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AD-300 SCOPE L L t L c tr
ATL p + + A s for large end
2 2
The rules given in this Article for determining the
thicknesses of vessels under external pressure are appli-
cable to spherical, conical, and cylindrical shells with L sm t L c tr
A TS p + + A s for small end
or without stiffening rings, to formed heads, and to 2 2
tubular products (see AF-130.2). Charts for use in
determining the thicknesses of these components are Bp factor determined from the applicable chart in
given in Subpart 3 of Section II, Part D. Subpart 3 of Section II, Part D for the material
used in a shell or stiffening ring at the design
AD-300.1 Nomenclature. The symbols used in this metal temperature
Article are defined as follows: DLp outside diameter of large end of conical section
Ap factor determined from Fig. G in Subpart 3 of under consideration, in. (mm)
Section II, Part D and used to enter the applica- Dop outside diameter of cylindrical shell, in. (mm)
ble material chart in Subpart 3 of Section II, (In conical shell calculations, the value of Ds
Part D. For the case of cylinders having Do /t or DL should be used in calculations in place
values less than 10, see AD-310.2. Also, factor of Do, depending on whether the small end Ds
determined from the applicable chart in Subpart or large end DL, is being examined.)
3 of Section II, Part D for the material used in Do /2ho
a stiffening ring, corresponding to the factor B p ratio of the major to the minor axis of ellipsoidal
(see below) and the design metal temperature heads, which equals the outside diameter of the
for the shell under consideration. head skirt divided by twice the outside height
AeLp effective area of reinforcement at large end in- of the head (see Table AD-350.2)
tersection due to excessive metal thickness, sq Dsp outside diameter of small end of conical section
in. (mm2) under consideration, in. (mm)
Aesp effective area of reinforcement at small end in- Ep modulus of elasticity of the material at design
tersection due to excessive metal thickness, sq temperature, psi (kPa). For external pressure
in. (mm2) and axial design in accordance with this Section,
ArLp required area of reinforcement at large end of the modulus of elasticity to be used shall be
cone, sq in. (mm2) taken from the applicable materials chart in
Arsp required area of reinforcement at small end of Subpart 3 of Section II, Part D.2 (Interpolation
cone, sq in. (mm2) may be made between lines for intermediate
Asp cross-sectional area of the stiffening ring, sq in. temperatures.)
(mm2) Ecp modulus of elasticity of cone material, psi (kPa)
ATp equivalent area of cylinder, cone, and stiffening Erp modulus of elasticity of stiffening ring material,
ring, sq in. (mm2), where psi (kPa)
2
Note that the modulus of elasticity values listed in Subpart 3 of
1
For formed heads under pressure on the convex side, this may be Section II, Part D for specific material groups may differ from those
either internal or external pressure, depending on the orientation of values listed in Table TM-1 of Section II, Part D and need only
the head on the shell. be applied for external pressure and axial compression design.
88
Esp modulus of elasticity of shell material, psi (kPa) heads and sections), all measured parallel to the
f1p axial load at large end due to wind, dead load, axis of the vessel, in. (mm); or
etc., excluding pressure, lb /in. (kN/m) (e) the distance from the first stiffening ring
f2p axial load at small end due to wind, dead load, in the cylinder to the cone-to-cylinder junction.
etc., excluding pressure, lb /in. (kN/m) Lcp length of cone between stiffening rings mea-
hop one-half of the length of the outside minor axis sured along surface of cone, in. For cones with-
of the ellipsoidal head, or the outside height of out intermediate stiffeners,
the ellipsoidal head measured from the tangent
line (head-bend line), in. (mm)
Ip available moment of inertia of combined ring
Lc p Lx2 + (RL Rs)2
shellcone cross section about its neutral axis
parallel to the axis of the shell, in.4 (mm4). The Lep equivalent length of conical section, in. (mm)
width of shell which is taken as contributing to p (L x / 2)(1 + D s / D L )
the moment of inertia of the combined section LLp design length of a vessel section, in. (mm), taken
shall not be greater than 1.10Do ts and shall be as the largest of the following:
taken as lying one-half on each side of the (a) the center-to-center distance between the
centroid of the ring. Portions of the shell plate cone-to-large-shell junction and an adjacent
shall not be considered as contributing area to stiffening ring on the large shell;
more than one stiffening ring. (b) the distance between the cone-to-large-
shell junction and one-third the depth of head
CAUTIONARY NOTE: Stiffening rings may be subject to lateral on the other end of the large shell if no other
buckling. This should be considered in addition to the requirements stiffening rings are used.
