farm economy analysis aims to calculate the annual income increase for a typical beneficiary
household as a result of project implementation. The impact of implementation on the income
increase for households in the Project Area will be considerable as a result of production of
fuelwood, logs and Nypa thatch roofing material as shown in Table 5-10-24.
Table 5.10-24 Farm Economy Analysis (1 km-long windbreak mangroves)
Item 1 km-long windbreak mangroves
Beneficiary households (no.) 150
Annual planting cost (Kyat) 373,600
Annual gross income (Kyat) 6,780,100
Annual net income (Kyat) 6,406,500
Annual incremental income (Kyat/HH) 42,710
With project implementation, annual average net income per household will increase by 42,710
Kyats, which corresponds to about 68% of the annual net income for a rain-fed paddy farmer.
ii) Financial Economic Viability Indicators
In terms of the three criteria of Net Present Value, B/C Ratio and IRR (internal rate of return),
financial and economic viability indicators for the project are shown in Table 5.10-25 (see Table
A12-46~A12-47 for each polder).
Table 5.10-25 Summary of Financial and Economic Viability Indicators
Net Present Value
B/C ratio IRR (%)
(12% discount rate)Kyat
4,508,920 4,633,205 6.14 6.38 26.8 27.7
The above result shows that despite large fluctuations in EIRRs by individual polder the project
as a whole is economically viable indicating an EIRR of 28 %, associated with greater benefit
182
when indirect socio-economic ripple impacts of the project, such as global warming prevention
and biodiversity conservation are considered.
d) Sensitivity Analysis
Results of sensitivity analysis on the basis of the three cases are summarized in Table 5.10-26.
Table 5.10-26 Summary of Sensitivity Analysis

Net present worth (1,000 Kyats) B/C ratio IRR (%)
Case
1 4,401,260 4,547,083 5.58 5.80 24.7 25.6
2 3,970,251 4,083,762 5.52 5.74 24.5 25.4
3 3,882,474 3,997,640 5.02 5.22 22.5 23.3
Although project economic viability is more sensitive and correlated to a decrease in project benefit
rather than an increase in project cost, no significant negative effect on economic justifiability is
anticipated.
5.10.3 Social and Natural Environmental Evaluation
(1) Social Environment Evaluation
- Resettlement
In Polder No.9 Labutta (North), for instance, 8 affected households losing huts by
implementation of the embankment work had been illegally residing within the right of way of
the old embankment. However, they have been able to recover their pre-project standard of
living through their voluntary effort to reconstruct their huts. Additionally, 96 households have
lost part of their farmland averaging 2.1 acres of land without any compensation. In full
recognition of the above facts, acquisition of land and other assets, and resettlement of people
are unavoidably affected. It is possible to avoid or minimize to the some extent the
embankment planning and design stages in the D/P.
- Generation of employment opportunities
Implementation of the project will result in the need for construction labourers in each polder.
The project can be expected to create approximately 210,000 person-days of labour opportunity.
If this labour demand is supplied by the currently unemployed, this is equivalent to a total
income generation of approximately 1.9 billion Kyats for construction day labourers. Therefore,
this project will play a vital role in generating a great number of temporary job opportunities
for the rural poor.
2) Improvement of Farming
- Promotion of quality paddy seed production
Use of high quality paddy seed will be expected in other neighbouring townships through
out-going extension of quality seeds produced in the benefit area, resulting in higher farmers
awareness of the importance of high quality seeds than the use of inferior grain. Using the high
quality seeds, paddy yield is also expected to increase by 10%, thereby leading to farm income
increase in the benefit areas. Therefore, implementation of this project will be socially justified
in terms of increased farm income for the whole Project Area and neighboring rural areas.
Other socially justifiable impacts, such as forward and backward related effects (e.g. income
increase in the agro-industrial sector and private participation in seeds business), creation of
employment and income opportunities, and improved standard of living, can be expected.
183
3) Income Generation
- Generation of income opportunities
With implementation of income generating activities, the rural poor who are
socio-economically at the lower segment of the society will obtain new income opportunities
during agricultural seasons for vegetables and mango production, for getting income
throughout the year from pig breeding/fattening activities, thereby leading to poverty
alleviation in the benefit areas. The agricultural component contribution is highly significant
for the poor and very poor groups because of the possibility of generation of alternative income
sources that the agricultural and non-agricultural labourers can get. As a result, this project
indicates high social justification especially for the rural poor.
- Generation of income opportunities
With implementation of windbreak mangrove rehabilitation activities, the rural poor can get
income opportunities every 5 years from Ao and Sa and annually from Nypa, thereby
contributing to poverty alleviation in the benefit areas. Therefore, implementation of this
project is deemed to be socially justified in terms of income generation opportunities in the
benefit areas.
(2) Natural Environment Evaluation
- Conservation of natural environment
No significant post-project negative impact will be expected in terms of natural environment
and pollution. However, appropriate mitigation measures for such probable negative
environmental, but only temporary, impacts such as air and water pollution, construction waste,
noise and vibration which are limited strictly during the construction period will be likely occur
during the planning and construction phases. Therefore, this project is environmentally
justified.
2) Improvement of Farming and Income Generation
- Minimization of agro-chemicals application
In the case of quality paddy seed and vegetables production, it is recommended that application
of agro-chemicals is minimized as much as possible. Therefore, the cultivation techniques
adopted under the D/P should be environment-friendly.
- Multiple functions of mangroves
The multiple functions of windbreak mangroves include (i) water purification, (ii) biodiversity
conservation, (iii) source of forest products, (iv) coastal erosion prevention, and (v) global
warming prevention. Particularly, the fact that mangroves play a valuable carbon sink role is
well-known worldwide. Therefore, planting mangroves in damaged coastal areas is significant
from an environmental point of view.
These four projects, therefore, are of great importance from socio-economic and environmental
viewpoints by facilitating beneficial features for both of assurance the security of life and property in
the polder areas, and poverty alleviation.
184
The Republic of the Union of Myanmar, The Project for Preservation of Farming Area for Urgent Rehabilitation of Agricultural Production and Rural Life in Areas Affected by Cyclone Nargis
Final Report, Main Report, October 2011
Table 5.10-27 Anticipated Disaster Prevention Value (Financial Terms)

