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HOLLAND-
HOLLAND-FREI CANCER MEDICINE - 8th Ed. (2010)
Front Matter
Title Page
2010
SHELTON, CONNECTICUT
Copyright Page
Shelton, CT 06484
Tel: 203-402-0646
Fax: 203-402-0854
E-mail: info@pmph-usa.com
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All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this
publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in
any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise),
without the prior written permission of the publisher.
09 10 11 12/PMPH/9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
ISBN 978-1-60795-014-1
Holland Frei cancer medicine 8. -- 8th ed. / editors, Waun Ki Hong ... [et al.].
p.; cm.
ISBN-13: 978-1-60795-014-1
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ISBN-10: 1-60795-014-6
1. Cancer. I. Hong, Waun Ki. II. American Association for Cancer Research.
III. Holland Frei cancer medicine 7. IV. Title: Holland Frei cancer medicine eight.
RC261.C2735 2009
616.99'4dc22
2009039147
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Notice: The authors and publisher have made every effort to ensure that the patient care
recommended herein, including choice of drugs and drug dosages, is in accord with the
accepted standard and practice at the time of publication. However, since research and
regulation constantly change clinical standards, the reader is urged to check the product
information sheet included in the package of each drug, which includes recommended doses,
warnings, and contraindications. This is particularly important with new or infrequently used
drugs. Any treatment regimen, particularly one involving medication, involves inherent risk that
must be weighed on a case-by-case basis against the benefits anticipated. The reader is
cautioned that the purpose of this book is to inform and enlighten; the information contained
herein is not intended as, and should not be employed as, a substitute for individual diagnosis
and treatment.
Editors
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Houston, Texas
Houston, Texas
Donald W. Kufe, MD
Professor of Medicine
Boston, Massachusetts
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Houston, Texas
Ralph R. Weichselbaum, MD
Daniel K. Ludwig Professor and Chairman of the Department of Radiation and Cellular
Oncology
University of Chicago
Chicago, Illinois
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Boston, Massachusetts
Preface
This 8th edition of Cancer Medicine integrates better than ever the new understanding of cancer
science and cancer medicine. The explosion of knowledge about genes and cancer, receptors,
and signal transduction has led to therapeutics based on this knowledge. Oncologists must now
all be familiar with pathways and processes that explain the pathogenesis of neoplasms as well
as the new molecules that target these steps. Hundreds of potential drugs are under study,
some of which will prove to be of clinical importance. Most of them were selected and
developed because of their relationship to the new knowledge, rather than the random
screening of chemical compounds, soil samples, and exotic plants that characterized a former
era. The early chapters of this book prepare the reader to comprehend the evolving information
about the molecular events that lead to cancer and the therapeutics that address them.
Concurrent advances in the conduct of surgery and of radiation therapy have improved
targeting and decreased collateral damage. Appreciation of the clinical characteristics of the
many diseases that comprise the rubric of cancer is essential if we are to realize the full benefits
of the new knowledge. These many diseases are covered in later chapters.
The editors have chosen experts who have written authoritatively about the disciplines and
diseases covered in their respective chapters. As the world of science and medicine chip away
the unknowns of the cancer process and its prevention and therapy, we believe the contents of
this work will provide a platform for understanding the current state of accomplishment and for
preparing the reader for a critical evaluation of discoveries still to come.
The Editors
2010
Contributors
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Stuart A. Aaronson, MD
David H. Abramson, MD
Department of Surgery
Center
Jeremy S. Abramson, MD
Instructor in Medicine
Department of Medicine
Oncology
Boston, Massachusetts
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Oncology
Medicine
Nashville, Tennessee
Roberto Adachi, MD
Assistant Professor
Houston, Texas
Ranjana Advani, MD
University of Chicago
Chicago, Illinois
Sunil J. Advani, MD
Post Doctorate
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University of Chicago
Chicago, Illinois
Jaffer A. Ajani, MD
Professor
Department of Gastrointestinal
Medical Oncology
Houston, Texas
Department of Immunology
Center
Edward P. Ambinder, MD
Department of Medicine
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Kenneth C. Anderson, MD
Chief
Boston, Massachusetts
Professor of Medicine
Transplantation
Houston, Texas
Ana Aparicio, MD
Assistant Professor
Medical Oncology
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Houston, Texas
Narin Apisarnthanarax, MD
Department of Dermatology
Reserve University
Cleveland, Ohio
Philip M. Arlen, MD
Senior Clinician
and Biology
Bethesda, Maryland
James O. Armitage, MD
Center
Omaha, Nebraska
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Rony Avritscher, MD
Assistant Professor
Houston, Texas
Diwakar D. Balachandran, MD
Assistant Professor
Houston, Texas
Department of Oncology
Baltimore, Maryland
Lara Bashoura, MD
Assistant Professor
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Houston, Texas
Distinguished University
Professor of Medicine
Department of Experimental
Therapeutics
Houston, Texas
Stephen B. Baylin, MD
Professor of Oncology
Baltimore, Maryland
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Georgia M. Beasley, MD
