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Lecture 7 Immunology
Structure Learning Outcomes
Components
Leukocytes 1. List the principal lymphoid
Lymphoid tissue tissues and outline their roles
Recognition of self
Innate Immunity 2. List the differences between
Physical and chemical barriers innate and adaptive immunity
Phagocytosis
Inflammation 3. Outline some key processes
Adaptive immunity of innate immunity
Humoral responses (B cells)
4. Explain some key features of
Cell mediated responses (T adaptive immunity
cells)
Immune Disorders 5. Explain the pathophysiology
Autoimmune diseases of some immune disorders.
AIDS
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FUNGUS
BACTERIA Epidermophyton
Staphylococcus floccosum
aureus (athletes foot)
(causes sepsis)
PARASITE VIRUS
Tapeworm Polio
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B cells - secrete
antibodies Phagocytosis
T cells - directly destroy Secrete cytokines
foreign cells (signalling molecules
Natural Killer cells - fight other than antibodies).
viruses
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Components self-recognition
Major Histocompatibilty Complex Transplant rejection
MHC on every (nucleated) cell Organ transplants and skin grafts
may be rejected due to presence of
MHC
Also known as human
leukocyte associated antigens
(HLA) To minimise rejection, the MHC of
donor and recipient are matched as
closely as possible i.e. tissue typing
Normally the bodys immune
system does not attack cells Siblings usually provide the closest
that carry this self marker match
i.e. MHC
MHC do not play a role in transfusion
No two individuals, except reactions because red blood cells do
identical twins, will ever not have MHC.
share identical MHC.
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IMMUNE SYSTEM
HUMORAL-MEDIATED CELL-MEDIATED
(antibody mediated)
Skin & mucous membranes
Phagocytosis T cells
Inflammation
B cells
Dr Alan Tuffery Physiology Medical Science 7 7
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Specific
Nonspecific Responds to specific
Defends against any pathogens on 2nd or
pathogen upon first later exposure
exposure
Responds to infectious
Comes into play after
agents, chemical irritants,
nonspecific responses
tissue injury, burns
have begun.
Dr Alan Tuffery Physiology Medical Science 7 8
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Innate Immunity
Main mechanisms
1. Interferon, NK cells and complement system
2. Phagocytosis (by neutrophils & macrophages)
3. Inflammation.
Dr Alan Tuffery Physiology Medical Science 7 9
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Innate 2. Phagocytosis
Stages of Phagocytosis
1. Attachment
2. Internalisation (0.1 s)
3. Degradation
4. Exocytosis.
S&G. 23.3
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Atopic_Dermatitis www.gcarlson.com
Increased blood flow
Increased vascular
permeability
3. Increased leucocytes at site
Results
Destroy or inactivate invaders
- Remove dbris Animation of allergic (atopic) response
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Adaptive Immunity
1. Specificity
Lymphocytes (B and T cells) bind and respond to foreign
molecules known as antigens via antigen receptors
1. Diversity
The body possesses millions of lymphocytes that can recognise
and respond to millions of antigens (one each)
Memory
1st exposure to an antigen generates lymphocytes & long-lived
memory cells next exposure to the same antigen, memory cells
react more quickly & stronger response
Self-Tolerance
Lymphocytes can distinguish self (our normal antigens) from
non-self (antigens from foreign material).
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1. Plasma cells
S&G 23.7 (see Sherwood 12-11)
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The antigen is
presented to the T
cell by an ANTIGEN
PRESENTING CELL
(e.g. an infected
macrophage) via its
MHC
Dr Alan Tuffery Physiology Medical Science 7 16
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CYTOTOXIC T CELLS
kill infected cells by lysis (direct action)
SUPPRESSOR T CELLS
secrete cytokines that suppress the activity of B cells, helper
T cells and cytotoxic T cells; inhibit phagocytosis.
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Adaptive Immunity can be
NATURAL or ARTIFICIAL
Adaptive Immunity
Natural Artificial
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Antibodies are Antibodies that
ACTIVE PASSIVE produced as a have been produced
result of by another animal
Antibodies or Antibodies are immunisation or given artificially.
lymphocytes are passed to foetus with a vaccine
produced as a via placenta
result of infection or colostrum
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DISEASE SYMPTOMS
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HIV binds to the surface of helper T cells and its nucleic acids
(RNA and DNA) enter the T cell
Inside the cell, HIV uses the cell to make copies of itself
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SYMPTOMS
TRANSMISSION
Through blood, semen, vaginal secretions and breast milk.
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Learning Outcomes
1. List the principal lymphoid tissues and outline their roles
Thymus (T cell dev.); Gut B cells)
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