Damage induced by high tidal waves1,000 Kyats
Agricultural Fishery Public Potable water
No. Polder Name Human Crop Livestock Total
machinery equipment facilities shortage
Total Annual Total Annual Total Annual Total Annual Total Annual Total Annual Total Annual Total Annual
1 Alegyun (1) 5,289,057 176,302 457,397 15,247 18,264 202 0 0 5,738 77 18,014 237 707,772 23,592 6,496,242 215,657
2 Alegyun (2) 11,426,897 380,897 1,193,699 39,790 83,548 743 0 0 2,600 12 19,676 257 1,760,053 58,668 14,486,473 480,367
5 Thingangyi 1,079,710 35,990 51,464 1,715 3,942 38 1,502 7 1,171 16 2,369 31 52,507 1,750 1,192,665 39,547
6 Zinywe 1,023,735 34,124 18,631 621 2,033 18 1,864 8 1,111 15 2,798 37 57,951 1,932 1,108,123 36,755
7 Leikkwin 1,206,665 40,222 8,600 287 2,396 21 2,197 10 1,309 17 0 0 68,068 2,269 1,289,235 42,826
8 Labutta (South) 9,076,909 302,564 871,257 29,042 50,278 447 12,933 57 9,848 131 20,048 265 729,998 24,333 10,771,271 356,839
10 U Gaungpu 1,159,159 38,639 51,682 1,723 4,638 41 2,890 13 1,258 17 4,959 66 34,729 1,158 1,259,315 41,657
11 Bitud Island (1) 5,203,539 173,451 337,518 11,095 6,298 315 7,557 34 5,645 75 8,087 106 198,988 6,633 5,767,632 191,709
12 Bitud Island (2) 8,478,352 282,612 2,210,484 73,683 40,122 357 18,182 81 9,198 123 23,804 313 1,186,826 39,561 11,966,968 396,730
13 Bitud Island (3) 6,765,220 225,508 1,431,543 47,198 22,683 202 12,313 54 7,340 98 16,355 217 446,718 14,891 8,702,172 288,168
14 Bitud Island (4) 6,307,685 210,256 1,464,232 40,175 32,485 289 9,898 44 6,843 91 19,997 265 527,985 17,600 8,369,125 268,720
15 Daunggyi 34,118,603 1,137,387 4,066,280 135,543 127,353 1,219 99,218 441 1,611 18 91,220 1,323 2,706,320 90,210 41,210,605 1,366,141
16 Daunggyi (East) 31,768,654 1,058,955 5,967,759 198,925 309,347 2,531 78,691 350 1,094 13 50,127 764 1,331,895 44,397 39,507,567 1,305,935
17 Daunggyi (West) 3,592,162 119,739 723,379 24,113 32,641 451 13,634 61 757 9 12,431 199 552,113 18,404 4,927,117 162,976
18 Daunggyi (Upper) 4,909,378 163,646 908,082 30,269 35,577 769 17,382 77 n.a. n.a. 12,630 192 605,752 20,192 6,488,801 215,145
19 Daw Nyein 210,549 7,018 246,502 8,217 18,116 183 1,296 6 105 1 10,629 153 835,374 27,846 1,322,571 43,424
20 Myokone 373,893 12,453 715,477 23,849 27,396 271 4,259 19 283 3 14,844 221 579,996 19,334 1,716,148 56,150
21 Kyetphamwezaung 2,915,061 97,169 8,716,010 289,114 218,220 2,842 90,546 403 2,727 36 89,948 1,312 4,300,559 143,351 16,333,071 534,227
22 Banbwezu 1,264,553 42,152 1,665,145 34,510 157,438 2,457 36,538 162 327 4 61,617 932 1,895,427 63,181 5,081,045 143,398
23 Daydalu 247,990 8,266 437,433 14,581 10,073 102 2,517 11 129 2 6,717 104 455,340 15,178 1,160,199 38,244
24 Letpanbin 655,391 21,846 1,707,563 56,919 18,176 239 10,812 48 75 1 12,661 206 585,319 19,510 2,989,997 98,769
25 Zinbaung 612,857 20,428 1,741,902 58,064 57,080 839 14,494 65 826 11 24,063 362 739,247 24,641 3,190,469 104,410
27 Thandi 199,397 6,647 180,338 6,011 10,513 176 381 2 103 2 1,810 24 48,639 1,621 441,181 14,483
28 Suclubbaluma 1,424,859 47,496 1,326,709 44,223 177,663 1,817 4,736 21 1,950 13 26,284 358 539,141 17,971 3,501,342 111,899
29 Hleseikchaunggyi 663,206 22,107 720,478 24,016 59,039 750 2,898 13 2,523 18 10,920 149 327,376 10,913 1,786,440 57,966
30 Tamatakaw 2,623,473 87,449 2,252,183 75,073 170,668 2,223 10,572 47 3,035 21 31,890 449 1,156,133 38,538 6,247,954 203,800
31 Kyonsoat 40,214 1,341 31,714 1,057 1,351 21 0 0 7 0 355 5 11,133 371 85,774 2,795
32 Maubin Island (North) 10,700 357 3,784,822 126,161 10,763 436 126,312 561 1,155 3 202,183 2,953 2,400,794 80,026 6,536,729 210,497
33 Maubin Island (South) 4,484 149 1,384,927 46,164 7,205 241 82,991 369 6,764 24 81,217 1,199 829,009 27,634 2,396,597 75,780
34 Thonegwakyun 7,898 263 2,201,179 73,373 13,926 522 101,031 449 11,915 38 169,330 2,494 1,916,719 63,891 4,421,998 141,030
Total 142,660,250 4,755,433 46,874,389 1,530,758 1,729,232 20,762 767,644 3,413 87,447 889 1,046,983 15,193 27,587,881 919,596 220,753,826 7,246,044
% to total damage value 64.6 21.2 0.8 0.3 0 0.5 12.5 100.0
185
The Republic of the Union of Myanmar, The Project for Preservation of Farming Area for Urgent Rehabilitation of Agricultural Production and Rural Life in Areas Affected by Cyclone Nargis
Final Report, Main Report, October 2011
Table 5.10-28 Anticipated Disaster Prevention Value (Economic Terms)