Resident in Surgery
Department of Surgery
Duke University
Chairman
Gynecology
Ross S. Berkowitz, MD
of Gynecology
Gynecology
Boston, Massachusetts
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Center
Duarte, California
Houston, Texas
Cindy Berthelot, MD
Resident
Department of Dermatology
Houston, Texas
Joseph R. Bertino, MD
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Pharmacology
Gerald P. Bodey, MD
Professor Emeritus
Health
Houston, Texas
Ernest C. Borden, MD
Deputy Director
Cleveland, Ohio
Otis W. Brawley, MD
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and Epidemiology
Emory University
Atlanta, Georgia
Robert S. Bresalier, MD
Professor of Medicine
Department of Gastroenterology,
Houston, Texas
Assistant Professor
Department of Otorhinolaryngology:
System
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Investigator
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Division
Institute (TGen)
Phoenix, Arizona
Thomas A. Buchholz, MD
Treatment
Houston, Texas
Aman U. Buzdar, MD
Professor
Oncology
Houston, Texas
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Department of Pathology
University of Hawaii
Honolulu, Hawaii
Alan C. Carver, MD
Assistant Professor
Department of Neurology
A. Philippe Chahinian, MD
Professor
Department of Medicine
Richard Champlin, MD
Transplantation
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Houston, Texas
Oncology
Houston, Texas
Department of Pathology
Boston, Massachusetts
Assistant Professor
Epidemiology Program
University of Hawaii
Honolulu, Hawaii
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Yung-
Yung-Chi Cheng, PhD
Department of Pharmacology
of Surgery
Department of Surgery
of Medicine
Baltimore, Maryland
Professor
of Medicine
Francisco
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Oncology
Center
Columbus, Ohio
Carmel J. Cohen, MD
Professor
Gynecology
Harvey J. Cohen, MD
Department of Medicine
Jeffrey I. Cohen, MD
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Infectious Diseases
Bethesda, Maryland
Houston, Texas
Peter D. Cole, MD
Eric A. Collisson, MD
Cancer Center
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Francisco
Michael Colvin, MD
Cancer Center
James L. Connolly, MD
Professor
Department of Pathology
Boston, Massachusetts
Department of Pathology
University
Portland, Oregon
Jorge Cortes, MD
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Leukemia Department
Houston, Texas
David Cosgrove, MD
Professor
Medical Oncology
Baltimore, Maryland
Department of Pathology
Miami, Florida
Director
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Center
Omaha, Nebraska
Christopher H. Crane, MD
Treatment
Houston, Texas
Carlo M. Croce, MD
Genetics
Department of Molecular
Medical Genetics
Columbus, Ohio
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Chistopher P. Crum, MD
Pathology
Department of Pathology
Boston, Massachusetts
Houston, Texas
of Orthopedic Surgery
Department of Orthopedic
Surgery
Medical University
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Siamak Daneshmand, MD
Associate Professor
University
Portland, Oregon
Michael D'Angelica, MD
Surgical Oncologist
Hepatopancreatobiliary Service
Center
Marta L. Davila, MD
Associate Professor
Department of Gastroenterology,
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Houston, Texas
John Davis, MD
Assistant Professor
Department of Urology
Division of Surgery
Houston, Texas
Dubai Hospital
Lisa M. DeAngelis, MD
Chair
Department of Neurology
Center
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Center
Duarte, California
Samuel R. Denmeade, MD
Therapeutics
Baltimore, Maryland
Maria T. DeSancho, MD
Department of Medicine
Radiation Oncology
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Biomedical Engineering
Burton F. Dickey, MD
Houston, Texas
Vice President
Biomarkers
and Development
Radnor, Pennsylvania
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Statistics
Medicine
London, England
Ira J. Dunkel, MD
Pediatric Oncologist
Department of Pediatrics
Center
Madeline M. Duvic, MD
Professor
Department of Dermatology
Houston, Texas
Ann M. Dvorak, MD
Professor
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Boston, Massachusetts
Harold F. Dvorak, MD
Professor
Boston, Massachusetts
George A. Eapen, MD
Associate Professor
Houston, Texas
Joseph P. Eder, MD
Department of Medicine
Boston, Massachusetts
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Assistant Professor
Department of Experimental
Therapeutics
Houston, Texas
Carmen P. Escalante, MD
Houston, Texas
Laura Esserman, MD
Department of Surgery
University of California
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David S. Ettinger, MD
Department of Oncology
Baltimore, Maryland
Douglas B. Evans, MD
Department of Surgery
Foundation
Department of Surgery
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Scott E. Evans, MD
Assistant Professor
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Houston, Texas
Vice President
Affairs
Houston, Texas
Steven M. Ewer, MD
Assistant Professor
Department of Medicine
University of Wisconsin
Madison, Wisconsin
Stefan Faderl, MD
Associate Professor
Department of Leukemia
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Houston, Texas
Saadia A. Faiz, MD
Assistant Professor
Houston, Texas
Mark K. Ferguson, MD
Professor of Surgery
Surgery
Chicago, Illinois
Professor
Department of Experimental
Therapeutics
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Houston, Texas
Kathleen M. Foley, MD
Neurologist
Center
Arthur E. Frankel, MD
Medicine
Medicine
Professor
Institute of Pathology
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Locarno, Switzerland
Arnold S. Freedman, MD
Boston, Massachusetts
Emeritus
Distinguished Professor of
Medicine
Boston, Massachusetts
Moshe Frenkel, MD
Associate Professor
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Houston, Texas
Professor (Conjoint)
Department of Medicine
