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Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Railways being the largest cheapest mode of public transportation, still it is most
safe and easy way of transport. On average more than 10 million people use the railway
services annually. Railway is facing major challenges in its operation. In recent days due
to increase in railway traffic a large number of accidents are happening due to the crack
on the track, obstacles on the track , so it is necessary to implement an automated system
that will overcome the human errors and overcome the railway accidents. This automated
system will help in saving the human life from accidents.
There are many reasons why rail tracks crack. In bygone days, it was common for
a rail crack to start near the joint between discrete rail segments. Manufacturing defects in
rail can cause fissures. Wheel burns can also contribute to rail cracks by changing the
metallurgy of a rail. Rails are also more likely to crack when the weather is cold, when
the ballast and ties/sleepers aren't providing as much support as they should, and when
ground or drainage condition is such that 'pumping' occurs under heavy load. All of these
conditions can contribute to a broken rail, and in turn a possible derailment.
The quality of rail steel has improved dramatically since the early days of
railroading. The trend toward using welded rail requires a higher quality rail, due to the
cyclic thermal expansion and contraction stresses that a CWR would be required to
endure. In addition, rail operations in general have been trending toward higher speed and
higher axle-load operation. Under these operating conditions, rail pieces rolled in the 19th
century would likely break at an unacceptable rate. Despite the improved rail quality and
rail metallurgy, if impurities find their way into rail steel and are not detected by the
quality assurance process, they can cause rail breaks under certain conditions.
Recent rail-making processes have also been trending toward a harder rail,
requiring less frequent replacements under heavy loads. This has the side-effect of
making the rail more brittle, and thus more susceptible to brittle fracture rather than
plastic deformation. It is therefore imperative that unintentional impurities in rail be
minimized.
Railway track crack detection system
This module is used to overcome the disaster from railway track crack using a
processor and the IR sensor. The module involves transmitting message through GSM
once it detects the crack and sends it to the higher authority for further proceeding.
Dept. Of ECE, BTI 2016-17
Railway Track Structural Heath Monitoring System
Obstacle Detection
This module is designed to avoid accidents due to the presence of the obstacles.
To detect obstacle on the track the proposed system consists of a ultrasonic sensor which
generates high frequency sound waves and evaluate the echo which is received back by
the sensor. Sensors calculate the time interval between sending the signal and receiving
the echo to determine the distance to an object.
Automatic railway gate control system
The module is designed using microcontroller to avoid railway accidents
happening at unattended railway gates. This project utilizes two powerful proximity
sensors, which is used to control the railway gate automatically. An alarm is set before the
train arrival which will automatically alerts the public and shuts the railway gate.
This project aims at the development of a prototype which consist of railway track crack
detection, automatic opening and closing of railway gate and also to implement object
detection in railways at a minimized cost.
Chapter 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
[1] Prevention of Train Accidents using Android supported Embedded
Systems
Author: G Kohila Warnan, R Balamurugan
This paper presented a new technology with the embedded systems. For obstacle
detection to prevent the accidents the ultrasonic module is incorporated. This paper is
published in May 2016 at Indian Journal of Science and Technology.
This article discusses on how to prevent major train accidents. The development in
railway sector resulted in an increase in railway traffic. Due to absence of technology the
number of accidents in railway has increased. In this paper, the proposed system uses
Android supported embedded systems which aim at alerting the drivers/ Railway loco
pilot to prevent the collisions.
The proposed system would overcome the existing wireless sensors based Anti-
Collision Device. The proposed system makes use of the Android device for visual
display, Wireless sensors and Microcontrollers. It also uses the GPS system for location
tracking and GSM technology for wireless transmission. The proposed system aims at
maintaining a safe distance of 1Km between the trains, and object collision avoidance. On
detection of a fault/upcoming collision the device will alert the drivers/Railway loco
pilots and shows a visual display on the Android device about the upcoming fault and the
distance between them. This further improvement in the system also aims at prevention of
other train accidents such as fire accidents, object collision, etc. This system provides
speed controllers, alerts on signal over jumping.
Chapter 3
BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION
For the purpose of detecting railway track crack and obstacle detection many
hardware components are used as shown in Fig 3.1. IR sensors used to detect the crack in
railway track. Two IR sensors are fixed in front of the train is used to find out the crack
on the rail. Each sensor will produce the signal related position with the rail. Infrared
transmitter is one type of LED which emits infrared rays generally called as IR
transmitter. Similarly, IR Receiver is used to receive the IR rays transmitted both IR
transmitter. One important point is both IR transmitter and receiver should be placed
straight line to each other.
3.3 IR SENSOR
Infra meaning below our ability to detect it visually, and Red because this
color represents the lowest energy level that our eyes can sense before it becomes
Infrared transmitter is one type of LED which emits infrared rays generally called
as IR Transmitter. Similarly IR Receiver is used to receive the IR rays transmitted by the
IR transmitter. One important point is both IR transmitter and receiver should be placed
straight line to each other.