Damage induced by high tidal waves1,000 Kyats
Agricultural Public Potable water
No. Polder Name Human Crop Livestock Fishery equipment Total
machinery facilities shortage
Total Annual Total Annual Total Annual Total Annual Total Annual Total Annual Total Annual Total Annual
1 Alegyun (1) 664,212 222,140 552,604 18,420 18,629 206 0 0 5,853 78 18,375 242 721,927 24,064 1,981,600 265,150
2 Alegyun (2) 14,397,890 479,930 1,454,646 48,488 85,219 758 0 0 2,652 12 20,069 263 1,795,254 59,842 17,755,730 589,293
5 Thingangyi 1,360,435 45,348 60,367 2,012 4,021 36 1,532 7 1,195 16 2,416 32 53,557 1,785 1,483,523 49,236
6 Zinywe 1,289,905 42,997 19,625 654 2,074 18 1,901 8 1,133 15 2,854 38 59,110 1,970 1,376,602 45,700
7 Leikkwin 1,520,398 50,680 9,233 308 2,444 22 2,241 10 1,335 18 0 0 69,430 2,314 1,605,081 53,352
8 Labutta (South) 11,436,905 381,230 1,013,427 33,781 51,283 456 13,192 59 10,045 134 20,449 270 744,598 24,820 13,289,899 440,750
10 U Gaungpu 1,460,540 48,685 55,593 1,853 4,730 42 2,948 13 1,283 17 5,058 67 35,423 1,181 1,565,575 51,858
11 Bitud Island (1) 6,400,354 213,345 382,114 12,533 6,424 57 7,708 35 5,758 77 8,249 109 202,968 6,765 7,013,575 232,921
12 Bitud Island (2) 10,682,724 356,091 2,505,915 83,531 40,924 363 18,546 83 9,382 125 24,280 319 1,210,563 40,352 14,492,334 480,864
13 Bitud Island (3) 8,321,220 277,374 1,611,170 53,026 23,136 206 12,559 56 7,487 100 16,682 221 455,653 15,189 10,447,907 346,172
14 Bitud Island (4) 7,758,452 258,615 1,714,610 45,873 33,135 295 10,096 45 6,980 93 20,397 270 538,545 17,952 10,082,215 323,143
15 Daunggyi 42,989,440 1,432,982 4,977,438 165,915 129,900 1,243 101,202 450 1,644 19 93,044 1,350 2,760,446 92,015 51,053,114 1,693,974
16 Daunggyi (East) 40,028,504 1,334,283 7,322,381 244,079 315,534 2,582 80,265 357 1,116 13 51,129 780 1,358,533 45,284 49,157,462 1,627,378
17 Daunggyi (West) 4,526,124 150,871 883,825 29,461 33,293 460 13,906 62 772 9 12,680 203 563,156 18,772 6,033,756 199,838
18 Daunggyi (Upper) 6,185,816 206,194 1,114,119 37,137 36,289 785 17,730 79 n.a. n.a. 12,883 196 617,867 20,596 7,984,704 264,987
19 Daw Nyein 265,293 8,843 303,197 10,107 18,478 187 1,322 6 106 1 10,842 156 852,081 28,403 1,451,319 47,703
20 Myokone 471,106 15,703 880,037 29,334 27,944 276 4,344 19 288 4 15,141 225 591,596 19,720 1,990,456 65,281
21 Kyetphamwezaung 3,585,524 119,518 10,707,812 355,072 222,584 2,899 92,356 411 2,782 37 91,746 1,338 4,386,570 146,219 19,089,374 625,494
22 Banbwezu 1,555,400 51,847 2,048,129 40,838 160,587 2,506 37,268 166 333 4 62,849 951 1,933,336 64,445 5,797,902 160,757
23 Daydalu 312,467 10,416 538,043 17,935 10,275 105 2,567 12 131 2 6,851 106 464,447 15,481 1,334,781 44,057
24 Letpanbin 825,793 27,527 2,098,143 69,938 18,540 244 11,028 49 77 1 12,914 211 597,025 19,901 3,563,520 117,871
25 Zinbaung 772,200 25,740 2,137,943 71,265 58,221 856 14,784 66 843 12 24,545 370 754,032 25,134 3,762,568 123,443
27 Thandi 245,258 8,175 219,300 7,310 10,723 179 389 2 105 2 1,847 25 49,612 1,654 527,234 17,347
28 Suclubbaluma 1,795,322 59,844 1,609,144 53,638 181,216 1,852 4,830 21 1,989 14 26,810 366 549,923 18,331 4,169,234 134,066
29 Hleseikchaunggyi 815,744 27,191 877,878 29,263 60,220 765 2,955 13 2,574 18 11,138 152 333,923 11,131 2,104,432 68,533
30 Tamatakaw 3,305,576 110,186 2,741,270 91,376 174,081 2,268 10,783 48 3,095 22 32,527 458 1,179,256 39,309 7,446,588 243,667
31 Kyonsoat 50,670 1,689 38,659 1,289 1,378 21 0 0 7 0 362 5 11,355 378 102,431 3,382
32 Maubin Island (North) 13,161 439 4,280,087 142,670 10,978 445 128,838 573 1,178 3 206,227 3,012 2,448,810 81,627 7,089,279 228,769