Sydney, Australia
Professor
Cardiovascular Institute-Cardiology
Robert F. Gagel, MD
Houston, Texas
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Robert C. Gallo, MD
Medicine
Baltimore, Maryland
Chirag D. Gandhi, MD
Acupuncturist
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Houston, Texas
Adam S. Garden, MD
Professor
Houston, Texas
Department of Experimental
Diagnostic Imaging
Houston, Texas
Jeffrey E. Gershenwald, MD
Biology
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Houston, Texas
Attending Physician
Center
Vice Chairman
Institute
Institute
Cleveland, Ohio
Epidemiology
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Department of Epidemiology
Boston, Massachusetts
Bonnie S. Glisson, MD
Professor of Medicine
Houston, Texas
Gabrielle R. Goldberg, MD
Assistant Professor
Development
Jeffrey D. Goldsmith, MD
Boston, Massachusetts
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Donald P. Goldstein, MD
Boston, Massachusetts
Ali-
Ali-Reza Golshayan, MD
Assistant Professor
Department of Medicine
Assistant Professor
Therapeutics
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Columbus, Ohio
Laboratory
Berkeley, California
Oncology
Cellular Oncology
Chicago, Illinois
F. Anthony Greco, MD
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Center
Nashville, Tennessee
Affairs
Professor, Department of
Experimental Therapeutics
Houston, Texas
Louise B. Grochow, MD
Associate Professor
Department of Oncology
Medicine
Baltimore, Maryland
Post-Doctoral Fellow
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Surgery
Center
Senior Clinician
and Biology
Bethesda, Maryland
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Boston, Massachusetts
John D. Hainsworth, MD
Nashville, Tennessee
and Development
Stanley R. Hamilton, MD
Therapeutics
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Houston, Texas
Professor of Medicine
Indianapolis, Indiana
Eric K. Hansen, MD
Radiation Oncologist
Center
Portland, Oregon
Curtis C. Harris, MD
Carcinogenesis
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Bethesda, Maryland
Harold A. Harvey, MD
Oncology
Hershey, Pennsylvania
Department of Psychiatry
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Steven J. Heller, MD
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University of Calgary
Calgary, Alberta
Bryan T. Hennessy, MD
Assistant Professor
Oncology
Houston, Texas
Professor
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Houston, Texas
James G. Herman, MD
Department of Oncology
Baltimore, Maryland
Division of Pharmacy
Houston, Texas
Assistant Professor
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Houston, Texas
Department of Medicine
Boston, Massachusetts
Senior Scientist
and Biology
Bethesda, Maryland
Distinguished Professor of
Neoplastic Diseases
Medical Oncology
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Jimmie C. Holland, MD
Chair Emerita
Behavioral Sciences
Center
Cancer Medicine
Samsung Distinguished
Medicine
Houston, Texas
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Richard T. Hoppe, MD
Stanford, California
Gabriel N. Hortobagyi, MD
Oncology
Houston, Texas
Robert A. Hromas, MD
Translational Research
Center
Hematology-Oncology
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Arti Hurria, MD
Program
Therapeutic Research
Duarte, California
Patrick Hwu, MD
Oncology
Houston, Texas
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Boston, Massachusetts
Surveillance Research
Atlanta, Georgia
Anuja Jhingran, MD
Associate Professor
Treatment
Houston, Texas
Carlos A. Jimenez, MD
Associate Professor
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Houston, Texas
Ellen Jones, MD
Professor
Chairman
Institute
Institute
Cleveland, Ohio
Professor
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Transplantation
Houston, Texas
Adjunct Professor
Department of Molecular
Chemistry
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Peter Kabos, MD
Clinical Fellow
Horowitz Lab
Aurora, Colorado
Barton A. Kamen, MD
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Hagop M. Kantarjian, MD
Department of Leukemia
Houston, Texas
Ahmed O. Kaseb, MD
Assistant Professor
Department of Gastrointestinal
Medical Oncology
Houston, Texas
Matthew Kaufman, MD
Attending Physician
Program
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Richard M. Kaufman, MD
Instructor in Pathology
Department of Pathology
Boston, Massachusetts
Research Fellow
Oncology
Scottsdale, Arizona
Nancy E. Kemeny, MD
Professor of Medicine
Department of Medicine
Center
Samuel Kenan, MD
Professor
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Merrill S. Kies, MD
Professor
Houston, Texas
Jeri Kim, MD
Associate Professor
Cancer Medicine
Houston, Texas
Youn H. Kim, MD
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Professor of Dermatology
Department of Dermatology
Department of Medicine
Chicago, Illinois
Catherine E. Klein, MD
Professor of Medicine
Denver, Colorado
H. Phillip Koeffler, MD
Director
Oncology
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Elise C. Kohn, MD
Bethesda, Maryland
Christian Kollmannsberger, MD
Medicine
BC Cancer Agency -
Ritsuko K. Komaki, MD
Professor
Houston, Texas
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Page 70 of 155
Robert J. Kreitman, MD
Section
Bethesda, Maryland
Deborah Kuban, MD
Professor
Houston, Texas
Donald W. Kufe, MD
Professor of Medicine
Boston, Massachusetts
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Page 71 of 155
Joy H. Kunishige, MD
Houston, Texas
Michael E. Kupferman, MD
Assistant Professor
Surgery
Houston, Texas
Razelle Kurzrock, MD
Therapeutics
Houston, Texas
Raymond S. Lance, MD
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Associate Professor
Department of Urology
Norfolk, Virginia
Toxicology
Pharmacy
Professor
Occupational Medicine
of New Jersey
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Professor of Medicine
Department of Gastrointestinal
Houston, Texas
Scott M. Lippman, MD