The transmitted signal is given to IR transmitter whenever the signal is high, the
IR transmitter LED is conducting it passes the IR rays to the receiver.
When receiver receives the signal from the transmitter it resistance value is low.it
resistance value become high when the signal was cut. By this sensor sense the value.
detection boundary of the sensor. Proximity sensors are used in various facets of
Working
Unlike mobile phones, a GSM modem doesnt have a keypad and display to
interact with. It just accepts certain commands through a serial interface and
acknowledges for those. These commands are called as AT commands. There are a list of
AT commands to instruct the modem to perform its functions. Every command starts with
"AT". Thats why they are called as AT commands. AT stands for attention.
In our simple project, the program waits for the mobile number to be entered
through the keyboard. When a ten digit mobile number is provided, the program instructs
the modem to send the text message using a sequence of AT commands.
Testing the GSM modem
The GSM modem can be tested by connecting it with a PC. The modem is equipped
with a RS232 cable. Just use a Serial to USB converter and connect it with the PC.
Now you can proceed with sending the commands to the modem using any serial
communication program like HyperTerminal, minicom etc.
Ensure the serial parameters are configured to 8N1 and the baud rate is set to
9600bps.
For each command you send the modem acknowledges with a message. Example:
Just try sending "AT" to the modem. It sends back a result code
"OK" which states that the modem is responding. If its not working fine, it sends
"ERROR".
3.7 G P S
Global positing system is a device. It is determine the precise of the location by
the vehicle. it is attached and to record the position of the asset at regular intervals. The
recorded location data can be stored within the tracking unit, or it may be transmitted to a
central location data base, or internet-connected computer, a GPS receiver and a mobile
phone sit side-by-side in the same box, powered by the same battery. At regular intervals,
the phone sends a text message via SMS, containing the data from the GPS receiver.
Dept. Of ECE, BTI 2016-17
Railway Track Structural Heath Monitoring System
3.8 MOTOR
A machine that converts direct current power into mechanical power is known as
D.C Motor.
Its generation is based on the principle that when a current carrying conductor is
placed in a magnetic field, the conductor experiences a mechanical force. The direction if
this force is given by Flemings left hand rule.
WORKING OF A DC MOTOR
Consider a part of a multipolar dc motor as shown in fig. when the terminals of the
motor are connected to an external source of dc supply;
(i) The field magnets are excited developing alternate N and S poles.
(ii) The armature conductors carry currents. All conductors under N-pole carry
currents in one direction while all the conductors under S-pole carry currents
in the opposite direction.
Suppose the conductors under N-pole carry currents into the plane of paper and those
under S-pole carry current out of the plane of paper as shown in fig. Since each armature
conductor is carrying current and is placed in the magnetic field, mechanical force acts on
it. Applying Flemings left hand rule, it is clear that force on each conductor is tending to
rotate the armature in anticlockwise direction.
All these forces add together to produce a driving torque which sets the armature
rotating. When the conductor moves from one side of the brush to the other, current in the
conductor is received and at the same time it comes under the influence of next pole
which is of opposite polarity. Consequently the direction of force on the conductor
remains same.
Principles Of Operation
In any electric motor, operation is based on simple electromagnetism. A current-
carrying conductor generates a magnetic field; when this is then placed in an external
magnetic field, it will experience a force proportional to the current in the conductor, and
to the strength of the external magnetic field. As kids play with magnets as a kid, opposite
polarities attract, while like polarities repel.
The internal configuration of a DC motor is designed to harness the magnetic
interaction between a current-carrying conductor and an external magnetic field to
generate rotational motion. A simple 2-pole DC electric motor is explained.
Chapter 4
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARES REQUIRMENTS
4.1 Hardware:
4.1.1 Microcontroller-AT89S52
The AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero
frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode
stops the CPU while allowing the RAM; timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system
to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the
oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.
Microcontroller is a true computer on a chip. The design incorporates all the
features found in a microprocessor CPU: arithmetic and logic unit, stack pointer, program
Pin Description
VCC: Supply voltage.
GND: ground
PORT 0:
Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can
sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high-
impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order
address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0
has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and
outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are required during
program verification.
PORT 1:
Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output
buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are
pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that
are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups.
In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count
input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively, as shown
below
Addressing Modes
The CPU can access data in various ways. The data could be in a register or in
memory or to be provided as an immediate value. The various ways of accessing data are
called addressing modes.
The various ways of the addressing modes of a microprocessor are determined when
designed and therefore cant be changed by the programmer. The 89S52 provides a total
of 5 addressing modes. They are as follows:
1. Immediate addressing mode:
In this addressing mode the source operand is a constant. In this mode the operand
comes immediately after the opcode. The immediate data must be preceded by # sign.
This mode can be used to load information into any of the registers.
Ex. Mov ro, #5h
2. Register addressing mode:
This mode involves the use of the registers to hold the data to be executed. It
should be noted that the source and the destination registers must match in size. We can
move data between register and accumulator but movement of data between registers is
not possible.