33 Maubin Island (South) 5,516 184 1,694,080 56,469 7,349 246 84,650 376 6,900 24 82,842 1,223 845,589 28,186 2,726,926 86,708
34 Thonegwakyun 9,715 324 2,703,851 90,128 14,205 532 103,052 458 12,154 38 172,717 2,543 1,955,053 65,168 4,970,747 159,191
Total 173,051,664 5,968,391 56,554,640 1,843,703 1,763,814 20,910 782,992 3,484 89,197 908 1,067,923 15,501 28,139,638 937,988 261,449,868 8,790,885
% to total damage value 66.2 21.6 0.7 0.3 0 0.4 10.8 100.0
186
CHAPTER 6 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
6.1 Introduction
Technology transfer is one of the principal objectives of the Project as stated the capacity of
counterparts for project implementation and technical skills will be developed in the Scope of Work
(S/W) for the Project dated on 6 October 2009. In line with this, technology transfer for the
counterparts personnel of the DAP, ID, MAS as well as farmers, landless households and village
people was extended during the entire project period from December 2009 to May 2011 by the project
team members through on-the-job training in various activities including the implementation of Pilot
Projects, formulation of the D/P and so on.
6.2 Result of Technology Transfer
Technology transfer was conducted to three target groups during the project period through both the
office work and field work as OJT. Table 6.2-1 describes the result of technology transfer
implemented by each JICA project experts.
1) Central level officers (C/Ps, DAP, ID, MAS at Naypyitaw and Yangon)
2) Site level officers (ID, MAS, FD, TPDC at district and township)
3) Site level farmers (owner farmers, landless farmers and village people)
One constraint observed was that technology transfer at the central level was limited due to massive
transfer of government offices and officers from Yangon to Naypyitaw.
The number of participants from the government, farmers/villagers and NGOs in the technical
workshops, seminars, field trainings, evaluation workshops and study tours in relation to the Pilot
Projects were 1,113 in total (256 from government, 819 from farmers/villagers and 38 from NGOs) as
presented in detail in Table 6.2-2.
6.3 Evaluation of Technology Transfer
Technology transfer conducted to the target groups during the project period mainly through the Pilot
Project was evaluated. Target groups of the technology transfer were identified at three levels, namely
1) Central level officers for C/Ps, DAP, ID and MAS offices, 2) Site level officers for ID, MAS, FD
and TPDC offices, and 3) Site level farmers and village people.
Evaluation was made on the target group basis through analysis of five assessment factors of
efficiency, effectiveness, impact, relevance and sustainability. Table 6.3-1 presents the result of
evaluation, and conclusion and recommendations are presented below;
1) Technology transfer conducted during the Project was highly relevant to its technical level,
implementation process and methodology. Technical / management capacities and
understandings of the government officers and engineers involved in the Pilot Project for the
preservation of farming area were sufficiently strengthened.
2) Technology transfer to farmers and landless people, particularly for the self-help project, shall
be made closely, taking time and repeatedly.
3) For the implementation of the D/P schemes, government officers shall receive trainings prior to
the implementation. Engineers and Officers of ID and MAS who were trained in the Pilot
Project shall be mobilized as a trainer for the officers training.
187
Table 6.2-1 Results of Technology Transfer conducted in the Project

