Conversion table & chart

The table gives the conversion between DPH, Rockwell hardness and Brinell Hardness
Chart
Experiment 12
To perform a creep test on a given plastic sample

Theory
Creep
Creep is defined as time-rupture properties or resistance against the deformation under constant
operating conditions is called creep.
it can also be defined as the tendency of a solid material to move slowly or deform permanently under
the influence of mechanical stresses. It can occur as a result of long-term exposure to high levels of
stress that are still below the yield strength of the material. Creep is more severe in materials that are
subjected to heat for long periods, and generally increases as they go near their melting point. Usually
polymer creep at lower temperature but metals take too much time in creeping at low. So it is said that
metals creep at relatively higher temperature.
Creep dependence
Creep of a material depends on the following 4 major factors
1- Type of plastic /material/metal
2- Load Applied
3- Time
4- Temperature
Creep Curve under Constant Load
When a plastic material is subjected to a constant load, it deforms continuously. The initial strain is
roughly predicted by its stress-strain modulus. The material will continue to deform slowly with time
indefinitely or until rupture or yielding causes failure. The primary region is the early stage of loading
when the creep rate decreases rapidly with time. Then, it reaches a steady state which is called the
secondary creep stage followed by a rapid increase and fracture. This phenomenon of deformation
under load with time is called creep and shown in figure below.
Creep curev:
The curve

showing the strain in a material v/s the time for which load and other conditions were imposed on the
material. Below is the general creep curve.
Creep rate:
The slope of creep curve is called the creep rate dt/d. The curve may show the instantaneous elastic
and plastic strain that occurs as the load is applied, followed by the plastic strain which occurs over
time.
Stages of curve:
Three stages to the creep curve may be identified:
Primary creep: in which the creep resistance increases with strain leading to a decreasing creep strain
rate.
Secondary (Steady State) creep: in which there is a balance between work hardening and recovery
processes, leading to a minimum constant creep rate.
Tertiary creep: in which there is an accelerating creep rate due to the accumulating damage, which
leads to creep rupture, and which may only be seen at high temperatures and stresses and in constant
load machines.
Creep Equation
Secondary creep, which occurs as a linear function of time, is strongly dependent on temperature and
stress. Since creep is a thermally activated process, the minimum secondary creep rate can be
described by a fundamental Arrhenius equation of the form:
E
d n
=A . . e RT
dt

E
ln =lnA +n . ln ( )
RT

Where,
n=strees exponent
 A=constant

=strees

R=Gas constant

E= Activation energy

T =temperature

Now this is called Creep Equation.

Apparatus
Polymer material, Creep Testing Machine, Stop Watch & Thermometer
Components of Creep Testing Machine
1- Foundation
2- Supporting Pillar
3- End stop
4- Transmission lever
5- Clamp holder for specimen
6- Weights
7- Climatic chamber box
8- Digital push-in thermometer
9- Dial Gage
Procedure:
Measure and record lead specimen dimensions for the calculation of stress and strain from the creep
test.
Fit a lead specimen on a creep test machine with a dial gauge positioned in a mid-range of the
specimen gauge length for the calculation of specimen extension that is creep strain.
Hung the weights of known values at the end of the sample to determine the applied stress. Specimen
extension will be read on the dial gauge and time is recorded using a stopped watch.
When the weight is left hanging, the specimen will be immediately strained. The time will be
recorded at every specimen extension of 0.5 mm.
Keep noting the time, deformation & temperature until materials fractures.

Draw the curves between ln( v/s ln( ) & ln( v/s time

Observations & Calculations