Protection Issues With Distributed Generation

E.E.E. Dept.
N.I.T.K. - Surathkal
Protection Issues with

Distributed Generation
Dr. K.P.Vittal
Professor
Agenda
Distributed generation
Anti-islanding requirements
Sustainable Feeder Island
System design & protection issues
Anti-islanding protection
References
Conclusive Remarks
K.P.Vittal, EEE Dept., NITK, Mangalore, India, Pin: 575 025, 46 Slides
2
3
Small generators connected to sub-transmission

and distribution systems.
Typically from few hundred KW to few tens of
MW.
Different sources of energy
Wind
Fuel cells
Bio-fuels
Mini hydros
etc..
4
[2]
5
Distributed Generation Overheads
Adds complexity to the system

Radial systems become double ended systems
Changes system fault levels
Load flow direction may also change
Cost of installing distributed generation
Cost of installing generators
Cost of modification in existing systems
6
Distributed Generation Merits
Distributed generators provide

Additional capacity to the grid
Environmental friendly power
Better voltage profile at load ends
Better local reactive power support, reducing
losses
Technological advancements in alternative
energy sources provides the momentum
A source of revenue for small entrepreneurs
7
Distributed Generation Issues
May require replacement of devices Load break

switches to breakers
Increasing rating of breakers
Re-visiting protection system
Choice of appropriate system grounding that will balance
Loss of sensitivity of protection and
Appearance of transient over voltages
Avoiding islanding
8
9
10
Anti-islanding capability is an important requirement for distributed generators. It refers to

the capability of a distributed generator to detect if it operates in an islanded system and to
disconnect itself from the system in time.
11
Islanding is not desirable under a scenario when

contract for power is between utility and end
user.
Island is an unregulated power system
Behavior of islanded system is un-predictable
due to lack of proper voltage and/or frequency
control
Can create hazard to utility workers
12
Re-connection of utility supply is an issue and

will require re-synchronization.
Current industry practice is to disconnect the
DGs from the system when islands are formed
and reconnect them after utility supply is
restored.
Thus anti-islanding schemes are necessary when

having DGs in the system
13
Anti-islanding schemes should work for islands

at all levels
[2]
14
Anti-islanding schemes should detect islands at

the shortest possible time that will avoid out-of-
phase reclosing
Should be able to work with all types of DGs and
ratings
Synchronous generators Connected to primary
feeders and can go up to 30MW Due to its large
power rating, it is always a challenge to implement
anti-islanding schemes
15
Induction generators Connected to primary

feeders with 10 to 20MW Cannot sustain a
island due to high reactive power demand.
Inverter based generator connection few

hundred KW to few MW Sustainability depends
on the design of the inverter and primary system
configuration
Should be a cost effective and reliable solution
16
Islanding detection methods
Local detection : A Cost effective option but may

not be effective in all situations
Remote detection:
Communication based : Expensive option in

comparison with the cost of DGs
17
18
Two-to-One rule:
An island with the connected load twice as much as
the islanded generation is not sustainable.
Frequency decline when an island is formed with load
twice as much as generation [Effect shown in fig],
19
If the DR is capable of forming a sustainable feeder island it

may require the following system upgrades:
1. If the DR feeder is equipped with a substation circuit
recloser, replace the recloser with a circuit breaker.
2. Add a three-phase voltage transformer (VT) on the load
side of the DR feeder breaker to allow voltage supervision
or sync-check on restoration.
3. Replace the existing protection with:
modern multifunction relay equipped with features such as,
voltage supervision, sync-check, directional over current
element, out-of-step detection, and disturbance monitoring.
20
System Design and
Protection Issues
21
System Design and
Protection Issues
Distribution equipment ratings

Maximum size of distribution conductor limits the total
rating of DGs (E.g., BC Hydro has a limit of 15MVA on
a 35kV line) [2]
Increase in fault current contributions may necessitate

rating review of fuses, line re-closures and customer
end interface switching devices
Load flow check to verify the thermal ampacity of

primary conductors.
22
System Design and
Protection Issues
Review of design of feeder voltage regulators

due to possibility of dual direction power flow
Either block reverse power flow or
Install bi-directional voltage regulating controllers
Review ampere ratings of line voltage regulators
23
System Design and
Protection Issues
Interconnection transformer grounding
Trade-off between
Safety of connected single
phase loads and
Sensitivity of ground fault
protection
[2]
24
System Design and
Protection Issues
Different Cases of Ground faults influenced by Interconnection

transformer grounding:
Case A: No Grounding
With the high side of
the interconnecting
transformer
ungrounded,
L-G Fault close to
POI but without DR
(or disconnect open)
25
System Design and
Protection Issues
Case A: No grounding
Healthy phase over voltage