Outputs /
Subject Target Groups Description
Methodologies
1. Team Leader / Rural
Infrastructure / Rural
Development
1st Field Work (JanJuly 2010)
1) Present condition survey 1) Central level 1) Office work & 1) Survey forms were discussed and shared
(C/Ps, ID, MAS) discussion on with C/Ps.
survey forms
2) Formulation of draft D/P 2) Central level 2) Office work & 2) Procedures and methodologies to formulate
(C/Ps, ID, MAS) discussion D/P were explained and discussed.
3) Planning, formulation & 3) Central level 3) Office work & 3) Discussed planning process, selection of
implementation of pilot project (C/ Ps, ID, MAS) discussion pilot project, implementation method.
2nd Field Work (May 2011)

4) Implementation, monitoring 4) Central & site 4) Monitoring & 4) Conducted pilot project implementation,
and evaluation of pilot project levels (C/Ps, DAP, evaluation reports work arrangement, progress monitoring,
ID, MAS) through office & evaluation workshops and other related office
field OJT & field works.
5) Finalization of D/P 5) Central level 5) Draft D/P 5) Explained / discussed contents of D/P.
(C/Ps, DAP, ID, through discussion
MAS) in office work
2. Sub-Team Leader / Polder

and Gate Design
1) Present condition survey 1) Central & site 1) Office & field 1) Survey contents were discussed and shared,
levels (C/Ps, ID) work through and survey was conducted with C/Ps.
discussion
2) Formulation of draft D/P 2) Central & site 2) Office work & 2) Explained and discussed the contents of
levels (C/Ps, ID) discussion D/P with C/Ps.
3) Planning, designing & 3) Central & site 3) Office & field 3) Discussed planning policy, methodology of
construction management of levels (C/ Ps, ID) work through function survey, design standard and formula,
pilot project discussion construction planning and control, cost
estimate, work supervision and arrangement.
4) Implementation, monitoring 4) Central & site 4) Monitoring & 4) Discussed schedule control & quality
and evaluation of pilot project levels (C/Ps, ID) evaluation reports, control in focus of work progress,
study tour through embankment material, compaction manner
office & field OJT and soil water density control
(C/Ps, ID) through discussion
in office work
3. Irrigation / Drainage
1) Present condition survey 1) Central & site 1) Office work & 1) Survey forms were discussed and shared
level (C/Ps, ID) discussion. with C/Ps. Discussion on existing drainage
system and problems.
2) Formulation of draft D/P 2) Central level 2) Office work & 2) Procedures and methodologies to analyze
(C/Ps, ID) discussion water level behavior of drainage canals were
transferred to C/Ps. The problems on salinity
in soil and water were explained.
188

3) Finalization of D/P 3) Central level 3) Draft D/P 3) Procedures of analyzing the relation of
(C/Ps, ID) through discussion tides and water level and salinity of the
in office work drainage canal were discussed and transferred
to the C/Ps. The results were compiled in the
Draft Final Report.
4. Meteorology / Hydrology
1st Field Work (JanFeb 2010)
1) Analysis, planning & 1) Central level 1) Office work & 1) Discussed and transferred the planning
designing on meteorology & (C/ Ps, ID) discussion procedure and design criteria for hydraulic
hydrology analysis for the determination of design HWL
and polder dike height.
5. Farm Management /
Agriculture Support
1) Present condition survey 1) Central level 1) Office work & 1) Discussion and analysis of present situation
(C/Ps) discussion of agriculture in project site.
2) Formulation of draft D/P 2) Central level 2) Office work & 2) Discussion and analysis of present situation
(C/Ps) discussion of agriculture, especially, problem on quality
of farming input such as seed.
3) Planning & implementation 3) Central & site 3) Office work, 3) Preparation of pilot project plan including
of pilot project levels (C/Ps, discussion, field detailed work schedule / implementation of
MAS) work and technical workshop on pilot project /
workshops implementation of survey on pilot project such
2nd Field Work (May 2011) as seed quality survey, soil condition survey.
4) Implementation, monitoring 4) Central & site 4) Monitoring & 4) Implementation of field technical guidance,
and evaluation of pilot project levels (C/Ps, evaluation reports, technical workshop on the pilot project /
MAS, farmers) workshops through implementation of survey on pilot project /
office & field OJT monitoring and evaluation of the pilot project.
5) Finalization of D/P 5) Central level 5) Draft D/P 5) Analysis of present situation of agriculture,
(C/Ps, MAS) through discussion especially about high quality seed. Preparation
in office work of D/P, Explanation and discussion on
contents of D/P.
6. Windbreak
1) Present condition survey 1) Site level (C/ P, 1) Field observation 1) Observed and discussed regarding the
FD) with FD staffs situation of natural mangrove forest surround
Labutta North Polder.
2) Formulation of draft D/P 2) Site level (C/ P, 2) Field observation 2) Observed and discussed regarding seedling
FD) with FD staffs production of the Thar Kone nursery
3) Planning & implementation 3) Central level 3) Field observation 3) Observed and discussed regarding
of pilot project (C/Ps, FD) with FD staffs candidate place for the pilot project
implementation.
4) Implementation, monitoring 4) Central & site 4) Monitoring & 4) Discussed operation and maintenance of
and evaluation of pilot project levels (C/Ps, FD, evaluation reports, mangrove by villagers, evaluation result and
villagers) workshops through dissemination of mangrove windbreak.
office & field OJT
(C/Ps, FD) through discussion
in office work
189
7. Rural Life Improvement

1) Planning & formulation of 1) Central & site 1) Discussion about 1) At central level, discussed on the vegetable
pilot project levels (MAS) activities selection and necessary volume of seed and
fertilizer to be used in the income generation
through vegetable production.
At site level, discussed on the model farm of
2nd Field Work (May 2011) vegetable production.
2) Implementation, monitoring 2) Central & site 2) Monitoring & 2) Implementation of field technical guidance,
and evaluation of pilot project levels (C/Ps, evaluation reports, technical workshop on the pilot project /
MAS, villagers) workshops through monitoring and evaluation of the pilot project.
office & field OJT
(C/Ps, MAS) through discussion
in office work
8. Environmental Assessment
1st Field Work (JanFeb 2010)
1) Present condition survey 1) Central level 1) Office work & 1) Discussion on contents of environmental
(C/Ps, ID) discussion impact study and review of present condition
survey results.
2) Conducting initial 2) Central level 2) Office work & 2) Discussion on the result of IEE based on
environmental examination (C/Ps, ID) discussion current natural and social condition of project
area including land acquisition status for
2nd Field Work (May 2011) embankment works.
3) Conducting & finalizing 3) Central level 3) Office work and 3) Discussion on environmental consideration
initial environmental (C/ Ps, ID, DAP, visit to the affected for the Pilot Project through monitoring
examination (IEE) MAS) people results and review of the questionnaire survey
regarding environmental impacts.
9. Cost Estimate / Irrigation &

Drainage (B)
1) Present condition survey 1) Central level 1) Office work & 1) Survey forms were discussed and shared
(C/ Ps, ID) discussion with C/Ps.
2) Formulation of draft D/P 2) Central level 2) Office work & 2) Procedures and methodologies to formulate
(C/ Ps, ID) discussion D/P were transferred to C/Ps.
3) Planning, designing & 3) Central/ site 3) Office work & 3) Discussed planning, designing and
construction management of level (C/ Ps, ID) field work construction of polder dike embankment.
pilot project Transferred construction method and
2nd Field Work (May 2011) construction supervision practice.
4) Implementation, monitoring 4) Central & site 4) Monitoring 4) Conducted dike rehabilitation arrangement,
and evaluation of pilot project levels (C/Ps, ID) reports through quality/schedule control, joint site supervision
office & field OJT and other related office & field works.
10. Project Evaluation

