VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BELGAUM - 590018, KARNATAKA

PHASE II PROJECT REPORT

on
A SURVEY OF HUMAN BRAIN WAVES BY
YOGA AND MANTRA: AN EEG ANALYSIS
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATON ENGINEERING
Submitted by:
SHREENATH M (1SJ13EC424)
VENKATESH M (1SJ13EC093)
VINODH S N (1SJ13EC094)
RAJGOKUL P S (1SJ13EC105)
Under the guidance of

Mr.RAVIKIRAN R
Assistant Professor, Department of ECE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING
SJC INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
CHICKBALLAPUR-562101
ABSTRACT

The conceptual background of yoga and meditation has its origins in ancient
Indian philosophy. There are numerous modern schools or types of yoga (i.e. Iyengar,
Viniyoga, Sivananda, etc.),each having its own distinct emphasis regarding the
relative content of physical postures and exercises (asanas), breathing techniques
(pranayama), deep relaxation, and meditation practices that cultivate awareness and
ultimately more profound states of consciousness. The application of yoga as a
therapeutic intervention, which began early in the twentieth century, takes advantage
of the various psychophysiological benefits of the component practices. It has been
well documented in medical research for decades that yoga and meditation, two
practices related to mindfulness, are considered a means of activating the bodys
natural mechanisms for managing stress. Researchers at Johns Hopkins University
surveyed over 19,000 studies on meditation and used stringent criteria to identify 47
of the most rigorously controlled studies on which to perform a meta-analysis of the
clinical benefits of meditation. The analysis revealed that these programs lowered
stress, anxiety, and depression and that clinicians should be prepared to talk with
their patients about the role that a meditation program could have in addressing
psychological stress Yoga, another practice in mindfulness, is also supported by
medical research as a means of helping sufferers manage their stress. Yoga has been
shown to have a regulatory effect on two key neurobiological systems: the
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system
(SNS).Dhyana is the generic Sanskrit term for meditation, which in the Yoga Sutras
refers to both the act of inward contemplation in the broadest sense and more
technically to the intermediate state between mere attention to an object (Dhahrana)
and complete absorption in it (Samadhi).

INTRODUCTION

Brain waves are the electrical movements in the brain. The frequency of these
waves can be measured using an EEG (Electroencephalograph).Electrodes placed on
the scalp measure the frequency of these brain waves .From highest to lowest
frequency these brainwaves are called beta, alpha, theta, and delta.
BETA is the working or thinking state. During beta, brain waves range from 14 to 40
cycles per second. In beta, an individual thinks and listens, can solve analytical
problems, make decisions, and intake and process information. This is our normal
state of mind when working, going to school and shopping i.e. .during beta our minds
are almost alert.
ALPHA is a slower state more indicative of relaxing and reflecting. During alpha
brain waves ranges from 9 to 14 cycles per second. In the alpha state, an individual
is fully aware of his/her surroundings but in a much more relaxed state of mind than
beta. MEDITATION is often practiced in the Alpha state.
THETA is an even slower state perfect for daydreaming and intuitive thinking.
During theta, brainwaves ranges from 5 to 8 cycles per second. It is the state between
wakefulness and sleep. In this state of mind, memories, thoughts and facts that eluded
a person in a wakeful state can be recalled. It is often in this state that answers to
problems seem to appear. Deep meditation and prayer are practiced in the theta state.
DELTA is the slowest of all the states where sleep occurs. During delta, brainwaves
ranges from 1.5 to 4 cycles per second. At the slowest delta level, sleep is deep and
dreamless.
GAMMA state is the state of hyper activity in the brain and active learning. Gamma
state is the most opportune time to retain information.
During our walking and sleeping hours, the brain moves through all the four of these
stages. At any given level, there is a range in brain waves that effects how deeply we
have entered that state. By knowing how these states functions, we can knowingly
enter a particular state and control how our thoughts are processed.
YOGA and MEDITATION allows our mind to move through these states leading us to
a healthy lifestyle. When we control our brain waves, we control how we think, feel,
reason, react, Relaxation, creativity and self-awareness flow naturally. As we do yoga
and meditation our physical health improves as we move closer and closer to a
healthier life style.
data is an effective means of exploiting the complimentary nature of different
data types. This report presents a data fusion approach based on HIS with/without
edge enhancement, Multiplicative, Brovery, wavelet transform, Principal Component
Analysis. The statistical tool to estimate the quality of these approaches is provided.
 Before Image fusion both panchromatic and Multi spectral images must be registered
each other. Image-to-Image registration is the translation and rotation alignment
process by which two images of like geometry and of the same geographic area are
positioned coincident with respect to one another so that corresponding elements of
the same ground are appear in the same place on the registered image.