3. Direct addressing mode:
In this mode the data is in a RAM memory location whose address is known and
this address is given as a part of the instruction.
We can use direct or indirect addressing modes to access data stored either in the
RAM or registers of the 89S52.
4. Register indirect addressing mode:
In this addressing mode a register is used as a pointer to the data. If the data is
inside the CPU, only the registers R0 and R1 are used for the purpose.
In other words R2-R7 cannot be used to hold the address of an operand located in
RAM.
5. Indexed addressing mode:
This mode is widely used in accessing the data elements of lookup table entries
located in the programmed ROM space of the 89S52.The instruction used for this purpose
is MOVC A, @A+DPTR. The DPTR and the register A are used to form the address of
data element stored on the on-chip memory.
Absolute Maximum Ratings:
4.2 IR Sensor
Infrared transmitter is one type of LED which emits infrared rays generally called
as IR Transmitter. Similarly IR Receiver is used to receive the IR rays transmitted by the
IR transmitter. One important point is both IR transmitter and receiver should be placed
straight line to each other.
The transmitted signal is given to IR transmitter whenever the signal is high, the
IR transmitter LED is conducting it passes the IR rays to the receiver. The IR receiver is
connected with comparator. The comparator is constructed with LM 741 operational
amplifier. In the comparator circuit the reference voltage is given to inverting input
terminal. The non inverting input terminal is connected IR receiver. When interrupt the IR
rays between the IR transmitter and receiver, the IR receiver is not conducting. So the
comparator non inverting input terminal voltage is higher than inverting input. Now the
comparator output is in the range of +12V. This voltage is given to base of the transistor
Q1. Hence the transistor is conducting. Here the transistor is act as switch so the collector
and emitter will be closed. The output is taken from collector terminal. Now the output is
zero.
IR TRANSMITTER IR RECEVER
Pins:
VCC: +5VDC
Trig : Trigger (INPUT)
Technical description
Pin Description:
Pin
Function Name
No
1 Enable pin for Motor 1; active high Enable 1,2
2 Input 1 for Motor 1 Input 1
3 Output 1 for Motor 1 Output 1
4 Ground (0V) Ground
5 Ground (0V) Ground
6 Output 2 for Motor 1 Output 2
Dept. Of ECE, BTI 2016-17
Railway Track Structural Heath Monitoring System
7 Input 2 for Motor 1 Input 2
8 Supply voltage for Motors; 9-12V (up to 36V) Vcc 2
9 Enable pin for Motor 2; active high Enable 3,4
10 Input 1 for Motor 1 Input 3
11 Output 1 for Motor 1 Output 3
12 Ground (0V) Ground
13 Ground (0V) Ground
14 Output 2 for Motor 1 Output 4
15 Input2 for Motor 1 Input 4
16 Supply voltage; 5V Vcc1
4.1.6 GPS
The GPS receiver is to be optimized for low power applications, providing minimal
power consumption and time to first fix under cold start conditions. However in some
applications the GPS receiver is operated continuously, under control of the 3rd party
application, with anticipated increased position solution accuracy. Operating
requirements are as follows:
Power Consumption: 180 mW typical, 200 mW maximum.
Cold Start TTFF: < 45 seconds @ 95% success rate.
Cold Start Accuracy: 99% < 10 meters.
Message Format: Minimum NMEA GGA, RMC, GSV and GSA
message types, at a rate configurable by the application processor.
Information: location, speed, heading and time (desirable: odometer).
Information Rate: Each message type sent once per second by default,
changeable by command.
GPS receiver must be able to be commanded to operate in the following modes:
2D/3D Automatic: The position solution can be of type 2D, though the
GPS receiver provides 3D position solutions when possible.
3D Only: A position solution is provided to the application processor
only if it is of the 3D type (latitude, longitude, altitude) using a minimum of 4 GPS
satellites.
At the GPS antenna port, the interface specification is as follows:
Input Impedance: 50
VSWR: 2.0 maximum
Output Voltage: 3.0 0.3 VDC
4.2 Software
4.2.1 Keil uVision
The Keil Development Tools are designed for the professional software developer,
however programmers of all levels can use them to get the most out of the embedded
microcontroller architectures that are supported.
Tools developed by Keil endorse the most popular microcontrollers and are distributed in
several packages and configurations, dependent on the architecture.
In addition to the software packages, Keil offers a variety of evaluation boards, USB-
JTAG adapters, emulators, and third-party tools, which completes the range of products.
Chapter 5
WORKING PRINCIPLE
The project consists of two models; one is Railway Track Crack and Obstacle
Detection using IR sensor and Ultrasonic Sensor. The second one is the Automatic control
of Railway Gate using the pair of Proximity Sensors.
Chapter 6
Flowchart and Algorithm
6.1 Railway track crack and obstacle detection
6.1Progress Algorithm
Input Power supply 12V Batteries
Crack detection-IR sensor Programming
Obstacle detection-Ultrasonic sensor programming
Analyzing hardware and software components
Interfacing Microcontroller
End
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