Houston, Texas
Jennifer K. Litton, MD
Assistant Professor
Oncology
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Houston, Texas
Christopher J. Logothetis, MD
Department of Genitourinary
Medical Oncology
Houston, Texas
Janina A. Longtine, MD
Associate Professor
Department of Pathology
Boston, Massachusetts
Charles Lu, MD
Associate Professor
Houston, Texas
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Kirk A. Ludwig, MD
Department of Surgery
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Department of Urology
Norfolk, Virginia
Henry T. Lynch, MD
Omaha, Nebraska
Cristina Magi-
Magi-Galluzzi, MD, PhD
Department of Pathology at
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Cleveland Clinic
Cleveland, Ohio
Associate Professor
Department of Medicine
College
Paul F. Mansfield, MD
Professor of Surgery
Houston, Texas
Alberto M. Marchevsky, MD
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School of Medicine
Paul Mathew, MD
Assistant Professor
Department of Genitourinary
Medical Oncology
Houston, Texas
Peter M. Mauch, MD
Operations
Boston, Massachusetts
Beryl McCormick, MD
Clinical Director
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Center
Nicole S. McMahon, BS
Graduate Student
Anna T. Meadows, MD
Professor
Department of Pediatrics
Hospital of Philadelphia
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Jeffrey I. Mechanick, MD
Department of Medicine
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Page 79 of 155
Diane E. Meier, MD
Professor
Development
Boston, Massachusetts
Houston, Texas
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Page 80 of 155
Bruce D. Minsky, MD
Cellular Oncology
Chicago, Illinois
Professor of Carcinogensis
Department of Carcinogenesis
Houston, Texas
Rodolfo C. Morice, MD
Professor
Houston, Texas
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Associate Professor
Department of Biochemistry
Medicine
Donald L. Morton, MD
Fellowship Program
Natalie Moryl, MD
Internist
Department of Medicine
Center
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Jeffrey A. Moscow, MD
Hematology-Oncology
Medicine
Lexington, Kentucky
David G. Murry, MD
Medical University
Hyman B. Muss, MD
Professor of Medicine
Chapel Hill
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Epidemiology
Epidemiology
Francisco
Houston, Texas
Director
Boston, Massachusetts
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of Cancer Research
Department of Epidemiology
Craig R. Nichols, MD
Professor of Medicine
Department of Medicine
Oncology
University
Portland, Oregon
Craig Nolan, MD
Neuro-oncologist
Department of Neurology
Center
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Larry Norton, MD
Oncology
Center
Andrew Novick, MD
Kidney Institute
Institute
Cleveland, Ohio
Toronto, Ontario
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Page 86 of 155
Susan O'Brien, MD
Professor
Department of Leukemia
Houston, Texas
Professor of Medicine
Oncology
Department of Medicine
Maura O'Leary, MD
Administrative Officer
Bethesda, Maryland
Amir Onn, MD
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Page 87 of 155
James C. Padussis, MD
Professor of Surgery
Department of Surgery
Ben-
Ben-Ho Park, MD, PhD
Medical Oncology
Baltimore, Maryland
Deceased.
Harvey I. Pass, MD
and Surgery
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Department of Cardiothoracic
Surgery
Center
Radiology
Department of Radiology
Assistant Professor
Investigator
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Department of Hematology
London, England
Scientific Director
Scientific Management
dei Tumori
Milan, Italy
Professor of Surgery
Houston, Texas
Research
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Professor
Department of Experimental
Therapeutics
Houston, Texas
of Surgical Oncology
Chair
Houston, Texas
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Boston, Massachusetts
Kalman D. Post, MD
Chairman Emeritus
Department of Neurosurgery
Houston, Texas
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Ching-
Ching-Hon Pui, MD
Professor
Department of Oncology
Memphis, Tennessee
Research Fellow
Department of Immunology
Center
Research
Institute Chairman
Institute
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Cleveland, Ohio
Kristjan T. Ragnarsson, MD
Department of Rehabilitation
Jamal Rahaman, MD
Fellowship Director
Kanti R. Rai, MD
Professor of Medicine
Oncology
Noopur Raje, MD
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Boston, Massachusetts
Jacob H. Rand, MD
Director
Department
Mark J. Ratain, MD
Medicine
of Medicine
Chairman, Committee on
Pharmacogenomics
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Chicago, Illinois
Gregory H. Reaman, MD
Professor of Pediatrics
Sciences
Bethesda, Maryland
La Jolla, California
Medicine
Baltimore, Maryland
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Professor of Oncology
Department of Immunology
Susan R. Rheingold, MD
Assistant Professor
Division of Oncology
Philadelphia
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
David C. Rice, MD
Associate Professor
Cardiovascular Surgery
Houston, Texas
Brian I. Rini, MD
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Research
Cleveland Clinic
Cleveland, Ohio
Professor of Medicine
Health
Houston, Texas
Bruce J. Roth, MD
Oncology
Oncology
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Nashville, Tennessee
Jack A. Roth, MD
Professor of Surgery
vascular Surgery
Houston, Texas
Jacob H. Rotmensch, MD
Oncology
Chicago, Illinois
Eric K. Rowinsky, MD
Eric H. Rubin, MD
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Vice President
Professor Emeritus
Department of Pharmacology
School
Houston, Texas
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Laboratory
Lausanne, Switzerland
Associate Professor
Houston, Texas
Joseph K. Salama, MD
Assistant Professor
Cellular Oncology
University of Chicago
Chicago, Illinois
Takeshi Sano, MD
Institute Hospital
Tokyo, Japan
