THE MATHEMATICAL PROBLEM

The equation of the Fluid Dynamics are the

mathematical representation of the principles
THE of the classical Mechanics, applied to fluids.
CONSERVATION OF THE MASS
NAVIER-STOKES CONSERVATION OF THE MOMENTUM
CONSERVATION OF THE ENERGY
EQUATIONS
They are usually referred as
Navier-Stokes Equations
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Basic Hypotheses Continuum Hypothesis

The molecules of a fluid are separated by
The fluid can be considered a continuum vacuous regions with dimensions much larger
than those of the molecules themselves.
Newtonian fluid Fluid Mechanics is normally concerned with the
behavior on a macroscopic scale, large
compared with the distance between molecules
Fourier fluid

The fluid can be considered in IT WILL NOT OFTEN HAPPEN THAT THE
thermodynamic equilibrium MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF A FLUID NEED
TO BE EXPLICITLY TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT
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Continuum Hypothesis (2) Continuum Hypothesis (3)

Basic concept: Basic element FLUID PARTICLE

The macroscopic behavior of a fluid is the A volume of fluid that is, at the same time:
same as if it was perfectly continuous in
SMALL enough
structure.
with respect to the fluid dynamics problem scale

Physical quantities will be regarded as being LARGE enough

spread uniformly over the volume, instead of to contains an enormous number of molecules, to
being concentrated in a small fraction of it. ensure that the fluctuations arising from their
different properties have no effect on average.

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Newtonian Fluid Fourier Fluid

Fluid in which: Fluid in which:

the STRESS the HEAT FLOW

is linearly related to is linearly related to
the RATE OF STRAIN the GRADIENT IN THE TEMPERATURE

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 Thermodynamic Equilibrium DESCRIPTION OF THE MOTION
CLASSICAL THERMODYNAMICS IS Two possibility:
CONCERNED WITH EQUILIBRIUM STATES

all local mechanical, physical and thermal LAGRANGIAN Description

quantities are considered independent on both
POSITION and TIME
EULERIAN Description
Observation shows that results are valid for
non-equilibrium states common in fluid dynamics
The Eulerian description is normally used
IF: spatial and/or time gradients are not too high

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LAGRANGIAN Description EULERIAN Description

The dynamical and physical quantities refer to The dynamical and physical quantities refer
identifiable pieces of matter to fixed points in space, as function of
Fluid particle t=t0 ; P0=x0, y0, z0 position and time.
The flow quantities are defined as functions of time, and
Reference point P
referred to the same particle, moved to the position

P = P(t)

DISADVANTAGE: t = t12
Complexity of the Equations Considered fluid particle at t1
Considered fluid particle at t2
Explicit time dependence
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EULERIAN Description - TIME VARIATION THE EQUATIONS
Time variation of a certain variable A
dA = " A dt + " A dx + " A dy + " A dz
"t "x "y "z CONSERVATION OF THE MASS
but: dx = " x dt = u dt ; etc.
"t CONSERVATION OF THE MOMENTUM
d A = "A + "A u + "A v + "A w
d t "t "x "y "z
CONSERVATION OF THE ENERGY
dA = "A + V grad A
dt "t
Non-steady term convective term
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Conservation of Mass Conservation of Momentum

Derived from Newton!s Second Law.
For a unit volume there is a balance between " "
the masses entering and leaving per unit ma = F
time, and the change in density.
" " " "
#( ! V + V grad V ) = - grad p + # f + div $
! # + div ( # "
V)=0 ! t
! t
Pressure Gravity Tangential
force force force
"
$ik = - 2/3 div V %ik + ( ! ui + ! uk )
! xk ! xi
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 Conservation of Energy DIMENSIONLESS NUMBERS
For a unit volume there is a balance, per unit In Mechanical and Thermal transport processes (mass,
time, between: heat and momentum transfer), dimensionless numbers
play a very important role.
Energy variation Heat from the external +
Can help to understand the mechanism behind
(Internal + Kinetic) Work done by external forces transport processes

# ! (e + U2/2) + "
V grad (e + U2/2) =
Can be used to permit the application of limited
! t experimental data to a wide variety of processes
" " " and dynamics with:
" "
= - div q - div ( p V ) + # f V + # div (u i $ i ) Different dimensions
i details
Different physical properties
Pressure Gravity Tangential
force work force work force work
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Return

End of basic Navier-Stokes Equations

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