1) Present condition survey 1) Central level 1) Office work & 1) Discussed and reviewed the result of
(C/ Ps ID, SLRD) discussion present condition survey.
2) Analysis & conducting 2) Central level 2) Office work & 2) Discussed the procedure for project
project evaluation (C/ Ps, ID, SLRD) discussion evaluation and disaster prevention analysis
method.
190
3) Analysis and evaluation of 3) Central level 3) Draft D/P 3) Discussed economic cost-benefit analysis,
pilot project and D/P (C/ Ps, DAP, ID) through discussion centering on conversion factors, internal rate
in office work of return and other viability indicators.
11. Project Operation

1) Implementation, monitoring 1) Central & site 1) Monitoring 1) Discussed project operation manner,
and evaluation of pilot project levels (C/Ps, ID) reports through construction supervision and result of
office & field OJT rehabilitation work
Table 6.2-2 Participants in Workshops, Seminars, Trainings and Study Tours

Attendants
Category Date / period farmers/ NGOs/ Total
C/P ID MAS FD SLRD PDC
villagers Others
1. Polder Dike Rehabilitation Pilot Project
(2nd Stage)
1) Engaged in dike embankment work 2.5 months (Dec 2 45 - - - - - -
2010 to Feb 2011)
47
1.5 months (Feb 2 70 - - - - - -
2011 to Mar 2011)
72
2) Study Tour 25-27/3/2011 1 23 - - - 2 - 4 30
Total of 1 5 138 0 0 0 2 0 4 149
2. Seed Production Pilot Project
(1st Stage)
1) Introductory Meeting 30/3/2010 1 1 7 1 2 1 - - 13
2) 1st Workshop (orientation) 7/4/2010 1 - 9 - - 1 27 - 38
3) 2nd Workshop (technical training) 5-7/5/2010 1 - 3 - - 3 27 - 34
4) 3rd Workshop (technical training) 1-2/6/2010 1 - 4 - - 1 28 - 34
5) 4th Workshop (technical training) 9/7/2010 1 - 3 - - 1 21 - 26
(2nd Stage)
1) 5th Workshop (technical training) 27/10/2010 1 - 4 - - 2 24 1 32
2) 1st External Seminar 2/12/2010 1 - 4 - - 2 26 9 42
3) 6th Workshop (technical training) 21/12/2010 1 - 4 - - 2 21 - 28
4) 2nd External Seminar 27/12/2010 1 - 1 - - - 25 4 31
5) 7th Workshop (technical training) 28/2/2011 1 - 1 - - - 18 - 20
6) Evaluation Workshop 18/3/2011 1 - 2 - - - 20 - 23
7) Extension Seminar 5/4/2011 0 - 3 - - - 20 9 32
Total of 2 11 1 45 1 2 13 257 23 353
3. Mangrove Rehabilitation Pilot Project
(1st Stage)
1) Introductory meeting 30/3/2010 1 1 7 1 2 1 - - 13
2) 1st Workshop (orientation) 4/4/2010 - - - - - 2 11 - 13
3) 2nd Workshop (technical training) 12/5/2010 - - - - - 1 28 - 29
4) 3rd Workshop (technical training) 17-18/5/2010 - - - - - 1 53 - 54
(2nd Stage)
1) 4th Workshop (technical training) 1/3/2011 1 - - 1 - 0 66 1 69
2) 5th Workshop (technical training) 17/3/2011 - - - 1 - 1 82 1 85
3) Evaluation Workshop 31/3/2011 - - - 1 - 1 69 1 72
Total of 3 2 1 7 4 2 7 309 3 335
4. Vegetable Cultivation Pilot Project
(2nd Stage)
1) Preparation Workshop (at LS) 24/11/2010 - - 1 - - 1 37 - 39
2) Preparation Workshop (at KH) 25/11/2010 - - 1 - - 1 36 - 38
3) 1st Workshop (Technical training at LS) 9-10/12/2010 - - 1 - - 0 30 - 31
4) 1st Workshop (Technical training at KH) 11-12/12/2010 - - 1 - - 0 30 - 31
5) 2nd Workshop (Technical training at LS) 25/2/2011 - - 1 - - 1 25 - 27
6) 2nd Workshop (Technical training at KH) 26/2/2011 - - 1 - - 1 28 - 30
7) Evaluation Workshop (at KH) 28/3/2011 - - 1 - - 1 28 - 30
8) Evaluation Workshop (LS) 29/3/2011 - - 1 - - 1 27 - 29
9) Extension Seminar 5/4/2011 - - 1 - - 0 12 8 21
Total of 4 0 0 9 0 0 6 253 8 276
G-Total 18 140 61 5 4 28 819 38 1113
191
The Republic of the Union of Myanmar, The Project for Preservation of Farming Area for Urgent Rehabilitation of Agricultural Production and Rural Life in Areas Affected by Cyclone Nargis Final
Report, Main Report, October 2011
Table 6.3-1 Evaluation of Technology Transfer
Indicators Efficiency Effectiveness Impact Relevance Sustainability
Overall Goal (+) The D/P will be (+) Highly relevant to the (1) ) Polder dike
(1) To implement the D/P for preservation of smoothly implemented process & contents of rehabilitation
farming area from technical viewpoint capacity building (+) Will be highly
Purpose of Technology Transfer (+) Process of technology since strengthening of including intensive field sustainable with providing
(1) To strength the capacity of target group as to: transfer through pilot technical and training done for polder guidance and field OJT to
1) Central level (C/Ps, DAP, ID, MAS) projects was effective as dike, rice seed production
management capacity was government officers.
2) District & township level (ID, MAS, FD, PDC) attained a total of 1,113 observed at all levels. and mangrove.
3) Site level (farmers, landless & village people)
participants (256 officers, (-) Medium relevant to the (2) Rice seed production
Outputs of Technology Transfer (+) Prepared comprehensive
819 farmers, 38 NGOs process & contents of (+) Will be sustained with
(1) D/P for preservation of farming area outputs as required.
etc.). capacity building done for providing training to rice
(2) Labutta North polder preserved as to polder dike, (+) Conducted efficient
(+) Good attainment by the landless in vegetable seed production farmers.
rice seed production, vegetable cultivation and training, study tour, workshop
all groups for polder dike cultivation. It needs (+) Technical manual will
mangrove windbreak through pilot project for farmers and officers.
rehabilitation. repeatedly in longer time be fully used in the
(3) Technical manual / guide on rice seed production, (+) Attained well participation
vegetable cultivation and mangrove rehabilitation over plural seasons. training.
of civil and mechanical
Inputs engineers and construction
Japanese Government: Myanmar (3) Income generation
machines of ID in dike
(1) 11 experts to project team Government: (+) Will become
embankment work.
- Team Leader/ rural development (1) Provision of sustainable with more
(-) Limited time for pilot project
- Sub T/L /polder & gate design C/Ps from DAP, support in training to be
- Irrigation /drainage that covered just 1 cropping
ID, MAS and done repeatedly in longer
- Meteorology /hydrology season for rice seed production
time for landless people.
- Farm management /agri-support other related and vegetable cultivation.
- Windbreak offices (-) Attained low participation at
- Rural life improvement (2) Arrangement, (4) Mangrove
central level due to massive
- Environmental assessment coordination and rehabilitation
- Cost estimate transfer of officers from Yangon
OJT on various (+) Will be highly
- Project evaluation to Naypyitaw.
project activities sustainable with providing
- Coordinator /project operation (+) Attained well participation
guidance to related village
(2) Conducted pilot projects for by farmers in technical and
people.
dike rehabilitation, rice seed evaluation workshops.
production, vegetable cultivation
& mangrove rehabilitation.
Mostly high efficiency by all Fully attained to all target Generally highly positive Mostly highly relevant High for polder dike,
Evaluation levels of target group except a groups. except some negative except vegetable mangrove and rice seed
few cases. cases observed in cultivation component. components.
vegetable component.
192
CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Relevance of D/P on preservation of farming area

