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Climate change could kill more than 500,000 people a year globally by 2050 by making their diets less
healthy, according to new research published in the Lancet.

The research is the first to assess how the impacts of global warming could affect the quality of the diets
available to people and found fewer fruit and vegetables would be available as a result of climatic
changes. These are vital in curbing heart disease, strokes and diet-related cancers, leading the study to
conclude that the health risks of climate change are far greater than thought.

Climate change is already judged by doctors as the greatest threat to health in the 21st century, due to
floods, droughts and increased infectious diseases, with the potential to roll back 50 years of progress.

Peter Scarborough, at the University of Oxford and part of the new research, said these direct impacts
would affect tens of thousands of people at particular times: But everyone in the world eats, so small
changes in diet can quickly add up to hundreds of thousands of deaths.

The health burden related to climate change is much bigger than we thought, Scarborough said. But
cutting carbon emissions and improving education and the availability of fruit and vegetables would
reduce the number of deaths, he said.

The Lancet [study] digs deeper, and reports the most advanced projections so far of the effects of
climate change on food and health, according to professors Alistair Woodward at the University of
Auckland and John Porter at the University of Copenhagen in a commentary on the work.

They say that given the uncertainties involved in the complex analysis, it is understandable to limit
projections to the next 35 years. But they warn that the worst-case impacts beyond 2050 could be even
greater.

As an example, they cite work indicating that failure of the rice crop in southern China due to heatwaves
could change from a one-in-a-100-year event to a one-in-four-year event in 2100. A worst-case analysis
is not unusual in risk assessments in other areas [such as national security] when the stakes are high,
they note.

The new research involved linking a series of computer models, which covered crop production,
economic development, trade and climate change, to consider a range of scenarios. The current trend in
global nutrition is for fewer people to die from inadequate diets each year, due to increasing crop yields
and poverty reduction.

But a continued rapid rise in carbon emissions would cut heavily into that positive trend. Severe climate
change would cause changes in food availability, leading to 529,000 more people dying in 2050 than
would have without warming, the research found. Even with very ambitious climate action, including
sucking carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere, there would be 154,000 extra deaths in 2050.

The research found that severe climate change would cut the fruit and vegetable available to people in
2050 by 4%, the calories available by 3% and the red and processed meat by 0.7%. By far the biggest
cause of deaths was the reduction in fruit and vegetables, particularly in rich countries.

The reduction in calories resulted in more people dying from lack of food, especially in India and China.
However, almost exactly the same number of deaths were prevented elsewhere by reductions in obesity.
The cut in red meat eating prevented 29,000 deaths.

Nearly all nations are projected to suffer an increase in deaths due to the diet changes caused by
climate change. But a few, in central America and southern Africa, could see a reduction in deaths as the
reductions in obesity outweight other factors.

Scarborough accepted there are significant uncertainties in the projections and the study says the
projected deaths in 2050 ranges between 314,000 and 736,000. But he said it is the best estimate so far
and clearly shows that action to tackle climate change would have large-scale health benefits.

Prof Andy Challinor, at the University of Leeds and not involved in the new work, said: This is a valiant
attempt to quantify the effects of climate change on the future of food production. Its very difficult to
estimate exactly what those impacts will be [but] what we can say for certain is that the pressures on
agricultural production will certainly be greater because of climate change.

Year-to-year variability of food production will become greater, which will make global food markets more
unpredictable, Challinor said. And extreme climatic events will become more common, such as the
wheat harvest failure in Russia in 2010 which affected UK food prices. The effects of such events on
global food availability and prices will be felt in the UK and around the world.