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Page 101 of 155
David T. Scadden, MD
Medicine
Department of Medicine
Hematology/Oncology
Boston, Massachusetts
Amy C. Schefler, MD
Vitreoretinal Fellow
University of Miami
Miami, Florida
Charles A. Schiffer, MD
Oncology
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Detroit, Michigan
Chief
and Biology
Bethesda, Maryland
Department of Health
Public Health
Wadsworth Center
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Page 103 of 155
SUNY Albany
David E. Schteingart, MD
Medicine
Metabolism
University of Michigan
David L. Schwartz, MD
Assistant Professor
Houston, Texas
Assistant Professor
Department of Dermatology
College of Medicine
Mayo Clinic
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Scottsdale, Arizona
Vickie R. Shannon, MD
Professor
Houston, Texas
Assistant Professor
cal Oncology
Houston, Texas
Sunil Sharma, MD
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Page 105 of 155
Steven I. Sherman, MD
Houston, Texas
Elizabeth Shpall, MD
Professor of Medicine
Transplantation
Houston, Texas
Branimir Sikic, MD
Professor
Department of Medicine-Oncology
Medicine
Stanford, California
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Page 106 of 155
Richard T. Silver, MD
Professor of Medicine
Division of Hematology-Oncology
Department of Medicine
Lewis R. Silverman, MD
Associate Professor
Department of Medicine
Center
Medicine
Indianapolis, Indiana
Cardinale B. Smith, MD
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Fellow
Palliative Care
Atlanta, Georgia
Arthur J. Sober, MD
Associate Chief
Department of Dermatology
Boston, Massachusetts
Senior Surgeon
Surgery
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Boston, Massachusetts
Chief
Cytogenetic Department
Tumori
Milan, Italy
Staff Scientist
Laboratory
Berkeley, California
Physics
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Page 109 of 155
Professor of Urology
Preventive Medicine
Richard M. Stone, MD
Department of Leukemia
Boston, Massachusetts
Surgery
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Houston, Texas
Max W. Sung, MD
Oncology
Thomas Suter, MD
Professor
Bern, Germany
Stephen G. Swisher, MD
vascular Surgery
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Houston, Texas
Senior Director
Department of Translational
Medicine
and Development
Radnor, Pennsylvania
Research
Boston, Massachusetts
Ayalew Tefferi, MD
Professor of Medicine
Department of Hematology
Mayo Clinic
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Page 112 of 155
Rochester, Minnesota
Professor
Oncology
Houston, Texas
David C. Thomas, MD
Ambulatory Training
Department of Gastrointestinal
Medical Oncology
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Page 113 of 155
Houston, Texas
Research
Atlanta, Georgia
Swan N. Thung, MD
Professor
Pathology, Division of
Hepatopathology
Elizabeth L. Travis, MD
Programs
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tion Oncology
Houston, Texas
Institute
Phoenix, Arizona
Group Leader
Department of Oncology
Cambridge University
Cambridge, England
Douglas S. Tyler, MD
Department of Surgery
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Staff Clinician
Services
Bethesda, Maryland
Fellow
Cardiovascular Institute
Ara A. Vaporciyan, MD
Associate Professor
vascular Surgery
Houston, Texas
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Michael A. Via, MD
Clinical Fellow
Department of Medicine
Research Associate
Bert Vogelstein, MD
Investigator
Professor of Oncology
Baltimore, Maryland
Investigator
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Institute
Phoenix, Arizona
Evan Vosburgh, MD
Medicine
Department of Medicine
Yale University
Physics
Michael J. Wallace, MD
Associate Professor
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Page 118 of 155
Radiology
Houston, Texas
Associate Professor
Department of Pathology
Boston, Massachusetts
Ralph R. Weichselbaum, MD
Research
University of Chicago
Chicago, Illinois
Lawrence Weiss, MD
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Page 119 of 155
Department of Pathology
Duarte, California
Talia R. Weiss, BA
ioral Sciences
Center
Cheryl L. Willman, MD
Professor
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Page 120 of 155
Center
Ignacio I. Wistuba, MD
Professor
Houston, Texas
Robert A. Wolff, MD
Professor of Medicine
Department of Gastrointestinal
Medical Oncology
Houston, Texas
James C. Yao, MD
Associate Professor
Department of Gastrointestinal
Medical Oncology
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Houston, Texas
Sai-
Sai-Ching Jim Yeung, MD, PhD
Associate Professor
Hormonal Disorders
Houston, Texas
Professor
Department of Radiology
Biomedical Engineering
Duke University
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Assistant Professor
Reserve University
Cleveland, Ohio
Contents
Preface v
1 Cardinal Manifestations of Cancer
Cancer 1
James F. Holland, MD, ScD (hc), Emil Frei III, MD, Waun Ki Hong, MD, DMSc (Hon), Donald
W. Kufe, MD, Robert C. Bast, Jr., MD, William N. Hait, MD, PhD, Raphael E. Pollock, MD, PhD,
Ralph R. Weichselbaum, MD
Section 1: CANCER BIOLOGY
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Page 123 of 155
2 Molecular Biology, Genomics, Proteomics, and Mouse Models of Human Cancer
Cancer 5
Kornelia Polyak, MD, PhD, Matthew Meyerson, MD, PhD, William C. Hahn, MD, PhD, David A.
Tuveson, MD, PhD
3 Cell Proliferation and Differentiation
Differentiation 26
4 Apoptosis and Cancer
Cancer 40
5 Growth Factors and Signal Transduction in Cancer
Cancer 51
6 Oncogenes
Oncogenes 68
Marco A. Pierotti, PhD, Milo Frattini, PhD, Gabriella Sozzi, PhD, Carlo M. Croce, MD
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Page 124 of 155
7 Tumor Supressor Genes
Genes 86
David Cosgrove, MB, BCh, Ben Ho Park, MD, PhD, Bert Vogelstein, MD
8 Genomic Alterations and Chromosomal Aberrations in Human Cancer
Cancer 102
Kevin M. Brown, PhD, Jonathan J. Keats, PhD, Aleksandar Sekulic, MD, PhD, Cheryl L.