for Is and I.
Lsp one-half of the distance from the centerline of
the stiffening ring to the next line of support
Isp required moment of inertia of the combined on one side, plus one-half of the centerline dis-
ringshellcone cross section about its neutral tance to the next line of support on the other side
axis parallel to the axis of the shell, in.4 (mm4) of the stiffening ring, both measured parallel to
If the stiffeners should be so located that the maximum the axis of the component, in. (mm). A line of
permissible effective shell sections overlap on either support is:
or both sides of a stiffener, the effective shell section (a) a stiffening ring that meets the require-
for that stiffener shall be shortened by one-half of each ments of this paragraph;
overlap. (b) a circumferential line on a head at one-
kp 1 when additional area of reinforcement is not third the depth of the head from the head tan-
required gent line;
p y /Sr Er when a stiffening ring is required, but k (c) a circumferential connection to a jacket
not less than 1.0 for a jacketed section of a cylindrical shell; or
Kop a factor depending on the ellipsoidal head pro- (d) a cone-to-cylinder junction.
portions Do /2ho (see Table AD-350.2) Lsmp design length of a vessel section, in. (mm), taken
Lp total length of a tube between tubesheets, or the as the largest of the following:
design length of a vessel section, taken as the (a) the center-to-center distance between the
largest of the following: cone-to-small-shell junction and an adjacent
(a) the distance between head tangent lines stiffening ring on the small shell;
plus one-third of the depth of each head if there (b) the distance between the cone-to-small-
are no stiffening rings (excluding conical heads shell junction and one-third the depth of head
and sections); on the other end of the small shell if no other
(b) the distance between cone-to-cylinder stiffening rings are used.
junctions for vessels with conical heads if there Lxp axial length of cone, per Fig. AD-300.1, in.
are no stiffening rings; (mm)
(c) the greatest center-to-center distance be- Pp external design pressure, psi (kPa)
tween any two adjacent stiffening rings; Pap maximum allowable external working pressure,
(d) the distance from the center of the first psi (kPa) (gage or absolute, as required)
stiffening ring to the head tangent line plus one- QLp algebraical sum of PRL /2 and f1, lb /in. (kN/m)
third of the depth of the head (excluding conical Qsp algebraical sum of PRs /2 and f2, lb /in. (kN/m)
89
FIG. AD-300.1 LENGTH Lx OF SOME TYPICAL CONICAL SECTIONS FOR EXTERNAL PRESSURE
90
RLp outside radius of large cylinder, in. (mm) values of L /Do greater than 50, enter the chart at a
Rop for spherical shell, the outside radius, in. (mm) value of L /Do of 50. For values of L /Do less than
p for hemispherical head, the outside radius, in. 0.05, enter the chart at a value of L /Do p 0.05.
(mm) Step 3. Move horizontally to the line for the value
p for ellipsoidal head, the equivalent outside of Do /t determined in Step 1. Interpolation may be
spherical radius taken as Ko Do, in. (mm) made for intermediate values of Do /t. From this intersec-
p for torispherical head, the outside radius of the tion move vertically downwards and read the value of
crown portion of the head, in. (mm) factor A.
