IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT OF SVC COMPENSATED TRAINSMISSION-LINE

BY DISTANCE RELAY FOR SECONDARY ZONE FAULT

ABSTRACT- This paper investigates the measured impedance by the

distance relay in a two line transmission system, where the relay is
installed at first line along with a shunt flexible alternating current
transmission system (FACTS device) i.e. Static Var Compensator (SVC) at
the mid-point, with the fault occurring in second line assuming that the
primary protection of second line has failed. Distance relay tripping
characteristic depends on the power system structural and operational
conditions, as well as on fault resistance. In presence of SVC, its
controlling method as well as installing location also affects the
impedance measured by the relay.

Key point: distance relay, Static Var Compensator, structural and

operational conditions of the power system.

1 INTRODUCTION- The measured impedance at the relaying point is the

basis for digital distance protection. There are several factors which affect
the measured impedance at the relaying point. Some of these are related
to the power system parameters prior to fault instance which can be
categorized into two groups. First group is structural conditions which
represents the short circuit levels at the transmission line ends, whereas
the second group is operational conditions, represented by the line load
angle and the voltage magnitude ratio at the line ends. In addition to
these two conditions, fault resistance also greatly affects the measured
impedance, in such a way that when the fault resistance is equal to zero,
the power system parameters do not affect the measured impedance. In
other words only in the presence of fault resistance power system
parameters affect the measured impedance and as the fault resistance
increases, the impact of power system parameters becomes more severe.

In the recent years FACTS devices are introduced to increase the power
system transmission capability and for the optimum utilization of the
transmission lines by pushing the power to their limits. The presence of
FACTS devices have a great influence on the power system dynamics , as
the power system dynamics changes , many sub-systems are affected ,
including the protective system. Therefore it is essential to study the
effect of FACTS devices on the impedance measured by the distance relay.
In presence of FACTS devices, the distance relay characteristic are greatly
subjected to mal-operation such under-reach, over-reach phenomenon.
This paper assumes that the primary protection scheme of second line has
failed; the distance relays operates before the FACTS devices controlling
scheme.

MEASURED IMPEDANCE: distance relay operates based on the measured

impedance at the relaying point. In case of zero fault resistance the
measured impedance is only depends on the on the length of the line
section between the fault and the relaying point. In case of non-zero fault
resistance, the measured impedance at the relaying point is not equal to
the impedance of the line section between the fault and relaying points. In
this case, the structural and operational conditions of the power system
affect the measured impedance. The structural conditions are evaluated
by short circuit levels at the line ends, SSL and SSN. The operational
conditions prior to the fault instance can be represented by the load angle
of the line, and the ratio of the magnitude of the line end voltages,
j
h or EN/ EL= h e

Z XM 1 0.5 Z XY 1

Z MG1 Z SVC

Z MY 1 0.5 Z XY 1

Z XM 2 0.5 Z XY 2

Z MG 2 Z SVC

Z MY 2 0.5 Z XY 2

Z XM 0 0.5 Z XY 0

Z MG 0 Z SVC

Z MY 0 0.5 Z XY 0

Z XYEQ1 Z XM 1 Z MY1 Z XM 1 Z MG1 Z MY 1 Z MGI Z MG1

Z XYEQ0 Z XM 0 Z MY 0 Z XM 0 Z MG 0 Z MY 0 Z MG 0 Z MG 0

Z EX 1 Z MG1 Z MG1 Z MY 1
Z X 1 Z SX 1 Z XYEQ1 Z YZ 1

Z Z 1 Z SZ1 (1 ) ZYZ 1

Z X 0 Z SX 0 Z XYEQ0 Z YZ 0

Z Z 0 Z SZ 0 (1 ) ZYZ 0

Z X 1 Z Z1 Z X 0 Z Z 0
Z SUM 2
Z X 1 Z Z1 Z X 0 Z Z 0

1 Z EX 1 h e j
K
Z X 1 Z EX 1 h e j Z Z 1

Z Z1
C1
Z X 1 Z Z1

ZZ0
C0
Z X 0 ZZ0

Cld = ((Zsumn + 3*rf(m))*K);

K0l = ((Z0l-Z1l))/(3*Z1l);

Za(n,m) = ((p(n))*Z1l*L)+ ((3*rf(m)))/(Cld+(2*Cl)+(C0*(1+3*K0l)))+Z1;