Willman, MD, Jeffrey M. Trent, PhD, Robert A. Hromas, MD
9 Biochemistry of Cancer
Cancer 125
10 Invasion and Metastases
Metastases 141
Elise C. Kohn, MD
11 Tumor Angiogenesis
Angiogenesis 149
John V. Heymach, MD, PhD, George W. Sledge Jr., MD, Rakesh K. Jain, PhD
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Page 125 of 155
12 Epigenetic Contributions to Human Cancer
Cancer 170
Section 2: CANCER IMMUNOLOGY
13 Cancer Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy 175
Karl S. Peggs, MA, MB, BCh, MRCP, FRC Path, Sergio A. Quezada, PhD, Padmanee Sharma,
MD, PhD, James P. Allison, PhD
Section 3: CANCER ETIOLOGY
14 Genetic Predisposition to Cancer
Cancer 190
Henry T. Lynch, MD, Vandana Gupta Abramson, MD, Marcia S. Brose, MD, PhD
15 Chemical Carcinogenesis
Carcinogenesis 225
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Page 126 of 155
16 Hormones and the Etiology of Cancer
Cancer 237
Leslie Bernstein, PhD, C. Leigh Pearce, PhD, Iona Cheng, PhD, Katherine DeLellis Henderson,
PhD
17 Ionizing Radiation
Radiation 248
18 Ultraviolet Radiation Carcinogenesis
Carcinogenesis 262
19 Inflammation and Cancer
Cancer 270
20 RNA Tumor Viruses
Viruses 279
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Page 127 of 155
21 Herpesviruses
Herpesviruses 291
Jeffrey I. Cohen, MD
22 Papillomaviruses and Cervical Neoplasia
Neoplasia 298
23 Hepatitis Viruses
Viruses 302
24 Parasites
Parasites 311
Section 4: TRANSLATIONAL CANCER MEDICINE
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Page 128 of 155
25 Molecular Imaging in Clinical Oncology
Oncology 318
26 Molecular Diagnostics in Cancer
Cancer 335
Bryan T. Hennessy, MD, Robert C. Bast Jr., MD, Gordon B. Mills, MD, PhD
27 Personalized Medicine in Oncology Drug Development
Development 347
William N. Hait, MD, PhD, Nicolas, C. Dracopoli, PhD, Steven J. Heller, MD, Chris H. Takimoto,
MD, PhD
28 Cancer Genome Aberrations: Measures, Causes, and Consequences
Consequences 359
Eric A. Collisson, MD, Anguraj Sadanandam, MD, Paul T. Spellman, MD, Joe W. Gray, PhD
29 Cancer Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology 364
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Page 129 of 155
Section 5: CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY, PREVENTION, AND SCREENING
30 Cancer Epidemiology
Epidemiology 371
31 Tobacco-
Tobacco-Induced Cancers and Their Prevention
Prevention 386
32 Nutrition in the Etiology and Prevention of Cancer
Cancer 398
Elizabeth M. Grainger, PhD, RD, Edward L. Giovannucci, MD, ScD, Steven K. Clinton, MD,
PhD
33 Chemoprevention of Cancer
Cancer 411
34 Cancer Screening and Early Detection
Detection 419
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Page 130 of 155
Section 6: CLINICAL TRIALS AND OUTCOMES ASSESSMENT
35 Statistical Innovations in Cancer Research
Research 446
36 Outcomes Research in Oncology
Oncology 464
Section 7: CANCER PATHOLOGY
37 Principles of Cancer Pathology
Pathology 473
James L. Connolly, MD, Jeffrey D. Goldsmith, MD, Helen H. Wang, MD, Janina A. Longtine,
MD, Ann M. Dvorak, MD, Harold F. Dvorak, MD, Stanley R. Hamilton, MD
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Page 131 of 155
Section 8: IMAGING
38 Principles of Imaging
Imaging 489
39 Interventional Radiology for the Cancer Patient
Patient 490
Section 9: SURGICAL ONCOLOGY
40 Principles of Surgical Oncology
Oncology 499
Raphael E. Pollock, MD, PhD, FACS, Michael A. Choti, MD, MBA, FACS, Donald L. Morton,
MD, FACS
Section 10: RADIATION ONCOLOGY
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Page 132 of 155
41 Principles of Radiation Oncology
Oncology 510
42 Hyperthermia
Hyperthermia 528
Benjamin L. Viglianti, MD, PhD, Paul Stauffer, MS, CCE, Elizabeth Repasky, PhD, Ellen Jones,
MD, Zeljko Vujaskovic, MD, PhD, Mark W. Dewhirst, DVM, PhD
Section 11: MEDICAL ONCOLOGY
43 Principles of Medical Oncology
Oncology 541
William N. Hait, MD, PhD, James F. Holland, MD, ScD (hc), Emil Frei III, MD, Donald W. Kufe,
MD Robert C. Bast Jr., MD, Waun Ki Hong, MD, DMSc (Hon)
Section 12: CHEMOTHERAPY
44 Cytokinetics
Cytokinetics 550
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Page 133 of 155
45 Principles of Dose, Schedule, and Combination Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy 558
Joseph P. Eder, MD, William N. Hait, MD, PhD, Emil Frei III, MD, Louise B. Grochow, MD
46 Preclinical and Early Clinical Development of New Anticancer Agents
Agents 568
47 Pharmacology
Pharmacology 587
48 Drug Resistance and Its Clinical Circumvention
Circumvention 597
Jeffrey A. Moscow, MD, Erasmus Schneider, PhD, Branimir I. Sikic, MD, Charles S. Morrow,
MD, PhD, Kenneth H. Cowan, MD, PhD
Section 13: CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS
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Page 134 of 155
49 Folate Antagonists
Antagonists 611
50 Pyrimidine and Purine Antimetabolites
Antimetabolites 621
Giuseppe Pizzorno, PhD, PharmD, Sunil Sharma, MD, Yung-Chi Cheng, PhD
51 Alkylating Agents and Platinum Antitumor Compounds
Compounds 633
52 Drugs That Target DNA Topoisomerases
Topoisomerases 645
53 Microtubule-
Microtubule-Targeting Natural Products
Products 655
Eric K. Rowinsky, MD
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Page 135 of 155