Rsp outside radius of small cylinder, in. (mm) Step 4. Using the value of A calculated in Step 3,
Sp the lesser of 1.5Sm at design metal temperature enter the applicable material chart in Subpart 3 of
from the tables in Subpart 1 of Section II, Part Section II, Part D for the material /temperature under
D, or 0.9 times the tabulated yield strength at consideration. Move vertically to an intersection with
design metal temperature from the tables in the material-temperature line for the design temperature
Subpart 1 of Section II, Part D, ksi (kPa) (see AD-121.2). Interpolation may be made between
Scp allowable stress intensity of cone, psi (kPa) lines for intermediate temperatures. In cases where the
Srp allowable stress intensity of stiffening ring ma- value at A falls to the right of the end of the material-
terial, psi (kPa) temperature line, assume an intersection with the hori-
Ssp allowable stress intensity of shell, psi (kPa) zontal projection of the upper end of the material-
tp minimum required thickness of cylindrical shell temperature line. For values at A falling to the left of
or tube, of spherical shell, or of formed head, the material line, see Step 7.
in. (mm) Step 5. From the intersection obtained in Step 4,
tcp nominal thickness of cone at cone-to-cylinder move horizontally to the right and read the value of
junction, in. (mm) factor B.
tep effective thickness of conical section, in. (mm) Step 6. Using this value of B, calculate the value
p tr cos of the maximum allowable external working pressure
trp minimum required thickness of cone at cone- Pa using the following formula:
to-cylinder junction, in. (mm)
tsp nominal thickness used, of a cylindrical shell 4B
Pa p
or tube (for pipe, the tolerance requirements of 3(Do / t)
AF-105.2 shall apply), in. (mm)
yp cone-to-cylinder factor Step 7. For values of A falling to the left of the
p Ss Es for stiffening ring on shell applicable material-temperature line, the value of Pa
p Sc Ec for stiffening ring on cone can be calculated using the following formula:
p one-half the included (apex) angle of the cone
at the centerline of the head 2AE
Pa p
p value to indicate need for reinforcement at cone- 3(Do / t)
to-cylinder intersection having a half apex angle
60 deg. When , no reinforcement is Step 8. Compare Pa with P. If Pa is smaller than
required at the junction (see Table AD-360.3). P, select a larger value for t and repeat the design
procedure until a value for Pa is obtained that is equal
to or greater than P. An example illustrating the use
AD-310 CYLINDRICAL SHELLS AND of this procedure is given in G-112.
TUBES
AD-310.2 Cylinders Having Do / t Values < 10
The minimum required thickness of a cylindrical Step 1. Using the same procedure as given in AD-
shell or tube under external pressure, either seamless 310.1, obtain the value of B. For values of Do /t less
or with longitudinal butt joints, shall be determined by than four, the value of factor A can be calculated using
the following procedure. the following formula:
AD-310.1 Cylinders Having Do / t Values 10
Step 1. Assume a value for t and determine the 1.1
Ap
ratios L / Do and Do /t. (Do / t)2
Step 2. Enter Fig. G in Subpart 3 of Section II, Part
D at the value of L /Do determined in Step 1. For For values of A greater than 0.10, use a value of 0.10.
91
Step 2. Using the value of B obtained in Step 1, Step 4. Using the value of B obtained in Step 3,
calculate a value Pa1 using the following formula: calculate the value of the maximum allowable external
working pressure Pa using the following formula:
(D / t) 0.0833 B
2.167
Pa1 p
o Pa p B / (Ro / t)
Step 3. Calculate a value Pa2 using the following Step 5. For values of A falling to the left of the
formula: applicable material-temperature line, the value of Pa
can be calculated using the following formula:
2S 1
Pa2 p 1 0.0625E
Do / t Do / t Pa p
(Ro / t)2
where S is the lesser of 1.5Sm at design metal tempera-
ture from the applicable table in Subpart 1 of Section Step 6. Compare Pa obtained in Step 4 or 5 with
II, Part D, or 0.9 times the tabulated yield strength of P. If Pa is smaller than P, assume a larger value of
the material at design metal temperature from the t and repeat the design procedure until a value for Pa
applicable table in Subpart 1 of Section II, Part D. is obtained that is equal to or greater than P. An
Step 4. The smaller of the values of Pa1 calculated example illustrating the use of this procedure is given
in Step 2 or Pa2 calculated in Step 3 shall be used in G-113.
for the maximum allowable external working pressure
Pa. Compare Pa with P. If Pa is smaller than P, select
a larger value for t and repeat the design procedure AD-330 STIFFENING RINGS FOR
until a value for Pa is obtained that is equal to or CYLINDRICAL SHELLS
greater than P.