In this project image-to-image registration, which involves Spatial and

Spectral interpolation are implemented. For Spatial interpolation bivariate mapping
polynomials method used for any order. Least square method is used to accommodate
more GCPs to achieve more accuracy. In resampling process, nearest neighborhood,
bilinear and cubic convolution methods are also implemented.

PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
The following flow chart shows the steps taken in this work to perform the analysis.

EEG Data Acquisition

EEG Data Selection

Extraction of Delta, theta, Alpha and beta waves

Obtain the required data of one electrode

Energy calculation of Delta, Theta, Alpha and Beta waves

Quantitative analysis of energy obtained of Alpha, beta, Delta and Theta waves
LITERATURE SURVEY

History of neurofeedback In the mid-sixties neuroscientist Joe Kamiya at the

Langley Porter Neuropsychiatric Institute in San Francisco showed how ordinary
people were able to learn to control their Alpha brain waves by means of
neurofeedback. They listened to tones representing their Alpha Waves and gradually
learned to control them. Kamiyas subjects described the Alpha state as a pleasant,
mentally relaxed state characterized by inner tranquility and body awareness. The
first scientific paper applying EEG operant conditioning (now called neurofeedback
training) to the treatment of a clinical disorder was published by Sterman and Friar in
1972. This report was a case presentation of a 23 year old female with a 7-year history
of generalized epileptic seizures of unknown origin. The patient had proven refractory
to numerous drug combinations. However, following 24 neurofeedback sessions
where 1115Hz activity was reinforced, the patients seizures essentially ceased.
Following the treatment, a QEEG showed a decrease of slow theta waves and an
increase in 11-15Hz activity. Professor Joel Lubar, University of Tennessee, is one of
the leading scientists in the field of neurofeedback training for attention disorders.
Lubar adopted Sterman's methods in the 70es and discovered that when he trained
epileptic patients they became more attentive and focused after training. These
observations led him to test neurofeedback training on children with ADD (Attention
Deficit Disorder) and ADHD (Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder. Lubar has
since 1975 researched this area using neurofeedback methods and has published his
positive results extensively in scientific papers (Lubar, 1995). During the seventies the
technology was primitive but the claims for the efficacy of neurofeedback were high.
The expected scientific research results, however, did not materialize, and the
scepticism toward the method was growing. One such important study on the benefits
of neurofeedback training on chronic alcoholics was published in 1989 by Peniston
and Kulkosky (see later). Over the past decade, brain wave training has expanded
rapidly both in the U.S.A and in Europe. In the US there is presently more than 15oo
professionals practicing neurofeedback training in the treatment of a variety of
clinical dysfunctions such as attention and behavior disorders (ADHD), anxiety,
depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, substance abuse and mild to moderate brain
damage. In several of these areas science has documented excellent results.
BLOCK DIAGRAM

BRAIN WAVE TRANSMITTER

In this EEG signals are used for acquisition and depending on EEG Signals collected,
eye blinking is done and devices are operated. This is done through BCI. EEG signals
are intercepted using Mind Wave sensor MW001 that contains bipolar electrode. One
is placed on forehead to collect electrical activities of brain and the other is ear
clipped to reference (ground). This is recorded and transmitted through Bluetooth.

BRAIN WAVE RECIEVER

In the receiving part we can continuously monitor the different type of the signals
from the PC.
HARDWARE USED

Brain wave starter kit.

Gold cup electrodes.
6V AA battery pack
Single female header termination per cable
26 gauge stranded wire
Pc.

SOFTWARE USED

Think gear software development tool.

Embedded C.

ADVANTAGES

We can easily monitor the brain wave signal and also control the signal using
meditation and yoga.
Without medical equipments (ECG) we can monitor the brain.

APPLICATIONS

Portable medical applications

Motor speed control

Drowsy driver detection

Light intensity control

Music play based on mind state

Mind gaming
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