Section 14: BIOTHERAPEUTICS
54 Interferons
Interferons 679
Ernest C. Borden, MD
55 Cytokines and Hematopoietic Growth Factors
Factors 686
56 Monoclonal Serotherapy
Serotherapy 710
Robert C. Bast Jr., MD, Michael R. Zalutsky, PhD, Robert J. Kreitman, MD, Arthur E. Frankel,
MD
57 Vaccines and Immunostimulants
Immunostimulants 725
James L. Gulley, MD, PhD, FACP, Philip M. Arlen, MD, James W. Hodge, PhD, MBA, Jeffrey
Schlom, PhD
Section 15: ENDOCRINE THERAPY
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Page 136 of 155
58 Antiestrogens, Progestins, and Aromatase Inhibitors
Inhibitors 737
Aman U. Buzdar, MD, Shaheenah Dawood, MBB. Ch, MRCP (UK)MPH, Harold A. Harvey, MD,
V. Craig Jordan, OBE, PhD, DSc
59 Androgen Deprivation Strategies in the Treatment of Advanced Prostate Cancer
Cancer 750
Samuel R. Denmeade, MD
Section 16: GENE THERAPY
60 Cancer Gene Therapy
Therapy 759
Section 17: BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION
61 Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation
Transplantation 776
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Page 137 of 155
Section 18: PSYCHO-
PSYCHO-ONCOLOGY
62 Principles of Psycho-
Psycho-Oncology
Oncology 793
Section 19: CANCER REHABILITATION MEDICINE
63 Principles of Cancer Rehabilitation Medicine
Medicine 810
Section 20: MULTIDISCIPLINARY MANAGEMENT
64 Multidisciplinary Management
Management 823
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Page 138 of 155
James F. Holland, MD, ScD (hc), Emil Frei III, MD, Waun Ki Hong, MD, DMSc (Hon), Donald
W. Kufe, MD, Robert C. Bast Jr., MD, Raphael E. Pollock, MD, PhD, Ralph R. Weichselbaum,
MD, William N. Hait, MD, PhD
65 Cancer and Pregnancy
Pregnancy 830
66 Cancer and Aging
Aging 838
67 The Role of Integrative Oncology in Cancer Care
Care 846
Lorenzo Cohen, PhD, Nancy Russell, PhD, M. Kay Garcia, DRN, LAC, DrPH, Moshe Frenkel,
MD
Section 21: PAIN AND PALLIATION
68 Palliative Care
Care 854
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69 Management of Cancer Pain
Pain 863
Section 22: CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
70 Primary Neoplasms of the Central Nervous System in Adults
Adults 881
71 Brain Metastases
Metastases 899
Lisa M. DeAngelis, MD
Section 23: THE EYE
72 Neoplasms of the Eye
Eye 904
Amy C. Schefler, MD, David H. Abramson, MD, Ira J. Dunkel, MD, Beryl McCormick, MD
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Section 24: ENDOCRINE GLANDS
73 Neoplasms of the Endocrine Glands: Pituitary Neoplasms
Neoplasms 915
74 Neoplasms of the Thyroid
Thyroid 923
Steven I. Sherman, MD
75 Neoplasms of the Adrenal Cortex
Cortex 933
David E. Schteingart, MD
76 Tumors of the Diffuse Neuroendocrine and Gastroenteropancreatic Endocrine System
System 940
Evan Vosburgh, MD
Section 25: HEAD AND NECK
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77 Neoplasms of the Head and Neck
Neck 959
Michael E. Kupferman, MD, Erich M. Sturgis, MD, MPH, David L. Schwartz, MD, Adam Garden,
MD, Merrill S. Kies, MD
Section 26: CANCER OF THE THORAX
78 Cancer of the Lung
Lung 999
Charles Lu, MD, Amir Onn, MD, Ara A. Vaporciyan, MD, Joe Y. Chang, MD, PhD, Bonnie S.
Glisson, MD, Ritsuko Komaki, MD, Ignacio I. Wistuba, MD, Jack A. Roth, MD, Roy S. Herbst,
MD, PhD
79 Malignant Mesothelioma
Mesothelioma 1044
Harvey I. Pass, MD, Michele Carbone, MD, PhD, Hedy Lee Kindler, MD
80 Thymomas and Thymic Tumors
Tumors 1053
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81 Tumors of the Heart and Great Vessels
Vessels 1062
Sai-Ching Jim Yeung, MD, PhD, Carmen Escalante, MD, Sarina van der Zee, MD, A. Philippe
Chahinian, MD, Valentin Fuster, MD, PhD
82 Primary Germ Cell Tumors of the Thorax
Thorax 1067
Section 27: GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
83 Neoplasms of the Esophagus
Esophagus 1074
Stephen G. Swisher, MD, David C. Rice, MD, Jaffer A. Ajani, MD, Ritsuko K. Komaki, MD, Mark
K. Ferguson, MD
84 Carcinoma of the Stomach
Stomach 1086
James C. Yao, MD, Christopher H. Crane, MD, Takeshi Sano, MD, Paul F. Mansfield, MD
85 Treatment of Liver Metastases
Metastases 1109
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86 Primary Neoplasms of the Liver
Liver 1124
87 Gallbladder and Bile Duct Cancer 1132
Ahmed O. Kaseb, MD, Melanie B. Thomas, MD, MS, Steven A. Curley, MD, FACS
88 Neoplasms of the Exocrine Pancreas
Pancreas 1144
Robert A. Wolff, MD, Christopher H. Crane, MD, Donghui Li, PhD, Douglas B. Evans, MD
89 Neoplasms of the Small Intestine, Vermiform Appendix, and Peritoneum, and Carcinoma of
the Colon and Rectum
Rectum 1172
James C. Padussis, MD, Georgia M. Beasley, MD, Nicole S. McMahon, BS, Douglas S. Tyler,
MD, Kirk A. Ludwig, MD
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Section 28: GENITOURINARY TRACT
91 Renal Cell Carcinoma
Carcinoma 1204
Brian I. Rini, MD, Daniel Y.C. Heng, MD, Ming Zhou, MD, PhD, Andrew Novick, MD, Derek
Raghavan, MD, PhD, FACP, FRACP
92 Tumors of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter
Ureter 1212
Ali-Reza Golshayan, MD, Inderbir S. Gill, MD, MCh, Cristina Magi-Galluzzi, MD, PhD, Derek
Raghavan, MD, PhD, FACP, FRACP
93 Bladder Cancer
Cancer 1219
Derek Raghavan, MD, PhD, FACP, FRACP, John P. Stein, MD, Richard Cote, MD, FRCPath, J.
Stephen Jones, MD, FACS
94 Neoplasms of the Prostate
Prostate 1228
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Christopher J. Logothetis, MD, Jeri Kim, MD, John Davis, MD, Deborah Kuban, MD, Paul
Mathew, MD, Ana Aparicio, MD
95 Tumors of the Penis and Urethra
Urethra 1255
96 Testis Cancer
Cancer 1263
Christian Kollmansberger, MD, Siamak Daneshmand, MD, Eric K. Hansen, MD, Christopher L.
Corless, MD, PhD, Bruce J. Roth, MD, Craig R. Nichols, MD
Section 29: FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
97 Neoplasms of the Vulva and Vagina
Vagina 1289
Jacob H. Rotmensch, MD
98 Neoplasms of the Cervix
Cervix 1299
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Anuja Jhingran, MD
99 Endometrial Cancer
Cancer 1325
100 Neoplasms of the Fallopian Tube
Tube 1338
101 Ovarian Cancer
Cancer 1344
Jonathan S. Berek, MD, MMS, Michael L. Friedlander, MD, PhD, Robert C. Bast Jr., MD
102 Molar Pregnancy and Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia
Neoplasia 1376
103 Gynecologic Sarcomas
Sarcomas 1384
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Section 30: THE BREAST
104 Neoplasms of the Breast
Breast 1393
Gabriel N. Hortobagyi, MD, FACP, Laura Esserman, MD, Thomas A. Buchholz, MD, FACP
Section 31: THE SKIN
105 Melanoma
Melanoma 1459
106 Other Skin Cancers
Cancers 1487
Section 32: BONE AND SOFT TISSUE
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107 Bone Tumors
Tumors 1497
108 Soft Tissue Sarcomas
Sarcomas 1517
Peter W.T. Pisters, MD, FACS, Brian O'Sullivan, MD, FRCPI, Robert G. Maki, MD, PhD
Section 33: HEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEM
109 The Myelodysplastic Syndrome
Syndrome 1544
Lewis R. Silverman, MD
110 Acute Myeloid Leukemia in Adults: Mast Cell Leukemia and Other Mast Cell Neoplasms
Neoplasms
1559
111 Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
Leukemia 1582
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112 Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Leukemia 1591
Stefan Faderl, MD, Ching-Hon Pui, MD, Susan O'Brien, MD, Hagop M. Kantarjian, MD
113 Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Leukemia 1604
114 Hodgkin Lymphoma
Lymphoma 1622
115 Non-
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Lymphoma 1645
Arnold S. Freedman, MD
116 Mycosis Fungoides and Sezary Syndrome
Syndrome 1659
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117 Plasma Cell Tumors
Tumors 1668
118 Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: Essential Thrombocythemia, Primary Myelofibrosis, and
Polycythemia Vera
Vera 1686
Ayalew Tefferi, MD
Section 34: NEOPLASMS IN AIDS
119 Neoplasms in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Syndrome 1696
Section 35: UNKNOWN PRIMARY SITE
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Section 36: PEDIATRIC ONCOLOGY
121 Principles of Pediatric Oncology
Oncology 1723
Section 37: COMPLICATIONS OF CANCERS AND THEIR TREATMENT
122 Anorexia and Cachexia
Cachexia 1740
123 Antiemetic Therapy
Therapy 1757
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124 Neurologic Complications
Complications 1763
Lisa M. DeAngelis, MD
125 Dermatologic Complications of Cancer Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy 1779
Cindy Berthelot, MD, Joy H. Kunishige, MD, Narin Apisarnthanarax, MD, Madeleine M. Duvic,
MD
126 Skeletal Complications
Complications 1788
127 Hematologic Complications and Blood Bank Support
Support 1797
128 Coagulopathic Complications of Cancer Patients
Patients 1813
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129 Urologic Complications
Complications 1823
130 Cardiac Complications
Complications 1832
Michael S. Ewer, MD, MPH, JD, Steven M. Ewer, MD, Thomas Suter, MD
131 Respiratory Complications
Complications 1849
Vickie R. Shannon, MD, George A. Eapen, MD, Carlos A. Jimenez, MD, Rodolfo C. Morice,
MD, Elizabeth L. Travis, PhD, Lara Bashoura, MD, Amar Safdar, MD, FACP, Scott E. Evans,
MD, Roberto Adachi, MD, Saadia A. Faiz, MD, Diwakar D. Balachandran, MD, Joseph L. Nates,
MD, MBA, FCCM S. Egbert Pravinkumar, MD, FRCP, Burton F. Dickey, MD
132 Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Complications in Cancer Patients
Patients 1871
133 Oral Complications of Cancer and Their Treatment
Treatment 1880
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134 Gonadal Complications
Complications 1891
135 Endocrine Complications and Paraneoplastic Syndromes
Syndromes 1901
136 Treatment-
Treatment-Related Secondary Cancers
Cancers 1915
Susan R. Rheingold, MD, Alfred I. Neugut, MD, PhD, Thomas Uldrick, MD, MS, Anna T.
Meadows, MD
Section 38: INFECTION IN THE CANCER PATIENT
137 Infections in Patients With Cancer
Cancer 1921
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138 Oncologic Emergencies
Emergencies 1941
Section 40: ONCOLOGY AND INFORMATICS
139 Oncology Informatics
Informatics 1961
Edward P. Ambinder, MD
Index 1981
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