AD-331 Moment of Inertia for
Circumferential Stiffening Rings
92
values of B falling below the left end of the material- rings or the distance from the head-bend line to the
temperature line, see Step 5. second stiffening ring plus one-third of the head depth.
Step 4. Move vertically to the bottom of the chart (d) When internal plane structures perpendicular to
and read the value of A. the longitudinal axis of the cylinder, such as bubble
Step 5. For values of B falling below the left end trays or baffle plates, are used in a vessel, they may
of the material-temperature line for the design tempera- also be considered to act as stiffening rings provided
ture, the value of A can be calculated using the following they are designed to function as such.
formula: (e) Any internal stays or supports used shall bear
against the shell of the vessel through the medium of
A p 2B / E a substantially continuous ring.
Step 6. If the required Is is greater than that computed AD-333 Permissible Methods of Attaching
for the combined ringshell section I in Step 1, a new Stiffening Rings
section with a larger moment of inertia must be selected
and a new moment of inertia determined. If Is is smaller Stiffening rings shall be attached to either the outside
than I computed for the section selected, then that or the inside of the vessel by continuous welding (see
section should be satisfactory. Fig. AD-912.1). Where gaps occur in the stiffening
An example of the use of this procedure is given ring, the attachment weld shall conform to the details
in G-114. in Fig. AD-912.1 sketch (e).
93
94
95
121.2). Interpolation may be made between lines for 2S 1
Pa2 p 1
intermediate temperatures. DL / te DL / te
In cases where the value of A falls to the right of
the end of the material-temperature line, assume an
intersection with the horizontal projection of the upper
end of the material-temperature line. For values of A where
falling to the left of the material-temperature line, see Sp the lesser of two times the maximum allowable
Step 7. stress value at design metal temperature, from
Step 5. From the intersection obtained in Step 4, the applicable table in Subpart 1 of Section II,
move horizontally to the right and read the value of Part D, or 0.9 times the yield strength of the
factor B. material at design temperature, psi (kPa)
Step 6. Using this value of B, calculate the value Step 4. The smaller of the values of Pa1 calculated
of the maximum allowable external working pressure in Step 2 or Pa2 calculated in Step 3 shall be used
Pa using the following formula: for the maximum allowable external working pressure
Pa. Compare Pa with P. If Pa is smaller than P, select
a larger value for t and repeat the design procedure
4B
Pa p until a value for Pa is obtained that is equal to or
3(DL / te)
greater than P.
Step 5. Provide adequate reinforcement of the cone-
Step 7. For values of A falling to the left of the to-cylinder juncture according to AD-360.3.
applicable material-temperature line, the value of Pa
can be calculated using the following formula:
AD-360.2 Cone Angle > 60 deg. When of the
cone is greater than 60 deg, the thickness of the cone
2AE shall be the same as the required thickness for a flat
Pa p
3(DL / te) head under external pressure, the diameter of which
equals the largest diameter of the cone, or shall be
Step 8. Compare the calculated value of Pa obtained designed by special analysis in accordance with AD-
in Step 6 or 7 with P. If Pa is smaller than P, select 360.3(e).
a larger value for t and repeat the design procedure
until a value of Pa is obtained that is equal to or AD-360.3 Rules for Reinforcement of Cone-to-
greater than P. Cylinder Junction Under External Pressure
Step 9. Provide adequate reinforcement of the cone- (a) The formulas of (b) and (c) below provide for
to-cylinder juncture according to AD-360.3. the design of reinforcement, if needed, at the cone-to-
(b) Cones Having DL / te Values < 10 cylinder junctions for reducer sections and conical heads
Step 1. Using the same procedure as given in (a) where all the elements have a common axis and the
above, obtain the value of B. For values of DL /te less half apex angle 60 deg. Subparagraph (e) below
than 4, the value of factor A can be calculated using provides for special analysis in the design of cone-to-
the following formula: cylinder intersections with or without reinforcing rings,
including those where is > 60 deg.