It is concluded that the Development Plan (D/P) on preservation of farming area would be technically
applicable to Nargis affected-area, socially acceptable for rehabilitation of agricultural production and
rural life, financially viable to the government of Myanmar and environmentally sound for the country.
Thus, all components of the D/P could be implemented without much difficulty except income
generation component which involves landless villagers under the self-help concept. Income
generation projects would be concluded that they are technically and institutionally less sustainable
unless government support is effectively extended.
2. Realization of preservation of farming area for rehabilitation of agricultural production and rural
life through implementation of D/P
Upon implementation of the projects in the D/P, preservation of farming area shall be attained,
agricultural production be restored then increased, and rural life be rehabilitated at 34 polders and
embankments. More details are clearly explained below;
1) Polder dikes and embankments as the most essential structures proposed for farmland
preservation and disaster prevention shall become safer from big cyclone with height and
size. Sluice gates shall become more functional as it will drain excess water outside and will
also prevent salt water intrusion from the river. Thus, farmland inside the polder shall be
preserved, hence agriculture, the first important sustenance, will be developed.
2) Mangrove windbreak shall be planted along polder dikes and embankments to as protection
from tidal surge and storms. Mangrove trees will be maintained by the village community
and used for communitys income generation activities.
3) With efficient technical support of MAS on farming improvement, production of quality rice
seeds will be increased and widely disseminated in the area that will result to increase in
their farm incomes. Other farmers who use such quality rice seed will also get increased
farm income with increased production. MAS extension work will become active and
efficient as the project is carried out at demo-farms with involvement of advanced farmers.
4) With efficient support of MAS, LBVD, local government and NGOs, small income
generation activities, i.e. vegetable cultivation and pig breeding shall be practiced by landless.
Moreover through self-expansion of the project, such activities will be expanded to other
landless people. It is then ultimately expected rural life in the polder area to become active
and be developed.
3. Acceleration of rehabilitation for polder dike and sluice gates
It is highly expected that rehabilitation of polder dikes and sluice gates would be accelerated as the
D/P has been formulated based on the pilot project experience. Technical standards, construction
method, implementation process and so on stated in the D/P shall be fully utilized as essential guide.
There are two ways of implementation for public civil works in the country, i.e. force account work by
government and contracted work by contractors. As reconstruction of Nargis-affected area is urgent
challenge, it will be practical to carry out the rehabilitation with force account work by ID using the
ID-owned construction equipment from the viewpoint of quick and low cost implementation as
compared with contracted work that usually takes long time. Only it will be required to maintain and
repair of ID construction equipment as they are already very old, or to procure new equipment for the
project.
4. Observation of mitigation measures on resettlement due to dike embankment rehabilitation
193
It is suggested that mitigation measures on resettlement and land acquisition as well as monitoring
plans as recommended in the D/P in relation to dike embankment work shall be earnestly followed.
5. Village community involvement in rehabilitation of mangrove windbreak
The key to sustain the mangrove windbreak after plantation through government support will be how
mangrove windbreak trees can be operated and maintained. The village community shall be involved
in the project implementation and mangrove trees shall be maintained by them. For this purpose, a
Mangrove Windbreak Administration Committee will be established by village people.
6. Expected wide spread of quality rice seed in Ayeyawady Delta
The D/P programme for quality rice seed production focuses on rice seed, the most basic and
important farming material to be used every year. It would require neither much financial investment
nor particular farming technology for farmers. On the contrary, it could benefit not only participated
seed farmer producers but widely other farmers in the Ayeyawady Delta. Moreover, it is expected to
increase efficacy of the Seed Law which has just newly issued in January 2011.
7. Support required in income generation projects
Expected supports to be rendered by the government / NGOs / international organizations to the
landless people who will participate in the income generation projects such as vegetable cultivation
and pig raising are;
1) Financial assistance to procure initial inputs such as seed, fertilizer, pesticide, watering can,
piglet, vaccination and so on.
2) Provision of pre-implementation guidance as to role sharing, work responsibility, expected
technical and management support, and budget involved.
3) Provision of technical training on vegetable cropping and pig culture through timely field
visit.
4) Provision of market information for harvest control and preparation of transport and selling.
8. Way of initiatives between beneficiaries and government on self-help project under D/P
Among the projects in the D/P, the projects for quality rice seed production and income generation are
self-help concept activities from which individual participant either farmers or landless people will be
benefitted. In such self-help-natured projects, initiatives and responsibilities shall be basically taken by
beneficiary (participant). However, for the success of the project in view of public interest, as
participants are on very weak base in terms of technique, finance and marketing, the government from
the union and/or region involved shall take initiatives in promotion of the project particularly in initial
arrangement and orientation period.
9. Funds Procurement for the D/P
The total development cost for the rehabilitation of agricultural and rural infrastructure under the D/P
is estimated at 39,662 million Kyats (equivalent to US$ 45.6 million), which the government of
Myanmar needs to prepare. Therefore, the government of Myanmar shall make serious efforts to
procure the development funds from possible financial sources such as government fund, donor
countries, international development organizations, financial lending institutions, etc.
194

