Manganese

Trace Element | Water Soluble | Enzyme Activator

FUNCTIONS1
Adequate Intake :
Males: 2.3 mg/d
Females: 1.8 mg/d
Enzyme Activator and component of metalloenzymes Pregnancy: 2 mg/d
CNS, Metabolism, Tissue Synthesis, Antioxidant Lactation: 2.6 mg/d
CHO/Nutrient Metabolism Pyruvate Carboxylase contains 4 Mangan atoms
Tolerable UL: 11 mg/d
o Converts Pyruvate to Oxoloacetate
Bone, Cartilage, Connective Tissue Synthesis
o 2 transferases are manganese dependent
Amino Acid Metabolism FOOD SOURCES1
o Component of glutamine synthetase: synthesis of glutamine from glutamate
Antioxidative Properties Mitochondria Whole grain cereals, dried
o Superoxide dismutase is a manganese dependent oxido-reductase
metallenzyme fruits, legumes, nuts, leafy
Urea Synthesis vegetables:
Increases cAMP Accumulation
o Binds ATP and ADP.
Pineapple 2.3 mg/cup
Regulates Calcium Dependent Processes
o Manganese activates guanylate cyclase: The activation of guanylate cyclase Nuts 0.5-1.8 mg/oz
may affect cytosolic calcium levels thus regulating calcium-dependent
processes. Oatmeal 1.3 mg/cup
Blueberries 0.9 mg/cup
DEFICIENCY 3,4,5 Beans 0.76-0.96 mg/cup
Leafy Greens (cooked) 0.8-
Deficiency Unlikely Plant based diets tend to be richer in manganese 1.8 mg/half cup
TYPICALLY DOES NOT OCCUR UNLESS INTENTIONALLY ELIMINATED FROM DIET

Symptoms of Deficiency: Nausea; vomiting; dermatitis; decrease growth of hair & nails; poor
bone formation & skeletal defects; decreased clotting proteins; altered CHO & Lipid DNIs1
metabolism; ataxia/ loss of equilibrium; compromised reproductive function. Iron competes for
absorption
Copper decreases
TOXICITY1 absorption and retention

Individuals with liver failure Greater risk for toxicity Interacts with calcium &
MANGANESE HOMEOSTASIS MAINTAINED BY LIVER VIA EXCRETION IN BILE zinc
Symptoms of Toxicity 3,4,5: bronchitis, pneumonitis, reduced lung function, prolonged reaction
time, tremors, diminished memory capacity, loss of coordination/gait disturbance resembling
Parkinsons Disease; insomnia, headache, anxiety, compulsive behavior, rapid hand movements. SITE OF ABSORPTION1

Small intestine

Joyce Moon, Manganese Resume, 2016.

REFERENCES
1. Gropper SS, Smith JL. Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism. 6th ed.
Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning; 2013. p. 536
2. Santamaria AB. Manganese exposure, essentiality and toxicity. Ind J Med Res.
2008; 128:484-500.
3. Santamaria AB, Sulsky SI. Risk assessment of an essential element: manganese. J
Tox Environ Health. 2010; 73:128-55.
4. Erikson K, Thompson K, Aschner J, Aschner M. Manganese neurotoxicity: a focus
on the neonate. Pharmac & Ther. 2007; 113:369-77.
5. Aschner J,Aschner M. Nutritional aspects of manganese homeostasis. Trace
Elem Human Hlth. 2005; 26:353-62.

Joyce Moon, Manganese Resume, 2016.