Equipment / personnel safety
issues
[2]
No protection sensitivity
loss.
[2] IN = 3*246 = 738A
26
System Design and
Protection Issues
No grounding
Di-electric stress on equipment such as pole

mounted distribution transformers
Stray flux as a result of excessive saturation

due to over-voltage can cause damage to
non-laminated steel parts of the transformer
27
System Design and
Protection Issues
Case B: Solid Grounding

With the high side of
the interconnecting
transformer solidly
grounded,
L-G Fault close to POI
but with DR (or
interconnection swtich
closed)
28
System Design and
Protection Issues
Solid Grounding
Concern of loss of sensitivity
of earth fault protection
IN = 3*114 = 342A
[2]
29
System Design and
Protection Issues
Solid grounding
No concern of over-voltage
Reduction in earth fault current sensitivity can

affect fault detection
With DG offline and interconnecting transformer

online, situation is much worse
Solution is to take a mid path by using

resistance grounding System dependent
30
TRANSIENT OVERVOLTAGES AND
TRANSFER TRIP
31
TRANSFER TRIP
32
TRANSFER TRIP
Problem:
A series-resonance phenomenon that can occur when the DR
back feeds to a ground fault on an ungrounded transmission
system.
Utility system and its customers can be subjected to over
voltages higher than line-to-line levels due to this
phenomenon.
Remedy:
Avoidance of series resonance requires delaying the line
tripping at the remote terminal and sending a transfer trip to
the substation DR feeder breaker.
This ensures that the DR is isolated from the system before
tripping of the remote line terminal(s), which provides an
effective grounding to the transmission system.
33
Anti-islanding Protection
34
35
Limitations of islanding schemes
High implementation cost
Co-ordination requirement between DG
operator and utility
False tripping due to false islanding detection
Non-operation for certain situations
36
Non-detection zones
System situations when islanding is not
detected
Example Frequency based islanding of a
synchronous DG
Location of island
Daily variation of loads
37
38
Communication based anti-islanding techniques

Transfer trip scheme
39

Transfer trip scheme
Monitor all relevant breakers/reclosures and
issue DG tripping when island is formed
Simple with fixed system topology and limited
number of switching device
An expensive proposition and not scalable
40

Using power line signaling
41

Using power line signaling
Inject high frequency signal at the utility bus
Monitor presence of signal at each DG
interconnection and trip when signal is absent
Scalable as each additional DG requires only a
sensing device
Costly as the injector requires an interconnecting
transformer
42
Local detection based anti-islanding techniques

Frequency based passive detection
Frequency threshold
Rate of change of frequency
Vector shift
43
Frequency based detection - Performance
44
Key influencing factors of frequency based
detection
Inertia constant of the DG
Voltage and frequency dependency of loads
Generator controls
45
Other passive schemes
Voltage monitoring at DG interconnection
A measure of reactive power imbalance
Faster than frequency based
Still not popular due to issues of setting (more
work required)
Change of active power output
Change of reactive power output (more
sensitive than voltage change)
46
Active schemes
Impedance measurement
Injection of low frequency inter-harmonic current
Advantage immune to power mismatch

Disadvantage interference with other DGs, cost
47
Active schemes
Varying generator terminal voltage
Vary the generator terminal voltage and measure
the change in reactive power flow change.
Islanded system High change in reactive power
Connected system Low change in reactive power
Voltage regulator does the variation
automatically
Around 1% change with a frequency of 1 to 5 Hz
48
Conclusive remarks
49
Conclusive remarks
Distributed generation has huge potential to

improve the efficiency of the power system
It does bring with it lot of challenges in design

and protection
Anti-islanding detection is a very key issue
One of the active areas of research today
50
References
51
References
[1]IEEE Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power
Systems, IEEE, Standards Coordinating Committee 21, July 2003.
[2]Mukesh Nagpal, Frank Plumptre, Richard Fulton and Terrence G. Martinich,
Dispersed Generation InterconnectionUtility Perspective, IEEE Trans. On
Industry Applications, Vol. 42, No. 3, May /June 2006, pp864-872.
[3] W. Bower and M. Ropp, "Evaluation Of Islanding Detection Methods For Photovoltaic
Utility", International Energy Agency, Report IEA PVPS T5-09: 2002.
[4] M. A. Referrn, O. Usta, G. Fielding. Protection Against Loss of Utility Grid Supply
for a Dispersed Storage and Generation Unit, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,
Vol. 8, No. 3, July 1993. pp 948 - 954.
[5] C. J. Mozina. Interconnection Protection of IPP Generators at Commercial /
Industrial Facilities, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 37, No. 3,
May / June 2001. pp 681 - 689.
[6] N. Jenkins, R. Allan, P. Crossley, D. Kirschen, and G. Strbac, Embedded Generation,
1st ed. Institute of Electrical Engineers, 2000.
[7] M. Guillot, C. Collombet, P. Bertrand, B. Gotzig. Protection of Embedded
Generation Connected to a Distribution Network and Loss of Mains Detection,
Schneider Electric, France, CIRED 2001, 18-21 June 2001, Conference Publication
No.482 IEE 2001 pp 82 85.
52
References
[8] G. Heggie, H Yip, A Multi-Function Relay for Loss of Mains Protection, IEE Colloquium on
System Implications of Embedded Generation and its Protection and Control No. 1998 / 277,
Feb 1998, p.5/1-4.
[9] Cooper Power Systems Product Manual, "UM30SV Vector Jump/Islanding Relay", Electric
Apparatus Literature150-23, 1999.
[10] W. Freitas, Z. Huang and W. Xu, "A Method for Assessing the Effectiveness of Vector Surge
Relays for Distributed Generator Applications," accepted for publication by IEEE Trans. on
Power Delivery (Paper No. TPWRD-00358-2003.R1).
[11] W. Freitas and W. Xu, "False Operation of Vector Surge Relays" IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery,
Volume: 19 , Issue: 1 , Jan. 2004, pp 436 - 438.
[12] M. A. Redfern , J. I. Barret , O. Usta, A New Microprocessor Based Islanding Protection

