Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 8

!

TITLE:

Analysis of Bleach

DATE(S):

March 29, 2017

PURPOSE:

The purpose of this lab is to determine the percent composition of sodium hypochlorite in

a commercial bleach solution by titrating it with sodium thiosulfate.

PRE-LAB:
!2

PROCEDURE:

First, you would dilute a 5 mL bleach solution

Next, you would take 25 mL and add 2 grams of potassium iodide and 25 mL of distilled water

Then, you would add 2 mL of 3 M hydrochloric acid to that same solution

Next, you would titrate the solution with sodium thiosulfate until it turns light yellow.

After that, you would add a drop of starch and wait for a blue color to appear

Then, you would keep titrating the solution until the blue color disappears

Next, you would repeat the second step through the sixth step

Finally, you would trade data with another group

MEASUREMENTS TO BE TAKEN:

5 mL of commercial bleach

95 mL of distilled water

Approximately 2 grams of potassium iodide

25 mL of dilute bleach (twice)

25 mL of distilled water (twice)

2 mL 3 M HCl (twice)

Volume of Na2S2O3 titrated (twice)

MATERIALS:

5 mL 5% commercial bleach

6 mL 3 M HCl

6 g KI
!3

70 mL 0.100 M Na2S2O3

3 mL 2% starch solution

0.1 g-precision balance

Buret

Buret clamp

Distilled Water

250 mL Erlenmeyer flask

Pipet Bulb

Ring Stand

5 mL Transfer Pipet

25 mL Transfer Pipet

100 mL Volumetric Flask

Volumetric flask stopper

Wash Battle

Weighing Disk

DATA:

Molarity of Trial 1-Us Trial 2-Us Trial 3-Group 2 Trial 4- Group 2


Na2S2O3

Initial Buret 0.00 3.00 50.00 50.00


Reading

Final Buret 32.00* 29.80 26.00 28.00


Reading

Volume of 32.00* 26.80 24.00 22.00


Na2S2O3 added
!4

* = we over-titrated the first round, and so we couldnt get the second indicator to work and thus

we had to stop titrating

CALCULATIONS:

We had to calculate the difference between the final and initial buret reading:

Example:

Final-Initial = Volume

29.8-3=26.8 mL

We had to convert moles of ClO- to moles of S2O32-:

Example:

1 mol ClO- 1 mol I2 I mol I3- 2 mol S2O32-

1 mol ClO- I mol I2 I mol I3-

= 2 mol S2O32-

We had to average out our values for the volume of Na2S2O3 added to the titration:

Example: (32 + 26.8 + 24 + 22)/4 = 104.8/4 = 26.2

We had to convert liters of Na2S2O3 to the molarity of NaClO:

Example:

0.032 L Na2S2O3 0.100 mol Na2S2O3 1 mol NaClO 1 M NaClO

1 L Na2S2O3 2 mol Na2S2O3 0.025 L NaClO

= 0.064 M NaClO

We had to calculate the molarity of the concentrated bleach based on the molarity of the dilute

bleach:

Example:
!5

M1V1 = M2V2

(0.064 M)(0.1 L) = M2 x (0.005 L)

0.0064 = M2 x 0.005

M2 = 1.28 M

We had to calculate the percent mass of bleach:

Example:

1.28 mol NaClO 1 L NaClO 1 mL NaClO 74.4 g NaClO

1 L NaClO 1000 mL NaClO 1.08 g NaClO 1 mol NaClO

x 100% = 8.82 g/mol

We had to calculate the average deviation:

Example:

((8.25-8.82)2 + (8.25-7.38)2 + (8.25-6.61)2 + (8.25-6.06)2)

(0.3249 + 0.7469 + 2.6896 + 4.7961)/4

(8.5675)/4

2.927/4 = 0.73% average deviation

We had to calculate the percent error:

Example:

(theoretical value-experimental value)/theoretical value x 100%

(8.25-8.82)/8.25 x 100%

0.0691 x 100% = 6.91% Na2S2O3

RESULTS:
!6

The concentration of sodium hypochlorite in the bleach sample is 8.184% based on the

average of our set of data combined with the data of Group 2, which was slightly off from the

actual value of 8.25%.

ANALYSIS/CONCLUSIONS:

The point of this lab was to get practice with titrations and to determine the concentration

of sodium hypochlorite in a commercial solution of bleach. This lab taught us how to analyze the

percent composition of a compound in a solution and how to find it based on titrations and

calculations. The experiment worked fairly well, since it called for us to collaborate with other

groups, thus giving us someone elses work for comparison. It also called for data from multiple

titrations, which canceled out many major human errors such as over-titrating.

Our overall percent error was 1.53% when accounting for the mean of all four titrations

of our group and Group 2, which is fairly small. However, each individual titration was blatantly

incorrect. The individual titrations had a percent error of 6.91% and 10.54% for our two and

19.88% and 26.55% for the two of Group 2. Plus, the average deviation was 0.73%, which is

fairly large. The most likely source of this error is that we titrated it very quickly at some points.

This caused us to accidentally over-titrate at one point, which would skew the results lower due

to how we couldnt add enough moles to complete the titration since the indicator wouldnt work

past the equivalence point.

Moreover, rinsing out the transfer pipets with distilled water before filling them with

bleach likely lowered our calculated percent composition. This is because the extra water would

have diluted the bleach and decreased the amount that would fit up until the marker for the given

amount of milliliters. Thus, the amount of moles of sodium hypochlorite would have decreased
!7

and consequently decreased the percent composition. To get better results, we would avoid over-

titrating the first titration and not rinse out the pipet before titrating. The lab is worth repeating,

since our individual titration results were so far off.

POST-LAB QUESTIONS:

1. Oxidation is a state in which an atom loses electrons, whereas reduction is a state in which

an atom gains electrons

2.

3. Diluting the original sample makes it less sensitive to the titrant and thus easier. Since the

molarity is smaller, the titration can be done in a way which will get more precise results and

not go over the equivalence point as quickly.

4. 3 25.0 mL aliquots can be taken from a 100 mL volumetric flask. This is because it can be

ensured that at least three can be taken out, but you cant ensure that there will be enough in

the volumetric flask for a fourth aliquot, since the amount has to be exact and it is always

safe to have some left over.

5. O = -2, -2 x 6 = -12, -12 + 2 = -10, -10/4 = -2.5, -2.5 x -1 = 2.5


!8

The oxidation number of all of the combined sulfurs is +10, which translates to about +2.5 each.

Because it appears in fraction form, and oxidation numbers cant be fractions, the oxidation

numbers are different for different sulfurs. Because it is in Group 16, and the oxidation number

of sulfur is normally -2, it is likely that two sulfurs are +2 and the remaining two are +3, since

those are closest in absolute value to the regular oxidation number.

6. a) The leftover water could get inside the pipet, thus messing up the measurement of the

bleach by taking up space and resulting in less than the desired amount of bleach in moles, which

would cause an overall lower percent composition

b) An extra gram of KI would have increased the amount of iodine in the solution. This

would cause the solution to change before the equivalence point was reached, due to how the

iodine helps the solution change color.

c) The iodine helps the solution change blue whenever the end point is reached. Thus, if

some of sublimed and not enough was available to change the color, then the risk of over-

titrating would be higher, since the iodine wouldnt change color as strongly.

7. The major source of experimental error is rising out the bulbs before measuring the solution.

Not only does this dilute the solution further, but also it decreases the amount of bleach put in the

solution. Thus, it made the amount of number of moles appear lower, and so the percent

composition appeared lower than the actual value of 8.25%.

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi