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LERNING OUTCOMES
1) Able to apply the engineering knowledge in practical application.
2) To enhance technical completely in structure engineering through laboratory
application.
3) Communicate effectively in group.
4) To identify problem, solving and finding out appropriate solution through
laboratory application.
INTRODUCTION
1) A compressive member can fail in two ways. The first is via rupture due to the
direct stress and the second is by an elastic mode of failure called buckling. Short
wide compressive member tends to fail by material crushing.
2) When buckling occurs the strut will no longer carry any more load and it will
simply continue to buckle i.e. its stiffness then becomes zero and it is useless as a
structural member.
THEORY
1) To predict the buckling load Euler buckling formula is used. The critical value in
Euler Formula is the slenderness ratio, which is the ratio of the length of the strut
to its radius of gyration (L/K).
2) The Euler formula become inaccurate for struts with L/K ratio of less than 1.125
and this should be taken into account in any design work.
3) Euler buckling formula for pin struts :
Pe = 2EI / L2
Where ;
Pe = Euler buckling load (N)
E = Youngs Modulus (Nm-2)
I = Second moment of area (m4)
L = Length of strut (m)
PROCEDURE
Part 1
1) Fit the bottom chuck to the machine and remove the top chuck (to give two
pinned ends). Select the shortest strut, number 1, and measured the cross section
using the vernier provided and calculated the second moment of area, I, for the
strut. (bd3/12)
2) Adjust the position of the sliding crosshead to accept the strut using the thumbnut
to lock off the slider. Ensure that there is the maximum amount of travel available
on the handwheel threat to compress the strut. Finally tighten the locking screw.
3) Carefully back-off the handwheel so that the strut is resting in the notch but not
transmitting any load. Rezero the forcemeter using the front panel control.
4) Carefully start to load the strut. If the strut begin to buckle to the left, flick the
strut to the right and vice versa (this reduces any error associated with the
straightness of strut). Turn the handwheel until there is no further increase in load
(the load may peak and then drop as it settles in the notches).
5) Record the final load in Table 1. Repeat with strut numbers 2,3,4 and 5 adjusting
the crosshead as required to fit the strut.
Part 2
1) To study the effect of end conditions, follow the same basic procedure as in part 1,
but this time remove the bottom chuck and clamp the specimen using the cap head
screw and plate to make a pinned-fixed end condition.
2) Record your results in Table 2 and calculate the values of 1/L2 for the struts.
3) Fit the top chuck with the two cap head screws and clamp both ends of the
specimen to make a pinned-pinned end condition. Calculate the new values of
1/L2.
4) Enter the result into Table 3.
RESULT
Given,
Ealuminium = 69 GNm-2
= 69 x 109 Nm-2
DATA ANALYSIS
bd 3
From Equation, I
12
(0.01975)(0.00205) 3
12
= 1.42 x 10-11 m4
For Table 1
Length = 0.320 m
2 EI
Buckling Load Theory, N
L2
= 94.4604
Length = 0.370 m
2 EI
Buckling Load Theory, N
L2
= 70.6556
Length = 0.420 m
2 EI
Buckling Load Theory, N
L2
= 54.8342
Length = 0.470 m
2 EI
Buckling Load Theory, N
L2
= 43.7879
Length = 0..520 m
2 EI
Buckling Load Theory, N
L2
= 35.7720
For, L = 0.37 m
1
1/L2
0.37 2
= 7.3046 m-2
For, L = 0.42 m
1
1/L2
0.42 2
= 5.6689 m-2
For, L = 0.47 m
1
1/L2
0.47 2
= 4.5269 m-2
For, L = 0.52 m
1
1/L2
0.52 2
= 3.6982 m-2
2) Calculate the value and enter them in Table 1 with an appropriate title.
Please refer section Analysis for the calculations works.
Part 2
1) Plot separate graphs of buckling load versus 1/L2 and calculate the gradient of
each line.
Please refer to the graph 2 and graph 3 attached.
2) Fill the table below showing the comparison between experimental and
theoretical ratio by end condition.
Please refer to the table below.
Notes :
1. *Use the experimental gradient from Part 1.
2. Experimental ratio = Experiment Gradient / gradient of pinned-pinned.
3. Theoretical ratio can be obtained from Euler Formula for pinned fixed
and fixed fixed.
For Experiment 1 (span 400mm), when the load of 100g or 0.981 N was place at
the mid span, test indicator give us the reading of deflection with -0.15. When the
load is increased to 1.962 N and 2.943 N respectively, the deflection recorded by test
indicator are -0.28 and -0.42. The values of the deflection for both theoretical and
experimental results increase proportionally to the load when the load of 100g, 200g
and 300g is place on the mid span.
For Experiment 2 (span 300mm), when the load of 100g or 0.981 N was place at
the mid span, test indicator give us the reading of deflection with -0.07. When the
load is increased to 1.962 N and 2.943 N respectively, the deflection recorded by test
indicator are -0.14 and -0.21. But, the value of deflection for this experiment is
smaller than the experiment 1. This is because the length of the span used, 300mm, is
shorter than experiment 1. The values of the deflection for both theoretical and
experimental results increase proportionally to the load when the load of 100g, 200g
and 300g is place on the mid span.
For Experiment 3 (span 200mm), when the load of 100g or 0.981 N was place at
the mid span, test indicator give us the reading of deflection with -0.03. When the
load is increased to 1.962 N and 2.943 N respectively, the deflection recorded by test
indicator are -0.05 and -0.07. The value of deflection for this experiment is smaller
than the experiment 1 and experiment 2. This is because the length of the span used,
200mm, is shorter than the span used for experiment 1 and experiment 2. The values
of the deflection for both theoretical and experimental results increase proportionally
to the load when the load of 100g, 200g and 300g is place on the mid span.
From the results we get from this experiment, though the different between the
theoretical and experimental results are very big, but the deflection in the span
increase when the load is increase. Besides that, the value of deflection also increase
when the length of span used is longer. Thus, we conclude that, the deflection of span
is proportional to the load we place on it and the length of the span we used.
CONCLUSION
From this experiment, our group managed to determine the relationship between
span and deflection. In determining the deflections of the beams under load, elastic
theory is used. From the experiment and the results we get from this experiment, we
notice that, the span with longer length will give us the bigger value of deflection when
the load is place at the mid span for both theoretical and experimental results. While for
the span with shorter length, the deflection is slightly smaller compare to the longer span
though the load used is same with the longer one. Though the different between the
theoretical and experimental results are very big, but the deflection in the span also
increase when the load is increase. Thus, we conclude that, the deflection of span is
proportional to the length of the span and the load we place on it.
REFERENCES