JICA 2011 Project Preservation Farming Areas After Urgent Nargis Final

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Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation

The Republic of the Union of Myanmar

JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA)

Polders in Project Area

RD=60,000 B.P (RD=0.0)

Outline of Pilot Projects

Before Rehabilitation Polder Dike Before Rehabilitation Polder Dike

Before Rehabilitation Sluice Gate Before Rehabilitation Sluice Gate

Farming in Labutta Land preparation for Labutta Market (June 2010)

Polder Dike Rehabilitation Work Polder Dike Rehabilitation Work

Polder Dike Rehabilitation Work Polder Dike Rehabilitation Work

Polder Dike Rehabilitation Work Polder Dike Rehabilitation Work

Sluice Rehabilitation Work Sluice Rehabilitation Work

Sluice Rehabilitation Work Sluice Rehabilitation Work

Sluice Rehabilitation Work Sluice Rehabilitation Work

Rice Seed Production Project Rice Seed Production Project

Rice Seed Production Project Rice Seed Production Project

Rice Seed Production Project Rice Seed Production Project

Income Generation Vegetable Project Income Generation - Vegetable Project

Income Generation Vegetable Project Income Generation Vegetable Project

Income Generation Vegetable Project Income Generation Vegetable Project

Mangrove Windbreak Project Mangrove Windbreak Project

Mangrove Windbreak Project Mangrove Windbreak Project

Mangrove Windbreak Project Mangrove Windbreak Project

Location Map of the Project Area

2.6.1 Rehabilitation and Reconstruction implemented by the Government 52

5.4.3 Implementation Method and Implementing Body 130

Table 5.9-1 Summary of Total Project Costs------------------------------------------------------------ 169

Appendix 1 Team Members, C/Ps, Government Officials and NGOs contacted

List of Abbreviations and Acronyms

IndOOS Indian Ocean Observation System

TPDC Township Pease and Development Council

List of Unit Conversions

1 inch (in.) = 2.54 cm = 1/12 feet

Currency Equivalents as of March 2011

CHAPTER 1 BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

1.6 Implementation Organization for the Project

(Japan side) (Myanmar side)

Ministry of Foreign Affairs / Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation

Embassy of Department of Irrigation Department

Figure 1.6-1 Organization Chart for the Implementation of the Study

CHAPTER 2 THE PROJECT AREA

2.1 Natural Condition

Figure 2.1-1 Monthly Pattern of Rainfall and Mean Temperature at Pathein

Figure 2.1-2 River Systems of Ayeyawady Delta

Table 2.1-1 Probable Storm Rainfall at Yangon and Pathein (mm)

Astronomical Tide at 2 Stations in May 2005

Figure 2.1-3 Astronomical Tide at Diamond Island and Elephant Point

tend to be directed towards the most seaward points of the

Tau ng K a Lay H to ne Bo Hng et G yl T au ng

Figure 2.1-5 Project Area

Kyanigan Pathein Yangon

Soil Map of Delta

Predominantly lighter rextured soils overlaying weathering parent material or plinthite;

Figure 2.1-6 Soil Map of Delta

Ayeyawady delta, as shown in I ng ap u

Figure 2.1-7. Of this, 55 samples

7 7 under the class VII, showing y

7 extreme uniformity of soil materials

cation exchange capacity (CEC),

and clay mineralogical

Cha un gg wa T hi ng angy i Lam ug yi

Saline Penetration at High Water Springs Predicted by Irrawaddy Delta

Critical Saline Front (1 ppt) Observed by ID on 24 March 2008