1.1 In the design of reinforcement for a cone-to-cylinder
Ap
(DL / te)2 juncture, the requirements of AD-551 for reinforcement
material strength for nozzles are applicable to reinforce-
ment for a cone-to-cylinder juncture.
For values of A greater than 0.10, use a value of 0.10.
Step 2. Using the value of B obtained in Step 1, (b) Reinforcement shall be provided at the junction
calculate a value Pa1 using the following formula: of the cone with the large cylinder for conical heads
and reducers without knuckles when the value of
obtained from Table AD-360.3 using the appropriate
(D / t ) 0.0833 B
2.167
Pa1 p ratio P/Ss is less than . Interpolation may be made
L e
in the Table.
The cross-sectional area of the reinforcement ring
Step 3. Calculate a value Pa2 using the following shall be at least equal to that indicated by the following
formula: formula:
96
kQ L D L tan 1 PD L 2Q L
A rL p
2S s
1
4 2Q L
(1) of A can be calculated using the formula A p 2B /Er.
For values of B falling above the appropriate material-
temperature line, the design shall be adjusted by either
When the thickness of both the reducer and cylinder changing the configuration, or changing the stiffener
exceeds that required by the applicable design formulas, ring size or location, such that B is reduced to a value
the minimum excess thickness may be considered to below or at the appropriate material-temperature curve.
contribute to the required stiffening ring in accordance For values of B having multiple values of A, such as
with the following formula: when B falls on a horizontal portion of the curve, the
smallest value of A shall be used.
Step 6. Compute the value of the required moment
2 cos
DLts DLtc
AeL p (ts t) + (tc tr) (2) of inertia from the formula for Is. For the combined
2
ringshellcone section:
Any additional area of stiffening which is required
ADL2 ATL
shall be situated within a distance of DLts /2 from Is p
10.9
the junction of the reducer and the cylinder. The centroid
of the added area shall be within a distance of 0.5
Step 7. Determine the available moment of inertia
DLts /2 from the junction. I of the combined ringshellcone section.
The stiffening ring at the cone-to-cylinder junction
Step 8. Evaluate the equation
shall also be considered as a stiffening ring.
The moment of inertia for a stiffening ring at the large
I Is
end shall be determined by the following procedure.
Step 1. Assuming that the shell has been designed
If the equation is not satisfied, a new section with
and DL, LL, and t are known, select a member to be
a larger moment of inertia must be selected, and the
used for the stiffening ring and determine cross-sectional
calculation shall be done again until the equation is met.
area ATL. Then calculate factor B using the following
formula: The requirements of AD-332 and AD-333 are to be
met in attaching stiffening rings to the shell.
3 FL DL
Bp (c) The stiffening ring shall be provided at the
4 ATL
junction of the conical shell of a reducer without a
flare and the small cylinder. The cross-sectional area
where
of the stiffening ring shall be at least equal to that
FL p PM + f1 tan indicated by the following formula:
97
required reinforcement ring in accordance with the when B falls on a horizontal portion of the curve, the
following formula: smallest value of A shall be used.
Step 6. Compute the value of the required moment
2 cos (t t ) +
Ds tc Ds ts of inertia from the formula for Is. For the combined
Aes p c r (t t) (4)
2 s ringshellcone section:
below or at the appropriate material-temperature curve. L DL + Ds
Le p r1 sin 1 +
For values of B having multiple values of A, such as 2 DLs
98
Dss L DL + Ds
Le p r 2 sin 2 +
DL 2 DL
99