Algorithm for Dispersed Storage and Generation Units, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,
Vol. 10, N 3, July 1995. pp 1249 1254.
53
References
[13] S. K. Salman, D. J. King and G. Weller, New Loss of Mains Detection Algorithm for Embedded
Generation Using Rate of Change of Voltage and Changes in Power Factors, Developments in
Power Systems Protection, Conference Publication N 479 IEE 2001.
[14] F. Pai, S. Huang, A Detection Algorithm for Islanding-Prevention of Dispersed Consumer
Owned Storage and Generating Units, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 16, No 4,
pp 346 - 351, December 2001 (df/dP).
[15] P. O Kane, B. Fox Loss of Mains Detection for Embedded Generation by System Impedance
Monitoring, Development in Power System Protection, 25 27th March 1997, Conference
Publication No. 434 IEE, 1997, pp 95 98.
[16] J. E. Kim and J. S. Hwang Islanding detection Method of Distributed Generation Units
Connected to Power Distribution System, Proceedings of IEEE PowerCon 2000 International
Conference, Volume: 2 , 4-7 Dec. 2000, pp 643 - 647.
[17] J. Motohashi, Y. Imai, T. Ishikawa, T. Kai, H. Kaneda, T. Fujimoto, T. Ishizuka. Development
of Detecting System of Islanding Operation for Dispersed Synchronous Machine Generator
Interconnected to Distribution line, Meiden Review Magazine, Series 110, 2000 No 1, pp 1019
1022.
[18] Bas Verhoeven, "Probability Of Islanding In Utility Networks Due To Grid Connected
Photovoltaic Power Systems", International Energy Agency, Report IEA PVPS T5-07: 2002.
54
Any questions?
Thank you for your kind attention
vittal@nitk.ac.in

Protection Issues With Distributed Generation

Transféré par

Informations du document

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Protection Issues With Distributed Generation

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

E.E.E. Dept.

Protection Issues with

Sustainable Feeder Island

System design & protection issues

Small generators connected to sub-transmission

Adds complexity to the system

Distributed generators provide

May require replacement of devices Load break

Anti-islanding capability is an important requirement for distributed generators. It refers to

Islanding is not desirable under a scenario when

Re-connection of utility supply is an issue and

Thus anti-islanding schemes are necessary when

Anti-islanding schemes should work for islands

Anti-islanding schemes should detect islands at

Induction generators Connected to primary

Inverter based generator connection few

Should be a cost effective and reliable solution

Islanding detection methods

Local detection : A Cost effective option but may

Communication based : Expensive option in

If the DR is capable of forming a sustainable feeder island it

Distribution equipment ratings

Increase in fault current contributions may necessitate

Load flow check to verify the thermal ampacity of

Review of design of feeder voltage regulators

Either block reverse power flow or

Install bi-directional voltage regulating controllers

Review ampere ratings of line voltage regulators

Interconnection transformer grounding

Different Cases of Ground faults influenced by Interconnection

Healthy phase over voltage

[2] IN = 3*246 = 738A

Di-electric stress on equipment such as pole

Stray flux as a result of excessive saturation

Case B: Solid Grounding

Reduction in earth fault current sensitivity can

With DG offline and interconnecting transformer

Solution is to take a mid path by using

Limitations of islanding schemes

High implementation cost

Co-ordination requirement between DG

operator and utility

False tripping due to false islanding detection

Non-operation for certain situations

Communication based anti-islanding techniques

Communication based anti-islanding techniques

Communication based anti-islanding techniques

Communication based anti-islanding techniques

Local detection based anti-islanding techniques

Advantage immune to power mismatch

Distributed generation has huge potential to

It does bring with it lot of challenges in design

Anti-islanding detection is a very key issue

One of the active areas of research today

[12] M. A. Redfern , J. I. Barret , O. Usta, A New Microprocessor Based Islanding Protection

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi